HISTORY OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES (1ST PPT)

According to Jesus Valenzuela in the History of Journalism in the Philippine Islands (1933) and
John Lent in the Philippine Mass Communication (1964), the history of campus journalism in the
Philippines started when the :

University of Santo Tomas - El Liliputiense in 1890.

However, Oscar Manalo, Narciso Matienzo, and Virgilio Monteloyola in Ang Pamahayagan
(1985)argued that the history of campus journalism in the country started when the :

University of the Philippines - The College Folio, now The Philippine Collegian, in 1910.

The Torch - Philippine Normal University

The Guidon- Ateneo de Manila University

The Varsitarian -University of Santo Tomas were also published two years later.

Whatever came first, Carlos Romulo y Peña edited The Coconut, the official student
publication of the Manila High School, now the Araullo High School. It was published in 1912
and it is now considered the first and oldest high school newspaper in the country.

In 1923, La Union High School in the Ilocos Region published The La Union Tab, the first
printed and regularly issued high school newspaper in the country. Since then, high school
newspapers came out one after the other.

Among these high school newspapers were The Pampangan, Pampanga High School, 1925;
The Leytean, Leyte High School, 1925; The Rizalian, Rizal High School, 1926; The Coconut,
Tayabas High School, 1927; The Volcano, Batangas High School, 1927;

The Toil, La Union Trade School, 1928; The Samarinian, Samar High School, 1928; The Melting
Pot, Tarlac High School, 1929; The Granary, Nueva Ecija High School, 1929; The Torres Torch,
Torres High School, 1930; and The Cagayan Student Chronicle, Cagayan High School, 1931.

In 1931, 30 out of 106 high schools in the country had campus newspapers registered at the
Bureau of Public Schools. In 1950, this number increased to 169; by 1954, to 253; by 1975, to
500; and by 1986, to more than 900 newspapers in English and in Filipino.

MEANING

Campus journalism is journalism carried out by university/college students on subjects relating

to campus, published in publications generally only intended for campus. Usually these
publications are available free of charge to the public and run by students and a faculty adviser.
The Campus Journalism Act of 1991 is perhaps one of the strongest laws protecting the rights of
the youth, particularly student journalists, and preserving the integrity of student publications.

However, in many cases, many institutions do not follow these rules, or blatantly disobeys the
law. And we cannot blame them; being owners of the institutions editors belong to, they
believe that they must have complete control over the publications, even if the law provides
otherwise.

There are many advantages to a free student publication:

First, it trains the students on journalism and provides an avenue to concretely practice truth,
fairness, and balance. These are values taught better by experience, and supplemented by the
classroom.

Second, it provides check and balance for the administrators, the student councils, and the
students. Campus journalists and publications become the students’ eyes in things that the
institutions hide.

Third, it safeguards democracy in the campus level. Campus publications, being an independent
entity, is accountable to nobody but its readers and protect democracy and freedom of
expression while encouraging the readers to do the same.

Campus journalism is important, for it safeguards the halls and the posts of democracy and
provides the student readers a deeper perspective; things that happen under their noses. As
journalists, let us help in protecting its existence by enforcing the law protecting it.

DEFINITION

The word “ journal “ comes from the Latin word “ diurna” which means “ daily.”

Journalism – an occupation of writing for publication in newspapers and other periodicals.

( Webster Dictionary )

Journalism – something that embraces all forms in which or through which the news and
comments on the news reach the public.

High School journalism has been defined as “ that enjoyable co-curricular activity of the school
paper staff in collecting, organizing, and presenting news; in writing editorials, columns,literary
articles, and features; in copyreading ,proofreading, dummying, and writing headlines- all the
purpose of putting out a school organ.

SCOPE OF JOURNALISM
Journalism may be divided into 3:

1. Written

2. Oral

3. visual

WRITTEN JOURNALISM

Periodicals such as newspapers and magazines fall under written journalism.

Periodical – defined broadly as a publication that comes out at regular intervals-

daily,weekly,etc.

Magazine – prints more news,has no special cover and is printed on a special paper called
newsprint.

EXAMPLE UNDER PRINT MEDIA

1. Periodicals

2. Brochures

3. Journals

4. Books

5. Graphic arts

Radio – is an oral journalism while

Visual journalism:

1. Television

2. Movies

3. documentaries

Radio and television are examples of broadcast media while movies and documentaries
are examples of film media.

FUNCTIONS OF THE CAMPUS PAPER

Campus paper – a publication, either mimeographed or printed, put out by staff members
whose names appear in the masthead or editorial box.
FUNCTIONS

1. Aid to the students

a. Provides an opportunity for interesting writing.

b. Serves as an outlet and motivation for journalistic writing.

2. Aid to the school community

a.Informs the community on the work of the school.

b. Develops right standard of conduct.

OTHER FUNCTIONS

1. Information function

2. Opinion function

3. Education function

4. Watchdog function

5. Laboratory function

6. Documentation function

7. Entertainment function

8. 8. Developmental function

NATIONAL AND CAMPUS PAPER COMPARED

A paper which is published everyday is called a daily.

Papers published weekly is called weeklies.

A national paper is one that can be bought easily anywhere in the country.

National papers fall into 2 categories:

a. popular papers – present their news in a bright,lively fashion with easy-to-read articles
and many photographs

b. Heavy or quality papers- emphasize the more serious subjects, and print longer articles
about them.
ETHICS

School paper should observe:

a. Accuracy

b. Fairness

c. Good taste in reporting events

2. No story should be published which is based on humor, gossip or unattributed opinion.

3. Only statements of facts whose authority or source is obvious will need no attribution.

Obscenity should be absolutely taboo for the school paper.

5. Words which show bias in the handling of news stories or other stories concerning race,
color, religious beliefs or class should be avoided.

6. Stories concerning the morale of the individuals should be avoided.

7. It should not as a rule print pictures which offend the sensibility of the general run of
readers.

SECTIONS/PART OF A CAMPUS PAPER

Whether it is a community, metropolitan, or national paper, its parts and sections are more or
less the same.

1. Front Page

a. local news – news that take place within the country.

NEWS(2ND PPT)
An oral or written report of a past, present, or future event. It should be factual, truthful,
accurate, unbiased, and interesting.

News is an oral or written report of an event that happened, is happening, will happen in the
North, East, West, or South that is of interest to the reader and which should be reported.

ELEMENTS OF NEWS

1. Conflict
  This may involve physical or mental conflict – man vs man, man vs animals, man vs
nature, or man vs himself.

2. Immediacy or timeless

 It emphasizes the newest angle of the story.

3. Proximity or nearness

 Refers to geographical nearness as well as to nearness of kinship or interest.

4. Prominence

 Some people are more prominent than others by reasons of wealth, social position or
achievements. This may also refer to place or things.

5. Significance

 Whatever is significant to the life of an individual is interesting to him.

6. Names

 Important names make important news.

7. Drama

 This adds color to the story. Anything that moves a reader to tears or to laughter is good
news.

8. Oddity or unusualness

 This refers to strange or unnatural events, objects, persons, and places.

9. Romance and adventure

 Romance may be experienced with other things.

10. Sex

 Since the dawn of history, sex has always interested man. Stories of sex are usually
related to stories of romance, marriage, divorce and the varied activities of men and
women.

11. Progress
  The onward and forward march of civilization on the progress of a country is chronicled
step by step in the newspaper. The trend today is towards development
communication. Reports on the significant changes in the established order and on
scientific achievements are in order.

12. Animals

 Stories of animals, especially those with talents are good in reading matter because of
their human interest value.

13. Number

 Sweepstakes numbers, vital statics, election results, scores in games, casualties,

fatalities, price of goods and ages of women make good news.

14. Emotion

 The various responses such as innate desire for food, clothing, shelter; the universal
interest in children, animals, future, and the natural feeling of love, sympathy and
generosity, of fear, hatred and jealousy.

TYPES OF NEWS STORIES

1. SCOPE OR ORIGIN
A. Local News – report of events that take place within the immediate locality.
B. National News – news that takes place within the country.
C. Foreign news – news that takes place outside the country.
D. Dateline News – news preceded by the date of place and origin or place where it
was written or filed

2. CHRONOLOGY OR SEQUENCE
a. Advance or Anticipated (dope or prognostication)
→ news published before its occurrence.
b. Spot news (reporter an eyewitness of the event)
→ news that is gathered and reported on the spot. It deals with unscheduled
information demanding immediate publication.
c. Coverage news (beat)
→ news written from a given beat. Both spot news and coverage news are good
examples of first-hand reporting.
d. Follow-up news
 → a sequel to a previous story. Having a new trend of its own, it is a 2 nd, 3rd, or
subsequent chapter of a serial.

3. TREATMENT
a. Fact story (plain exposition)
→ this is a plain exposition setting forth a single situation or a series of closely
related facts that inform.
b. Action story (narrative of actions)
→ this involve not mere simple facts but also a dramatic events, descriptions of
persons and events, perhaps testimony of witnesses, as well as explanatory data.
c. Speech or quote story
→ a news story usually written from a public address, talks and speeches.
4. CONTENT
a. Routine story
→ celebrations, enrollment, graduation, election stories reported year in and
year out.
b. Police reports
→ accident, fire, calamity, crime stories, etc.
c. Science news
d. Development communication
e. Sports news

5. STRUCTURE
a. Straight news
→ news that consists of facts given straight without embellishment. Its main aim
is to inform.
b. News feature
→ it is based on facts, but it entertains more than it informs. It uses the suspended
interest structure like the narrative; thus it cannot meet the cut-off test.
b.1 Single-feature structure (one-incident story)
→ the story deals with an isolated event.
b.2 Several-feature structure
  → multiple angled or composite story. Several facts are included in the lead in their
order of importance.

6. ADVANCED NEWS
a. Investigative
b. Interpretative
c. Depthnews

7. MINOR
a. News brief
→ a short item of news interest, written like a brief telegraphic message, giving
mainly the result with details.
b. News bulletin (gist of the news)
→ it is similar to the lead of a straight news story. It aim is just to give the gist of the
news.
c. News-featurette (quirks in the news)
→ this is a short news feature usually used as filler.
d. Sidebar (side by side with the mother story)
e. Flash (boxed message)
→ a bulletin that conveys the first word of an event.

LEAD (3rd PPT)

It is a single word, a phrase, a clause, a brief sentence, an entire paragraph or a series of
paragraphs. The main function of the lead, aside from introducing the news story, are to
tell the story in capsule form and to answer right away the questions the reader would
naturally ask.
*A good lead answers all the important questions of the reader, indicates
the facts if they are all important, and arouses the readers’ interest to continue reading
the story.

KINDS OF LEAD
A. Conventional or summary lead

B. Grammatical beginning lead

C. Novelty lead
CONVENTIONAL OR SUMMARY LEAD
1.WHO lead – used when the person involved is more prominent than what he does or
what happens to him.
*PRESIDENT Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo addressed, April 20, the PMA graduates in
Baguio City.
2.WHAT lead – used when the event or what took place is more important than the
person involved in the story.
 *AN ENTRANCE examination will be given Nov. 24 to all graduating high school
students desiring to enroll in the four-year college course.
3.WHERE lead – used when the place is unique and no prominent person is involved.
*TRAPICHE, Oton, Iloilo will be the site of the next International Film Festival.
4.WHEN lead – used as the reader presumes the story to be timely. Useful when
speaking of deadlines, holidays, and important dates.
*July 23, 2012 is the Sublian Festival, in celebration of the Batangas city Day.
5.WHY lead – used when the reason is more prominent or unique than what happens.
*BECAUSE of poverty, around a hundred students dropped from school last year.
This was learned from Iloilo Scholastic Academy principal Juan dela Cruz.
6.HOW lead – used when the manner, mode, means, or method of achieving the story is
the unnatural way.
* BY APPEALING to the school board, the University of Iloilo was able to
construct a 30-storey, concrete building.

GRAMMATICAL BEGINNING LEAD

1.Prepositional-phrase lead – the phrase is introduced by a preposition.
*WITH BROOMS and other cleaning equipment, boy scouts from the Iloilo public
high schools cleaned the city markets in consonance with the city mayor’s Clean and
Beautiful Drive.
2.Infinitive-phrase lead – it begins with the sign of the infinitive to plus the main verb.
*TO ENCOURAGE tourism, balikbayans are given a warm welcome by their fellow
Filipinos.
3.Participial-phrase lead – it is introduced by the present or past participle form of the
verb.
*HOPING to cop first place, the ISA wood pushers honed up for the chess
championship games. (present participle)
*DRESSED like priests, robbers were able to enter the bank. (past
participle)
4. Gerundial-phrase lead – it is introduced by a gerund (a verbal noun ending in ing)
*WINNING the developmental communications trophy during the national press
conference was Iloilo Scholastic Academy’s best achievement of the year.

5.Clause lead – the clause begins with a clause which may either be independent or
subordinate; or may either be a noun or an adjectival or adverbial clause.

* BECAUSE Sept. 9 was Osmena Day, all lessons in class dealt with the life of the
late President Sergio Osmena Sr. (subordinate, adverbial)
NOVELTY LEAD
1.Astonisher lead – uses an interjection or an exclamatory sentence.
*CHAMPION of Division of Iloilo City!
BETTER look your best this week!
2.Contrast lead – describes two extremes or opposites for emphasis.
*FOUR MONTHS before the Green Drive, Zone 3 of Brgy. Bo. Obrero, Iloilo City
was the dirtiest community. Three months after the campaign, it won first place in the
cleanliness contest sponsored by the Department of Interior and Local Government.
3.Epigram lead – opens by quoting a common expression, verse, or epigram, at least
familiar in the locality.
*LIKE father, like son.
Herman Lagon Jr. graduated first honor this year. Twenty years ago, his father, Engr.
Herman Lagon Sr. also topped his class and delivered his valedictory address on the
same rostrum where the young Lagon gave his.
4.Picture lead – describes a person, or an event, at the same time creating a mental
picture of the subject matter in the mind of the reader.
*THE NEW principal, Ms. Arianne Agnes Ciao, although only in her early thirties,
is already silver-haired. She seldom talks, but when she does, she talks with sense.
5.Background lead – similar to the picture lead except that it describes the setting
which may be prominent thatn the characters in the events.
*THE CLB campus was turned into a miniature carnival ground Sept. 1 during the
89th Foundation Day celebration of the school. Decorated with buntings and
multicolored lights, the University quadrangle was a grand setting for a barrio fiesta.
6.Descriptive lead – used when comparatively few descriptive words can vividly
formulate an imagery.
*DRESSED in white polo barong, and with diplomas in their hands, 109 graduates
marched down the stage to the tune of Hail Alma Mater.
7.Parody lead – consists of a parody of a well-known song, poem, lines, etc.
*WATER, water everywhere, but no water to drink. This was what the flood
victims found to their dismay.
8. Punch lead – a short, forceful word or expression. It is rarely used.
*VICTORY Day!
Bonifacio High School celebrated March 18 its fifth victory in the city-wide
journalism contest.
9. One word lead
*MARCH!
Thus ordered Chess Club president Pol Buenconsejo to start the “Walk to Win” fund-
raising drive.
10.Quotation lead – consists of the speaker’s direct words which are very striking and
which are usually quoted from a speech, a public address, or an interview.
* “THE YOUTH sucks,” thus said Association of Dimwits president Don Pepot in a
seminar-workshop yesterday in Brgy. Walang Kwenta, Siete Pecados, Guimaras.
11. Question lead – an answer to a question which is the basis of the news story.
*WHO WILL reign as Miss Intramurals this year?
This will be known Aug. 8 after the final screening to be held at the WVSU gym.