C H A P T E R P

Preparation for Calculus

Section P.1 Graphs and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Section P.4 Fitting Models to Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
C H A P T E R P
Preparation for Calculus
Section P.1 Graphs and Models

1
1. y
 2 x  2 2. y
9  x 2
x-intercept:
4, 0 x-intercepts:
3, 0,
3, 0

y-intercept:
0, 2 y-intercept:
0, 3

Matches graph (b). Matches graph (d).

3. y
4  x 2 4. y
x 3  x
x-intercepts:
2, 0,
2, 0 x-intercepts:
0, 0,
1, 0,
1, 0
y-intercept:
0, 4 y-intercept:
0, 0
Matches graph (a). Matches graph (c).

3
5. y
2 x  1 6. y
6  2x

x 4 2 0 2 4 x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

y 5 2 1 4 7 y 10 8 6 4 2 0 2

y y

8 10
(4, 7)
6
4 (2, 4)
6
2
(0, 1)
x 4
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 8
2
(−2, −2)
(−4, − 5) −4
x
−6 −6 −4 −2 2 6
−8

7. y
4  x 2 8. y

x  32

x 3 2 0 2 3 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 5 0 4 0 5 y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9

y y

6 10
(0, 4)
8
2 6
(− 2, 0) (2, 0)
x 4
−6 −4 4 6
−2 2

(−3, − 5) −4 (3, −5) x

−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−6 −2

2
 Section P.1 Graphs and Models 3

9. y
x  2   10. y
x  1 
x 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 y 2 1 0 1 0 1 2

y y

6 4

3
4
(− 5, 3) 2
(1, 3)
(−4, 2) 2 (0, 2) 1

(−3, 1) (−1, 1) x
x −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−6 −4 (−2, 0) 2 −1

−2 −2

11. y
x  4 12. y
x  2

x 0 1 4 9 16 x 2 1 0 2 7 14
y 4 3 2 1 0 y 0 1 2 2 3 4

y y

10
5
8
6 4
4
2 (4, − 2) (16, 0) 3
x
−2 2 12 14 16 18 2
(9, −1)
−4 (1, − 3)
−6 (0, −4)
−8 x
−10 −5 5 10 15 20

2 1
13. y
14. y

x x1

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x 3 1 0 1 2 3 5

 23 2
 14  12 1 1
y 1 2 Undef. 2 1 3 y 1 Undef. 1 2 4

y y

3 4
(1, 2) 3
2 (2, 0)

)− 3, ) −2 1
)3, 23 ) )− 1, )
−1
2
)3, 12 ) )5, 14 )
3 (2, 1) 2
x x
−2 −1 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5
−1
(− 2, −1) )− 3, − 14 ) (0, − 1)

(−1, − 2) −3
−4

15. 16.
Xmin = -3 Xmin = -30
Xmax = 5 Xmax = 30
Xscl = 1 Xscl = 5
Ymin = -3 Ymin = -10
Ymax = 5 Ymax = 40
Yscl = 1 Yscl = 5

Note that y
4 when x
0. Note that y
10 when x
0 or x
10.

4 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

17. y
5  x 5 18. y
x 5  5x 6

(− 4.00, 3)
(2, 1.73)
−9 9
−6 6

−3 −6

(a)
2, y

2, 1.73
y
5  2
3  1.73 (a)
0.5, y

0.5, 2.47

(b)
x, 3

4, 3
3
5 
4  (b)
x, 4

1.65, 4 and
x, 4

1, 4

19. y
x 2  x  2 20. y 2
x 3  4x

y-intercept: y
02  0  2 y-intercept: y 2
0 3  4
0

y
2;
0, 2 y
0;
0, 0
x-intercepts: 0
x x2 2
x-intercepts: 0
x 3  4x
0

x  2
x  1 0
x
x  2
x  2
x
2, 1;
2, 0,
1, 0 x
0, ± 2;
0, 0,
± 2, 0

21. y
x 225  x 2 22. y

x  1x 2  1

y-intercept: y
0225  02 y-intercept: y

0  102  1
y
0;
0, 0 y
1;
0, 1
x-intercepts: 0
x 225  x2 x-intercept: 0

x  1x 2  1
0
x 2
5  x
5  x x
1;
1, 0
x
0, ± 5;
0, 0;
± 5, 0

3
2  x  x 2  3x
23. y
24. y

x
3x  12
y-intercept: None. x cannot equal 0. 02  3
0
y-intercept: y

3
2  x 3
0  12
x-intercept: 0

x y
0;
0, 0
0
2  x x 2  3x
x-intercepts: 0

x
4;
4, 0
3x  12
x
x  3
0


3x  12
x
0, 3;
0, 0,
3, 0

25. x 2 y  x 2  4y
0

y-intercept:
02
y  02  4y
0
y
0;
0, 0
x-intercept:
x 2
0  x 2  4
0
0
x
0;
0, 0
 Section P.1 Graphs and Models 5

26. y
2x  x 2  1 27. Symmetric with respect to the y-axis since

y-intercept: y
2
0  02  1 y

x2  2
x 2  2.

y
1;
0, 1

x-intercept: 0
2x  x 2  1
2x
x 2  1
4x 2
x 2  1
3x 2
1
1
x2

3
3
x
±
3

x

3
3
; 33, 0

Note: x
 33 is an extraneous solution.

28. y
x 2  x 29. Symmetric with respect to the x-axis since

No symmetry with respect to either axis or the origin.
y2
y 2
x 3  4x.

30. Symmetric with respect to the origin since 31. Symmetric with respect to the origin since

y

x3 
x
x
y
xy
4.
y
x 3 x
y
x 3  x.

32. Symmetric with respect to the x-axis since 33. y
4  x  3

x
y2
xy 2
10. No symmetry with respect to either axis or the origin.

34. Symmetric with respect to the origin since 35. Symmetric with respect to the origin since

x
y  4 
x2
0 x
y


x2  1
xy  4  x 2
0.
x
y
.
x2  1

x2
36. y

x2  1
is symmetric with respect to the y-axis  
37. y
x 3  x is symmetric with respect to the y-axis

x2 x2   
since y

x3 
x

x 3  x
x 3  x .   
since y

.

x2  1 x 2  1


38. y  x
3 is symmetric with respect to the x-axis 39. y
3x  2 y

 
since y  x
3 Intercepts:

y  x
3.
23 , 0,
0, 2 2 (0, 2)

1 2
Symmetry: none 3, 0
x
1 2 3
1
6 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

x 1 2
40. y
  2 41. y
x  4 42. y
x  1
2 2 3
Intercepts: Intercepts: Intercepts:

4, 0,
0, 2
8, 0,
0, 4
0, 1,
 32, 0
Symmetry: none Symmetry: none Symmetry: none
y y y

3 2
(8, 0) 2
(0, 2) x
2 2 4 8 10
2 (0, 1)
1 ( 32 , 0)
(4, 0) (0, 4) x
x −1 1 2
6
1 2 3 4
−1
−1 8

10 −2
−2

43. y
1  x 2 44. y
x 2  3 45. y

x  32

Intercepts: Intercept:
0, 3 Intercepts:

1, 0,
1, 0,
0, 1 Symmetry: y-axis
3, 0,
0, 9
Symmetry: y-axis y Symmetry: none
y 12 y

12
9
2
10
(0, 1) (0, 9)
8
( 1, 0) (1, 0)
x (0, 3)
−2 2
1 x 2
−6 −3 3 6
x
2 −10 −8 −6 (− 3, 0) 2 4
−2

46. y
2x 2  x
x
2x  1 47. y
x 3  2 48. y
x 3  4x

Intercepts: Intercepts: Intercepts:

0, 0,
 12 , 0
  
3 2, 0 ,
0, 2

0, 0,
2, 0,
2, 0
Symmetry: none Symmetry: none
Symmetry: origin
y y
y
5 5
4 3
4
3 3
2 ( 3
2, 0) (0, 2) (−2, 0) (0, 0) (2, 0)
(− 12 , 0) 1
(0, 0)
1 −3 −1 1 3
x

−1
x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 −2
1
−3

49. y
xx  2 y
50. y
9  x 2 y

6 6
Intercepts: 5 Intercepts: 5
4 4

0, 0,
2, 0 3
3, 0,
3, 0,
0, 3 (0, 3)
2 2

Symmetry: none (−2, 0) 1

(0, 0) Symmetry: y-axis 1
x x
−4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4 −4 − 2 −1
Domain: x ≥ 2 Domain: 3, 3
1 2 4
−1
−2 (− 3, 0) −2 (3, 0)
 Section P.1 Graphs and Models 7

1
51. x
y 3 52. x
y 2  4 53. y

x
Intercept:
0, 0 Intercepts: Intercepts: none
Symmetry: origin
0, 2,
0, 2,
4, 0
Symmetry: origin
Symmetry: x-axis y
y

4 3
y
3 2
2 3
1
(0, 0) x
x (0, 2) 1 2 3
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
(− 4, 0)
x
−2
−5 −2 −1 1
−3
−4 (0, − 2)

−3

10
54. y

x2  1
55. y
6  x  56. y
6  x  
Intercepts: Intercepts:
Intercept:
0, 10

0, 6,
6, 0,
6, 0
0, 6,
6, 0
Symmetry: y-axis
y
Symmetry: y-axis Symmetry: none
12 y y

10 (0, 10) 8
8
6 (0, 6)
4 (0, 6)
(− 6, 0) 2
(6, 0)
x 4
−8 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
2 −2
2
x −4 (6, 0)
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 −6
x
−8 2 4 6 8

4  x 2
57. y 2  x
9 58. x 2  4y 2
4 ⇒ y
± 59. x  3y 2
6
2
y2
x9 Intercepts: 3y 2
6  x
y
± x  9
Intercepts:

2, 0,
2, 0,
0, 1,
0, 1 y
± 2  3x
Symmetry: origin and both axes Intercepts:

0, 3,
0, 3,
9, 0
Domain: 2, 2
6, 0,
0, 2,
0,  2
Symmetry: x-axis
4
2 Symmetry: x-axis
(0, 3) (−2, 0) (0, 1)
(2, 0) 3
(−9, 0)
−11 1
−3 3 (0, 2 )
(6, 0)
(0, −1) −1 8
(0, −3) −2
−4 (0, − 2 )
−3

60. 3x  4y 2
8 6
61. xy
2⇒y
2x
4y 2
3x  8 ( 83 , 0) 2x  y
1 ⇒ y
2x  1
−6
y
± 34 x  2
12

2  x
2x  1
Intercept:
83, 0 −6 3
3x
Symmetry: x-axis
1
x

The corresponding y-value is y
1.

Point of intersection:
1, 1
8 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

2x  13
62. 2x  3y
13 ⇒ y
63. x 2  y
6 ⇒ y
6  x 2
3
xy
4⇒y
4x
1  5x
5x  3y
1 ⇒ y

3 6  x2
4  x

2x  13 1  5x 0
x2  x  2


3 3 0

x  2
x  1
2x  13
1  5x x
2, 1
7x
14 The corresponding y-values are y
2 (for x
2)
x
2 and y
5 (for x
1).
The corresponding y-value is y
3. Points of intersection:
2, 2,
1, 5
Point of intersection:
2, 3

64. x
3  y2 ⇒ y2
3  x 65. x 2  y 2
5 ⇒ y 2
5  x 2
y
x1 xy
1⇒y
x1

3  x

x  12 5  x 2

x  12
3  x
x 2  2x  1 5  x 2
x 2  2x  1

0
x 2  x  2

x  1
x  2 0
2x 2  2x  4
2
x  1
x  2

x
1 or x
2 x
1 or x
2

The corresponding y-values are y
2 and y
1. The corresponding y-values are y
2 and y
1.

Points of intersection:
1, 2,
2, 1 Points of intersection:
1, 2,
2, 1

66. x 2  y 2
25 ⇒ y 2
25  x 2 67. y
x3
2x  y
10 ⇒ y
10  2x y
x
25  x2

10  2x2
x3
x
25  x2
100  40x  4x 2 x3  x
0
0
5x 2  40x  75
5
x  3
x  5 x
x  1
x  1
0
x
3 or x
5 x
0, x
1, or x
1
The corresponding y-values are y
4 and y
0. The corresponding y-values are y
0, y
1, and
Points of intersection:
3, 4,
5, 0 y
1.
Points of intersection:
0, 0,
1, 1,
1, 1

68. y
x 3  4x 69. y
x3  2x2  x  1

y

x  2 y
x2  3x  1
x3  4x

x  2 x3  2x2  x  1
x2  3x  1
x 3  3x  2
0 x3  x2  2x
0

x  12
x  2
0 x
x  2
x  1
0
4
y = x 3 − 2x 2 + x − 1
x
1 or x
2 x
1, 0, 2 (2, 1)
−4 6
The corresponding y-values are y
3 and y
0.
1, 5,
0, 1,
2, 1
(0, −1)

(−1, −5)
Points of intersection:
1, 3,
2, 0
−8
y = −x 2 + 3 x − 1
 Section P.1 Graphs and Models 9

70. y
x 4  2x 2  1 71. y
x  6

y
1  x2 y
x 2  4x

1  x 2
x 4  2x 2  1 4

0
x x 4 2 y= x+6 (3, 3)

0
x 2
x  1
x  1 −7
(− 2, 2)
2
− x 2 − 4x
x
1, 0, 1 y=
−2

1, 0,
0, 1,
1, 0
Points of intersection:
2, 2,
3, 3 
3, 1.732
y = x − 2x + 1
4 2

2 Analytically, x  6
x 2  4x
(0, 1)
x  6
x 2  4x
−3 3
(−1, 0) (1, 0) x 2  5x  6
0

−2

x  3
x  2
0
y = 1 − x2
x
3, y
3 ⇒
3, 3
x
2, y
2 ⇒
2, 2.


72. y
 2x  3  6  Points of intersection:
3, 3,
1, 5
y
6x  
Analytically,  2x  3  6
6  x

7
2x  3
x
(1, 5) y=6−x 2x  3
x or 2x  3
x
(3, 3)
x
3 or x
1.
−4 8

−1 Hence,
3, 3,
1, 5.

y = −2x - 3 + 6

73. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain 74. (a) y
0.13t 2  11.1t  207
y
0.007t 2  4.82t  35.4. (b) 500

(b) 250

0 50
−5 35 0

−50 (c) For 2010, t
60 and

y
0.13
602  11.1
60  207
405 acres.
(c) For 2010, t
40 and y
217.

75. C
R
5.5x  10,000
3.29x

5.5x  2

3.29x  10,0002
30.25x
10.8241x 2  65,800x  100,000,000
0
10.8241x 2  65,830.25x  100,000,000 Use the Quadratic Formula.
x  3133 units

The other root, x  2949, does not satisfy the equation R
C.

This problem can also be solved by using a graphing utility and finding the intersection of the graphs of C and R.
10 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

10,770
76. y
 0.37
x2

400

0 100
0

If the diameter is doubled, the resistance is changed by approximately a factor of 14. For instance, y
20  26.555 and
y
40  6.36125.

77. y

x  2
x  4
x  6 (other answers possible) 78. y

x  52 
x  2
x  32  (other answers possible)

79. (i) y
kx  5 matches (b). 80. (a) If
x, y is on the graph, then so is
x, y by y-axis
symmetry. Since
x, y is on the graph, then so is
Use
1, 7: 7
k
1  5 ⇒ k
2, thus, y
2x  5.
x, y by x-axis symmetry. Hence, the graph is
(ii) y
x2  k matches (d). symmetric with respect to the origin. The converse is
not true. For example, y
x3 has origin symmetry
Use
1, 9: but is not symmetric with respect to either the x-axis
or the y-axis.
9

12  k ⇒ k
10, thus, y
x2  10.
(b) Assume that the graph has x-axis and origin symmetry.
(iii) y
kx32 matches (a).
If
x, y is on the graph, so is
x, y by x-axis
Use
1, 3: 3
k
132 ⇒ k
3, thus, y
3x32. symmetry. Since
x, y is on the graph, then so is

x, 
y

x, y by origin symmetry.
(iv) xy
k matches (c). Therefore, the graph is symmetric with respect to
the y-axis. The argument is similar for y-axis and
Use
1, 36:
1
36
k ⇒ k
36, thus, xy
36.
origin symmetry.

81. False; x-axis symmetry means that if
1, 2 is on the graph, then
1, 2 is also on the graph.

82. True 83. True; the x-intercepts are 84. True; the x-intercept is

b ± b2  4ac
2a
,0 .
 2ab , 0
.
85. 2
x  02 
y  32

x  02 
y  02 y

4 x 2 
y  32
x 2  y 2
4
(0, 3)

4x 2  4y 2  24y  36
x 2  y 2 2 (x, y)

3x 2  3y 2  24y  36
0 1

x
x2  y2  8y  12
0 −2 −1 (0, 0) 2 3
−1

x 2 
y  42
4
Circle of radius 2 and center
0, 4

86. Distance from the origin
K  Distance from
2, 0

x2  y2
K
x  22  y2, K  1

x2  y 2
K 2
x2  4x  4  y2

1  K 2 x 2 
1  K 2y 2  4K 2x  4K 2
0
Note: This is the equation of a circle!
 Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 11

Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change

1. m
1 2. m
2 3. m
0

4. m
1 5. m
12 6. m
40
3

2 
4
7. y
8. y
9. m

53
5 m=1 6
m=3 6
4 m = −3
4 m= 1

3
3 (2, 3)
3
3 2
2
m = − 32 (− 4, 1) m=0 y
1 m is
undefined. x 3
x −6 −5 −2 −1 1 2 2
1 3 4 5 (5, 2)
−1 m = −2 −2
1
x
−1 1 2 3 5 6 7

−2
−3
−4 (3, − 4)
−5

42 51 2 
2

10. m
11. m
12. m

0
2  1 22 43
2 4 y



3 0 2

y undefined 1

( 2, 4) y x
4 1 2 3 4 5
6 −1
5 (2, 5) (3, −2) (4, −2)
4
(1, 2)
2 3 −3
2
1
1 (2, 1)
x x
2 1 1 2 −2 −1 1 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

23  16
34 
14

13. m
y
14. m
y
12 
34 3

78 
54
3
12 2 1 8


2


38
2
14 (− 12 , 23 ) (− 34 , 16 ) 3
x
−3 −2 1 2 3
1 ( 78 , 34 )
−1
x
−2 −2 −1 1
5,− 1
−3 −1
( 4 4 )

15. Since the slope is 0, the line is horizontal and its equation 16. Since the slope is undefined, the line is vertical and its
is y
1. Therefore, three additional points are
0, 1, equation is x
3. Therefore, three additional points

1, 1, and
3, 1. are
3, 2,
3, 3, and
3, 5.

17. The equation of this line is 18. The equation of this line is
y  7
3
x  1 y  2
2
x  2
y
3x  10 . y
2x  2.

Therefore, three additional points are
0, 10,
2, 4, Therefore, three additional points are
3, 4,
1, 0,
and
3, 1. and
0, 2.
12 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

y 1
19. (a) Slope

20. (a) m
400 indicates that the revenues increase by
x 3
400 in one day.
(b)
x (b) m
100 indicates that the revenues increase by
10 ft
100 in one day.
30 ft
(c) m
0 indicates that the revenues do not change
from one day to the next.
By the Pythagorean Theorem,
x2
302  102
1000
x
1010  31.623 feet.

y r
21. (a) 22. (a)
Population (in millions)

290 100

280 80

270 60

260 40

t 20
6 7 8 9 10 11
t
Year (6 ↔ 1996) 5 10 15 20 25 30

(b) The slopes of the line segments are: (b) The slopes are:
272.9  269.7 74  57

3.2
3.4
76 10  5
276.1  272.9 85  74

3.2
2.2
87 15  10
279.3  276.1 84  85

3.2
0.2
98 20  15
282.3  279.3 61  84

3.0
4.6
10  9 25  20
285.0  282.3 43  61

2.7
3.6
11  10 30  25
The population increased least rapidly between The rate changed most rapidly between 20 and
2000 and 2001. 25 seconds. The change is 4.6 mphsec.

23. x  5y
20 24. 6x  5y
15
y
 15 x 4 y
65 x  3
1
Therefore, the slope is m
 5 and the y-intercept is Therefore, the slope is m
65 and the y-intercept is

0, 4.
0, 3.

25. x
4 26. y
1

The line is vertical. Therefore, the slope is undefined and The line is horizontal. Therefore, the slope is m
0 and
there is no y-intercept. the y-intercept is
0, 1.

3
27. y
4 x  3 y 28. x
1 y

4y
3x  12 x1
0
5 3
4
(−1, 2)
0
3x  4y  12 (0, 3) 2

2 1
1
x
x −3 −2 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 1
−1
 Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 13

29. y
23 x 30. y
4 31. y  2
3
x  3

3y
2x y4
0 y  2
3x  9
y
3x  11
y
2x  3y
0
5
y y  3x  11
0
4 (0, 4)
y
3
3
3
2
2 2
1 1
x
(0, 0) x −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
x −3 −2 −1 1 2 −1
1 2 3 4
−1
−2 (3, − 2)
−3
−4
−5

3 60 30
32. y  4

x  2 33. m

3 34. m

3
5 20 1  0

5y  20
3x  6 y  0
3
x  0 y  0
3
x  0

3x  5y  14
0 y
3x y
3x

y y 3x  y
0
8 y
5
6 (2, 6)
4 4
(−2, 4) ( 1, 3) 3
2
(0, 0)
x
2 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8

1 (0, 0)
x
x 3 2 1 1
−3 −2 −1 1 2 −8
1

1 
3 4 
4 8 80 8

35. m

2 36. m


2 37. m


20 1 
3 4 25 3
y  1
2
x  2 y  4
2
x  1 8
y  0

x  5
3
y  1
2x  4 y  4
2x  2
8 40
0
2x  y  2 y
 x
0
2x  y  3 3 3
y y 3y  8x  40
0
5
2
4 (1, 4) y
1 (2, 1) 3
9
x 2
−2 −1 2 3 4 5
8 (2, 8)
−1 x
7
6
−2 −7 −6 −5 − 4 −3 1 2 3
5
−3 −2 4
(0, −3) −3 3
(− 3, − 4) −4 2
−5 −5 1 (5, 0)
x
−1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
−2

62 4 y 81 y
38. m


1 39. m
Undefined
3  1 4 7 55 9
8 (5, 8)
6 7
y  2
1
x  1 (− 3, 6)
5
Vertical line x
5 6
5

y  2
x  1 4
3
3
2
(1, 2)
xy3
0 2 1 (5, 1)
x
1
−1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
x −2
− 4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
14 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

72  34 114 11
34 
14

40. m
0 41. m


42. m

12  0 12 2
78 
54
y
2
3 11 1 8
y

x  0


y2
0 4 2 38 3
1 8
y

 
11 3 5
y
x y
x
1 2 4 4 3 4
22x  4y  3
0
x
1 1 2 3 4 12y  3
32x  40
1
y 32x  12y  37
0
(1, 2) (3, 2)
4
3
3
( 1 7
2, 2 ) y

4
2 3
1 ( 0, 34 )
x 2
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

1 ( 78 , 34 )
x
−2 −1 1
5, − 1
−1
( 4 4 )

b
43. x
3 y
44. m
 y
a
x3
0 2
b (0, b)
1 y
xb
a
(3, 0)
x
1 2 4 b
−1
xy
b
a
(a, 0)
−2 x
x y

1
a b

x y x y x y
45. 
1 46. 
1 47. 
1
2 3 23 2 a a
3x  2y  6
0 3x y 1 2

1 
1
2 2 a a
3x  y
2 3

1
a
3x  y  2
0
a
3⇒xy
3

xy3
0

x y
48. 
1 49. y
3 50. x
4
a a
y3
0 x4
0
3 4

1 y
a a y

2 3
1

1 1
2
a x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
1
a
1⇒xy
1 −2
x
1 2 3 5
xy1
0 −4
−1
−5
−6 −2
 Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 15

51. y
2x  1 52. y
13 x  1 53. y  2
32
x  1

3 1
y
3y  x  3
0 y
2x  2
2y  3x  1
0
3
y

2 y
1
4
x 3
x −3 −2 −1 3
−2 −1 1 2 2
(0, −1)
1
−1 −2
x
−3 −4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4

−4 −2
−3
−4

54. y  1
3
x  4 55. 2x  y  3
0 56. x  2y  6
0

y
3x  13 y
2x  3 y
 12 x  3
y y y

16 1 4
12
x 2
2 1 2 3
1 x
−10 −8 −6 −2
2
x
−16 −12 −8 4 8
−4
3 −4

−8 −6

57. (a) 10 (b) 10

The lines do not The lines appear

−10 −15
10 appear perpendicular. 15 perpendicular.

−10 −10

The lines are perpendicular because their slopes 1 and 1 are negative reciprocals of each other.
You must use a square setting in order for perpendicular lines to appear perpendicular. Answers depend on calculator used.

58. (a) 5 (b) 4

The lines do not The lines appear

−5 5 appear perpendicular. −6 6 perpendicular.

−5 −4

1
The lines are perpendicular because their slopes 2 and  2 are negative reciprocals of each other.
You must use a square setting in order for perpendicular lines to appear perpendicular. Answers depend on calculator used.

59. 4x  2y
3 60. x  y
7
y
2x  32 y
x  7
m
2 m
1
(a) y  1
2
x  2 (a) y  2
1
x  3
y  1
2x  4 y  2
x  3

2x  y  3
0 xy1
0

(b) y  1
 12
x  2 (b) y  2
1
x  3

2y  2
x  2 y2
x3
x  2y  4
0 xy5
0
16 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

61. 5x  3y
0 62. 3x  4y
7
y
5
3x y
 34 x  74
m
53 m
 34
(a) y  78
53
x  34  (a) y  4
 34
x  6
24y  21
40x  30 4y  16
3x  18
24y  40x  9
0 3x  4y  2
0
(b) y

7
8  35
x  
3
4 (b) y  4
3
x  6
4

40y  35
24x  18 3y  12
4x  24
40y  24x  53
0
4x  3y  36
0

63. The given line is vertical. 64. (a) y
0

(a) x
2 ⇒ x  2
0 (b) x
1 ⇒ x  1
0
(b) y
5 ⇒ y  5
0

65. The slope is 125. V
2540 when t
4. 66. The slope is 4.5. V
156 when t
4.
V
125
t  4  2540
125t  2040 V
4.5
t  4  156
4.5t  138

67. The slope is 2000. V
20,400 when t
4. 68. The slope is 5600. V
245,000 when t
4.
V
2000
t  4  20,400
2000t  28,400 V
5600
t  4  245,000

5600t  267,400

69. 70. y
x 2  4x  3, y
x 2  2x  3
(2, 4)
6

(0, 3)
−3 6 (3, 0)
(0, 0)
−9 9
−1

You can use the graphing utility to determine that the −6

points of intersection are
0, 0 and
2, 4. Analytically,

You can use the graphing utility to determine that the
x 2
4x  x 2 points of intersection are
0, 3 and
3, 0. Analytically,
2x 2  4x
0
x 2  4x  3
x 2  2x  3
2x
x  2
0
2x 2  6x
0
x
0 ⇒ y
0 ⇒
0, 0
2x
x  3
0
x
2 ⇒ y
4 ⇒
2, 4.
x
0 ⇒ y
3 ⇒
0, 3
The slope of the line joining
0, 0 and
2, 4 is
x
3 ⇒ y
0 ⇒
3, 0.
m

4  0
2  0
2. Hence, an equation
of the line is The slope of the line joining
0, 3 and
3, 0 is
m

0  3
3  0
1. Hence, an equation
y  0
2
x  0
of the line is
y
2x.
y  3
1
x  0
y
x  3.
 Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 17

10 6  4 10
71. m 1

1 72. m 1


2 
1 70 7
2  0 2 11  4 7
m2

 m2


2 
1 3 5  0 5
m1  m2 m1  m2
The points are not collinear. The points are not collinear.

y
73. Equations of perpendicular bisectors:
ab ab
y
c
2


c
x
2   (b, c)
ab ba
c
y

2 c
x
2   ( b −2 a , 2c ) ( a +2 b , 2c )
x
Setting the right-hand sides of the two equations equal and (− a, 0) (a, 0)
solving for x yields x
0.
Letting x
0 in either equation gives the point of intersection:

0, a  b2  c2

2
.
2c
This point lies on the third perpendicular bisector, x
0.

74. Equations of medians: 75. Equations of altitudes:

c ab
y
x y

x  a
b c
c x
b
y

x  a
3a  b
ab
y

x  a
c c
y

x  a
3a  b
Solving simultaneously, the point of intersection is
Solving simultaneously, the point of intersection is
 b2
b, a 
2
y
.
 
b c
, .
3 3
y c

(b, c)
b − a, c
( 2 2 ) (b, c)

(a, 0)
( a +2 b , 2c ) (− a, 0)
x

x
(− a, 0) (0, 0) (a, 0)

 b2
b3, 3c  to b, a 
2
76. The slope of the line segment from is:
c


a 2  b 2c 
c3
3a 2  3b 2  c 2
3c 3a 2  3b 2  c 2

m1



b 
b3
2b3 2bc

b3, 3c  to 0, a  b2  c2

2
The slope of the line segment from is:
2c


a 2  b 2  c 2
2c 
c3
3a 2  3b 2  3c 2  2c 2
6c 3a 2  3b 2  c 2

m2



0 
b3 b3 2bc
m1
m2

Therefore, the points are collinear.

18 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

77. Find the equation of the line through the points
0, 32 78. C
0.34x  150
and
100, 212.
If x
137, C
0.34
137  150
$196.58.
m
180 9
100
5

F  32
95
C  0

F
95 C  32
or
C
19
5F  160
5F  9C  160
0

For F
72, C  22.2.

79. (a) W1
0.75x  12.50

W2
1.30x  9.20
(b) 50 Using a graphing utility, the point of intersection is
6, 17.
Analytically,
0.75x  12.50
1.30x  9.20
(6, 17)
3.3
0.55x ⇒ x
6
0 30
0
y
0.75
6  12.50
17.

(c) Both jobs pay $17 per hour if 6 units are produced. For someone who can produce more than 6 units per hour, the second
offer would pay more. For a worker who produces less than 6 units per hour, the first offer pays more.

80. (a) Depreciation per year: 1000

(b) y
875  175
2
$525
875
5
$175 (c) 200
875  175x
y
875  175x 175x
675
where 0 ≤ x ≤ 5.
0 6
0 x  3.86 years

81. (a) Two points are
50, 580 and
47, 625. The slope is 82. (a) y
18.91  3.97x
x
quiz score, y
test score

625  580 (b) 100

m

15.
47  50

p  580
15
x  50

p
15x  750  580
15x  1330 0 20
0

1
or x

1330  p
15 (c) If x
17, y
18.91  3.97
17
86.4.

(b) 50 (d) The slope shows the average increase in exam score
for each unit increase in quiz score.

(e) The points would shift vertically upward 4 units. The

new regression line would have a y-intercept 4 greater
0
0
1500
than before: y
22.91  3.97x.

1
If p
655, x

1330  655
45 units.
15
1
(c) If p
595, x

1330  595
49 units.
15
 Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 19

83. The tangent line is perpendicular to the line joining the 84. The tangent line is perpendicular to the line joining the
point
5, 12 and the center
0, 0. point
4, 3 and the center of the circle,
1, 1.
y y

(5, 12)
4
8
2 (1, 1)
4
x x
−8 −4 (0, 0) 8 16 −6 −2 2 4
−2
−8
(4, − 3)
−16 −6

Slope of the line joining
5, 12 and
0, 0 is Slope of the line joining
1, 1 and
4, 3 is
12 1  3 4
.
.
5 14 3
The equation of the tangent line is Tangent line:
5 3
y  12

x  5 y  3

x  4
12 4
5 169 3
y
x y
x6
12 12 4
12y  5x  169
0. 4y  3x  24
0

85. 4x  3y  10
0 ⇒ d

4
0  3
0  10

10
2 86. 4x  3y  10
0 ⇒ d

4
2  3
3  10

7
42  32 5 42  32 5

87. x  y  2
0 ⇒ d

1
2 
1
1  2

5


52
12  12 2 2

88. x  1
0 ⇒ d

1
6 
0
2  1

7
12  02

89. A point on the line x  y
1 is
0, 1. The distance from the point
0, 1 to x  y  5
0 is

d

1
0  1
1  5


1  5

4

22.
12  12 2 2

90. A point on the line 3x  4y
1 is
1, 1. The distance from the point
1, 1 to 3x  4y  10
0 is

d

3
1  4
1  10


3  4  10

9.
32 
42 5 5

91. If A
0, then By  C
0 is the horizontal line y
CB. The distance to
x1, y1 is

d
y1  C
B 



B

By  C


Ax  By  C
.
1
A  B
1
2
1
2

If B
0, then Ax  C
0 is the vertical line x
CA. The distance to
x1, y1 is

d
x1  C
A 



A

Ax  C


Ax  By  C
.
1
A  B
1
2
1
2

(Note that A and B cannot both be zero.)

—CONTINUED—
20 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

91. —CONTINUED—

The slope of the line Ax  By  C
0 is AB. The equation of the line through
x1, y1 perpendicular
to Ax  By  C
0 is:

B
y  y1

x  x1
A
Ay  Ay1
Bx  Bx1

Bx1  Ay1
Bx  Ay
The point of intersection of these two lines is:
Ax  By
C ⇒ A2x  ABy
AC (1)
Bx  Ay
Bx1  Ay1 ⇒ B 2x  ABy
B2x 1  ABy1 (2)


A2  B2 x
AC  B2x1  ABy1 (By adding equations (1) and (2))

AC  B2x1  ABy1

x

A2  B2
Ax  By
C ⇒ ABx  B2y
BC (3)
Bx  Ay
Bx1  Ay1⇒ ABx  A 2y
ABx1  A2 y1 (4)


A2  B2 y
BC  ABx1  A2y1 (By adding equations (3) and (4))

BC  ABx1  A2y1

y

A2  B2

AC A Bx B ABy , BC A ABx Ay

 point of intersection
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 B 2 2

The distance between
x1, y1 and this point gives us the distance between
x1, y1 and the line Ax  By  C
0.

 AC A Bx B ABy    BC A ABx

Ay

2 2 2 2
d
1 1
 x1 1 1
 y1
2 2 B 2 2

 AC A ABy Ax

   BC A ABx
By

2 2
1 2 1 2

1 1
B 2 B 2 2 2

 A
C A ByB Ax    B
C A AxB By 

2
1
2
1 2
2
1
2
1 2



A  B 
C  Ax  By 
2 2
1 1
2

A  B  2 2 2

Ax1  By1  C

A2  B2

92. y
mx  4 ⇒ mx 
1y  4
0 8

d

Ax1  By1  C


m3 
1
1  4

A2  B2 m2 
12 −9

(−1, 0)
9

3m  3
−4

m2 1

The distance is 0 when m
1. In this case, the line y
x  4 contains the point
3, 1.
 Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 21

93. For simplicity, let the vertices of the rhombus be
0, 0, y

a, 0,
b, c, and
a  b, c, as shown in the figure. The
slopes of the diagonals are then (b, c) (a + b , c )

c c
m1
and m 2
.
ab ba
x
(0, 0) (a, 0)
Since the sides of the rhombus are equal, a 2
b 2  c 2,
and we have

c c c2 c2
m 1m 2

ab
 b  a
b 2  a 2
c 2
1.

Therefore, the diagonals are perpendicular.

y
94. For simplicity, let the vertices of the quadrilateral be

0, 0,
a, 0,
b, c, and
d, e, as shown in the figure. (d, e)
( b +2 d , c+e
2 )
The midpoints of the sides are (b, c)

ab c bd ce ( d2 , 2e )

 
a
2
,0 ,
2
, ,
2 2
,
2
d e
, and , .
2 2     (a +2 b , 2c )
x
The slope of the opposite sides are equal: (0, 0)
( a2 , 0) (a, 0)

c ce e
0 
2 2 2 c



ab a bd d b
 
2 2 2 2
e c ce
0 
2 2 2 e



a d ab bd ad
 
2 2 2 2

Therefore, the figure is a paralleogram.

95. Consider the figure below in which the four points are 96. If m1
1m2, then m1m2
1. Let L3 be a line with
collinear. Since the triangles are similar, the result imme- slope m3 that is perpendicular to L1. Then m1m3
1.
diately follows. Hence, m2
m3 ⇒ L2 and L3 are parallel. Therefore, L2
and L1 are also perpendicular.
y2
 y1
y2  y1


x2
 x1
x2  x1
y

(x 2 , y2 ) (x 2* , y2* )
(x1, y1 )

(x *1, y*1 )

97. True. 98. False; if m1 is positive, then m2
1m1 is negative.

a c a
ax  by
c1 ⇒ y
 x  1 ⇒ m1

b b b
b c2 b
bx  ay
c2 ⇒ y
x  ⇒ m2

a a a
1
m2

m1
22 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs

1. (a) Domain of f : 4 ≤ x ≤ 4 2. (a) Domain of f : 5 ≤ x ≤ 5

Range of f : 3 ≤ y ≤ 5 Range of f : 4 ≤ y ≤ 4
Domain of g: 3 ≤ x ≤ 3 Domain of g: 4 ≤ x ≤ 5
Range of g: 4 ≤ y ≤ 4 Range of g: 4 ≤ y ≤ 2
(b) f
2
1 (b) f
2
2
g
3
4 g
3
2
(c) f
x
g
x for x
1 (c) f
x
g
x for x
2 and x
4
(d) f
x
2 for x
1 (d) f
x
2 for x
4, 4
(e) g
x
0 for x
1, 1 and 2 (e) g
x
0 for x
1

3. (a) f
0
2
0  3
3 4. (a) f
2
2  3
1
1

(b) f
3
2
3  3
9 (b) f
6
6  3
9
3
(c) f
b
2b  3 (c) f
5
5  3
2, undefined
(d) f
x  1
2
x  1  3
2x  5 (d) f
x  x
x  x  3

5. (a) g
0
3  02
3 6. (a) g
4
42
4  4
0

(b) g
3
3 
3
3  3
0
2
(b) g
32 

32 
2  4
94
 52 
 458
2 3

(c) g
2
3 
22
3  4
1 (c) g
c
c 2
c  4
c 3  4c 2

(d) g
t  1
3 
t  12
t 2  2t  2 (d) g
t  4

t  42
t  4  4


t  42 t
t 3  8t 2  16t

7. (a) f
0
cos
2
0
cos 0
1 8. (a) f

sin 
0

 4 
cos2 4 
cos 2 
0 54
sin54
 2 2


(b) f  (b) f

3 
cos23 
cos 23
 21 23
sin23

3
(c) f (c) f
2

f
x  x  f
x
x  x3  x 3 x 3  3x 2x  3x
x2 
x3  x 3

9.


3x 2  3xx 
x2, x  0
x x x

f
x  f
1 3x  1 
3  1 3
x  1

10.


3, x  1
x1 x1 x1

f
x  f
2
1x  1  1

11.

x2 x2
1  x  1 1  x  1 2x 1





x  2x  1 1  x  1
x  2x  1
1  x  1 x  1
1  x  1
,x2

f
x  f
1 x 3  x  0 x
x  1
x  1

12.


x
x  1, x  1
x1 x1 x1
 Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs 23

t
13. h
x
 x  3 14. g
x
x 2  5 15. f
t
sec
4
Domain: x  3 ≥ 0 ⇒ 3,  Domain:
 , 
 t
2k  1
 ⇒ t  4k  2
Range:
 , 0 Range: 5,  4 2
Domain: all t  4k  2, k an
integer
Range:
 , 1
1, 

1 2
16. h
t
cot t 17. f
x
18. g
x

x x1
Domain: all t  k, k an integer
Domain:
 , 0

0,  Domain:
 , 1

1, 
Range:
 , 
Range:
 , 0

0,  Range:
 , 0

0, 

2
19. f
x
x  1  x 20. f
x
x 2  3x  2 21. g
x

1  cos x
x ≥ 0 and 1x ≥ 0 x 2  3x  2 ≥ 0 1  cos x  0
x ≥ 0 and x ≤ 1
x  2
x  1 ≥ 0 cos x  1
Domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 Domain: x ≥ 2 or x ≤ 1 Domain: all x  2n, n an integer
Domain:
 , 1
2, 

1 1 1
22. h
x
23. f
x
24. g
x

sin x 
12
x3
x2  4
1
sin x   0
2
x3 0
x2  4  0
1 x30
x  2
x  2  0
sin x 
2 Domain: all x  3 Domain: all x  ± 2

Domain: all x   2n,
6
5
 2n, n integer
6

25. f
x

2x  1, x < 0
2x  2, x ≥ 0
26. f
x

x 2  2, x ≤ 1
2x 2  2, x > 1
(a) f
1
2
1  1
1 (a) f
2

22  2
6
(b) f
0
2
0  2
2 (b) f
0
02  2
2
(c) f
2
2
2  2
6 (c) f
1
12  2
3
(d) f
t 2  1
2
t 2  1  2
2t 2  4 (d) f
s 2  2
2
s 2  22  2
2s 4  8s 2  10
(Note: t 2  1 ≥ 0 for all t) (Note: s 2  2 > 1 for all s)
Domain:
 ,  Domain:
 , 
Range:
 , 1
2,  Range: 2, 
24 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

x  1, x < 1

x

x x54,, xx >≤ 55

27. f
x
28. f
x

 1, x ≥ 1 2

(a) f
3
3  1
4 (a) f
3
3  4
1
1

(b) f
1
1  1
0 (b) f
0
0  4
2
(c) f
3
3  1
2 (c) f
5
5  4
3

(d) f
b  1

b  1  1
b (d) f
10

10  52
25

2 2 2

Domain:
 ,  Domain: 4, 

Range:
 , 0
1,  Range: 0, 

4
29. f
x
4  x 30. g
x
31. h
x
x  1
x
Domain:
 ,  Domain:
 , 0

0,  Domain: 1, 

Range:
 ,  Range:
 , 0

0,  Range: 0, 

y y y

8 6
2
4
6
2

4 x 1
2 4 6
2
x
x 1 2 3
−4 −2 2 4

32. f
x
2 x 3  2 33. f
x
9  x 2 34. f
x
x  4  x 2

1

Domain:
 ,  Domain: 3, 3 Domain: 2, 2

Range:
 ,  Range: 0, 3 Range:
y y
2, 22  2, 2.83
8 5

6
4 y-intercept:
0, 2
4 2 x-intercept:
 2, 0
1
x y
x −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−6 −4 2 4 6
4
−2
3
−3
(0, 2)
(− 2, 0(
x
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
−4

35. g
t
2 sin  t y
36. h

5 cos y
2 5
Domain:
 , 
2
Domain:
 , 
4
3
1
Range: 2, 2
2

t Range: 5, 5 1
θ
−2 π 2π
2 3
−1

−5
 Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs 25

20 1
37. The student travels
mimin during the first 38. d
40 2
27
4 minutes. The student is stationary for the following
62
2 minutes. Finally, the student travels
1 mimin 18
10  6
during the final 4 minutes. 9

t
t1 t2 t3

39. x  y 2
0 ⇒ y
± x 40. x 2  4  y
0 ⇒ y
x 2  4

y is not a function of x. Some vertical lines intersect y is a function of x. Vertical lines intersect the graph
the graph twice. at most once.

41. y is a function of x. Vertical lines intersect the graph 42. x 2  y 2
4

at most once.
y
± 4  x 2
y is not a function of x. Some vertical lines intersect
the graph twice.

43. x 2  y 2
4 ⇒ y
± 4  x 2 44. x 2  y
4 ⇒ y
4  x 2
y is not a function of x since there are two values of y for y is a function of x since there is one value of y for
some x. each x.

x2
45. y 2
x 2  1 ⇒ y
± x 2  1 46. x 2 y  x 2  4y
0 ⇒ y

4
x2
y is not a function of x since there are two values of y for y is a function of x since there is one value of y for
some x. each x.

47. y
f
x  5 is a horizontal shift 48. y
f
x  5 is a vertical shift 49. y
f
x  2 is a reflection in
5 units to the left. Matches d. 5 units downward. Matches b. the y-axis, a reflection in the x-axis,
and a vertical shift downward
2 units. Matches c.

50. y
f
x  4 is a horizontal 51. y
f
x  6  2 is a horizontal 52. y
f
x  1  3 is a horizontal

shift 4 units to the right, followed shift to the left 6 units, and a shift to the right 1 unit, and a
by a reflection in the x-axis. vertical shift upward 2 units. vertical shift upward 3 units.
Matches a. Matches e. Matches g.

53. (a) The graph is shifted 3 units (b) The graph is shifted 1 unit (c) The graph is shifted 2 units
to the left. to the right. upward.
y y y

4 4 6

2 4

x x 2
−6 −4 −2 2 4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2 −2 x
−4 −2 2 4 6
−4 −4 −2

−6 −6

—CONTINUED—
26 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

53. —CONTINUED—
(d) The graph is shifted 4 units (e) The graph is stretched (f ) The graph is stretched
downward. vertically by a factor of 3. vertically by a factor of 14.
y y y

x x 4
−4 −2 2 4 6 −4 −2 4 6
−2 −2 2

−4 −4 x
−4 −2 2 4 6
−6 −6

−8 −8

−10 −6

54. (a) g
x
f
x  4 (b) g
x
f
x  2 (c) g
x
f
x  4

g
6
f
2
1 Shift f left 2 units Vertical shift upwards
4 units
g
0
f
4
3 y

4 y
Shift f right 4 units 3
6
2 (2, 5)
y (0, 1) 5
4
4 x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −1 1
3 2
2 −2
(6, 1) (− 4, 1) 1
1 (− 6, −3) −3
x
x −4 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 1 2 3 5 6 7
−2
−2
(0, −3)
−4

(d) g
x
f
x  1 (e) g
x
2f
x (f ) g
x
2 f
x

1

Vertical shift down 1 unit g
2
2 f
2
2 g
2
12 f
2
12

y
g
4
2f
4
6 g
4
12 f
4
 32
2
y y
1 (2, 0) (2, 2)
x 2 2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 2 3
1 1
(2, 12 )
x x
−3 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −5 −4 −3 1 2 3
−1
−4 −2
(− 4, − 4)
−5 −3
(− 4, − 32 ) −3
−6 −4 −4
−5 −5
(− 4, − 6 )
−6 −6

55. (a) y
x  2 (b) y
 x (c) y
x  2

y y y

4
4 1
3
3 x
1 2 3 4 2

2 −1 1
x
−2 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 −1
−3 −2
x
1 2 3 4

Vertical shift 2 units upward Reflection about the x-axis Horizontal shift 2 units to
the right

56. (a) h
x
sin
x 
2  1 is a horizontal shift 2 units to the left, followed by a vertical shift 1 unit upwards.

(b) h
x
sin
x  1 is a horizontal shift 1 unit to the right followed by a reflection about the x-axis.
 Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs 27

57. (a) f
g
1
f
0
0 (d) f
g
4
f
15
15

(b) g
f
1
g
1
0 (e) f
g
x
f
x2  1
x2  1
(f ) g
f
x
g
x 

x   1
x  1,
x ≥ 0
2
(c) g
f
0
g
0
1

58. f
x
sin x, g
x
 x

(a) f
g
2
f
2
sin
2
0
(b) f
g
12
f
2
sin
2
1
(c) g
f
0
g
0
0
2
(d) g
f
4
g
sin
4
g
22

22

2
(e) f
g
x
f
 x
sin
 x
(f ) g
f
x
g
sin x
 sin x

59. f
x
x 2, g
x
x 60. f
x
x 2  1, g
x
cos x

f
g
x
f
g
x
f
x 

x 
x, x ≥ 0
2

f
g
x
f
g
x
f
cos x
cos2 x  1
Domain: 0,  Domain:
 , 

g
f 
x
g
f
x
g
x 2
x 2
x
g
f 
x
g
x 2  1
cos
x 2  1

Domain:
 ,  Domain:
 , 

No. Their domains are different.
f

g

g
f  for x ≥ 0. No, f
g  g
f.

3
61. f
x
, g
x
x 2  1
x
3

f
g
x
f
g
x
f
x 2  1

x2  1
Domain: all x  ± 1
9  x2
3x 
3x 
2
9

g
f 
x
g
f
x
g  1
1

x2 x2
Domain: all x  0
No, f
g  g
f.

1
62.
f
g
x
f
x  2 

x  2

Domain:
2, 

g
f 
x
g 1x 
1x  2
1 x 2x
You can find the domain of g
f by determining the intervals where
1  2x and x are both positive, or both negative.
+ + + − − + + + +
x
−2 −1 − 1 0 1 2
2

Domain:
 ,  2,
0, 

1

63. (a)
f
g
3
f
g
3
f
1
4 (d)
f
g
3
f
g
3
f
2
3
(b) g
f
2
g
1
2 (e)
g
f 
1
g
f
1
g
4
2
(c) g
f
5
g
5, which is undefined (f ) f
g
1
f
4, which is undefined
28 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

64.
A
r
t
A
r
t
A
0.6t

0.6t2
0.36t 2

A
r
t represents the area of the circle at time t.

65. F
x
2x  2

Let h
x
x  1, g
x
2x and f
x
x.
Then,
f
g
h
x
f
g
x  1
f
2
x  1
2
x  1
2x  2
F
x.

[Other answers possible]

66. F
x
4 sin
1  x

Let f
x
4x, g
x
sin x and h
x
1  x.
Then,
f
g
h
x
f
g
1  x
f
sin
1  x
4 sin
1  x
F
x.

[Other answers possible]

67. f
x

x2
4 
x2
x 2
4  x 2
f
x 68. f
x
 3 x
f
x

3 x
 

Even Odd

69. f
x

x cos
x
x cos x
f
x

Odd

70. f
x
sin2
x
sin
x sin
x

sin x
sin x
sin2 x

Even

71. (a) If f is even, then
2 , 4 is on the graph. 72. (a) If f is even, then
4, 9 is on the graph.
3

(b) If f is odd, then
2 , 4 is on the graph. (b) If f is odd, then
4, 9 is on the graph.
3

73. f is even because the graph is symmetric about the y-axis.

g is neither even nor odd.
h is odd because the graph is symmetric about the origin.

74. (a) If f is even, then the graph is symmetric about the y-axis. (b) If f is odd, then the graph is symmetric about
the origin.
y

y
6
f
4 6
f
2 4
x 2
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−4 −2
−6 −4

−6

35 y
75. Slope

2
4  0 6

(−4, 3) 4
y  5
2
x  0 2

y
2x  5 −6 −4 2 4 6
x

f
x
2x  5, 4 ≤ x ≤ 0
(0, − 5)
−6
 Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs 29

52 3 y
77. x  y 2
0
y
76. Slope


51 4 5 (5, 5) 3

4 y 2
x 2
3
y  2

x  1
3 1
4 2
(1, 2)
y
 x x
1 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1

3 5 x f
x
 x, x ≤ 0
y
x −2 −1
−1
1 2 3 4 5 −2
4 4 −3
−2

3 5
f
x
x  , 1 ≤ x ≤ 5
4 4

y
78. x2  y2
4
y2
4  x2
1

y
 4  x 2 x
−1 1
f
x
 4  x 2, 2 ≤ x ≤ 2 −1

79. Matches (ii). The function is g
x
cx 2. Since
1, 2 80. Matches (i). The function is f
x
cx. Since
1, 14
satisfies the equation, c
2. Thus, g
x
2x 2. satisfies the equation, c
14. Thus, f
x

14x.

81. Matches (iv). The function is r
x
cx, since it must be

82. Matches (iii). The function is h
x
c x . Since
1, 3
undefined at x
0. Since
1, 32 satisfies the equation, satisfies the equation, c
3. Thus, h
x
3 x .
c
32. Thus, r
x
32x.

83. (a) T
4
16

, T
15  23

(b) If H
t
T
t  1, then the program would turn on (and off) one hour later.

(c) If H
t
T
t  1, then the overall temperature would be reduced 1 degree.

84. (a) For each time t, there corresponds a depth d. 85. (a) A

(b) Domain: 0 ≤ t ≤ 5
500

400

Range: 0 ≤ d ≤ 30 300

d 200
(c)
30 100

25 t
10 20 30 40 50
20

15

10
(b) A
15  345 acresfarm
5

t
1 2 3 4 5 6

86. (a) 25

0 100
0

1.6x 
0.0021.6x  1.6x   0.029

2
(b) H  0.005

0.00078125x 2  0.003125x  0.029

30 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

87. f
x
x  x  2
If x < 0, then f
x
x 
x  2
2x  2
2
1  x.

If 0 ≤ x < 2, then f
x
x 
x  2
2.

If x ≥ 2, then f
x
x 
x  2
2x  2
2
x  1.

Thus,

2
1  x, x < 0

f
x
2, 0 ≤ x < 2.
2
x  1, x ≥ 2

88. p1
x
x3  x  1 has one zero. p2
x
x3  x has three zeros. Every cubic 2

polynomial has at least one zero. Given p
x
Ax 3  Bx 2  Cx  D, we have p1

p →   as x →   and p →  as x →  if A > 0. Furthermore, p →  as −3 3

x →   and p →   as x →  if A < 0. Since the graph has no breaks, the p2
graph must cross the x-axis at least one time.
−2

89. f
x
a 2n1
x2n1  . . .  a 3
x3  a 1
x

 a 2n1 x 2n1  . . .  a 3 x 3  a 1 x

f
x

Odd

90. f
x
a2n
x2n  a2n2
x2n2  . . .  a2
x2  a0

a2n x2n  a2n2 x2n2  . . .  a2 x2  a0

f
x
Even

91. Let F
x
f
xg
x where f and g are even. Then

F
x
f
xg
x
f
xg
x
F
x.

Thus, F
x is even. Let F
x
f
xg
x where f and g are odd. Then

F
x
f
xg
x
f
xg
x
f
xg
x
F
x.

Thus, F
x is even.

92. Let F
x
f
xg
x where f is even and g is odd. Then

F
x
f
xg
x
f
xg
x
f
xg
x
F
x.

Thus, F
x is odd.

93. (a) V
x
24  2x2
4x
12  x 2 (c)

x length and width volume
Domain: 0 < x < 12
1 24  2
1 124  2
12
484
1100
(b)
2 24  2
2 224  2
22
800
3 24  2
3 324  2
32
972

−1 12 4 24  2
4 424  2
42
1024

−100
5 24  2
5 524  2
52
980
The dimensions for maximum volume are 4  16  16 cm.
6 24  2
6 624  2
62
864

The dimensions for maximum volume appear to be

4  16  16 cm.
 Section P.4 Fitting Models to Data 31

y2 02
94. By equating slopes,  95. False; let f
x  x 2.
03 x3
6 Then f
3  f
3  9, but 3
3.
y2
x3

6 2x
y 2 ,
x3 x3

L  x 2  y 2  x  x 2x 3 .
2
2

96. True 97. True, the function is even.

98. False; let f
x  x 2. Then f
3x 
3x2  9x 2 and 3f
x  3x 2. Thus, 3f
x
f
3x.

99. First consider the portion of R in the first quadrant: By symmetry, you obtain the entire region R:
x ≥ 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 and x  y ≤ 1; shown below. y

y 2
(− 2, 1) (2, 1)
2

(0, 1) (2, 1) x
1 −2 1 2

(− 2, − 1) (2, − 1)
x
−1 (0, 0) (1, 0) 2 −2

−1

The area of R is 4
2   6.
3

The area of this region is 1  12  32.

[49th competition, Problem A1, 1988]

100. Let g
x  c be a constant polynomial.

Then f
g
x  f
c and g
f
x  c.
Thus, f
c  c. Since this is true for all real numbers c, f is the identity function: f
x  x.

Section P.4 Fitting Models to Data

1. Quadratic function 2. Trigonometric function 3. Linear function 4. No relationship

5. (a), (b) y 6. (a) 20

250

200

150

100 0 20
0
50

x No, the relationship does not appear to be linear.

3 6 9 12 15

(b) Quiz scores are dependent on several variables such as

Yes. The cancer mortality increases linearly with study time, class attendance, etc. These variables may
increased exposure to the carcinogenic substance. change from one quiz to the next.
(c) If x  3, then y  136.
32 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

7. (a) d  0.066F or F  15.1d  0.1 8. (a) s  9.7t  0.4

(b) 125
(b) 45

F = 15.13 d + 0.1
−1 5
0 10
0 −5

The model fits well. The model fits well.

(c) If F  55, then d  0.066
55  3.63 cm. (c) If t  2.5, s  24.65 meterssecond.

9. (a) Using a graphing utility, y  0.124x  0.82. 10. (a) Linear model: H  0.3323t  612.9333
r  0.838 correlation coefficient (b) 600

(b) 30

y = 0.124x + 0.82

0 1300
0
0 180
0
The fit is very good.
(c) The data indicates that greater per capita electricity
(c) When t  500,
consumption tends to correspond to greater per capita
gross national product. H  0.3323
500  612.9333  446.78.
The data for Hong Kong, Venezuela and South Korea
differ most from the linear model.
(d) Removing the data
118, 25.59,
113, 5.74 and

167, 17.3, you obtain the model y  0.134x  0.28
with r  0.968.

11. (a) y1  0.0343t 3  0.3451t 2  0.8837t  5.6061 12. (a) S  180.89x 2  205.79x  272
y2  0.1095t  2.0667 (b) 25000

y3  0.0917t  0.7917
(b) 15

y1 + y2 + y3

0 14
y1 0
y2
0
0 y3
8
(c) When x  2, S  583.98 pounds.

For t  12, y1  y2  y3  31.06 centsmile.

13. (a) Linear: y1  4.83t  28.6 (d) y  0.084t 2  5.84t  26.7

Cubic: y2  0.1289t 3  2.235t 2  4.86t  35.2 90

(b) 90

y2
y1
0 13
25
0 13
25

(e) For t  14: Linear model y1  96.2 million

(c) The cubic model is better.
Cubic model y2  51.5 million
(f ) Answers will vary.
 Section P.4 Fitting Models to Data 33

14. (a) t  0.00271s2  0.0529s  2.671 15. (a) y  1.806x  14.58x  16.4x  10
3 2

(b) 21 (b) 300

20 100 0 7
0 0

(c) The curve levels off for s < 20. (c) If x  4.5, y  214 horsepower.

(d) t  0.002s2  0.0346s  0.183

21

0 100
0

(e) The model is better for low speeds.

16. (a) T  2.9856  104 p3  0.0641 p2  5.2826p  143.1 17. (a) Yes, y is a function of t. At each time t, there is one
and only one displacement y.
(b) 350

(b) The amplitude is approximately

2.35  1.652  0.35.

110
The period is approximately
0
150
2
0.375  0.125  0.5.
(c) For T  300F, p  68.29 pounds per square inch.
(c) One model is y  0.35 sin
4 t  2.
(d) The model is based on data up to 100 pounds per
(d) 4
square inch.
(0.125, 2.35)

(0.375, 1.65)

0 0.9
0

18. (a) H
t  84.4  4.28 sin 6t  3.86 (c) 100

One model is

C
t  58  27 sin 6t  4.1. 0

0
13

(b) 100

(d) The average in Honolulu is 84.4.

The average in Chicago is 58.

0 13
(e) The period is 12 months (1 year).
0
(f ) Chicago has greater variability
27 > 4.28.

19. Answers will vary. 20. Answers will vary.

34 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

Review Exercises for Chapter P

1. y
2x  3

x
0 ⇒ y
2
0  3
3 ⇒
0, 3 y-intercept

y
0 ⇒ 0
2x  3 ⇒ x
⇒
0
3 3
2 2, x-intercept

2. y

x  1
x  3
x
0 ⇒ y

0  1
0  3
3 ⇒
0, 3 y-intercept

y
0 ⇒ 0

x  1
x  3 ⇒ x
1, 3 ⇒
1, 0,
3, 0 x-intercepts

x1 4. x y
4
3. y

x2
x
0 and y
0 are both impossible. No intercepts.
01 1
x
0⇒y

⇒ 0,
02 2
1
2   y-intercept

x1
y
0⇒0
⇒ x
1 ⇒
1, 0 x-intercept
x2

5. Symmetric with respect to y-axis since 6. Symmetric with respect to y-axis since

x2 y 
x2  4y
0 y

x4 
x2  3

x 2 y  x 2  4y
0. y
x 4  x 2  3.

1 3
7. y
 2 x  2 8. 4x  2y
6 9.  13 x  56 y
1
y y
2x  3  25 x  y
65

y
25 x  65
3
Slope: 2
2
2
1 y-intercept:
0, 3 Slope: 5
x 6
−1 1 2 3 y y-intercept: 5
−1
1
y
−2
x 3
−2 −1 2 3
−1
2
−2

−3
x
−3 −2 −1 1
−1

10. 0.02x  0.15y
0.25 y 11. y
7  6x  x 2

2x  15y
25 3 y

2
y
 15 x  53
1
2
Slope:  15 x 10
−4 4 8 12

y-intercept:
0, 53 
−1
5
−2

x
−10 −5 5
 Review Exercises for Chapter P 35

12. y
x
6  x 13. y
5  x 14. y
x  4  4 

y
Domain:
 , 5 y

10
y
x
8 −1 2 3 4 5 6
5 −1
6 −2
4
4 −3
3
−4
2
2 −5
x
−2 2 4 8 1 −6

x
1 2 3 4 5

15. y
4x2  25 16. y
8 

3
x6 17. 3x  4y
8
4x  4y
20
Xmin = -5 Xmin = -40
Xmax = 5 Xmax = 40 7x
28
Xscl = 1 Xscl = 10
x
4
Ymin = -30 Ymin = -40
Ymax = 10 Ymax = 40 y
1
Yscl = 5 Yscl = 10
Point:
4, 1

18. 14 y
x1

x  1  x 2
7
0
x2  x  6
−12 12

−2 No real solution
No points of intersection
The graphs of y
x  1 and y
x 2  7 do not intersect.

19. You need factors
x  2 and
x  2. 20. y
kx3

Multiply by x to obtain origin symmetry.
(a) 4
k
13 ⇒ k
4 and y
4x3
y
x
x  2
x  2
(b) 1
k
23 ⇒ k
 8 and y
 8 x3
1 1

x3  4x
(c) 0
k
03 ⇒ any k will do!

(d) 1
k
13 ⇒ k
1 ⇒ y
x3

1t 15
21. y 22. y
23.

14
1  0 1 
2
5
12 (7, 12)
4
4 10 1t

3 ( 5, 52 ) 8 3
6
2 7
t

4

1 2 3
( 3
2
, )
1 x
x
−2
1 2 3 4 5 6 (7, −1)
1 2 3 4 5

The line is vertical and has

52  1 32 3 no slope.
Slope



5 
32 72 7
36 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

3 
1 36
24.
25. y 
5
32
x  0 26. y  6
0
x 
2
3  t 3  8
3
4 3 y
2x 5 y
6 Horizontal line


3  t 11 2y  3x  10
0 y

44
9  3t y (−2, 6)
8

53
3t 4
4
2
53 2
t
 −4 −2
x
3 −2
2 4 6 8
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
x

−2
−4
(0, −5) −4

−8

27. y  0
 23
x 
3 28. m is undefined. Line is vertical.

y
 23x 2 x
5
3y  2x  6
0 y

6
y
4
4 (5, 4)
2
2
(−3, 0) x
x −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−8 −6 −4 2 4 −2
−2
−4
−4
−6
−6

−8

7 2
29. (a) y4

x  2 30. (a) y  3

x  1
16 3
16y  64
7x  14 3y  9
2x  2
0
7x  16y  78 2x  3y  11
0
5 (b) Slope of perpendicular line is 1.
(b) Slope of line is .
3
y  3
1
x  1
5
y  4

x  2 y
x2
3
3y  12
5x  10 0
xy2

0
5x  3y  22 43
(c) m

1
21
40
(c) m

2 y  3
1
x  1
2  0
y
2x y
x2

2x  y
0 0
xy2

(d) x
2 (d) y
3

x2
0 y3
0

31. The slope is 850. V
850t  12,500.

V
3
850
3  12,500
$9950
 Review Exercises for Chapter P 37

32. (a) C
9.25t  13.50t  36,500 33. x  y2
0

22.75t  36,500 y
± x
(b) R
30t Not a function of x since there are two values of y for
some x.
(c) 30t
22.75t  36,500
y

7.25t
36,500 3

t
5034.48 hours to break even 2

x
1 2 3 4 5 6
−1

−2

−3

34. x2  y
0 35. y
x2  2x 36. x
9  y2

Function of x since there is one Function of x since there is one Not a function of x since
value for y for each x. value of y for each x. there are two values of y
y
for some x.
y
y
6 4

5 3 4

4
2
3 1
2 x x
−2 −1 3 4 −12 −9 −6 −3 3 6 12
−1
1
−2
x −2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−4

1
37. f
x
38. (a) f
4

42  2
18 (because 4 < 0)
x

(a) f
0 does not exist.

(b) f
0
0  2
2 
(c) f
1
1  2
1
1 1

f
1  x  f
1 1  x 1 1  1  x
(b)


x x
1  xx
1

, x  1, 0
1  x

39. (a) Domain: 36  x2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 6 ≤ x ≤ 6 or 6, 6 40. f
x
1  x2 and g
x
2x  1

Range: 0, 6 (a) f
x  g
x

1  x2 
2x  1
x2  2x
(b) Domain: all x  5 or
 , 5

5,  (b) f
xg
x

1  x2
2x  1
2x3  x2  2x  1
Range: all y  0 or
 , 0

0,  (c) g
f
x
g
1  x2
2
1  x2  1
3  2x2
(c) Domain: all x or
 , 
Range: all y or
 , 
38 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

41. (a) f
x
x3  c, c
2, 0, 2 (b) f
x

x  c3, c
2, 0, 2

y y
c 0 c 0
3 c 2

1 c 2 1
x x
3 2 2 3 2 2 3

2 c 2
c 2 3

(c) f
x

x  23  c, c
2, 0, 2 (d) f
x
cx3, c
2, 0, 2

y y

c 2 3 c 2
2
2
1 c 0
1
c 0
x x
2 4 3 2 1 1 2 3

2 c 2 c 2

42. f
x
x3  3x2

6

(0, 0)
−6 6

(2, − 4)
−6

(a) The graph of g is obtained from f by a vertical shift (b) The graph of g is obtained from f by a vertical shift
down 1 unit, followed by a reflection in the x-axis: upwards of 1 and a horizontal shift of 2 to the right.
g
x
 f
x  1 g
x
f
x  2  1

x3  3x2  1

x  23  3
x  22  1

43. (a) Odd powers: f
x
x, g
x
x3, h
x
x5 Even powers: f
x
x2, g
x
x4, h
x
x6

2 g 4 g
h h
f

−3 3

f
−3 3
−2 0

The graphs of f, g, and h all rise to the right and fall to The graphs of f, g, and h all rise to the left and to the
the left. As the degree increases, the graph rises and right. As the degree increases, the graph rises more
falls more steeply. All three graphs pass through the steeply. All three graphs pass through the points
0, 0,
points
0, 0,
1, 1, and
1, 1.
1, 1, and
1, 1.
(b) y
x7 will look like h
x
x5, but rise and fall even more steeply.
y
x8 will look like h
x
x6, but rise even more steeply.

44. (a) f
x
x2
x  62 (b) g
x
x3
x  62 (c) h
x
x3
x  63
200
100 300

−4 10

−2 10
−4 10

− 800
−25 −100
 Problem Solving for Chapter P 39

45. (a) y (b) Domain: 0 < x < 12

40
x x

2x  2y
24 0
0
12

y
12  x
(c) Maximum area is A
36. In general, the maximum
A
xy
x
12  x
12x  x 2 area is attained when the rectangle is a square. In this
case, x
6.

46. For company (a) the profit rose rapidly for the first year, and then leveled off. For the second company (b), the profit dropped,
and then rose again later.

47. (a) 3 (cubic), negative leading coefficient (c) 2 (quadratic), negative leading coefficient

(b) 4 (quartic), positive leading coefficient (d) 5, positive leading coefficient

48. (a) y
1.204x  64.2667 49. (a) Yes, y is a function of t. At each time t, there is one
and only one displacement y.
(b) 70

(b) The amplitude is approximately

0.25 
0.252
0.25.

0 33
The period is approximately 1.1.
0
2
(c) The data point
27, 44 is probably an error. (c) One model is y

1
4
cos  
1.1
1
t  cos
5.7t
4
Without this point, the new model is
(d) 0.5

y
1.4344x  66.4387. (1.1, 0.25)

0 2.2

(0.5, − 0.25)
−0.5

Problem Solving for Chapter P

4
1. (a) x 2  6x  y 2  8y
0 (b) Slope of line from
0, 0 to
3, 4 is . Slope of tangent line
3
3

x 2  6x  9 
y 2  8y  16
9  16 is  . Hence,
4

x  32 
y  42
25 3 3
y  0

x  0 ⇒ y
 x Tangent line
Center:
3, 4 Radius: 5 4 4

40 4 3 3
(d)  x
x 
9
(c) Slope of line from
6, 0 to
3, 4 is
 .
36 3 4 4 2
3 9
3
Slope of tangent line is . Hence, x

4 2 2
x
3
3 3 9
y  0

x  6 ⇒ y
x  Tangent line
4 4 2 Intersection: 3,  49
40 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

2. Let y
mx  1 be a tangent line to the circle from the point
0, 1. Then
x 2 
y  12
1
x 2 
mx  1  12
1

m2  1x 2  4mx  3
0
Setting the discriminant b 2  4ac equal to zero,
16m 2  4
m 2  1
3
0
16m2  12m2
12
4m2
12
m
± 3
Tangent lines: y
3x  1 and y
 3x  1.

3. H
x
1,0, x ≥ 0
x < 0 4
y

3
2
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
−4

(a) H
x  2 y
(b) H
x  2 y

4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 −1
−2
−3 −3
−4 −4

(c) H
x y
(d) H
x y

4 4
3 3
2 2
1
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4

(e) 2 H
x
1 y
(f ) H
x  2  2 y

4 4
3 3
2
1 1
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4
 Problem Solving for Chapter P 41

4. (a) f
x  1 y (b) f
x  1 y

4 4

x x
−3 −1 1 3 −4 4

−2 −2

−4 −4

(c) 2 f
x y (d) f
x y

4 4

x x
−4 −2 2 4 −4 −2 2 4

−2 −2

−4 −4

(e) f
x y

(f ) f
x y

4 4

2 2

x x
−4 −2 2 4 −4 −2 2 4

−2 −2

−4 −4

(g) f
x  y

x
−4 −2 2 4

−2

−4

100  x 1
5. (a) x  2y
100 ⇒ y
(c) A
x

x 2  100x
2 2
1


x 2  100x  2500  1250
1002 x
 x2  50x
2
A
x
xy
x 2
1


x  502  1250
Domain: 0 < x < 100 2
(b) 1600 A
50
1250 m 2 is the maximum.
x
50 m, y
25 m

0 110
0

Maximum of 1250 m 2 at x
50 m, y
25 m.
42 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

300  3x 3
6. (a) 4y  3x
300 ⇒ y
(c) A
x

x 2  100x
4 2

300 2 3x
3x  300x

2
3
A
x
x
2y
x

x 2  100x  2500  3750
2 2
Domain: 0 < x < 100 3


x  502  3750
y 2
(b)
4000
A
50
3750 square feet is the maximum area,
3500
3000 where x
50 ft and y
37.5 ft.
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
x
25 50 75 100

Maximum of 3750 ft 2 at x
50 ft, y
37.5 ft.

7. The length of the trip in the water is 22  x 2, and the 8. Let d be the distance from the starting point to the beach.
length of the trip over land is 1 
3  x2. Hence,
distance
the total time is Average speed

time
4  x 2 1 
3  x2
T
 hours. 2d
2 4

d d

120 60
2


1 1

120 60

80 kmhr

94
9. (a) Slope

5. Slope of tangent line is less than 5.
32
41
(b) Slope

3. Slope of tangent line is greater than 3.
21
4.41  4
(c) Slope

4.1. Slope of tangent line is less than 4.1.
2.1  2
f
2  h  f
2
(d) Slope


2  h  2

2  h2  4


h
4h  h2


h

4  h, h  0
(e) Letting h get closer and closer to 0, the slope approaches 4. Hence, the slope at
2, 4 is 4.
 Problem Solving for Chapter P 43

y
10.
4

2
(4, 2)
1

x
1 2 3 4 5
−1

32 1 1
(a) Slope

. Slope of tangent line is greater than .
94 5 5
21 1 1
(b) Slope

. Slope of tangent line is less than .
41 3 3
2.1  2 10 10
(c) Slope

. Slope of tangent line is greater than .
4.41  4 41 41
f
4  h  f
4
(d) Slope


4  h  4
4  h  2


h
4  h  2 4  h  2 4  h  2
(e)

h h 4  h  2

4  h  4


h
4  h  2
1

,h0
4  h  2

1 1
As h gets closer to 0, the slope gets closer to . The slope is at the point
4, 2.
4 4

I 2I
11. (a)
x
x 2
x  32
0 1 2 3

x 2  6x  9
2x 2
x 2  6x  9
0
6 ± 36  36
x

3 ± 18  1.2426, 7.2426
2
I 2I
(b)
y
x 2  y2
x  32  y2
8

x  32  y2
2
x 2  y2 6

x 2  6x  9  y2
2x 2  2y 2 2
x
−8 −4 −2
x 2  y2  6x  9
0 −2
2 4

x  32  y2
18 −6

Circle of radius 18 and center
3, 0.

44 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

I kI
12. (a)
(b) If k
3,
x  22  y 2
12
x 2  y 2
x  42  y 2
y

x  42  y 2
k
x 2  y 2
6

k  1 x 2  8x 
k  1y 2
16 4

If k
1, then x
2 is a vertical line. Assume k  1. 2

x
8x 16 −6 −4 −2 2 4
x2   y2
−2
k1 k1
−4

8x 16 16 16
x2    y2

k  1
k  12 k  1
k  12

x  k 4 1
2 16k
 y2
, Circle

k  12
4 16k
(c) As k becomes very large, → 0 and → 0.
k1
k  12
The center of the circle gets closer to
0, 0, and its radius approaches 0.

13. d1d2
1 y

x  12  y2

x  12  y2
1 2

x  12
x  12  y2

x  12 
x  12  y 4
1
1
(− 2 , 0) ( 2 , 0)
x

x 2  12  y2
2x 2  2  y 4
1 −2 2
−1 (0, 0)
x 4  2x 2  1  2x 2 y 2  2y2  y 4
1
−2

x 4  2x 2 y 2  y 4  2x 2  2y 2
0

x 2  y 22
2
x 2  y 2
Let y
0. Then x 4
2x 2 ⇒ x
0 or x 2
2.
Thus,
0, 0,
2, 0 and
 2, 0 are on the curve.

1
14. f
x
y

1x
(a) Domain: all x  1
Range: all y  0
1x x1
(b) f
f
x
f 1 1 x
1


1
1x1


x


1 1
1x  1x
x

Domain: all x  0, 1

(c) f
f
f
x
f x x 1
1
x1
1


x
1
x
1
x 
Domain: all x  0, 1
(d) The graph is not a line. It has holes at
0, 0 and
1, 1. y

x
−2 1 2

−2