CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

CHAPTER 4
MEASUREMENT OF
ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS

MODULE 10
DIRECTION OF LINES
This module thoroughly discusses the different types of angles, the application of
bearing and azimuths, and the use of compass together with its various kinds.

Objectives
• To clearly understand the difference and use of various types of angles and
compass.
• To be able to differentiate bearings from azimuths and know its
corresponding use.
• To provide deeper comprehension on the application of bearings and
azimuths through analytical solution

10.1 Introduction

The direction of a line is defined as the horizontal angle the line makes with
an established line of reference. In surveying practice, direction may be
defined by means of interior angles, deflection angles, angles to the right,
bearings, and azimuths.

Angles are measured or laid off directly in the field by using devices such
as a compass, transit, theodolite, sextant, or by plane table and alidade.
The steel tape may also be used to lay off or measure angles. These angular
quantities are said to be observed when obtained directly in the field with
a measuring instrument and calculated when obtained indirectly by
computations. Angles are computed by means of their relationship to
known quantities in a triangle or other geometric figures. The conversion
from one method of expressing angles and directions to another is a simple
matter. There are no hard and fast rules for making such conversions. The
best approach is always to draw a good sketch showing the related
quantities and then visualizing the required computations.

1 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

10.2 Angles

Interior Angles

The angles between the adjacent lines in a closed polygon are called
interior angles. In figure, the interior angles are φa, φb, φc, φd, and φe.
These angles may be measured clockwise and counterclockwise. When
the value of an interior angle is greater than 180 degrees it is referred to as
a re-entrant angle. One such example is the interior angle at station E or
φe. It should be remembered that for any closed polygon the sum of the
interior angles is equal to (n-2)180 degrees, where n is the number of sides.

Exterior Angles

Exterior angles are located outside a closed polygon and are referred to as
explements of interior angles. An explement is the difference between the
360 degrees and any one angle. These angles are often measured in
surveying work and used as a check, since the sum of the interior angles at
any station or point must be equal to 360 degrees. In figure, the exterior
angles are αa, αb, αc, αd, and αe.

Deflection Angles

The angle between a line and the prolongation of the preceding line is
called a deflection angle. It may be turned to the right (clockwise) or to the
left (counterclockwise) and it is always necessary to append the letters R or

2 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

L to the numerical value to define the direction which the angles has been
turned. Right deflections are considered to have signs opposite to left
deflections. Usually, a positive sign is used to define a deflection angle to
the right and a negative sign for deflection angles to the left.

In figure, the deflection angles at stations B, C, and D are Ѡb(R), Ѡc(L), and
Ѡd(R), respectively. These angles may have values between 0 and 180
degrees, but often they are not used for angles greater than 90 degrees. In
any closed polygon the algebraic sum of the deflection angles should
always equal to 360 degrees.

Angles to the Right

Angles to the right are measured clockwise from the preceding line to the
succeeding line. In figure, the angles to the right at stations B, C, and D are
βb, βc, and βd, respectively. These angles are also referred to as azimuths
from back line.

10.3 Bearings

Bearings

The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle between the reference
meridian and the line. A quadrant system as shown in figure, is used to
specify bearings such that a line may fall under one of the following
quadrants: NE, SE, NW, and SW. Each quadrant is numbered from 0 to 90

3 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

degrees from either the north or south end of the meridian to the east or
west end of the reference parallel (or the E-W line), The fact that bearing
angles never exceed 90 degrees is an advantage when extracting values
of their trigonometric functions for use in computations.

Note: The letters N or S precedes the bearing angles and the letters E or W
follows the indicated value of the angle. Bearings may also be designated
in a different manner when the direction of a line lies in the same direction
as the reference meridian or reference parallel. If the line lies parallel to the
meridian and south, it is written as due south; if perpendicular to the
meridian and east, it is written as due east. In figure, the bearings of six lines
originating from the point p are given:

Forward and Back Bearings

Using the quadrantal system, any line on the surface of the earth may be
defined by two directions which differ from each other by exactly 180
degrees. The direction will depend on which end the line is observed. When
the bearing of a line is observed in the direction in which the survey

4 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

progresses, it is referred to as a forward bearing, if the bearing of the same

line is observed in an opposite direction it is called the back bearing.

10.4 Azimuths

Azimuths

The azimuth of a line is its direction as given by the angle between the
meridian and the line measured in a clockwise direction from either the
north or south branch of the meridian. Azimuths are usually preferred over
bearings by most surveyors because they are more convenient to work with
such as in computing traverse data by electronic digital computers.

The azimuths of a line may range from 0 to 360 degrees and letters are not
required to identify quadrants. For any particular surveys the direction of
zero azimuth is either always north or always south. Some surveyors reckon
azimuths from the south and some from the north branch of whatever
meridian is selected as a reference. Usually a particular agency or
organization will consistently use one or the other. Since both the north and
south branches of the meridian are used, it is important to always specify
and record which branch is used whenever azimuths are recorded.

In practice, azimuths are generally measured from the north branch of the
reference meridian for ordinary plane surveys. For large scale geodetic
surveys and in astronomical observations azimuths are measured from the
south branch of the meridian. In figure, shows different lines whose azimuths
are measured from the north branch of the reference meridian. Azimuths
measured from the south branch of the meridian are shown.

5 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

Azimuths may be called true, magnetic, assumed, or grid, depending on

the reference meridian from which they have been measured. They are
referred to as true azimuths when measured from the true or astronomic
meridian, magnetic azimuths when measured from the magnetic meridian,
grid azimuths when referred to the central meridian in a grid system, and
assumed azimuths when referred to an arbitrarily selected line. To avoid
confusion in the interpretation and use of observed directions, it is important
to always clearly specify in the field notes the type of reference meridian
used.

Forward and Back Azimuths

Any line established on the earth’s surface has two azimuths – a forward
azimuth and a back azimuth. Depending on which end of the line is
considered, these directions differ by 180 degrees from each other since
the back azimuth is the exact reverse of the forward azimuth. To determine
the back azimuth when the forward azimuth is known, the following rules
are used.

RULE 1: If the forward azimuth of the line is greater than 180 degrees,
subtract 180 degrees to obtain the back azimuth.

RULE 2: When the forward azimuth of the line is less than 180 degrees, add
180 degrees to determine the back azimuth.

6 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

E10-1 DETERMINING ANGLES FROM BEARINGS. Compute the angles AOB, COD,
EOF, and GOH from the following set of lines whose magnetic bearings are
given:

a) OA, N39°25’E and OB, N75°50’E

b) OC, N34°14’E and OD, N53°22’W
c) OE, S15°04’E and OF, S36°00’W
d) OG, N70°15’W and OH, S52°05W’

Solution:

7 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

a) Determining Angle AOB

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜃1 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝐴 𝑜𝑟 39°25′

𝜃2 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝐵 𝑜𝑟 75°50′
𝛼 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑂𝐵
𝛼 = 𝜃2 − 𝜃1 = 75°50′ − 39°25′ = 𝟑𝟔°𝟐𝟓′

b) Determine Angle COD

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜃1 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝐶 𝑜𝑟 34°14′

𝜃2 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝐷 𝑜𝑟 53°22′
𝛼 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑂𝐷
𝛼 = 𝜃2 + 𝜃1 = 34°14′ + 53°22′ = 𝟖𝟕°𝟑𝟔′

c) Determine Angle EOF:

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜃1 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝐸 𝑜𝑟 15°04′

𝜃2 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝐹 𝑜𝑟 36°00′
𝛼 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐸𝑂𝐹
𝛼 = 𝜃2 + 𝜃1 = 15°04′ + 36°00′ = 𝟓𝟏°𝟎𝟒′

d) Determine Angle GOH:

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜃1 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝐺 𝑜𝑟 70°15′

𝜃2 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝐻 𝑜𝑟 52°05′
𝛼 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐺𝑂𝐻
𝛼 = 180 − (𝜃2 + 𝜃1 ) = 180° − (70°15′ + 52°05′ ) = 𝟓𝟕°𝟒𝟎′

E10-2 DETERMINING ANGLES FROM AZIMUTHS. Compute the angles APB, CPD,
and EPF from the following set of lines whose azimuths are given:

a) AZIMN of Line PA = 39°48’ ; AZIMN of Line PB = 115°29’

b) AZIMS of Line PC = 320°22’ ; AZIMS of Line PD = 62°16’
c) AZIMN of Line PE = 219°02’ ; AZIMS of Line PF = 154°16’

Solution:

a) Let:

𝜆1 = 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑃𝐴 𝑜𝑟 39°48′

𝜆2 = 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑃𝐵 𝑜𝑟 115°29′
𝜃 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑃𝐵

𝜃 = 𝜆2 − 𝜆1 = 115°29′ − 39°48′ = 75°41′

8 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

b) Let:

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜆1 = 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑃𝐶 𝑜𝑟 320°22′

𝜆2 = 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑃𝐷 𝑜𝑟 62°16′
𝜃 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑃𝐷

𝜃 = 𝜆2 + (360° − 𝜆1 ) = 62°16′ + (360° − 320°22′ ) = 101°54′

c) Let:

𝜆1 = 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑃𝐸 𝑜𝑟 219°02′

𝜆2 = 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑃𝐹 𝑜𝑟 154°16′
𝜃 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐸𝑃𝐹

𝜃 = 𝜆2 − (𝜆1 − 180°) = 154°16′ − (219°02′ − 180°) = 115°14′

E10-3 CONVERTING BEARINGS TO AZIMUTHS. Convert the following bearings to

equivalent azimuths.

9 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

a) AB, N25°25’W
b) BC, Due East

Solution:

a) From fig. 25-18, let:

𝛼 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 𝑜𝑟 25°25′

𝜆1 = 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵
𝜆2 = 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵
𝜆1 = 180°00′ + 𝛼 = 180° + 25°25′ = 205°25′
𝜆2 = 𝛼 = 25°25′

b) From fig. 25-19, let:

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝛼 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶 𝑜𝑟 90°00′

𝜆1 = 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶
𝜆2 = 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶
𝜆1 = 180°00′ + 𝛼 = 180° + 90°00′ = 270°00′
𝜆2 = 𝛼 = 90°00′

E10-4 CONVERTING AZIMUTHS TO BEARINGS. Convert the following azimuths to

equivalent bearings.

a) AZIMs of Line AB = 230°30’

b) AZIMn of Line BC = 112°46’

10 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

Solution:

a) Let:

𝜆 = 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 𝑜𝑟 230°30′

𝛼 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵
𝛼 = 𝜆 − 180° = 230°30′ − 180° = 50°30′ = 𝑁50°30′𝐸

b) Let:

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜆 = 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶 𝑜𝑟 112°46′

𝛼 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶
𝛼 = 180° − 𝜆 = 180° − 112°46′ = 57°14′ = 𝑆57°14′𝐸

10.5 The Compass

The compass is a hand-held instrument for determining the horizontal

direction of a line with reference to the magnetic meridian. It is so
constructed to allow a magnetized needle to swing freely on a pivot at the
center of a graduated circle and point toward magnetic north. From the
occupied position of the compass it allows a line of sight to be directed
toward any selected distant point.

For many centuries the compass has been widely used in navigation. In
earlier land surveys and prior to the investigation of the transit, it was the
only practical instrument for measuring directions and horizontal angles.
Since very accurate measurements cannot be expected from the
compass, it is no longer used on surveys requiring high degrees of precision.
However, because of its portability, it is still employed for reconnaissance
and preliminary surveys, in timber cruising and exploratory surveys, in
retracing old land surveys, and in obtaining rough checks on angles or
directions measured by more precise methods. It has remained to be a
valuable instrument for engineers, surveyors, geologists, and foresters.

1. Compass Box

The compass box of the instrument has a horizontal circle which is

graduated from 0 to 90 degrees in each quadrant. The index marks are
placed at the north (N) and south (S) markings and the 90-degree marks at
the east (E) and west (W) markings on the circle. Most compass circles are
graduated in degrees or half-degrees, and can be read by estimation to

11 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

about 5 to 10 minutes. The compass box is covered with a glass plate to

protect the needle and the graduations.

2. Line of Sight

The line of sight usually is fixed along the index mark on the north graduation
of the circle. If the line of sight is turned clockwise (or counterclockwise)
from the magnetic north, the needle remains aligned with the magnetic
meridian, but the graduated circle rotates in the same direction of turning
through the corresponding angle. The reading which is given is dependent
on the position of the graduated circle.

3. Magnetized Needle

The compass needle is of magnetized tempered steel balanced at its

center on a jeweled pivot so that it swings freely in a horizontal position. An
arrow is usually marked on the north end of the needle and its south end
often has an adjustable small counterweight made of fine wire. Magnetic
lines of force on the surface of the earth influences the direction taken by
the compass needle since it is magnetized. Its direction of pointing is used
to define the magnetic meridian at a particular locality. The needle should
not be allowed to jar unnecessarily on its point of support as this may result
in dulling the pivot point. A dull pivot causes the needle to become
insensitive and sluggish. A screw is provided to lift the needle from its pivot
when not in use.

10.6 Types of Compass

1. Brunton Compass

The Brunton compass is one of the most versatile and widely used. It
combines the main features of a prismatic compass, sighting compass,
hand level, and clinometer. When used during a surveying operation, the
instrument can be mounted on a tripod or Jacob Staff or just held in one’s
hands. This compass is suitable and sufficiently accurate for preliminary and
exploratory surveys, engineering-type surveys, and topographic surveys
requiring only low degrees of precision. The compass consists of a brass
case hinged on two sides. Its cover has a fine mirror and a centerline
etched on the inside face which is hinged at one side of the case; a sighting
vane, which folds outward when used is hinged at the opposite side. The

12 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

magnetic direction of a line is determined from the compass needle

reading while the point sighted is reflected through the sight vane on the
mirror.

A circular level which is set inside the compass box may be used to check
if the instrument is held horizontally during sighting. To read vertical angles
and grade percentages, the Brunton compass is held vertically. It has a
clinometer arc inside the compass ring which is graduated arc inside the
compass ring which is graduated to degrees. The vernier which is attached
to the clinometer arm allows one to read to the nearest 5 minutes. A second
arc may be used to read grade percentages for both elevation and
depression.

2. Lensatic Compass

The lensatic compass consists of an aluminum case containing a magnetic

dial balanced on a pivot, a hinged cover with a sighting wire, a hinged
eyepiece containing a magnifying lens for reading the dial graduations,
and a sighting slot for viewing the distant object. Its name is derived from
the magnifying lens which is mounted in the eyepiece.

The lensatic compass was designed for military use such as in

reconnoitering, determining directions, orienting maps, artillery fire
direction control, and other uses where magnetic azimuths are required.
The case is about 5 cm long and less than 2.5 cm thick when closed. It has
a straightedge about 12 cm long which is permanently attached and
parallel to the line of sight. The straightedge is graduated in 100-meter units
at a scale of 1:25,000.

13 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

The compass has a round face with a magnetic needle whose north points
is luminous. Cardial points (N, E, S, and W) and other markings on the begel
crystal are also luminous for reading in darkness. Mils as well as degrees are
shown in the dial in 5-degree and 20-mil graduations. During daylight hours,
magnetic azimuths can be read accurately to within 2 degrees. The
graduations are read directly by glancing down at the dial while sighting
on a distant object. When the compass is closed, the magnet and dial
assembly is automatically lifted off the pivot, thus protecting the moving
parts of the compass from wear when not in use.

3. Surveyor’s Compass

Shown in figure, is a surveyor’s compass which was popularly used earlier

for running limited plane surveys of reasonable accuracy. It is now
commonly used for forest surveys, in retracting old land surveys, and in
geological explorations. Its main parts include a compass box containing a
graduated circle, two sight vanes, a magnetic needle, and two clamping
screws. A glass cover protects the needle and the graduated circle.

At the outer rim of the compass box is a circular scale which is graduated
in degrees and half-degrees. Usually, graduations are numbered in
multiples of 10 degrees, clockwise and counterclockwise from 0 degrees at
the north and south marks on the dial, to 90 degrees at the east and west
marks. Angles can be read on the circular scale by estimation to the
nearest 10 or 15 minutes. It will be noted that the letters E and W on the
compass box are reversed from their normal positions to give direct
readings of the magnetic bearings. As the sight vanes and compass box
are turned and oriented, the needle establishes the bearing of the
observed line.

14 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

Metallic sight vanes with vertical silts are fastened on opposite sides of the
compass box to allow accurate pointings. The instrument is so designed
that the line of sight passes through the two sights vanes positioned along
the north and south marks of the compass circle. The compass box is rigidly
connected to a vertical spindle which revolves freely in a conical socket.
Directly below the spindle is a leveling head consisting of a ball-and-socket
point which is used to level the compass.

The instrument is provided with two screws. One screw is used for lifting and
clamping the needle, and another is for clamping the vertical spindle.
When used in the field for determining directions, the leveling head may be
mounted on a light tripod or on a Jacob staff.

4. Plain Pocket Compass

This type of compass is similar to the surveyor’s compass, except that it has
no sight vanes. It is a small hand instrument used for obtaining roughly the
bearing of a line. The line of sight is established by a combination of a

15 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

peepsight and a slotted vane. Pocket compasses are so constructed such

that when the cover is folded or closed, the needle is lifted off its pivot and
held against the glass cover. Various pocket compasses are used in
reconnaissance and exploratory surveys such as those shown in figures.

5. Prismatic Compass

In a prismatic compass the graduations are found on a rotating card

instead of being on the compass box. The card moves with the needle
since both are fastened together. Two short sighting devices are provided
and magnetic bearings are read by means of a prism at the same instant
that the compass is sighted along the line. Some prismatic compasses are
filled with liquid and hence are referred to as liquid compasses. The
contained liquid is designed to minimize frictional effects by taking most of
the weight off the pivot. It also damps movement and allows the rotating
scale to come to rest very quickly after it is set on a mark. Liquid prismatic
compasses have been widely used by sailors for navigation at sea.

6. Forester’s Compass

The forester’s compass, as shown in figure, is another type of a pocket

compass which is usually made of aluminum or some type of metal which
does not affect the free movement and positioning of the magnetic
needle. It may be hand-held or supported on a staff or tripod when used in
the field. This type of compass is equipped with a front and rear sight and
a declination adjustment. Some models have a beveled ring which is used
to turn right angles, or to measure vertical angles by positioning the edge
of the base on a level surface. Such a type of compass is best suited for
forestry surveys as well as for geological and other similar exploratory
surveys.

16 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

7. Transit Compass

The engineer’s transit has a compass box which is similar in construction to

the surveyor’s compass. This box is mounted on the upper plate of the transit
and often used to check horizontal angles and directions measured or laid
off during transit surveys. It is also used for orienting the transit with the
magnetic meridian. Its line of sight is defined by the telescope of the transit.
When the telescope is in the direct position, the letter N on the compass
circle is found directly below the objective end of the telescope and the
letter S is under the eyepiece.

Modular Questions

M10-1 CONVERTING BEARINGS TO AZIMUTHS. Convert the following

bearings to equivalent azimuths.

a) CD, S50°10’E
b) DE, S45°50’W
c) EF, N66°30’W

17 of 18
 CEP233 | FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

M10-2 CONVERTING AZIMUTHS TO BEARINGS. Convert the following

azimuths to equivalent bearings.

a) AZIMs of Line CD = 270°00’

b) AZIMn of Line DE = 228°15’
c) AZIMs of Line EF = 135°00’

References
La Putt, J.P. (1987). Elementary Surveying (3rd ed.). Baguio City, Philippines:
Baguio Research & Publishing Center

Disclaimer
This module may contain copyrighted material, the use of which may not
have been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. However, this
module was created and made to serve as a tool for educational purposes
only and will be distributed without any profit.

18 of 18