TEST 10

Pronunciation:
A. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of
the other three.
1. A. crow B. brow C. shower D. cow
2. A. rough B. enough C. thorough D. tough
3. A. shore B. eventually C. assure D. proficient
4. A. fought B. bought C. drought D. nought
5. A. thrive B. recital C. prejudice D. rhino
B. Choose the word with the different pattern:
6. A. appliance B. appointment C. hygiene D. neglect
7. A. innocent B. criminal C. allegedly D. specialist
8. A. laborious B. geological C. delicious D. predicament
9. A. diagram B. dynasty C. diagonal D. diamond
10. A. phenomena B. phonetic C. Pacific D. character
Choose the best option A, B, C, or D to complete the following sentences.
1. The decision was ......................... to a later meeting.
A. cancelled B. arranged C. deferred D. delayed
2. Tempers began to ................... as the lorries forced their way through the picket
lines.
A. break B. fray C. grate D. fire
3. The old ship will be towed into harbour and ............................... .
A. broken up B. broken down C. broken in D. broken off
4. Making private calls on the office phone is severely .......... on in our department.
A. frowned B. criticised C. regarded D. objected
5. Apart from the ..................... cough and cold. I’ve been remarkably healthy all my life.
A. odd B. opportune C. irregular D. timely
6. The company was declared bankrupt when it had ...................... more debts than it
could hope to repay.
A. inflicted B. incurred C. entailed D. evolved
7. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of
eighteenth century houses from .................. .
A. disruption B. abolition C. demolition D. dismantling
8. Before I went to drama school, I had to .................... quite a lot of family pressure for
me to study. medicine.
A. resist B. restrain C. refuse D. reconcile
9. Strong protests were made .................. with demands for an international enquiry.
A. joined B. added C. coupled D. included
10. What her problems all seemed to ............................. to was lack of money.
A. analyse B. condense C. boil down D. sum up
Section 2. The passage below contains 5 mistakes. UNDERLINE the mistakes and
WRITE THEIR CORRECT FORMS in the numbered blanks below the passage. (5
points)
By the mid-1990s, the academic world finally appeared to be coming round to a
conclusion as the public: that human behaviour is a mix of nature, nurture and
simple happenstance. Nowadays, for the media, the story was still resistible: the
discovery of a link between genes and political allegiance. “Leftwing liberals are
born not bred”, declared the headlines, over reports that scientists in the US had
revealed that people with a specific gene were more likely to hold liberal political
views. In the face of it, the finding was just the latest contribution to the nature
versus nurture debate – the question of whether we’re born with traits instill in us
by our genes or acquire them in later life. Behind all the media coverage lies an
unnerving implication: just as we have no choice over our eye colour, who we
become in life is dictated by our DNA.
Many of the media put the claim squarely into the nature ‘box’ of the debate and
moved on, wait ing for the next ‘born, not made’ story. The resilience of the debate is
astonishing – and also disturbing. The belief in the primacy of genes has
underpinned such outrage as the forcible sterilization of ‘feebleminded’ people in
1930s America and the ethnic cleansing in the Balkans of the 1990s.

Mistake Correction
1
2
3
4
5

Section 3. Complete each of the following sentences with a suitable

preposition or particle.
1. Gareth Bale is a brilliant young footballer who is ______________ the up and up.
2. Jan's good at keeping secrets, so you'll have to worm it _____________  her!
3. None of us could fathom ___________  why the experiment wasn't working.
4. Jim seems to be___________  the misapprehension that tomorrow’s a holiday. It isn't.
5. That’s enough TV! It’s time to knuckle _____________  and get on with your
homework now.
Section 4. Write the correct form of each bracketed word. Write your answer
in the corresponding numbered boxes. (10 points)
POWER NAPS
Power napping is an effective, and under-used tool. It is a
quick, intense sleep which (1) DRAMA improves 1___________________
alertness. These naps are especially useful for those
whose sleep is constrained by a (2) DEMAND schedule: 2___________________
for example, mothers of small children or travelling 3___________________
business (3) EXECUTE. However, the conditions must be
right and practice is required for maximum effect.
Power naps should be short, between ten and twenty-five
minutes, to prevent (4) ORIENT on awakening in such a 4___________________
short time, but (5) ACQUIRE of the habit is simply a 5___________________
question of practice. At the (6) OUT, it is more important 6___________________
to relax for a while than actually fall asleep.
Power napping is not a good idea if you find it difficult to
wake up at the (7) DESIGN time or have problems 7___________________
sleeping at night after a power nap in the day. The kind of
dozing that can (8) COMPANY a sensation of 8___________________
overwhelming 9___________________
(9) SLEEP is not a true power nap, but a desperate
attempt to compensate for a poor sleep routine.
However, with practice, you will find that power naps can 10__________________
lead to a welcome (10) ENHANCE of your performance
when you need it most.

PART C. READING COMPREHENSION

Section 1. Choose the option A, B, C, or D that best fits each blank in the
following passage. (10 points)
The popular writer J K Rowling has agreed to end her part in the (1) _____ of
the world’s forests by having her books printed on paper which is environmentally
friendly. The multimillionaire author,
Whose novels about a teenage wizard have consumed 6.5 million trees so far,
is one of a number of highprofile authors who have (2) _____ their support for the
environment by stipulating that only recycled paper (3) _____ for their books.
Techniques (4) _____ in Canada mean that, for the first time, paper made from such
materials as office waste paper can be used to make books. The Canadian edition of
Rowling’s last book was printed without chopping down a single tree, saving an (5)
_____ 40,000 of them.
In the past, it was difficult to print books on recycled paper because the paper
was not strong enough to (6) _____ a lifetime’s reading. Technological advances mean
that paper which is (7) _____ from waste material is now just as durable as paper
made from virgin fibre in terms of quality and strength.
Despite the high cost of developing recycled paper that has the required
strength and whiteness needed for books, there will not (8) _____ be a price rise for
the reader. Instead, publishers are likely to (9) _____ for the higher paper cost by
using cheaper book covers, as (10) _____ in Canada.
1. A. demolition B. desolation C. destruction D. destitution
2. A. contracted B. pledged C. secured D. undertaken
3. A. be used B. is used C. using D. to be used
4. A. founded B. inaugurated C. led D. pioneered
5. A. estimated B. assessed C. established D. evaluated
6. A. experience B. withstand C. confront D. encounter
7. A. manufactured B. constructed C. devised D. formed
8. A. certainly B. naturally C. absolutely D. necessarily
9. A. balance B. compensate C. return D. refund
10 A. developed B. arose C. happened D. followed
Section 2. Read the text and think of a word that best fits each gap. Use ONLY
ONE word in each gap. (15 points)
Over the last century the world has become increasingly smaller. Not
geographically, of course, but in the sense that media, technology and the opening of
borders has enabled the world’s citizens to view, share and gain (1)__________ to a
much wider range of cultures, societies and world views. In this (2)__________ pot that
the world has become, today’s child is privy (3)__________ facets of the human
experience that his immediate predecessors had no inkling even existed. It
(4)__________ to reason that in order to absorb, configure and finally form opinions
about this information-laden planet, children must be supplied with certain tools.
(5)__________ in this list of ‘tools’ are: education, social skills, cultural awareness and
the acquisition of languages, the most important of these being the latter. Until
recently, a child who had the ability to speak more than
one language would have been considered a very rare entity. (6)__________ one-
language phenomenon could be attributed to a combination of factors. One of them
is that the monolingual environment in which a child was raised played a strong
role, (7)__________ did the limited, biased education of the past. With regard to
immigrants, the sad fact was that non-native parents tended to withhold the
teaching of the mother tongue so that the child would acquire the ‘more prestigious’
language of the adopted country. Nowadays, the situation has (8)__________ an almost
complete reversal. In the majority of North American and European countries, most
children are given the opportunity to learn a second or (9)__________a third language.
Children acquire these foreign languages through various and diverse means. In
many countries, learning a foreign language is a compulsory subject in the state
school curriculum. Other children rely on language schools or private tuition to
achieve their goal. In other instances, children are (10)__________ to bilingual parents,
who, if they so desire, may teach the children two languages.

Section 3. Read the passage and answer the questions as required. Write all
your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
(10 points)

A. Our daily lives are largely made up of contacts with other people, during
which we are constantly making judgments of their personalities and
accommodating our behavior to them in accordance with these judgments. A
casual meeting of neighbors on the street, an employer giving instructions to
an employee, a mother telling her children how to behave, a journey in a train
where strangers eye one another without exchanging a word - all these
 involve mutual interpretations of personal qualities.

B. Success in many vocations largely depends on skill in sizing up people. It is

important not only to such professionals as the clinical psychologist, the
psychiatrist or the social worker, but also to the doctor or lawyer in dealing
with their clients, the businessman trying to outwit his rivals, the salesman
with potential customers, the teacher with his pupils, not to speak of the
pupils judging their teacher. Social life, indeed, would be impossible if we did
not, to some extent, understand, and react to the motives and qualities of
those we meet; and clearly we are sufficiently accurate for most practical
purposes, although we also recognize that misinterpretations easily arise -
particularly on the part of others who judge us!

C. Errors can often be corrected as we go along. But whenever we are pinned

down to a definite decision about a person, which cannot easily be revised
through his 'feed-back', the inadequacies of our judgments become apparent.
The hostess who wrongly thinks that the Smiths and the Joneses will get on
well together can do little to retrieve the success of her party. A school or a
business may be saddled for years with an undesirable member of staff,
because the selection committee which interviewed him for a quarter of an
hour misjudged his personality.

D. Just because the process is so familiar and taken for granted, it has aroused
little scientific curiosity until recently. Dramatists, writers and artists
throughout the centuries have excelled in the portrayal of character, but have
seldom stopped to ask how they, or we, get to know people, or how accurate is
our knowledge. However, the popularity of such unscientific systems as
Lavater's physiognomy in the eighteenth century, Gall's phrenology in the
nineteenth, and of handwriting interpretations by graphologists, or palm-
readings by gipsies, show that people are aware of weaknesses in their
judgments and desirous of better methods of diagnosis. It is natural that they
 should turn to psychology for help, in the belief that psychologists are
specialists in 'human nature'.

E. This belief is hardly justified: for the primary aim of psychology had been to
establish the general laws and principles underlying behavior and thinking,
rather than to apply these to concrete problems of the individual person. A
great many professional psychologists still regard it as their main function to
study the nature of learning, perception and motivation in the abstracted or
average human being, or in lower organisms, and consider it premature to put
so young a science to practical uses. They would disclaim the possession of
any superior skill in judging their fellow- men. Indeed, being more aware of
the difficulties than is the non-psychologist, they may be more reluctant to
commit themselves to definite predictions or decisions about other people.
Nevertheless, to an increasing extent psychologists are moving into
educational, occupational, clinical and other applied fields, where they are
called upon to use their expertise for such purposes as fitting the education or
job to the child or adult, and the person to the job. Thus a considerable
proportion of their activities consists of personality assessment.

F. The success of psychologists in personality assessment has been limited, in

comparison with what they have achieved in the fields of abilities and
training, with the result that most people continue to rely on unscientific
methods of assessment. In recent times there has been a tremendous amount
of work on personality tests, and on carefully controlled experimental studies
of personality. Investigations of personality by Freudian and other 'depth'
psychologists have an even longer history. And yet psychology seems to be no
nearer to providing society with practicable techniques which are sufficiently
reliable and accurate to win general acceptance. The soundness of the
methods of psychologists in the field of personality assessment and the value
of their work are under constant fire from other psychologists, and it is far
from easy to prove their worth.
 G. The growth of psychology has probably helped responsible members of
society to become more aware of the difficulties of assessment. But it is not
much use telling employers, educationists and judges how inaccurately they
diagnose the personalities with which they have to deal unless psychologists
are sure that they can provide something better. Even when university
psychologists themselves appoint a new member of staff. They almost always
resort to the traditional techniques of assessing the candidates through
interviews, past records, and testimonials, and probably make at least as many
bad appointments as other employers do. However, a large amount of
experimental development of better methods has been carried out since 1940
by groups of psychologists in the Armed Services and in the Civil Service, and
by such organizations as the (British) National Institute of Industrial
Psychology and the American Institute of Research.

List of Headings
i. The advantage of an intuitive approach to personality assessment
ii. Overall theories of personality assessment rather than valuable guidance
iii. The consequences of poor personality assessment
iv. Differing views on the importance of personality assessment
v. Success and failure in establishing an approach to personality assessment
vi. Everyone makes personality assessments
vii. Acknowledgement of the need for improvement in personality assessment
viii. Little progress towards a widely applicable approach to personality assessment
ix. The need for personality assessments to be well-judged
x. The need for a different kind of research into personality assessment
Question 1-6. Choose the correct headings for the paragraphs below.
Example  : Paragraph A vi
1. Paragraph B ______ 2. Paragraph C ______ 3. Paragraph D ______
4. Paragraph E ______ 5. Paragraph F ______ 6. Paragraph G ______
Question 7. Choose THREE letters A-F. Write your answers in box 7.
Which THREE of the following are stated about psychologists involved in
personality assessment?
A. 'Depth' psychologists are better at it than some other kinds of psychologist.
B. Many of them accept that their conclusions are unreliable.
C. They receive criticism from psychologists not involved in the field.
D. They have made people realize how hard the subject is.
E. They have told people what not to do, rather than what they should do.
F. They keep changing their minds about what the best approaches are.
Questions 8 - 10. Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer
in the Reading Passage. In boxes 8 - 10 write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
8. Unscientific systems of personality assessment have been of some use.
9. People make false assumptions about the expertise of psychologists.
10. It is likely that some psychologists are no better than anyone else at assessing
personality.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Section 5. Read the following article about how to be environmentally friendly

and decide in which paragraph (A-E) the following are mentioned. For each
question 1-10, write your answer (A, B, C, D or E) in the corresponding
numbered boxes. Write one letter for each answer. The paragraphs may be
chosen more than once.
A. FAIR TRADE
Farmers in developing countries are some of the most vulnerable people on earth,
prey to world commodity markets, middle men and the weather. So-called “fair
trade” arrangements guarantee cooperative groups a price above the world market
and a bonus on top. The growing fair-trade market has distributed hundreds of
millions of pounds to more than 50 million people worldwide. But critics say that
fair trade will never lift a country out of poverty; indeed, it may keep it there,
because the money generated from sales goes almost in its entirety to rich countries
which promote the products. As a simple guide, only about 5% of the sale price of a
fair-trade chocolate bar may actually go to the poor country.
B. ORGANIC FOOD
For food to be organic it must be free of added chemicals, both in the growing of the
food and in the killing of the pests that might damage the crop. In a world where
many manufactured chemicals have never been properly tested for safety, this is a
very big selling point. Parents are thus prepared to pay a premium for organic food,
especially when chemicals suspected of causing a variety of problems have been
found, albeit in tiny quantities, in most children’s blood. The problem is that many
farmers have not switched to organic in sufficient numbers to satisfy this growing
market. As a result, supermarkets are often forced to fly vegetables as they can label
“organic” halfway round the world, at a great cost to the planet in extra greenhouse
gases. Environmentalists are now urging shoppers to buy locally produced
vegetables, even if they are not organic and have been sprayed with pesticides.
C. BEING CARBON NEUTRAL
If you want to make yourself feel better about the planet, there are lots of ways for
you to ease your conscience by becoming “carbon neutral”. One of the most
appealing methods is to pay for someone to plant trees, preferably creating or
regenerating new forests. The theory is that trees grow by absorbing carbon dioxide
and giving out oxygen, storing the carbon in their trunks. But woods and forests
create their own mini-climate, which collects and stores water and creates
rainclouds. Added to this, there is the potential problem that planting trees often
releases carbon stored in the soil - and what happens if the forests catch fire, or are
chopped down and harvested for timber? Another and perhaps better solution
might be to invest in small-scale hydro-electric schemes, so that people who live in
the Himalayas, for example, and currently do not have electricity, can develop a 21st
century lifestyle without polluting the planet.
D. ECO-TOURISM
The idea of “green” tourism is to persuade local people not to chop down forests,
shoot elephants or wipe out tigers, but to preserve them so rich tourists visit and
peer at the wildlife through binoculars. Unfortunately, the best money is made from
reintroducing animals for trophy hunting by the very rich - an idea which does not
always meet with approval and has caused much debate. While tourists may help
sustain some national parks, they often create as many problems as they solve. One
is that they tend to demand all mod cons in their hotels, such as a great deal of water
for showers; a luxury sometimes not available for locals. Eco-tourism, when
properly managed, can offer the locals and the animals a brighter future. Sometimes,
though, the only winners are a few business people who own hotels.
E. RECYCLING
A great shift has taken place in the way we think about rubbish. Where once we
were happy to bury it in landfills or dump it at sea, we are now being urged by
national and local governments to recycle it and think of waste as a resource. The
wheelie-bin culture is being replaced by a series of kerbside collections of paper,
metals, plastic, bottles, clothes and compost. The idea is to cut landfill as well as
saving the planet. It is, however, having some unexpected consequences. Most of
Britain’s plastic and paper is now being sent for recycling in China or India, which
creates more greenhouse gases just to get it there, plus workers then have to
separate it. Meanwhile, some paper and bottles carefully sorted out by householders
end up being dumped in landfills after all, because the demand for recycled
materials constantly fluctuates.

In which section is the following mentioned?

a controversial pastime that raises considerable money 1. ______
an action which creates a different weather pattern 2. ______
an undesirable result of unnecessary global transportation 3. ______
(NB. You must provide two different options) 4. ______
inadequate research into harmful substances 5. ______
people at the greatest risk from factors beyond their control 6. ______
a benefit for those the scheme was not originally intended for 7. ______
(NB. You must provide two different options) 8. ______
the bringing of a source of energy to remote areas 9. ______
a failure to adapt in order to meet increasing demands 10. ______

PART IV. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

1. The play is so popular that the theatre is likely to be full every night.
Such ______________________________________________________________________
2. I’m always inviting him for a weekend with us but he’s always too busy.
No matter __________________________________________________________________
3. ‘Hurrah! I’ve passed the first exam!’ he claimed. ‘Congratulations!’ I said, ‘and
good luck with the second.’
He exclaimed _______________________________________________________________
4. The only reason the party was a success was that a famous film star attended.
Had it _____________________________________________________________________
5. She explained her behaviour to me implausibly.
She gave ___________________________________________________________________
6. I had no problems at all during my trip to France. (PLAN)
Everything my trip to France ___________________________________________________
7. You have said exactly the right thing. (NAIL)
__________________________________________________________________________
8. He maintained his position against his adversary. (GROUND)
__________________________________________________________________________
9. The house was dirty because no one bothered to keep it clean. (TROUBLE)
__________________________________________________________________________
10. Something told me to say exactly what I thought but I didn’t. (SORELY)
_________________________________________________________________________
11. It took me some time to understand fully what happened. (WHILE)
It was ___________________________________________ understood what had happened.
12. There’s no point arguing about this small detail, in my opinion. (WORTH)
This small detail ________________________________________________, in my opinion.
13. If your order is delayed, we will contact you. (DELAY)
Should ________________________________________ to your order, we will contact you.
14. The two situations are completely different. (COMMON)
The two situations don’t _____________________________________________ each other.
15. I was amazed because there were no problems throughout the holiday. (WENT)
To ______________________________________________ wrong throughout the holiday.
16. I have no intention of doing another kind of job. (DREAM)
I __________________________________________________________ other kind of job.