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THE ASSIGNMENT
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Name : [ ____CLARA JANIE FRICA____ ] NIM : [ ___10/300454/PA/13261___ ] Term : [ __MONDAY__ ]
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
It is so important to learn about silicate minerals because its quantity and variation are so
much. Besides, because of the bounding chemistry from this kind of mineral i also different
Why it seemed to be so
will be caused the diferrent between the bounding structure, this is what we need to know
important to learn about
to make us can to understand about silicate mineral easier.
silicate minerals
Can you tell me about the Bowen determines that the specific mineral from the certain temperature of magma cooling
Bowen Reaction series, in your result. In high temperature this mineral will associate with mafic magma and intermediet.
own word? Bowen reaction series generally shows the cristalization progress of a mineral according to
the decreased temperature and the different of magma contain with the basic asumption
that all of main magma is alkali character
Bowen reaction series is ussually devided by two branches. The first branch is continuos part
that tell us about the evolution of feldspar plagioklas, that start from plagioklas which rich
calsium and plagioklas that rich of sodium. The second branch is discontinuos part that gives
us description of formation or mafic mineral form. These always know as Bowen's Reaction
Series
Bowen's Reaction Series is a sequence of igneous cooling. While igneous rock Igneous rock or
rock itself was formed from the freezing process in subsurface magma or lava clots on the
surface of the earth. The magma is defined as a viscous liquid silicates which occur naturally
fluorescent, high-temperature between 1500-2500 º C and are mobile (can move) and there
are at the bottom of the crust.
In these magma contained some insoluble material, are volatile (water, CO2, chlorine,
fluorine, iron, sulfur, etc.) which is the cause of magma mobility, and non-volatile (non-gas)
which is a common mineral forming in igneous rocks . wWhen the magma temperature
decreased due to travel to the surface of the earth, then the minerals will be formed. These
events are known to crystallization events. Certain temperatures of magma to produce
olivine, but if the same magma cools further, olivine would react with the magma that
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formed the last, and change the mineral next in this series in this case (pyroxene). Cooling
further transformed into amphibole and pyroxene and then to biotite.
From the diagram above, the left represent the minerals mafik, and who first formed the
olivine at very high temperature (1400 º C) with the proportion of iron-magnesium and
silicon is 2:1 and form a composition (Fe2Mg) .2 SiO4. But if magma saturated with SiO2, the
pyroxene was first formed, with a comparison between the iron-magnesium with silicon is
1:1 to form the composition (MgFe) SiO3 at a lower temperature.
Olivine and pyroxene is a partner Incongruent Melting, where after the formation, olivine
would react with the remaining solution to form pyroxene. The temperature continues to
decrease and the formation of mineral working in accordance with the temperature. The last
mineral formed is biotite. Because this happens then this reaction is called the discontinuous
reaction or no reaction shots.
The next series is on the right represent the group because they mostly or only plagioclase
minerals are plagioclase. At very high temperatures (1400 º C) which was crystallized
plagioclase-Ca, where the composition is dominated by calcium and a small percentage of
silicon and aluminum. Further crystallization takes place continuously, the composition of Ca
will decrease and the content of Na (sodium) will increase, so the final crystallization is
plagioclase-Na. The reaction in this series is called continuous because the series continues
over time. Mafic minerals and plagioclase met on mineral potassium feldspar and
continuously into a stable mineral, which is not easily altered into other minerals at
temperatures around 650 º C.
Partial melting occurs when only a portion of a solid is melted. For mixed substances, such as
a rock containing several different minerals or a mineral that displays solid solution, this melt
can be different from the bulk composition of the solid. Partial melting occurs where the
solidus and liquidus temperatures are different. For single minerals this can happen when
they exhibit solid solution, for example in olivines between iron and magnesium. In rocks
made up of several different minerals, some will melt at lower temperatures than others.
Partial melting is an important consideration in geology with respect to the chemical
differentiation of crustal rocks. Virtually all rocks on Earth derive from material from the
interior of the earth that has been partially melted. [1] The main places where partial melting
occurs are subduction zones, mid-ocean ridges and hotspots. In all these places partial
melting is often associated with volcanism, although some melts do not make it to the
surface. Partial melts are thought to play an important role in enriching old parts of the
continental lithosphere in incompatible elements. Partial melts produced at depth move
upwards due to the compaction of the surrounding matrix.
Can you tell me about the
partial melting? What is that? A process known as partial melting generates the molten rock, known as magma, that cools
to form crystalline rocks in the earth's outer compositional layer, or its crust. The terms
"partial melting," "partial fusion," and "anatexis" refer to processes that create a magmatic
melt from a portion of a solid rock less than the whole. Because most crystalline, or igneous,
rocks in the earth's crust are composed of a number of silicate minerals that melt at different
temperatures, and of minerals with heterogeneous crystal lattices, almost all magmas are
generated by partial melting. Incongruent melting occurs over a range of temperatures; the
mineral components with the lowest melting temperatures melt first, and the minerals with
the highest melting temperatures melt last. Partial melts are thus enriched in the chemical
components of minerals with lower melting temperatures, and the remaining unmelted
portion of the rock is composed of minerals with the highest melting temperatures. There
are two end member types of partial melting. In equilibrium fusion, the liquid melt
continuously reacts with the residual crystals, changing composition until the whole rock has
melted. In fractional fusion, the melted material is separated from the remaining solid rock
as it is produced. Fractional fusion leads to differentiation of chemical components in the
melt, and to creation of different rock types from the same magmatic source.
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As we know, every silicate mineral have their characteristic that show theirselves in igneous
rock forming process. Silicate mineral that is contained in igneous rock, make us easier to
know the name of this igneous rock. We know that igneous rock is devided in two part, they
are felsic igneous rock and mafic igneous rock. That this kind of igneous rock can be knowing
by its mineral contained. Felsic igneous rock is arrange by silicate subtance and alumunium
subtance that coloured bright. The mineral which ussually appear in this igneous rock is
Quartz, Muscovite, Orthoclase, Plagioclase. Yet, the mafic igneous rock is arrange by ferium
By knowing the silicate
subtances, magnesium subtance and silicate subtance, that coloured dark. The mineral
minerals, we can easily guess
which ussually find in this igneous ock is Olivin, Piroksen, Hornblende, Biotit.
the name of the igneous rock.
Example :
How can you be so sure of that
1. Granite and Riolite Groups, they contain Quartz, Orthoclase, Sodium Plagioclase,
statement?
sometimes Hornblende, Biotite, and Muscovite.
2. Diorite and Andesite Groups, they are arranged by Plagioclase, Hornblende, and
another minerals that sometimes appear like Quartz, Biotite, Piroxen, and
Orthoclase.
3. Gabro-Basalt Groups is specially arranged by Oliine, Calcium Plagioclase, Piroxen,
and it might be Hornblende sometimes
4. Ultra-basalt Group, is specially arranged by Plagoclase and Proxen.
1) [Link]
REFERENCES
2) [Link]
(use the footnote, see
3) [Link]
References > Insert Footnote
4) [Link]
in Microsoft Word 2007)
5) [Link]
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