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    How The Morphology of A Flax Fibre Influences Its Mechanical Behaviour

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    naveenerotex
    This document discusses the morphology and mechanical behavior of flax fibers. It finds that: 1) Flax fibers are natural composites made of concentric cell walls with cellulose microfibrils embedded in a polysaccharide matrix. This gives them good mechanical properties like a Young's modulus of 42 GPa. 2) When tensile tested, flax fibers initially strain non-linearly as microfibrils reorganize, then deform linearly elastically. 3) Flax fiber properties vary widely with diameter - the Young's modulus decrease with diameter is reduced by measuring diameter at fracture points rather than overall. Fiber defects are likely more influential on strength variations than diameter.

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    How The Morphology of A Flax Fibre Influences Its Mechanical Behaviour

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    naveenerotex
    33 views2 pages
    This document discusses the morphology and mechanical behavior of flax fibers. It finds that: 1) Flax fibers are natural composites made of concentric cell walls with cellulose microfibrils embedded in a polysaccharide matrix. This gives them good mechanical properties like a Young's modulus of 42 GPa. 2) When tensile tested, flax fibers initially strain non-linearly as microfibrils reorganize, then deform linearly elastically. 3) Flax fiber properties vary widely with diameter - the Young's modulus decrease with diameter is reduced by measuring diameter at fracture points rather than overall. Fiber defects are likely more influential on strength variations than diameter.

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    This document discusses the morphology and mechanical behavior of flax fibers. It finds that: 1) Flax fibers are natural composites made of concentric cell walls with cellulose microfibrils embedded in a polysaccharide matrix. This gives them good mechanical properties like a Young's modulus of 42 GPa. 2) When tensile tested, flax fibers initially strain non-linearly as microfibrils reorganize, then deform linearly elastically. 3) Flax fiber properties vary widely with diameter - the Young's modulus decrease with diameter is reduced by measuring diameter at fracture points rather than overall. Fiber defects are likely more influential on strength variations than diameter.

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    33 views2 pages

    How The Morphology of A Flax Fibre Influences Its Mechanical Behaviour

    Uploaded by

    naveenerotex
    This document discusses the morphology and mechanical behavior of flax fibers. It finds that: 1) Flax fibers are natural composites made of concentric cell walls with cellulose microfibrils embedded in a polysaccharide matrix. This gives them good mechanical properties like a Young's modulus of 42 GPa. 2) When tensile tested, flax fibers initially strain non-linearly as microfibrils reorganize, then deform linearly elastically. 3) Flax fiber properties vary widely with diameter - the Young's modulus decrease with diameter is reduced by measuring diameter at fracture points rather than overall. Fiber defects are likely more influential on strength variations than diameter.

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    HOW THE MORPHOLOGY OF A FLAX FIBRE

    INFLUENCES ITS MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR


    Karine Charlet 1, Jean-Paul Jernot 1, Moussa Gomina 1, Christophe Baley 2 and Joël Bréard 3
    1
    Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Science des Matériaux, 6 bvd Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
    2
    Laboratoire de Polymères, Propriétés aux Interfaces et Composites, BP 92116, 56321 Lorient, France
    3
    Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences, 53 rue de Prony, 76063 Le Havre, France

    KEYWORDS: flax fibre, mechanical behaviour, morphology.

    INTRODUCTION
    In the framework of the sustainable development carried out for many years by the European
    governments, green composites are getting more and more importance in many domains,
    especially in the automotive industry. Among these green composites, those made with a
    polymeric matrix and natural fibres often exhibit several advantages: a low cost of the raw
    materials, a competitiveness of the mechanical properties compared with the glass fibres
    reinforced polymers, a worldwide availability of the fibres… Nevertheless, the difficulty to
    process such composites, the poor fibre-matrix adhesion and the lack of knowledge on the
    fibre behaviour are considered as the main hindrances to the development of these natural
    fibre based composites. In this paper, the flax fibre is studied from both mechanical and
    morphological points of view in order to enhance the understanding of its tensile behaviour
    and to model its multilayer structure.

    PRESENTATION OF A FLAX FIBRE


    A flax fibre is a natural and biodegradable composite which exhibits good mechanical
    properties and low density. Its mean specific mechanical characteristics (i.e. reported to the
    material density) are 42 GPa and 675 MPa for the Young’s modulus and the failure stress
    respectively [1], to be compared with those of the E-glass fibres which reach 30 GPa and
    1000 MPa respectively [2]. A flax fibre can be described as a 20 µm wide cylindrical
    composite with concentric layers of cell walls which differ in terms of chemical composition
    and morphology. The thickest cell wall is itself made of microfibrils of cellulose which are
    embedded in a polysaccharidic matrix and lay at about 10° from the fibre axis [3]. The high
    volume fraction of cellulose (about 70% [4-7]) confers to the flax fibre good tensile
    properties.

    TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF A FLAX FIBRE


    When a flax fibre is tensile tested up to rupture, its stress-strain curve is initially non-linear
    until a deformation of about 1.5% and then becomes linear. A hypothesis is that the
    microfibrils tend first to reorganize themselves along the fibre axis within the polysaccharidic
    matrix, and then to deform elastically until rupture. Geometrical considerations and
    comparison with the tensile test curves of other natural fibres corroborate this assumption. A
    first step of modelling the tensile behaviour of a multi-layer natural composite will be
    proposed to justify this analysis.
    DECREASING TREND AND SCATTERING OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
    AS A FUNCTION OF THE FIBRE DIAMETER
    Some authors have already noticed a decreasing trend in the Young’s modulus and the
    strength as a function of the fibre diameter [8]. The fibre diameter has then been more
    accurately estimated by taking SEM micrographs all along the fibre. Huge variations of this
    diameter are observed: sometimes it can even triple over a few millimetres only. The diameter
    used to calculate the mechanical properties is therefore very uncertain. By replacing the
    diameter usually determined optically by the diameter near the fracture surface, the decrease
    of the Young’s modulus with the fibre diameter almost vanishes (Fig. 1). Nevertheless, the
    use of this diameter does not affect the evolution of the strength which may rather be
    described on the basis of the Weibull statistics. Thus it is likely that the numerous defects
    contained within a flax fibre play a major role on the fibre failure and the scattering of the
    strength.

    Fig. 1: Young’s modulus as a function of the fibre diameter: the decreasing trend depends on whether the
    diameter used in the calculation is the mean one (+, MD) or the one near the rupture (•, DR).

    REFERENCES

    [1] Charlet K., Jernot J.P., Gomina M., Bréard J., Morvan C. and Baley C. Proceedings of
    ECCM12, Biarritz, 2006.
    [2] Gay D. “Matériaux composites”. Paris, Hermès, 1997.
    [3] Wang H.H., Drummond J.G., Reath S.M., Hunt K. and Watson P.A., “An improved fibril
    angle measurement method for wood fibres”. Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 34, pp
    493-503, 2001.
    [4] Bledzki A.K. and Gassan J., “Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibers”.
    Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 24, pp 221-74, 1999.
    [5] Salmen L. and de Ruvo A., “A model for the prediction of fiber elasticity”. Wood Fiber
    Science, Vol. 17, pp 336-350, 1985.
    [6] Lilholt H. and Lawther J.M., “Comprehensive composite materials”. Kelly A. and
    Zweben C. (Eds), Elsevier, 2000.
    [7] Roland J.C., Mosiniak M. and Roland D., “Dynamique du positionnement de la cellulose
    dans les parois des fibres textiles du lin”. Acta Botanica Gallica, Vol. 142, pp 463-484,
    1995.
    [8] Baley C., “Analysis of the flax fibres tensile behaviour and analysis of the tensile stiffness
    increase”. Composites: Part A, Vol. 33, pp 939-948, 2002.

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