Ders - 1

DERS – 1
1
DERS – 2
1
My husband and I have never taken a holiday together. We’ve wanted to take a holiday
for a long time, but we have never had the same holiday schedule. Next month, we both
have two weeks off work, so we’re trying to plan a vacation. I wanted to go to Hawaii, but my
husband has already been to Hawaii. He wants to go skiing in Vermont. He’s never skied
before. I don’t like skiing. I’ve skied three times in my life, but I don’t think I want to do it
again. I’m afraid of heights and don’t want to ride the gondola.
2
Present Perfect
Grammar Practice Worksheets
Exercise 1
PAST PARTICIPLES
A. Simple Past and Past Participle B. Complete the Chart
Write the simple past and past participle Complete the chart below with
of the following verbs in the chart below. the correct forms of the verbs.
Simple Past Simple Simple Past

# Simple Past #
Form Participle Form Past Participle
1 work 1 know knew known
2 do did done 2 meet met met
3 eat ate eaten 3 be was/were been
4 call called called 4 fly flew flown
5 begin began begun 5 write wrote written
6 give gave given 6 read read read
7 answer 7 live
8 see saw seen 8 fall fell fellen
9 have had had 9 feel felt felt
10 go went gone=been 10 take took taken
11 study 11 drive drove droven
12 teach taught taught 12 buy bought bought
13 make made made 13 danced
14 talk 14 tell told told
5
Present Perfect
Exercise 2
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Choose the correct verb from the list to the right to complete
the following sentences. Put the verb in the present perfect tense.
1. I met Barbara when we were in elementary school.

We has known each other for over 20 years. Word List:
2. We have learned many new words since we started this course. • take
• work
3. That’s a wonderful movie. I have seen it three times. • find
• see
4. Mr. and Mrs. Tanner have been married for ten years. • speak
• know
5. You are late! The class has already begun .
• begin
6. Robert is my neighbor. He has lived next door to me for five years. • finish
• learn
7. Mary have written several emails to her parents since she left home. • eat
• have
8. We have eaten in that restaurant a few times. • write
• give
9. Our teacher has given us a lot of help with the homework assignment.
• live
10. She has spoken to her landlord many times about the broken window. • buy
• be
11. We have a new camera. We have taken some beautiful pictures of the grandchildren.
12. They have already finished all their homework.
13. Mrs. Baxter have bought all her groceries for the week.
14. Tommy have had a bad cold for two weeks.
15. Frank have worked for that company for many years.
16. After three months of looking, she has found a beautiful apartment to rent.
6
Present Perfect
Exercise 3
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
A. Choose the Correct Word
Choose the correct verb from the list to the right to complete the following
sentences. Put the verb in the negative form of the present perfect tense.
1. Matthew is waiting on the corner for his girlfriend, but she hasn`t arrived yet. Word List:
2. My brother lives in a different country. I haven`t visited him for two years. • fix
• begin
3. E
llie and Bill got a divorce five years ago. • arrive
They haven`t spoken to each other since then. • be
• see
4. It is only 8:45. The class hasn`t begun yet. • stop
• speak
5. It started to snow last night, and it still hasn`t stoped .
• buy
6. She has finally decided which car she wants, but she hasn`t bought it yet. • read
• visit
7. I heard that the movie at the Roxy Theater is great, but I haven`t seen it yet.
8. I bought a newspaper today, but I still haven`t read it.
9. He took his car to the service station yesterday, but they haven`t fixed it yet.
10. T
he Andersons moved out of New York ten years ago,
and they haven`t been back to the city since then.
B. Matching
Match each question on the left with the correct answer on the right.
c 1. Has he finished university yet? a) No, he hasn’t. He’s still talking.

h 2. Have you eaten breakfast yet? b) No, I haven’t. My wife’s still reading it.
f 3. Have they gotten married yet? c) No, he hasn’t graduated yet.
a 4. Has the president finished speaking yet? d) No, it hasn’t. The teacher isn’t here yet.
g 5. Has Mary watered the plants yet? e) No, they haven’t finished yet. still=henuz
i 6. Has the doctor seen you yet? f) No, they haven’t. They’re still engaged. engaged=nisanli
j 7. Has the sun come out yet? g) No, she hasn’t. They are still dry.
e 8. Have they finished their homework yet? h) No, I haven’t. I’ll eat in a few minutes.
d 9. Has the class begun yet? i) No, she hasn’t. She is with another patient.
b 10. Have you read the paper yet? j) No, it hasn’t. It’s still raining.
7
Present Perfect
Answer Key
Exercise 1 Exercise 3
A. SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE A. CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD
1. worked, worked 8. saw, seen 1. hasn’t arrived 6. hasn’t bought

2. did, done 9. had, had 2. haven’t visited 7. haven’t seen
3. ate, eaten 10. went, gone 3. haven’t spoken 8. haven’t read
4. called, called 11. studied, studied 4. hasn’t begun 9. haven’t fixed
5. began, begun 12. taught, taught 5. hasn’t stopped 10. haven’t been
6. gave, given 13. made, made
7. answered, answered 14. talked, talked B. MATCHING
1. c 3. f 5. g 7. j 9. d
B. COMPLETE THE CHART
2. h 4. a 6. i 8. e 10. b
# Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle

1 know knew known
2 meet met met
3 is was/were been
4 fly flew flown
5 write wrote written
6 read read read
7 live lived lived
8 fall fell fallen
9 feel felt felt
10 take took taken
11 drive drove driven
12 buy bought bought
13 dance danced danced
14 tell told told
Exercise 2
1. have known 7. has written 13. has bought

2. have learned 8. have eaten 14. has had
3. have seen 9. has given 15. has worked
4. have been 10. has spoken 16. has found
5. has/begun 11. have taken
6. has lived 12. have/finished
20
DERS – 3
1
My boss was angry with me yesterday. She said that I had forgotten to write the finance
report. I reminded her that we had agreed to finish the report next week. A few days earlier,
I had asked her for one more week to prepare the report. She had agreed. I had needed
more time because last week I was in San Francisco on business, and I had fallen behind in
my work. Apparently, she had forgotten that conversation. Usually, my boss is quite
understanding. Maybe she had had a bad week.
2
Exercise 1
MATCHING
Match the first part of the sentence on the left

with the correct ending on the right.
g 1. Her plants died because... a) she had lost her doll.
e 2. He couldn’t buy the new computer because... b) she had left her purse at home.
h 3. The kids couldn’t fall asleep last night because... c) she had already left the office.
a 4. The little girl was crying because... d) he hadn’t studied at all.
i 5. I didn’t have to buy groceries because... e) he had spent all his money.
d 6. He failed his exam because... f) she had forgotten to set the alarm.
j 7. The man bought a new camera because... g) she hadn’t watered them.
b 8. My sister couldn’t pay for lunch because... h) they had watched a scary movie.
f 9. The woman slept late because... i) I had gone shopping the day before.
c 10. I couldn’t speak to the boss because... j) he had lost his old one.
1
Exercise 2
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Write the past perfect tense of the verbs below the blanks.
had already

Ex. The teacher corrected all the students’ tests.
(correct)
left
1. When I got to the house, Mary wasn’t there. She had already .
(leave)
2. I didn’t recognize my old classmate because she had changed so much.

(change)
started
3. We missed the beginning of the movie. When we got to the theater, it had already .
(start)
flown
4. I was very nervous for my first plane trip because I had never before.
(fly)
5. I couldn’t eat much dinner last night because I had had such a big lunch.
(have)
6. I couldn’t make dinner yesterday. When I got to the supermarket, it already .

(close)
7. Last week, our teacher gave back the essays we the week before.
(write)
8. The house was quiet when he got home. Everyone to bed several hours earlier.
(go)
9. They got to school late yesterday. The bell already .

(ring)
10. Aisha couldn’t come to my house last night because she already other plans.
(make)
11. We couldn’t find the house. It was clear that he us the wrong address.
(give)
12. Annie didn’t want to come to the movie with us because she it the week before.
(see)
13. By the time the police arrived at the bank, the robber already .
(escape)
14. I couldn’t get into my house last night because I my key.

(forget)
15. They just at the resort when they heard about the incoming hurricane.
(arrive)
Exercise 3
BY THE TIME
Use the prompts to make a past perfect sentence with “by the time” and “already.”
Ex. I missed my plane. (airport / plane take off)
By the time I got to the airport, the plane had already taken off.
1. I missed the show. (theater / movie start)
2. I couldn’t get my prescription. (drugstore / close)
3. I couldn’t say goodbye to my friends. (call their house / they leave)
4. I didn’t get the job. (I apply / they hire someone else)
5. We couldn’t buy the house. (we see / someone else make an offer)
6. The house was destroyed. (the firemen arrive / house burn down)
7. I didn’t get to taste her chocolate cake. (I arrive / her children eat whole cake)
8. I didn’t see her when she was sick. (I go hospital / she go home)
9. I didn’t see the game. (I turn on TV / game finish)
10. I missed my daughter’s performance. (I arrive concert / my daughter finish her song)
Exercise 4
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
Complete the negative sentences using the past perfect tense.
Ex. My house was very dirty when she came over because I hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.
.
(I / not clean / for weeks)
1. Joe had to study hard for yesterday’s test because .

(he / not do well / the week before)
2. I was worried when she didn’t arrive on time because .

(she / not be / late / before)
3. Cala didn’t want to go on the school ski trip because .

(she / not ski / before)
4. I didn’t recognize Ellen at the party because .

(I / not see / for years)
5. Franco didn’t catch the bus because .

(he / not leave / the house / on time)
6. Andy ate a huge supper last night because .

(he / not eat / all day)
7. The farmers’ fields were very dry because .

(it / not rain / for weeks)
8. Roberta’s hair looked messy last night because .

(she / not comb / all day)
9. Talitha was exhausted yesterday because .

(she / not sleep / well / for several days)
10. I was so happy when I got to the theater because .

(the movie / not start / yet)
Exercise 3
Exercise 1 1. By the time I got to the theater, the movie had already started.
2. By the time I got to the drugstore, it had already closed.
1. g 3. h 5. i 7. j 9. f
3. By the time I called their house, they had already left.
2. e 4. a 6. d 8. b 10. c
4. By the time I applied, they had already hired someone else.
5. By the time we saw the house,
someone had already made an offer.
6. By the time the firemen arrived,
the house had already burned down.
7. By the time I arrived, her children
had already eaten the whole cake.
8. By the time I got to the hospital, she had already gone home.
9. By the time I turned on the TV, the game had already finished.
10. By the time I arrived at the concert,
my daughter had already finished her song.
Exercise 4
1. ...he hadn’t done well the week before.

2. ...she hadn’t been late before.
3. ...she hadn’t skied before.
Exercise 2 4. ...I hadn’t seen her for years.
5. ...he hadn’t left the house on time.
1. had already left 9. had already rung
6. ...he hadn’t eaten all day.
2. had changed 10. had already made
7. ...it hadn’t rained for weeks.
3. had already started 11. had given
8. ...she hadn’t combed it all day.
4. had never flown 12. had seen
9. ...she hadn’t slept well for several days.
5. had had 13. had escaped
10. ...the movie hadn’t started yet.
6. had already closed 14. had forgotten
7. had written 15. had just arrived
8. had gone
DERS – 4
1
The cruise, which left last Wednesday for Ireland, is full of people who are tracking their
family roots.
My grandma went on the cruise with her sister, my great aunt, who I’ve never met.
Claudia, who is a retired principal, is two years older than my grandma.
I’m going to create my own family tree and show it to my grandma when she returns from
her trip.
Mia, who is the youngest daughter, lives in the United States.
Tessa, the daughter who works as a judge, lives in Germany.
The man who she rents it from uses it for two months in the summer.
Claudia’s other daughter and son live in Germany where they were born and raised.
Aunt Claudia, whose friends call her “Dia,” is 78 years old.
Her husband, who died of heart failure a few years ago, was a firefighter.
The sisters will spend a few days in Frankfurt together where I’ll meet up with them for tea.
2
3
DERS – 5
The cruise, which left last Wednesday for Ireland, is full of people who are tracking their
family roots.
My grandma went on the cruise with her sister, my great aunt, whom I’ve never met.
Claudia, who is a retired principal, is two years older than my grandma.
I’m going to create my own family tree and show it to my grandma when she returns from
her trip.
Mia, who is the youngest daughter, lives in the United States.
Tessa, the daughter who works as a judge, lives in Germany.
The man from whom she rents it uses it for two months in the summer.
Claudia’s other daughter and son live in Germany where they were born and raised.
Aunt Claudia, whose friends call her “Dia,” is 78 years old.
Her husband, who died of heart failure a few years ago, was a firefighter.
The sisters will spend a few days in Frankfurt together where I’ll meet up with them for tea.
1
2
Adjective Clauses ✎
! Grammar Practice Worksheets
Exercise 1:
The following is a description of a typical modern family. Try to fill in the missing words, paying close attention
to parts of speech, verb tense, and correct word forms.
I think _________ (1) I have a typical modern family. I am 24 years old, and I __________(2) two sisters
and two ___________ (3). I live in a very big house ________ (4) is located in Washington, DC. My father
and mother _______ (5) divorced five years _______ (6), and I went to _______(7) with my father. Last
year, _______ (8) got married to a woman _______ (9) had three children of her own. Now we all live
together in one home. Maria, _______(10) is _________(11) stepsister, is a twelve-year-old girl
_________(12) hair is long and curly. Tony, _______ (13) stepbrother, is very different. He is a very serious
boy who plays video games ___________ (14) are made by Sony. ______ (15) stepmother, _______ (16) is
the manager of a fast food restaurant, is 18 years younger than my father. One month ago, my father and his
wife had a baby boy, _______(17) is my half brother. Last week, when my mother came to pick me up at my
school, __________ (18) I major in psychology, I told my friend David, _________ (19) has a good sense of
humor, “I have to run. My mother has come to ______ (20) me up.” Harry looked at the woman, _______
(21) looked more like my sister ________ (22) my mother, and said, “Your mother looks like she is the same
age as you! What an interesting __________ (23) you have!” And I think I do, _________ (24) makes life
much more ____________ (25).
!4
Exercise 2:
Review Test – Choose the correct letter for each sentence.
1. I will never forget the time _____________ I lost the keys to my house.
a. where b. when c. during which d. who
2. Harry got fired from his job, ________ meant that he could collect unemployment insurance for 26 weeks.
a. that b. which c. who d. whose
3. The doctor treated the wounded man at the hotel ________ he had been shot.
a. who b. where c. which d. on which
4. The house _____________ Mary grew up is now owned by a minister and his wife.
a. where b. that c. which d. when
5. I have three brothers living in Texas, one of _________ is a meditation teacher in Houston.
a. whom b. who c. that d. them
6. Giovanni has a cousin _______________ nose is incredibly long.
a. who b. who’s c. whose d. who their
7. The people ___________ the singer danced along to the music.
a. watching b. who watching c. who watch d. who watches
8. Vincent Van Gogh was the type of painter ______________ use of colors was extraordinary.
a. who his b. that c. who d. whose
9. I discussed the ethical question with Prof. Mayer _______________ teaches philosophy and religion.
a. , who b. who c. that d. who he
10. Hyenas ________________ are rather small animals, are able to get food through cunning.
a. that b. , which c. which d. who
11. France ______________ people eat a great deal of cheese and drink lots of red wine, has a low incidence
of heart attacks.
a. where b. , where c. which d. that
12. I would never sit next to a person _____________ like raw garlic.
a. who he smelled b. whose smell c. who smelled d. that smell
13. Jose played soccer for a team ___________ lost every game it played.
a. who b. that c. which is d. that it
14. The movie ________________ last Saturday was incredibly dull.
a. I went to it b. I went to c. that I went d. which I went
15. The performer _____________ at the concert yesterday danced better than Jennifer Lopez.
a. I saw her b. that I saw her c. who I saw d. I see
! 13
Answer Key
Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

1. that 2. have 3. brothers 4. that 5. got
6. ago 7. live 8. he 9. who/that 10. who
11. my 12. whose 13. my 14. that 15. My
16. who 17. who 18. where 19. who 20. pick
21. who 22. than 23. family 24. which 25. interesting
! 14
Exercise 2: Review Test

1. b 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. a 6. c 7. a
8. d 9. a 10. b 11. b 12. c 13. b 14. b
15. c
! 16
DERS – 6
1
DERS – 7
1
Future Perfect
Exercise 1
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Write the future perfect or simple present tense of the verbs below.
Ex. By the time Min Jun gets to the theater, the movie will have started
.
(start)
1. By the time Sonya finishes work, her boyfriend will have made dinner.
(make)
2. Malik will have completed his third week on the job by this time next Tuesday.
(complete)
3. When Daniel work, everyone will already have left the office.
(wrap up)
4. I to bed before my wife gets home tonight.

(go)
5. The baseball field will have become muddy by the time it raining.
(stop)
6. By the time Adrian heads home, the sun .

(set)
7. Mariam her degree by next May.

(earn)
8. They will have traveled around the world by the time they in Thailand.
(arrive)
9. By the time she finishes studying tonight, her brother asleep.

(fall)
10. Aisha her sales training by November.

(finish)
11. Mateo and Lola from their trip before their son’s 18th birthday.
(return)
12. All the schools will have closed by the time it later this afternoon.
(snow)
13. By the time your plane lands, I at the airport to pick you up.
(arrive)
14. The lecture will have already started by the time Keiko and Ren to class.
(get)
15. We the heavy lifting by the time you get here.

(do)
Future Perfect
Exercise 2
YOU’RE TOO LATE!
Imagine you have a friend who’s always late. Use the future perfect
and the following prompts to give advice or warnings to your friend.
Ex. By the time you apply for the job... (someone else / get)
By the time you apply for the job, someone else will have gotten it.
1. By the time you get to the stadium... (concert / start)

By the time get to stadium, concert will have started
2. By the time you get to the party... (everyone / eat / all the food)
By the time you get to party, everyone will have eaten all the food.
3. By the time you call your mother back... (she / angry / for weeks)
By the time you call your mother back, she will have angry for weeks
4. By the time you join a gym... (out of shape / for months)

By the time you join a gym, will have been out of shape for months
5. By the time you go apartment-hunting... (everyone / rent / good places)

By the time you go apartment hunting, everyone will have rented good the places
6. By the time you hand in your homework... (teacher / already / correct / everyone else’s assignments)
By the time you hand in your homework,the teacher will already have corrected everyone else`s assigments
7. By the time you go to the doctor... (rash / get worse)

By the time you go to the doctor, your will have rash gotten worse
8. By the time you go to the hospital to visit your friend... (she / go home)

By the time you go to the hospital to visit your friend, she will have gone home .
9. By the time you arrive at the restaurant... (your friends / leave)
By the time you arrive at the restaurant, your friends will have leaved.
10. By the time you do the dishes... (mold / grow)
By the time you do the dishes, mold will have grown

Future Perfect
Exercise 3
SENTENCE FORMATION
Write future perfect sentences based on the following information.
Ex. Next Tuesday at 5:00 pm, I will leave work.

Next Tuesday at 6:00 pm, my brother’s flight will arrive.
By the time my brother’s flight arrives, I will have left work.
1. Next summer, Pavel will graduate. Next fall, Pavel will visit his relatives in Russia.
Pavel will have graduated by the time he visits his relatives in Russia
2. Tomorrow at 5:00 pm, Amalia will take her cat to the vet.
Tomorrow at 4:00 pm, Amalia will finish work.
By the time Amalia takes her cat to the vet, she will have finished work.
3. Next Wednesday at 1:00 pm, Jae will take his psychology exam.
Next Wednesday at 6:00 pm, Jae will attend a history lecture.
4. Next week, the Jones family will buy a new car. This weekend, the Jones family will sell their old car.
By the time the Jones buys a new car, they will have sold their old one
5. Tonight at 7:00 pm, Mr. and Mrs. Kim will get home.
Today at 3:30 pm, the workmen will finish installing their new windows.
6. In November 2022, Pablo will go to Qatar to watch the World Cup.

By October 2022, Pablo will save $3,000.
7. Next week, Diego and Sara will get married. Next month, Diego and Sara will move into a new apartment.
8. Tonight at midnight, Youssef will go to bed.

Tonight at 11:00 pm, Youssef will finish his homework.
6
Future Perfect
Exercise 7
QUIZ
Circle the best answer.
1. By the time this postcard you, 7. Haru and Ai English

we will have left Paris. since they were five years old.
a) will have reached a) will have studied

b) will reach b) had studied
c) reaches c) have studied
2. Ali his roof before the rainy season began. 8. By the time Daila got to class, it .
a) will have fixed a) will have started

b) had fixed b) had started
c) will fix c) have started
3. She her training course. 9. By the time Johanne a new car, he will
have saved enough money for the down payment.
a) has already begun
b) had begun already a) will buy
c) will already has begun b) buy
c) buys
4. They to another city
before they find new jobs. 10. By next December,
I in California for 15 years.
a) will have moved
b) had moved a) will have lived
c) have moved b) had lived
c) have lived
5. Before I home tonight,
I will have completed my assignment. 11. It’s our anniversary today,
and we for 25 years.
a) will head
b) headed a) will have been married
c) head b) had been married
c) have been married
6. Isabella had already arrived in Spain when
she about her host family’s accident. 12. Our new office building
by this time next year.
a) will hear
b) heard a) will have been built
c) hears b) will have built
c) will build
11
Future Perfect
Exercise 1 7. By the time you go to the doctor,

your rash will have gotten worse.
1. will have made 9. will have fallen asleep 8. By the time you go to the hospital to
2. will have completed 10. will have finished visit your friend, she will have gone home.
3. wraps up 11. will have returned 9. By the time you arrive at the restaurant,
4. will have gone 12. snows your friends will have left.
5. stops 13. will have arrived 10. By the time you do the dishes, mold will have grown.
6. will have set 14. get

7. will have earned 15. will have done Exercise 3
8. arrive
Answers will vary. Encourage students to vary beginning their
Exercise 2 sentences with the dependent or independent clause and to try

using a variety of time markers.
Answers may vary slightly. As a follow-up, ask students to form the 1. Pavel will have graduated by the
future perfect passive in sentences 2 and 5. (Answers: 2. By the time time he visits his relatives in Russia.
you get to the party, all the food will have been eaten. 5. By the time 2. By the time Amalia takes her cat to the vet,
you go apartment-hunting, the good places will have been rented.) As she will have finished work.
an additional follow-up, pair up your students and get them to offer 3. Jae will have taken his psychology
each other advice/warnings of their own using by the time and the exam before he attends a history lecture.
future perfect. 4. By the time the Jones family buys a new car,
1. By the time you get to the stadium, they will have sold their old one.
the concert will have started. 5. By the time Mr. and Mrs Kim get home, the workmen
2. By the time you get to the party, will have finished installing their new windows.
everyone will have eaten all the food. 6. Pablo will have saved $3,000 before he
3. By the time you call your mother back, goes to Qatar to watch the World Cup.
she will have been angry for weeks. 7. Diego and Sara will have gotten married
4. By the time you join a gym, you will before they move into a new apartment.
have been out of shape for months. 8. When Youssef goes to bed tonight,
5. By the time you go apartment-hunting, he will have finished his homework.
everyone will have rented the good places.

6. By the time you hand in your homework, the teacher will
already have corrected everyone else’s assignments.*
(*Note: Placement of already can vary.)
12
Future Perfect
Exercise 7
1. c 3. a 5. c 7. c 9. c 11. c
2. b 4. a 6. b 8. b 10. a 12. a
Exercise 1
PRESENT PERFECT & SIMPLE PAST
Write the simple past or present perfect form of the verb in parentheses.
1. I’m late. The class has

already started
.
(start)
2. I in a course a week ago.

(enroll)
3. you preparing your presentation last night?

(finish)
4. She me back yesterday.

(call, not)
5. My accountant me the tax package.

(give)
6. The athlete for hours on the weekend.

(train)
7. I sang while I my house.

(clean)
8. He the latest news.

(hear, not)
9. I my face and I went to bed.

(wash)
10. you for Paris yet?

(leave)
Exercise 2
PRESENT PERFECT & PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Change the present perfect into the present perfect progressive whenever it’s possible.
1. She has studied French for seven years.
She has been studying French for seven years.
2. The old woman has lived in this apartment since 1976.
3. I have never been to this neighborhood before.
4. Our teacher has given us a lot of homework lately.
5. My brother has watched TV for the past two hours.
6. We have made an appointment to meet with the CEO.
7. Our waiter has only come by our table once.
8. Have you already seen this movie?
9. They have tried to fix the problem.
10. My mother hasn’t spoken to me about my behavior yet.
6
Exercise 3
PAST PERFECT & PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Fill in the blanks with a verb from the box.

Use the past perfect or the past perfect progressive tense.
1. The students had written

their final exams before they graduated.
Word List:
2. His sister for eight hours before her alarm clock rang.
• wait
3. My father for two hours by the time the doctor saw him. • go
• cook
4. By the time he left work for the day, Mr. Jones the report. • sleep
• write
5. By the time she arrived at the restaurant, they home. • finish
6. My aunt for three hours before everyone showed up.
Exercise 4
FUTURE PERFECT & FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Find and correct the error in each future perfect

or future perfect progressive sentence.
1. he will have been waiting for two

S 4. H
er teacher will have graded her
hours by the time the doctor saw her. final exam before she apply to university.
She will have been waiting for two hours
by the time the doctor sees her.
2. rs. Cooper will has been traveling for weeks

M 5. T
he class will have been reading
by the time she has to return the rental car. Chapter 4 before they begin Chapter 5.
3. M
y friend will have been feeding 6. By
the time they will have been going to
his dog before he takes it to the vet. the national competition, the teammates
will have been playing together for months.
1. has, started 6. trained 1. She will have been waiting for two
2. enrolled 7. cleaned hours by the time the doctor sees her.
3. Did, finish 8. hasn’t heard 2. Mrs. Cooper will have been traveling for weeks
4. didn’t call 9. washed by the time she has to return the rental car.
5. has given 10. Have, left 3. My friend will have fed his dog before he takes it to the vet.
4. Her teacher will have graded her final
Exercise 2 exam before she applies to university.
5. The class will have read Chapter 4 before they begin Chapter 5.
1. She has been studying French for seven years. 6. By the time they go to the national competition, the
2. The old woman has been living in this apartment since 1976. teammates will have been playing together for months.
3. Not possible.
4. Our teacher has been giving us a lot of homework lately.
5. My brother has been watching TV for the past two hours.
6. Not possible.
7. Not possible.
8. Not possible.
9. They have been trying to fix the problem.
10. Not possible.
Exercise 3
1. had written 4. had finished

2. had been sleeping 5. had gone
3. had been waiting 6. had been cooking
12
DERS – 8
1
2
QUANTIFIERS
Fill in: much, many, lots of, a lot of, little, most, a little, little, a few, few .
1. It seems we have had __________________ assignments in English this year.
2. How __________________ do we have to read this week?
3. __________________ Americans don’t like George Bush
4. There aren’t very __________________ books in the library.
5. I think he drank __________________ wine last night.
6. I have had __________________ headaches already because of the stress.
7. I didn’t use ________________ fertilizer1 last spring, that’s why we had so _________ weeds2.
8. It has rained very __________________ this summer, that’s why the grass is so brown.
9. __________________ people know as much about computers as Jack does.
10. I’m having __________________ trouble passing my driving test.
11. I do have __________________ friends but not that many.
12. How __________________ juice is left in the bottle?
13. John had __________________ money with him so he couldn’t even buy a bus ticket.
14. __________________ time and money is spent on education in Great Britain.
15. I know __________________ Spanish so I am going to have a problem when I get there.
16. __________________ of the children in our block have got roller skates.
17. Football is the only subject I know very _____________ of. It doesn’t interest me that much.
18. __________________ people can live without money. We simply need it.
19. There are __________________ leftovers for you in the refrigerator.
20. Is she already gone? – I’m only __________________ minutes late.
21. There is __________________ doubt that Anne will win the contest.
22. There is not very __________________ dancing going on at the party.
23. __________________ people in the city ride a bike to work because you are simply faster.
24. London has __________________ beautiful buildings.

QUANTIFIERS
Fill in: much, many, lots of, a lot of, little, most, a little, little, a few, few .
1. It seems we have had a lot of, many, lots of assignments in English this year.
2. How much do we have to read this week?
3. Most , Many , A lot of Americans don’t like George Bush
4. There aren’t very many books in the library.
5. I think he drank a lot of , lots of , much wine last night.
6. I have had a few headaches already because of the stress.
7. I didn’t use much a lot of , lots of fertilizer3 last spring, that’s why we had so many weeds4.
8. It has rained very little this summer, that’s why the grass is so brown.
9. Few people know as much about computers as Jack does.
10. I’m having a lot of , much, lots of, little trouble passing my driving test.
11. I do have a few friends but not that many.
12. How much juice is left in the bottle?
13. John had little money with him so he couldn’t even buy a bus ticket.
14. Much time and money is spent on education in Great Britain.
15. I know little Spanish so I am going to have a problem when I get there.
16. Most of the children in our block have got roller skates.
17. Football is the only subject I know very little of. It doesn’t interest me that much.
18. Few people can live without money. We simply need it.
19. There are a few leftovers for you in the refrigerator.
20. Is she already gone? – I’m only a few minutes late.
21. There is little doubt that Anne will win the contest.
22. There is not very much dancing going on at the party.
23. Most people in the city ride a bike to work because you are simply faster.
24. London has many beautiful buildings.

DERS – 9
1
MIXED TYPE;
If you had called me on time, I wouldn’t be here right now.
If you had studied more, you wouldn’t feel difficulty in the exam.
If you had taken your money, you could buy that shirt now.
2
3
DERS – 10
Fannie’s neighborhood was destroyed by a hurricane. If Fannie had known about the
dangers, she would have left the city. If the government had warned the citizens, then
many people wouldn’t have been trapped in their houses by floodwaters. If the
government had listened to the warnings of environmentalists, the city could have taken
more precautions. If there had been better planning, the damage wouldn’t have been so
severe. If Fannie had been warned, she could have gathered emergency supplies of food
and water. If the government had provided buses and transportation, then everyone could
have evacuated the area.
1
2
Exercise 1
MULTIPLE-CHOICE
Circle the best answer.
Ex. If Marty had gone to the party, I too. 6. I would have been very
disappointed if you with us.
a) went
b) would have gone a) hadn’t came
c) had gone b) wouldn’t have came
c) hadn’t come
1. If you me the money,
I wouldn’t have bought the ticket. 7. If Mya in such a hurry,
she wouldn’t have driven through a red light.
a) didn’t lend
b) hadn’t lended a) wasn’t
c) hadn’t lent b) hadn’t been
c) wouldn’t be
2. I wouldn’t have stayed at
that hotel if you it to me. 8. If Jin hadn’t applied for the job when he did,
he able to work there.
a) hadn’t recommended
b) don’t recommend a) wouldn’t have be
c) didn’t recommend b) wouldn’t have been
c) wouldn’t had be
3. She would have been hurt in the
car accident if she her seat belt. 9. Zara would have called me back
if her phone .
a) wouldn’t worn
b) didn’t wore a) hadn’t died
c) hadn’t worn b) haven’t died
c) wouldn’t have died
4. If you me, I would have helped you.
10. They a nice night if it hadn’t rained.
a) had asked
b) asked a) would had have
c) ask b) would have have
c) would have had
5. If I hadn’t taken my umbrella, I very wet.
a) would have get

b) would had got
c) would have gotten
Exercise 2
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Complete the following sentences using the correct form of the verbs provided.
Ex. Monique failed her history test, but if she had studied
harder, she would have passed
.
(study) (pass)
1. Kevin caught the bus on time, but if he it,

(miss)
he late for his appointment.

(be)
2. Juan didn’t write to me when he was on vacation, but if he my address,

(know)
he me a postcard.
(send)
3. We didn’t buy the car because it was too expensive, but we it

(buy)
if it a little cheaper .
(be)
4. They didn’t go to her party, but if she them, they .

(invite) (go)
5. I didn’t know that Lee was in the hospital last week.
If I ,I him.
(know) (visit)
6. It was cold earlier, but we to the beach if it warmer.

(go) (be)
7. I felt a little sick last night. I to the movies if I better.

(go) (feel)
8. Hiroku didn’t understand the homework. If he to the teacher’s instructions,

(listen)
he what to do.
(know)
9. I’m sorry I was late. I forgot to set my alarm clock last night. I
(get)
to the meeting on time if the alarm clock .

(ring)
Exercise 3
MATCHING
Match the first part of the sentence on the left with the best
ending on the right. Each choice can only be used once.
d 1. I would have said hello... a) if I hadn’t looked at my calendar.

2. I would have mailed the letter... b) if the roads hadn’t been so slippery.
3. If I had seen the accident, ... c) if I had known the baby was sleeping.
4. If I had planned a trip to France, ... d) if I had seen you.
5. I would have forgotten your birthday... e) I would have gone swimming.
6. The accident wouldn’t have happened... f) if I had had some stamps.
7. I would have cleaned my apartment... g) if I hadn’t washed it in hot water.
8. If I had brought my bathing suit, ... h) I would have tried to learn some French.
9. My sweater wouldn’t have shrunk... i) if I had known they were coming.
10. I would have been much quieter... j) I would have called an ambulance.
Exercise 4
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES
Complete the following sentences using your own words.

Use contractions whenever possible.
I hadn’t just paid my rent.

Ex. I would’ve lent you some money if
1. The boss would’ve fired her if
2. If I’d known it was going to rain,
3. If she hadn’t missed so many classes,
4. If yesterday had been a holiday,
5. I wouldn’t have missed the bus if
6. I would’ve had a party if
7. I’d have called you if
8. If I’d woken up earlier,
7
1. c 3. c 5. c 7. b 9. a Answers will vary. Here are some examples:

2. a 4. a 6. c 8. b 10. c
1. The boss would’ve fired her if she hadn’t finished the report.
2. If I’d known it was going to rain, I would’ve taken an umbrella.
Exercise 2
3. If she hadn’t missed so many classes,
she would’ve passed the course.
1. had missed, would have been
4. If yesterday had been a holiday, I’d have stayed in bed all day.
2. had known, would have sent
5. I wouldn’t have missed the bus if you’d woken me.
3. would have bought, had been
6. I would’ve had a party if I’d known it was your birthday.
4. had invited, would have gone
7. I’d have called you if I’d had your number.
5. had known, would have visited
8. If I’d woken up earlier, I would’ve gone for a jog.
6. would have gone, had been
7. would have gone, had felt
8. had listened, would have known
9. would have gotten, had rung
Exercise 3
1. d 3. j 5. a 7. i 9. g
2. f 4. h 6. b 8. e 10. c
DERS – 11
Because: WE ARE LATE BECAUSE WE MISSED THE BUS.
Since: SINCE WE MISSED THE BUS WE ARE LATE.
As: AS WE MISSED THE BUS WE ARE LATE.
Due to: DUE TO A CAR ACCIDENT, WE HAD TO WAIT ON THE ROAD.
Owing to: OWING TO A CAR ACCIDENT, WE HAD TO WAIT ON THE ROAD.
Because of: BECAUSE OF A CAR ACCIDENT, WE HAD TO WAIT ON THE ROAD.
Thanks to: THANKS TO A CAR ACCIDENT, WE HAD TO WAIT ON THE ROAD.
On account of: ON ACCOUNT OF A CAR ACCIDENT, WE HAD TO WAIT ON THE ROAD.
In view of: IN VIEW OF A CAR ACCIDENT, WE HAD TO WAIT ON THE ROAD.
On the grounds of: ON THE GROUNDS OF A CAR ACCIDENT, WE HAD TO WAIT ON THE
ROAD.
BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT THERE WAS A CAR ACCIDENT , WE HAD TO WAIT ON THE
ROAD.
1
DERS – 12
Although: Although she couldn’t study much; she got the first place in the exam.
Though: Though she couldn’t study much; she got the first place in the exam.
Even though: Even though she couldn’t study much; she got the first place in the exam.
Much as: Much as she couldn’t study much; she got the first place in the exam.
Despite: Despite her laziness; she got the first place in the exam.
Even if: Even if you apologize, he won't forgive you.
In spite of: In spite of the heavy rain, the group went on walking.
While: While my father supports FB, my mother supports GS.
Whereas: My mother supports GS whereas my father supports FB.
However: He is tired; however, he won’t stop until finishing.
However hard you try , you can never achieve to climb a tree at this age.
Nevertheless: He failed many times; nevertheless, he has never given up.
Nonetheless: He failed many times; nonetheless, he has never given up.
On the other hand: I’d like to eat out, but on the other hand I should be trying to save money.
On the contrary: It wasn’t a good thing; on the contrary it was a huge mistake.
1
DERS – 13
in case : You should study harder in case you fail this year again.
so that : He raised his voice so that the students could hear.
in order that : He raised his voice in order that the students could hear.
moreover : The rent is reasonable and, moreover, (what’s more) the location is perfect.
furthermore : He is old and unpopular. Furthermore, he has at best only two years of political life ahead of him.
in addition : The rent is reasonable and, in addition, the location is perfect.
in addition to : In addition to its perfect location, the rent is reasonable.
therefore : He is not a native speaker ; therefore, his mistakes in language are acceptable.
as a result : He is not a native speaker ; as a result, his mistakes in language are

acceptable. As a result of my laziness; I failed again.
1
DERS – 14
thus : Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to
prove him guilty.
regarding : Regarding your recent inquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our new brochure.
as regards : As regards your recent inquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our new brochure.
as for : As for your recent inquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our new brochure.
with regard to : With regard to your recent inquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our new
brochure.
as to : As to your recent inquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our new brochure.
with respect to : With respect to your recent inquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our new
brochure.
So as to : So as to finish the job on time, you should not waste your time.
In order to : In order to finish the job on time, you should not waste your time.
in fact : I know the mayor really well. In fact, I had dinner with her last week.
indeed : The blood tests prove that Vince is indeed the father.
such as : Cartoon characters such as Mickey Mouse and Snoopy are still popular.
just as …so : Just as the French love their wine, so the English love their beer.
unlike : Unlike most people in the office, I don’t come to work by car.
as if : It looks as if everyone else has gone home. She stared at me as if I were a complete
stranger.
as though : It looks as though everyone else has gone home. She stared at me as though I
were a complete stranger.
except (for) : The office is open every day except Sundays. She felt fine except for being a
little tired.
not only ... but also : Shakespeare was not only a writer but also an actor. Not only do the
nurses want a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well.
both ... and : Both he and his wife enjoy tennis. She can both speak and write Japanese.
He’s lived in both Britain and America.
either ... or : Either eat some more, or take some of those meatballs home with you.
neither ... nor : Neither Oleg’s mother nor his father spoke English.
1
2
CONJUNCTIONS EXERCISES
A ) Aşağıdaki bağlaçların Türkçe karşılıklarını yanına yazınız.
1) Because -------------------
2) Because of ---------------------
3) But ----------------------
4) And -------------------
5) Owing to --------------------------
6) Thanks to---------------------------
B) Aşağıdaki boşluklar BECAUSE veya BECAUSE OF yerleştiniz.
1) ………………he is old, he cannot run.
2) ………………the rain, we cannot go out.
3) ………………I am late, I cannot join the meeting.
4) ……………...the air conditions, we cannot go to a holiday.

CEVAPLAR
A ) Aşağıdaki bağlaçların Türkçe karşılıklarını yanına yazınız.
1) Because ------------------- İÇİN , ÇÜNKÜ
2) Because of --------------------- DEN DOLAYI
3) But ---------------------- AMA
4) And ------------------- VE
5) Owing to -------------------------- DEN DOLAYI
6) Thanks to--------------------------- SAYESİNDE, DEN DOLAYI
B) Aşağıdaki boşluklar BECAUSE veya BECAUSE OF yerleştiniz.
1) BECAUSE………………he is old, he cannot run.
2) BECAUSE OF………………the rain, we cannot go out.
3)BECAUSE ………………I am late, I cannot join the meeting.
4) BECAUSE OF……………...the air conditions, we cannot go to a holiday.

C) Aşağıdaki boşluklara ‘’because, but, so’’ yerleştiriniz.
1) She wants to go to the cinema, ……………… I don’t like that film.

2) I can’t sleep, ……………… I’m going to drink a glass of hot milk.
3) She went to the disco, ……………… she didn’t dance.
4) He doesn’t play the guitar, ……………… he plays the drum.
5) He is sad ……………… he saw an accident.
6) She didn’t invite me, …………… I didn’t go to her birthday party.
7) She can draw well, ……………… she can’t cook.
D) Aşağıdaki boşluklara ‘’although (even though, though) , despite’’ yerleştiriniz.
1) ……………… we are a small company, we sell almost a hundred machines a month.

2) ……………… all the difficulties, the project started on time and was a success.
3) ……………… we were warned against doing so, we went ahead with the project.
4) ……………… his lack of experience, he became a successful businessman.
5) ……………… being by far the oldest player, he scored three goals.
6) ……………… he’s a millionaire, he drives a second-hand car.
7) ……………… it rained a lot, I enjoyed the holiday.
8) ………… working for the company for six months now, he never seems to know what to do.
CEVAPLAR
1) but
2) so
3) but
4) but
5) because
6) so
7) but
1) Although (even though, though)

2) Despite
4) Despite
5) Despite
8) Despite
E
Aşağıdaki boşlukları “and, but, because, so” ile doldurunuz.
1) I’ve got a brother …………… a sister.

2)It was very sunny last Sunday, …………… we went to the beach.
3) My father likes football …………… he doesn’t like basketball.
4) We aren’t going to the bank …………… it is closed.
5) Vigo is hotter than Santiago, …………… Santiago is more beautiful.
6) It is rainy today, …………… take your umbrella your boots.
7) I didn’t buy the new shoes …………… I didn’t have any money.
Aşağıdaki boşlukları “and, but, because, so, although” ile doldurunuz.
1)I like sugar in my tea, …………………… I don’t like milk in it.

2) Listen to the story …………………… answer the questions in complete
sentences.
3) He was late …………………… the bus didn’t come.
4) We were very tired …………………… happy after our flight to Sydney.
5) They climbed the mountain …………………… it was very windy.
6) When Lenny was watching the planes his wife …………………… his daughter
was reading in the car.
7) The sun was warm, …………………… the wind was a bit too cool.
G
Uygun seçeneği seçiniz.
1) Jerry passed the exam first time …………………… I had to retake it three times.
a) because
b) although
2) …………………… Mei Li doesn’t speak English, she can’t go to university in Canada.

a) But
b) Because
3) …………………… it was raining, I didn’t get wet.

a) Although
b) Because
4) Paula got the job …………………… she had no experience.

a) however
b) even though
5) I don’t drink coffee …………………… it makes me nervous.

a) although
b) because
6) I will be late today …………………… my car has broken down.

a) though
b) because
7) Jun couldn’t buy any Christmas presents …………………… he didn’t have any money.
a) even though
b) because
8) …………………… my wife likes to travel abroad, I prefer to stay at home for my vacations.
a) Despite
b) Though
H
Aşağıdaki cümleleri uygun bağlaçlar ile birleştiriniz.
1) James smokes. His brother does not smoke.(BUT)
2) Alice hasn’t come. Mary hasn’t come.(NEITHER-NOR)
3) She speaks English. She speaks Spanish.(AS WELL AS)
4) I like him. He is very sincere.(BECAUSE)
5) He did not win. He worked hard.(THOUGH)
6) She is ill. She is cheerful.(BUT)
7) We decided to go out. It was raining.(THOUGH)
8) James works hard. His brother is lazy.(WHEREAS)
9) I went to the shop. I bought some vegetables.(AND)
10) He must be tired. He has been working since morning.(BECAUSE)

CEVAPLAR
E
1) and
2) so
3) but
4) because
5) but
6) so
7) because
F
1) but
2) and
3) because
4) but
5) although
6) and
7) but
G
1) although
2) Because
3) Although
4) even though
5) because
6) because
7) because
8) Though
H
1) John smokes but his brother doesn’t.
2) Neither Alice nor Mary has come.
3) She speaks English as well as Spanish. OR
She speaks English and Spanish.
4) I like him because he is very sincere.
5) Though he worked hard, he did not win.
6) She is ill but she is cheerful.
7) Though it was raining we decided to go out.
8) The piper played and the children danced.
9) James works hard whereas his brother is lazy.
10) I went to the shop and bought some vegetables.
11) You must start at once; otherwise you will
be late.
12) He must be tired because he has been working
since morning.
DERS – 15
1
DERS – 16
1
DERS – 17
1
DERS – 18
1
2
Prepositions
Exercise 1
FILL IN THE BLANKS I
Choose the correct preposition for each blank.
1. Henrietta met her boyfriend 6. Hank made many mistakes the past.
the bus from Washington to Miami.
a) in
a) in b) at
b) at c) on
c) on d) from
d) between
7. Joseph, Won Min and Adytya are also going.
2. I have never seen such a gigantic
a) Beside
nose my whole life.
b) Besides
a) in c) Addition to
b) at d) In addition
c) on
d) between 8. money, life is very difficult.
a) With
3. Chita Rodriguez comes Cuba.
b) Without
a) in c) Within
b) from d) In
c) on
d) until 9. The whole family goes out to breakfast
Sunday mornings.
4. We will go dancing midnight.
a) in
a) in b) at
b) at c) on
c) on d) from
d) from
10. I think that Michael’s father
5. Anesha usually goes . was arrested the fall.
a) to the summer India a) in

b) to India in the summer b) at
c) to India on the summer c) on
d) over the summer to India d) from
Prepositions
Exercise 2
FILL IN THE BLANKS II
1. Little Rosita is afraid dogs. 6. The thief stole the handbag

the woman Fifth Avenue.
a) in
b) at a) in / on
c) on b) from / in
d) of c) from / on
d) with / on
2. Sergio’s mother found him hiding the bed.
7. Silvia traveled the world. She
a) in
went Asia, South America, and Africa.
b) at
c) on a) around / on
d) under b) around / to
c) across / to
3. Some little children do not like to go school. d) in / on
a) to the
8. The rug the coffee table is Iran.
b) to
c) at the a) beneath / from
d) at b) below / to
c) under / to
4. My two brothers really love to go the mall. d) underneath / to
a) for
9. Nick sat his wife the party.
b) to
c) at a) besides / at
d) from b) besides / from
c) beside / from
5. Daniel’s father looked him right d) beside / at
and knew he was lying.
10. Mahmoud read a book
a) in the eye
the Russian revolution.
b) on the eye
c) from the eye a) from
d) with the eye b) at
c) on
d) to
Prepositions
Exercise 3
SENTENCE STEMS I
Complete each sentence.
1. After the storm, .
2. Down by the river, .
3. Among the survivors, .
4. Near the town of Roxbury, .
5. Before breakfast, .
6. In my heart, .
7. Around the corner, .
8. Between you and me, .
9. For the past three years, .
10. Besides Charlie and Mohammed, .
Exercise 4
SENTENCE STEMS II
Complete each sentence.
1. throughout my life.
2. toward the exit.
3. in my dreams.
4. across the ocean.
5. under the bed.
6. in the winter.
7. far from the one she loves.
8. at 7:30 pm.
9. on Thursday afternoon.
10. with dolls.

Prepositions
Exercise 5
ERROR CORRECTION I
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Then rewrite each

sentence correctly. Some sentences may have more than one error.
1. I didn’t stay up late. I was asleep on midnight.
I didn’t stay up late. I was asleep at midnight.
2. She met her best friend on September at Seoul.
3. Anita moved of Rome at 2006.
4. The plane finally arrived on 5:46 pm.
5. Bob met his future wife in a bus, not on a taxi.
6. In this moment, Ushbek is studying from Bunker Hill Community College.
7. Don’t pay attention at that fortune-teller. She has no idea about events on the future.
8. My mother and father don’t drive on the dark, so they stay home at the night.
9. I think that Tom is in a date with Sally. I think she is separated to her husband.
10. That woman is staring to the man on the other table. He is looking off the window.
9
Prepositions
Exercise 6
ERROR CORRECTION II
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Then rewrite each

sentence correctly. Some sentences may have more than one error.
1. On Sunday, Jong goes at church for to pray.
2. At the summer, my family goes to beach to swim.
3. On her living room, there is an end table next the couch.
4. Barbara found her purse under chair on the family room.
5. Bobby read a book across the Second World War.
6. The bakery is next the diner.
7. The children walked for the park to get home quickly.
8. My mother cannot live with her iPod. She always listens music.
9. I saw the plane moving the airport, but I did not see it land.
10. Before breakfast, Sidney jogged on the park.
10
Prepositions
Exercise 7
FILL IN THE BLANKS III
1. Can you tell me a little bit your experience? 6. I am not completely you.
I just don’t share all your opinions.
a) in
b) about a) for
c) on b) against
d) from c) near
d) beside
2. I think I left my laptop the couch.
7. John’s father was standing
a) in
right him at the concert.
b) at
c) on a) in front
d) down b) next
c) behind
3. Some little children are afraid animals. d) on
a) to the
8. Don’t forget to turn the television
b) to
off before you go bed.
c) of
d) of the a) at
b) to
4. We had a picnic the tall elm tree. c) to the
d) at the
a) beneath
b) on
9. the rain, the game was not canceled.
c) on top of
d) next a) Despite
b) In spite
5. The crowd cheered continuously the game. c) Despite from
d) Because of
a) beside
b) near
10. the class, the students
c) during
walked slowly the room.
d) by
a) Before / out to
b) After / out of
c) During / in of
d) After from / out
11
Prepositions
Exercise 8
FILL IN THE BLANKS IV
1. Can you tell me how to get library? 6. Quentin has lived in Texas July.
a) to a) for
b) to the b) since
c) toward the c) from
d) from the d) at
2. I think you left your book 7. John’s father said that he

the table over there. would work 9:00 pm.
a) in a) until
b) at b) without
c) on c) over
d) down d) for
3. the walls of the ancient 8. I found your old love letter some
city, there are many secrets. papers that I had left in my desk drawer.
a) Without a) around
b) Within b) against
c) Above c) after
d) Through d) among
4. John had a discussion his advisor yesterday. 9. My best friend lives right
the street me.
a) from
b) on a) across / to
c) with b) across / from
d) to c) across / for
d) across / on
5. I took a walk the river. It was so peaceful.
10. The temperature was eleven
a) after
degrees zero yesterday.
b) along
c) during a) below
d) through b) from
c) to
d) over
12
Prepositions
Exercise 9
FILL IN THE BLANKS V
1. The Rodriguez family goes 6. Omar always stays his

church every Sunday. room to relax before a big exam.
a) to a) on
b) to the b) for
c) toward the c) in
d) from the d) under
2. I will always stand you, 7. I will love you I die. I promise.

thick and thin.
a) till
a) by / in b) during
b) by / through c) when
c) on / in d) without
d) on / through
8. Once a time, an old
3. the blue skies me, man was living a bridge.
I felt like a new man.
a) upon / under
a) With / below b) upon / next
b) With / above c) upon / through
c) Without / over d) on / below
d) With / toward
9. When I saw the ball coming me,
4. Joshua lives a bakery and a bagel shop. I didn’t know what to do.
a) from a) across
b) on b) about
c) with c) toward
d) between d) from
5. Calculus III is way me. 10. I have always tried to be

I don’t understand anything in that class. honest and sincere my life.
a) after a) until
b) along b) across
c) beyond c) to
d) through d) throughout
13
Prepositions
Exercise 10
COMPLETE THE STORY
Write an appropriate preposition in each blank.

Note that you will also need to write “to” for all infinitive verbs.
Hidden in Plain Sight
They say that when you want hide something, one the best places
1. 2.
hide it is plain sight. a story written Edgar Allan Poe called The Purloined
3. 4. 5. 6.
Letter, a cunning man, known as Mr. X, stole a secret letter an important woman. He threatened to
7.
show the letter to everyone if she did not pay him a great deal money. She went the police,
8. 9.
and they secretly searched Mr. X’s apartment. They started by looking the rugs and the books
10. 11.
the bookshelves. Nothing. Then they looked the bed and all the closets, but they
12. 13. 14.
could not find it. They thought that Mr. X was carrying the letter his pocket or his wallet, so
15. 16.
they followed him a park, but they were unsuccessful in finding the letter.
17.
The police called the famous detective Auguste Dupin and asked him investigate the case. Dupin,
18.
wearing dark sunglasses, went Mr. X’s house. While he was sitting the table drinking a cup
19. 20.
tea, he looked the whole room. He looked at the paintings the wall, the books
21. 22. 23. 24.
the desk, and even the cat sleeping the rug. Finally, he looked a bowl some letters in
25. 26. 27.
it. He noticed that one the letters looked familiar. Dupin knew that this one was the stolen letter. When
28.
Mr. X heard a man shout the front window, he ran see what was happening. In the meantime,
29. 30.
Dupin took the stolen letter and replaced it a similar one that he had his pocket. He thanked
31. 32.
Mr. X the coffee and hurried out. This is how the detective found the stolen letter. It was hidden in
33.
plain sight, right the table.

34.
14
Prepositions
Answer Key
1. c 3. b 5. b 7. b 9. c 1. I didn’t stay up late. I was asleep at midnight.

2. a 4. b 6. a 8. b 10. a 2. She met her best friend in September in Seoul.
3. Anita moved to Rome in 2006.
Exercise 2 4. The plane finally arrived at 5:46 pm.
5. Bob met his future wife on a bus, not in a taxi.
1. d 3. b 5. a 7. b 9. d 6. At this moment, Ushbek is studying
2. d 4. b 6. c 8. a 10. c at Bunker Hill Community College.
7. Don’t pay attention to that fortune-teller. She
Exercise 3 has no idea about events in the future.

8. My mother and father don’t drive in
Answers will vary. Examples include: the dark, so they stay home at night.
9. I think that Tom is on a date with Sally.
1. After the storm, the sun came out. I think she is separated from her husband.
2. Down by the river, six fishermen were having their lunch. 10. That woman is staring at the man at the other
3. Among the survivors, there were table. He is looking out the window.
two children and one woman.
4. Near the town of Roxbury, there is a large mall. Exercise 6
5. Before breakfast, I took a walk around the block.
6. In my heart, I know that I am right. 1. On Sunday, Jong goes to church to pray.
7. Around the corner, there is a large house. 2. In (the) summer, my family goes to the beach to swim.
8. Between you and me, I don’t trust Larry. 3. In her living room, there is an end table next to the couch.
9. For the past three years, my sister has lived in Washington. 4. Barbara found her purse under the chair in the family room.
10. Besides Charlie and Mohammed, Aisha 5. Bobby read a book about/on the Second World War.
and Hee Jung are also coming to the party. 6. The bakery is next to the diner.
7. The children walked through the park to get home quickly.
Exercise 4 8. My mother cannot live without
her iPod. She always listens to music.
Answers will vary. Examples include: 9. I saw the plane moving toward
the airport, but I did not see it land.
1. I have loved music throughout my life.
10. Before breakfast, Sidney jogged in/around/through the park.
2. The satisfied concertgoers headed toward the exit.
3. I am the best soccer player in the league in my dreams.
(continued on the next page...)
4. Hal’s brother lives across the ocean.
5. The dog was hiding under the bed.
6. We go skiing in the winter.
7. Thelma lives far from the one she loves.
8. The movie will start at 7:30 pm.
9. Teresa has Spanish class on Thursday afternoon.
10. My little sister loves to play with dolls.
15
Prepositions
Answer Key cont.

Exercise 7
1. b 3. c 5. c 7. c 9. a
2. c 4. a 6. b 8. b 10. b
Exercise 8
1. b 3. b 5. b 7. a 9. b
2. c 4. c 6. b 8. d 10. a
Exercise 9
1. a 3. b 5. c 7. a 9. c
2. b 4. d 6. c 8. a 10. d
Exercise 10
Answers may vary.
1. to 13. under 25. on

2. of 14. in 26. in
3. to 15. in 27. with
4. in 16. in 28. of
5. In 17. to 29. outside
6. by 18. to 30. to
7. from 19. to 31. with
8. of 20. at 32. in
9. to 21. of 33. for
10. under 22. around 34. on
11. behind 23. on
12. on 24. on
16
DERS – 19
1
2
Causative Verbs
Exercise 1
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Write the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
hand in
Ex. The teacher had her students their homework.
(hand in)
1. My coworker let me her pen.

(borrow)
2. He got his friend him fix his car.

(help)
3. Are you making your kids their rooms?

(clean)
4. The police forced the thief into the police car.

(get)
5. The storm caused many trees .

(fall down)
6. Will you allow your roommate your food?

(eat)
7. His piano teacher makes him two hours a day.

(practice)
8. Your sister doesn’t let her kids very often.

(go out)
9. The tour guide got the tourists taking pictures.

(stop)
10. The bus driver had the troublemakers the bus.

(get off)
Causative Verbs
Exercise 2
REWRITE THE SENTENCES
Rewrite the sentences using a causative verb.
Ex. The coach forced the players to do 50 pushups.
The coach made the players do 50 pushups.
1. My friend’s parents allowed her to stay over at my house last night.
2. My brother forced me to do his homework for him.
3. Her neighbor got her to move her car.
4. The earthquake forced the rescue volunteers to work day and night.
5. This flood has caused people to evacuate to higher ground.
6. Did you get your boyfriend to call you?
7. The hotel manager won’t allow us to bring our dog to the hotel.
8. The judge forced the clerk to retype the entire document.
9. The lack of communication caused the workers to feel unappreciated.
10. Does your boss allow you to take long lunch breaks?
5
Causative Verbs
Exercise 1
1. borrow 5. to fall down 9. to stop

2. to help 6. to eat 10. get off
3. clean 7. practice
4. to get 8. go out
Exercise 2
Answers may vary slightly. Make sure your students are using a
verb with a similar strength to the verb in the original sentence.
1. My friend’s parents let her stay over at my house last night.

2. My brother made me do his homework for him.
3. Her neighbor had her move her car.
4. The earthquake made the rescue
volunteers work day and night.
5. This flood has made people evacuate to higher ground.
6. Did you have your boyfriend call you?
7. The hotel manager won’t let us bring our dog to the hotel.
8. The judge made the clerk retype the entire document.
9. The lack of communication made
the workers feel unappreciated.
10. Does your boss let you take long lunch breaks?
12
DERS – 20
PAST MODALS
must have V3 : You must have waited a long time then.
can have V3: You can have called me.
could have V3: You could have crushed the tree.
may have V3: You may have lost your concious.
might have V3: You might have visited your friends there.
should have V3: You should have called the doctor.
would have V3: I would have called you.
1
2
Past Tense Modals ✎
Exercise 1:
Did you do it or didn’t you?
1. should have a. did it b. didn’t do it c. maybe
2. could have a. did it b. didn’t do it c. maybe
3. had to a. did it b. didn’t do it c. maybe
4. may have a. did it b. didn’t do it c. maybe
5. used to a. did it b. didn’t do it c. maybe
6. could a. did it b. didn’t do it c. maybe
7. would a. did it b. didn’t do it c. maybe
8. couldn’t have a. did it b. didn’t do it c. maybe
9. could have a. did it b. didn’t do it c. maybe
10. shouldn’t have a. did it b. didn’t do it c. maybe
!4
Exercise 2:
Choose the correct answer.
1. I went to an Italian restaurant. It was good, but I ________________ to an Indian place.

a. should gone b. would rather go c. would rather have gone d. could go
2. Thomas can’t believe it. He broke both hands when he slipped on the ice. His boxing career is over. Now he
walks around saying, “___________________________.”
a. I could have been a contender! b. I could be a contender c. I might be a contender d. I should have fallen down
3. Min’s friend Toshiko was in the hospital. He didn’t know, so he didn’t visit her. Toshiko was very sad. Now Min
says, “___________________________.”
a. I should visit her b. I should have visited her c. I could visit her d. Why I didn’t visit her?
4. Yumi is a great swimmer. In fact, she ________________ when she was only four years old.
a. could to swim b. can swim c. swum d. could swim
5. Josie couldn’t go to the game because she _________________.

a. must study b. must have studied c. had to study d. had to studying
6. Who was that guy at the party last night? I don’t know. It _____________________ Pepita’s new boyfriend.
a. couldn’t have been b. might have been c. maybe d. might be
7. When Priscilla was 11 years old, she ____________ in Brazil.

a. used to living b. used to live c. living d. used live
8. Yes, the chicken was decent, but Rosa _____________________ pizza last night.
a. should eaten b. would rather eat c. would rather have eaten d. should eat
9. I had such a good time when I lived in Miami. We ____________________ to the beach every day.
a. would go b. would have gone c. used to go d. should have gone
10. Everyone on the team is smiling and laughing. They _____________________ the game.
a. must won b. must have won c. must have lost d. used to lose
!5
Exercise 3:
1. Paula ____________ for that furniture store, but she doesn’t anymore.
a. used to working b. used to work c. working d. used work
2. I can’t believe you didn’t get home until 6:00 a.m. Mom was so worried. You ______________.
a. should call b. should have call c. shouldn’t have called d. should have called
3. A: Isn’t that Gloria’s jacket? B: Yes, it is. She ______________________ it here when she ran out of class.
a. must leave b. must have left c. had to leave d. used to leave
4. When we visited my aunt’s house when I was a kid, she __________________ chocolate chip cookies for us.
a. would bake b. would have baked c. used bake d. should have baked
5. I can’t believe you called Hye Eun about the party! Didn’t you know that it was a surprise? You _________ her.
a. should not called b. should not have call c. shouldn’t have called d. should never called
6. A: Who left that book on the desk? B: I don’t know. It ______________________ Pavel.
a. could be b. should have been c. might being d. might have been
7. When I was 15, I _________________ ten miles without stopping. Now I can’t even run one mile.
a. should run b. had run c. could run d. was able run
8. A: I got a ticket for driving 96 in a 55 zone. B: You ______________ so fast.

a. should drive b. should not have driving c. shouldn’t have driven d. couldn’t drive
9. I heard that Elsa got an A in history, but she ____________________ an A. She failed three different tests!
a. should get b. couldn’t have gotten c. couldn’t get d. had to get
10. I couldn’t stay up late last night because I _________________ up at 5:00 this morning.
a. must wake b. had to wake c. must waking d. was able to wake
!6
Exercise 4:
1. Marta _________________ here one hour ago. I don’t know why she’s late.
a. supposed to be b. was supposta be c. should be d. was supposed to be
2. The lecture _______________ this morning, but I guess they canceled it.
a. was supposed to be b. was supposta be c. should be d. could have been
3. A: Was that elderly woman Hank’s grandmother? B: It _______________. Hank’s grandmother died last month.
a. was supposed to be b. could be c. could have been d. couldn’t have been
4. Was the couch comfortable last night? It was alright, but I ________________ on the bed.
a. should sleep b. would rather sleep c. would rather have slept d. could sleep
5. When I worked in the Cuban restaurant, I ________________ a “Sandwich Cubano” every day.
a. should eat b. would eat c. would have eaten d. may have eaten
6. A: Where is the rest of the pizza? B: I don’t know. Carlos ________________ it.
a. should have eaten b. would eat c. would have eaten d. could have eaten
7. Christopher’s ex-wife used to always say, “I ________________ you.”

a. should never have married b. should have married c. would have married d. could have married
8. Too bad that Maria quit the company. If she had stayed, she ________________ a manager now.
a. should be b. would not be c. would not have been d. might have been
9. When I lived in China, I ________________ jasmine tea every day.

a. would drink b. can’t drink c. should not drink d. may have drunk
10. Katie’s husband ________________ get back from London until Friday, but he arrived this morning.
a. was not supposed to b. should have c. should be d. could
!7
Exercise 5:
1. Victoria couldn’t go to the movies last night because she _________________ watch her little sister.
a. must to b. must have c. had to d. have to
2. A: I drove from Washington to New York in two hours. B: You _______________. It is more than 200 miles.
a. could have b. couldn’t have c. shouldn’t have d. had to
3. I am so hungry now. I ________________ breakfast before we left.

a. should have eaten b. should eat c. would have eaten d. may have eaten
4. Bob has a tremendous stomachache now. He ________________ four hamburgers and two hot dogs.
a. should have eaten b. should not eat c. shouldn’t have eaten d. may have eaten
5. When I took a 7:00 p.m. class, I ________________ get home at 11:00 p.m.
a. used to b. would not c. would not have gotten d. could have gotten
6. Too bad that Mary chose to work for that terrible company. Her grades were so high that she ________ a job
anywhere.
a. could find b. could not find c. would not have found d. could have found
7. Gino was late for the party because he left his house at 6:00. He _______________ a lot earlier than that.
a. should have left b. should not have left c. couldn’t have left d. may have left
8. Real Madrid lost the game to Barcelona. With all their great players, Read Madrid _______________ the game.
a. should have won b. should not have won c. couldn’t have won d. may have won
9. Mozart was such a protégé that he ________________ the piano when he was two years old.
a. couldn’t play b. had to play c. must have played d. could play
10. Giselle ________________________ math than psychology last semester, but all the sections were closed.
a. would take b. would rather have take c. couldn’t have taken d. would rather have taken
!8
Answer Key
Exercise 1: Did you do it or didn’t you?

1. b 2. b or c 3. a 4. c 5. a 6. a 7. a 8. b 9. b or c 10. a
Exercise 2: Choose the correct answer.

1. c 2. a 3. b 4. d 5. c 6. b 7. b 8. c 9. a 10. b

1. b 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. d 7. c 8. c 9. b 10. b

1. d 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. b 6. d 7. a 8. d 9. a 10. a

1. c 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. a 6. d 7. a 8. a 9. d 10. d
!11
DERS – 21
PASSIVE VOICE BASED READING
Last month, John’s car was stolen in Toronto. The front window was smashed by the thief,
and the car was driven out of the city. It was kept in an abandoned lot for a week. Finally,
the window was repaired, and it was sold on the black market to a used car dealership.
After that, it was bought by a young man who drove it out west to visit his family. In Alberta,
the young man was pulled over for speeding. The car was seized by police because the
license plate indicated it was stolen. Finally, the car was returned to John. He couldn’t
believe all the crazy things that had happened to his car.
Last month, the Johnson’s house was destroyed by a tornado. Their roof was ripped off
during the storm. Their car was picked up by strong winds and dropped two miles from their
house. Most of their possessions were lost in the storm. The Johnsons were housed and fed
during the ordeal by family and friends. Luckily, the Johnson’s house was insured. Now the
house is being renovated. The walls are being repaired, the roof is being rebuilt, and all
of the rooms are being painted. The entire house is being refurnished. A lot of money is
being spent to repair the house, but at least the family wasn’t killed by the storm.
1
DERS – 22
GERUND INFINITIVES BASED READING
Amy works at a restaurant called “La Notte.” Amy likes working at the restaurant. She
enjoys meeting new people and talking to the customers. The only problem is that the
restaurant is open very late, and Amy hates staying up late. She dislikes feeling tired in the
morning. Amy really wanted to find a new job, but she was scared to try something
completely different. She considered working in a clothing store, but she hates folding
clothes. She tried to find a good job in the classified ads, but she wasn’t qualified enough for
most of them. Finally, she decided to work in a breakfast restaurant. Now she is able to do
what she loves without the late nights!
Mary is going home to visit her parents. She loves spending time with her parents and
seeing old friends. Sometimes she misses living with her parents. She remembers sleeping
in and waking up to a home-cooked breakfast. Those days are long gone now. As she drives
home, she looks forward to relaxing at home. When she finally arrives at the house, she finds
that her parents aren’t home. Luckily, she remembered to bring her key. Mary decides to
cook dinner for her parents while she waits. Mary dislikes waiting. Waiting is boring! She
prefers to keep busy.
1
2
DERS – 23
CONJUNCTIONS/CONDITIONALS BASED READING
Peter doesn’t have much self-confidence. He always doubts himself. “If I were smarter, I would
get good grades. If I were taller, I could be on the basketball team. If I were stronger, I could
be on the wrestling team. If I were better looking, I would have a girlfriend. If I were funnier,
I’d have more friends.” One day, some guys in his class asked him if/whether he wanted to
join their rock band because they knew Peter played guitar. He told them he didn’t have
enough time, but really he was thinking, “If only I played guitar better, I could be in a band.”
On his way home, Catherine asked if he wanted to go to the school dance with her. Peter lied,
saying he had to work that night. Peter was really thinking to himself, “If only I knew how to
dance, I could go with Catherine.” It seems that Peter often avoids trying new things. If Peter
didn’t doubt himself so much, he would have a lot more fun.
Jane and Ian are friends. They are both artists. Jane enjoys painting, and so does Ian. Ian
loves photography, and so does Jane. Jane has a large studio in New York, and so does Ian.
However, Jane doesn’t make sculptures, and Ian doesn’t either. They find it too messy. Jane
doesn’t make a lot of money, and Ian doesn’t either. It’s hard to be an artist sometimes. Ian
finds great inspiration in landscapes, and so does Jane. Ian paints trees, lakes, and natural
settings, but Jane prefers cityscapes. Ian loves painting people and portraits, but Jane doesn’t.
Sometimes they go to art galleries together. Ian loves Impressionism, but Jane doesn’t. Often
they disagree on which galleries to visit. Luckily, they remain friends despite their
disagreements.
1
2
DERS – 24
SMARTPHONES
A smartphone is a pocket-sized touchscreen computer and phone. It connects to the Internet

and allows you to use third-party applications (apps). For many people, a smartphone is a second
brain. IBM’s “Simon” came out in 1992 before the term “smartphone” existed. It had a
touchscreen and a stylus, and it could send and receive phone calls and emails. Its price was
too high for the average consumer, so it was mainly used in the corporate world.By the late 90s,
many personal digital assistants (PDAs) were on the market. Like Simon, these devices were
mainly used for business. Nokia and BlackBerry had some success with their early PDAs. The
term “smartphone” emerged in 1999 when these devices became popular in Japan. Other tech
companies, including Apple and Microsoft, began to explore how to break into the market. In
2007, Apple CEO Steve Jobs introduced the first iPhone. He called the iPhone a “magical product”
that was five years ahead of its competitors. One of the main differences between the iPhone
and other smartphones was its home button. The home button eliminated the need for a
keyboard. The iPhone also had a user-friendly operating system (iOS).
1
2
DERS – 25
THE DEAD SEA
The Dead Sea is a 400-square-mile body of water that is found in the Middle East, bordered by
Israel, Jordan, and the West Bank. It is called the Dead Sea because no major life form can live
in it.The Dead Sea is over 1,300 feet below sea level, which makes it the lowest point on earth.
It has the saltiest water—six times saltier than the oceans—and the highest concentration of
minerals of any body of water in the world. Although several rivers and streams flow into it,
nothing drains out of it because of its low elevation. Water can only escape through
evaporation, which occurs daily in the hot Middle Eastern climate. When water evaporates, it
leaves behind salt and minerals, and this makes the remaining water very dense. The Dead Sea
is so dense that people can float on it without any effort. The area is the largest natural spa in
the world, and people travel great distances to relax in its warm waters and experience cosmetic
mud baths and mineral treatments.The area is also a center of health research. The minerals
found in the Dead Sea have beneficial health effects, such as improving circulation and
relieving the pain of rheumatism. The reduced number of allergens, the healing qualities of
the sun, and the higher atmospheric pressure found at such a low elevation are some of the
other reasons why research is done here. The modern-day water demands of the countries that
surround the Dead Sea are having a negative effect on it. Its level continues to drop as these
countries take water from the rivers that flow into it. The area it covers is getting smaller quickly
and the situation is becoming serious. One proposed solution is to pump water from the nearby
Red Sea into it to maintain its level.
1
2
DERS – 26
ASPIRIN
Aspirin is a non-addictive drug that is used to reduce pain from headaches, injury, swelling,
or fever. Aspirin has a long history. Hippocrates, an ancient Greek doctor, gave his patients tea
made from willow leaves and bark to ease their headaches or fevers. Other ancient peoples
knew of this cure, as did North American Indians, but this knowledge was lost for several
centuries. It was 1758 before Edmund Stone, an English scientist, observed that willow leaves
and bark could be used to reduce fever. Other scientists became interested in why this happened.
In 1853, French chemist Charles Gerhardt added other ingredients to the formula and came
up with a product that reduced both pain and stomach upset. He then lost interest in his
work.More than 40 years later, Felix Hoffmann, a chemist for Bayer, a German company, was
searching for a drug that would help relieve his father’s pain from arthritis. He came across
Gerhardt’s formula, made some up, and gave it to his father. It worked, and Hoffmann
persuaded Bayer to produce it for sale to the public.Bayer called the new product “Aspirin.” At
first, it was sold as a powder, but in 1915, it was made in pill form. Today, aspirin is one of the
most widely used drugs in the world. It is still used to reduce pain, swelling, and fever, but
scientists also know that it reduces the risk of heart attack, stroke, and colon cancer. Many
people take an aspirin a day to reduce their chances of developing these diseases.
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HYBRID CARS
More recently, an American named H. Piper invented a system in 1905 in which an electric
motor could be used to increase the power of a gasoline engine. Around the same time, hybrid
vehicles were being developed, built, and used commercially in England, France, Belgium, and
Germany. In North America, hybrid vehicles were built by automotive firms in Chicago and
Ontario from 1914 into the 1940s, but they could not reach very high speeds. Most consumers
chose gasoline-powered cars because they were faster and gas was cheap and plentiful. Hybrid
cars are more environmentally friendly and more fuel-efficient, however. By the late 1990s,
North Americans were more interested in buying hybrids because pollution was getting worse
and gas prices were increasing due to problems with fuel supplies. In 1997, Toyota introduced
and sold 18,000 Prius hybrid cars in Japan. This made the Prius the world’s first successful mass-
produced hybrid vehicle. It was sold in North America in 2000. It could go about 52 miles on a
gallon of gas, its battery did not have to be plugged in, and it had room for five people. Over
110,000 of these Prius hybrids were sold in over 20 countries. In 2004, Toyota introduced a
more powerful and roomier version of the Prius. Other automotive manufacturers, including
Honda, Lexus, Ford, and Chevrolet, now sell hybrid cars and sport-utility vehicles. Although
hybrids cost more than gas-powered vehicles, they are expected to become less expensive as
technology improves and demand for them grows.
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TITANIC
The RMS Titanic began its maiden voyage on April 10, 1912. It departed from Southampton,
England, with 2,224 people on board. The destination was New York City. Some of the people
on board were emigrating. Others were wealthy people on a pleasure cruise. The Titanic was
nicknamed “The Ship of Dreams.” Four days into her journey, at 11:40 pm, the Titanic hit an
iceberg. This happened in the Atlantic Ocean, south of Newfoundland, Canada. Boaters in the
area had warned Captain Smith of drifting ice, but he ignored the warnings. Like most of the
passengers, the captain viewed the ship as unsinkable. When he tried to steer around the
iceberg, it was too late. The Titanic began taking on water immediately. Some passengers
prepared to escape on lifeboats, but there weren’t enough rafts. Due to the “women and children
first” protocol, many families were split up. The evacuation was chaotic, and lifeboats were
launched half-full. Two-and-a-half hours after hitting the iceberg, the ship split apart and sank.
The water was freezing, and most who fell in died quickly of hypothermia. No ships were close
enough to help with a rescue. At 4:00 am on April 15, the RMS Carpathia finally arrived. Seven
hundred ten survivors were rescued.
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STEVE JOBS
Steve Jobs helped to make personal computers and computer technology available to everyone.
Steven Paul Jobs was born in Los Altos, California, on February 24, 1955. He was adopted when
he was a baby and grew up in Northern California. After high school, Jobs attended college in
Portland, Oregon, but left after his first semester to travel in India. When he returned to
California, he learned that his high school friend, Steve Wozniak, was building computers as a
hobby. Wozniak had just invented the Apple I computer. In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak started
Apple Computer. They worked out of Jobs’s garage. The Apple II personal computer that they
built next appealed to both businesses and the public. The computer sold well and the company
prospered until about 1981. That year, IBM began to take business away from Apple. By then,
Jobs and his development team had invented the Macintosh computer. Unlike the Apple II, the
Macintosh was not very popular at first, and Jobs left the company in 1985 after being fired
from the board.
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COCA COLA
On May 8, 1886, the soda fountain in Jacob’s Pharmacy in Atlanta was the first place to offer
Coca-Cola to the public. The drink was not a great success at first, mostly because few people
knew about it. This began to change in 1887, when Asa Candler bought the rights to Pemberton’s
formula for $2,300. He advertised Coca-Cola throughout the United States and, by the late
1890s, Coke had become very popular with the American public. When soft drinks began to be
bottled, Candler sold coke syrup, the basis of the drink, to bottling companies. These companies
paid the Coca-Cola Company for the syrup and the right to bottle its product, and soon Coke
was even more successful. Coke became one of the most widely advertised products in the
United States and other countries, and today the Coca-Cola Company is the biggest soft-drink
company in the world. About 1905, American health regulations were changed and cocaine could
no longer be used in Coke, but this did not hurt its popularity. It is estimated that more than
one billion Coke products are now consumed each day.
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THE INTERNET
The Internet is made up of a large number of computer networks linked together by wires,
cables, and wireless connections. The networks are run by governments, universities, and
private businesses. The idea of linking computers to share information started in the United
States in the 1940s, mainly for defense purposes. By the 1970s, there were several computer
networks, but they were not linked. Then, in 1979, two Americans developed the Internet
Protocol (IP), which let packets of information be sent from one computer network to another
until they reached their final destination. Computer networks could now be linked. Around
1982, several networks merged to form the Internet, but it was used mostly by academics and
technical experts. In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee created a computer language known as HTML and
a protocol known as HTTP that made it possible to send and receive documents through the
Internet. This was the beginning of the World Wide Web. The web consists of a series of
documents or sites that are linked together. Each has a specific location, called a URL or web
address. The web browser was developed shortly after. A browser is a piece of software that
recognizes HTML and the hyperlinks (references to other documents) within documents. When
a computer user clicks on a hyperlink, the browser connects to the computer storing that data
(the web server) and sends the data back to the user’s computer. The web and the web browser
allowed ordinary people to use the Internet. It holds billions of pages of information sent out
to billions of users around the world. The Internet has changed the world. We use it to chat with
family and friends, share information, run businesses, work from home, and keep in touch with
the world. When we can’t access the Internet, we feel disconnected.
1
DERS – 32
THE INTERNET
The Internet is made up of a large number of computer networks linked together by wires,
cables, and wireless connections. The networks are run by governments, universities, and
private businesses. The idea of linking computers to share information started in the United
States in the 1940s, mainly for defense purposes. By the 1970s, there were several computer
networks, but they were not linked. Then, in 1979, two Americans developed the Internet
Protocol (IP), which let packets of information be sent from one computer network to another
until they reached their final destination. Computer networks could now be linked. Around
1982, several networks merged to form the Internet, but it was used mostly by academics and
technical experts. In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee created a computer language known as HTML and
a protocol known as HTTP that made it possible to send and receive documents through the
Internet. This was the beginning of the World Wide Web. The web consists of a series of
documents or sites that are linked together. Each has a specific location, called a URL or web
address. The web browser was developed shortly after. A browser is a piece of software that
recognizes HTML and the hyperlinks (references to other documents) within documents. When
a computer user clicks on a hyperlink, the browser connects to the computer storing that data
(the web server) and sends the data back to the user’s computer. The web and the web browser
allowed ordinary people to use the Internet. It holds billions of pages of information sent out
to billions of users around the world. The Internet has changed the world. We use it to chat with
family and friends, share information, run businesses, work from home, and keep in touch with
the world. When we can’t access the Internet, we feel disconnected.
1
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WIND FARMS
Energy is essential in modern society. We use gasoline to power our cars and electricity to light
and warm our homes. But it is also possible to harness the power of the wind in order to create
energy. This is why we have wind farms. Wind farms are places where many wind turbines are
gathered together. A turbine is a machine that produces energy by rotating quickly. It can be
powered by wind, water, gas, or steam. Turbines need to be connected to generators, which
convert the mechanical power of the turbine into electricity. Although most people think of wind
energy as being a separate type of power, it is actually another form of solar energy. This is
because one of the factors necessary to create wind is the uneven heating of the sun through
the atmosphere. Using wind to create energy is becoming more popular because wind energy
is renewable. Unlike nuclear power plants, which can be harmful to the planet and also very
expensive to run, and oil, which is a limited resource, wind is both free and limitless. It is unlikely
the planet will run out of wind! Wind energy is therefore one of the more sustainable forms of
power. Currently, 3% of the United States’ electric power comes from wind. However, experts
are predicting that by 2030, that number will have grown to 20%. Indeed, as people become
more conscious about energy consumption, wind farms could become the power of the future!
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BARACK OBAMA
As a young child, Barack Obama was known as “Barry.” His mother was from Kansas, and
his father was from Kenya. Obama’s parents met at the University of Hawaii, but divorced
shortly after he was born. He spent a few years with his mother and stepfather in
Indonesia. At the age of ten, he moved back to Hawaii to live with his maternal grandparents.
After high school, Obama attended college in Los Angeles and New York City. He settled
in Chicago, Illinois, and began working as a community organizer. As a young graduate,
Barack Obama helped rebuild communities. In 1988, he attended Harvard Law School and
became the editor, and then the president, of the Harvard Law Review. In the summers, he
worked at a law firm where he met his wife, Michelle. The couple married in 1992 and had
two daughters, Malia and Natasha (Sasha). Obama’s political career took off in 1996 when
he was elected to the Illinois State Senate. His strong speaking skills helped him gain media
attention, and he was elected to the United States Senate in 2004. In 2008, with only four
years of national political experience, Obama ran for president and won. On January 20,
2009, at the age of 47, Barack Obama became the 44th president of the United States. This
was the first time an African American had ever become the leader of the United
States. From 2009 to 2012, Obama’s administration reformed the health care system and bailed
out the American auto industry. Supporters also credit Obama for the death of al Qaeda
leader Osama Bin Laden and for bringing troops home from Iraq and Afghanistan. When
addressing his nation in the 2012 campaign, President Obama admitted that the American
economy had not yet recovered. He still believed in his slogan “Yes We Can!” and asked
Americans to believe in him and vote for him again, which they did. At the beginning of
his second term, Obama faced one of his most difficult challenges. Twenty children and six
teachers were killed in a mass shooting at an elementary school in Connecticut. Despite
his goal of being a changemaker, Obama faced deadlocks on several issues, including gun control
legislation and immigration reform. At the end of his presidency, Obama identified the
Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) as his most important accomplishment. His successor,
Donald Trump, promised to erase Obama’s legacy as soon as he took over the presidency.
1
DERS – 35
BARACK OBAMA
As a young child, Barack Obama was known as “Barry.” His mother was from Kansas, and
his father was from Kenya. Obama’s parents met at the University of Hawaii, but divorced
shortly after he was born. He spent a few years with his mother and stepfather in
Indonesia. At the age of ten, he moved back to Hawaii to live with his maternal grandparents.
After high school, Obama attended college in Los Angeles and New York City. He settled
in Chicago, Illinois, and began working as a community organizer. As a young graduate,
Barack Obama helped rebuild communities. In 1988, he attended Harvard Law School and
became the editor, and then the president, of the Harvard Law Review. In the summers, he
worked at a law firm where he met his wife, Michelle. The couple married in 1992 and had
two daughters, Malia and Natasha (Sasha). Obama’s political career took off in 1996 when
he was elected to the Illinois State Senate. His strong speaking skills helped him gain media
attention, and he was elected to the United States Senate in 2004. In 2008, with only four
years of national political experience, Obama ran for president and won. On January 20,
2009, at the age of 47, Barack Obama became the 44th president of the United States. This
was the first time an African American had ever become the leader of the United
States. From 2009 to 2012, Obama’s administration reformed the health care system and bailed
out the American auto industry. Supporters also credit Obama for the death of al Qaeda
leader Osama Bin Laden and for bringing troops home from Iraq and Afghanistan. When
addressing his nation in the 2012 campaign, President Obama admitted that the American
economy had not yet recovered. He still believed in his slogan “Yes We Can!” and asked
Americans to believe in him and vote for him again, which they did. At the beginning of
his second term, Obama faced one of his most difficult challenges. Twenty children and six
teachers were killed in a mass shooting at an elementary school in Connecticut. Despite
his goal of being a changemaker, Obama faced deadlocks on several issues, including gun control
legislation and immigration reform. At the end of his presidency, Obama identified the
Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) as his most important accomplishment. His successor,
Donald Trump, promised to erase Obama’s legacy as soon as he took over the presidency.

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A. Simple Past and Past Participle B. Complete the Chart

Simple Past Simple Simple Past

1 work 1 know knew known

2 do did done 2 meet met met

3 eat ate eaten 3 be was/were been

4 call called called 4 fly flew flown

5 begin began begun 5 write wrote written

6 give gave given 6 read read read

8 see saw seen 8 fall fell fellen

9 have had had 9 feel felt felt

10 go went gone=been 10 take took taken

11 study 11 drive drove droven

12 teach taught taught 12 buy bought bought

13 make made made 13 danced

14 talk 14 tell told told

1. I met Barbara when we were in elementary school.

12. They have already finished all their homework.

14. Tommy have had a bad cold for two weeks.

A. Choose the Correct Word

8. I bought a newspaper today, but I still haven`t read it.

c 1. Has he finished university yet? a) No, he hasn’t. He’s still talking.

A. SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE A. CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD

1. worked, worked 8. saw, seen 1. hasn’t arrived 6. hasn’t bought

# Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle

1. have known 7. has written 13. has bought

Match the first part of the sentence on the left

had already

2. I didn’t recognize my old classmate because she had changed so much.

6. I couldn’t make dinner yesterday. When I got to the supermarket, it already .

9. They got to school late yesterday. The bell already .

14. I couldn’t get into my house last night because I my key.

Ex. I missed my plane. (airport / plane take off)

1. I missed the show. (theater / movie start)

2. I couldn’t get my prescription. (drugstore / close)

3. I couldn’t say goodbye to my friends. (call their house / they leave)

4. I didn’t get the job. (I apply / they hire someone else)

5. We couldn’t buy the house. (we see / someone else make an offer)

6. The house was destroyed. (the firemen arrive / house burn down)

9. I didn’t see the game. (I turn on TV / game finish)

Complete the negative sentences using the past perfect tense.

1. Joe had to study hard for yesterday’s test because .

2. I was worried when she didn’t arrive on time because .

3. Cala didn’t want to go on the school ski trip because .

4. I didn’t recognize Ellen at the party because .

5. Franco didn’t catch the bus because .

6. Andy ate a huge supper last night because .

7. The farmers’ fields were very dry because .

8. Roberta’s hair looked messy last night because .

9. Talitha was exhausted yesterday because .

10. I was so happy when I got to the theater because .

1. ...he hadn’t done well the week before.

Claudia, who is a retired principal, is two years older than my grandma.

Mia, who is the youngest daughter, lives in the United States.

Tessa, the daughter who works as a judge, lives in Germany.

Aunt Claudia, whose friends call her “Dia,” is 78 years old.

Claudia, who is a retired principal, is two years older than my grandma.

Mia, who is the youngest daughter, lives in the United States.

Tessa, the daughter who works as a judge, lives in Germany.

1. I met Barbara when we were in elementary school.

8. I bought a newspaper today, but I still haven`t read it.

together in one home. Maria, _(10) is ___(11) stepsister, is a twelve-year-old girl

2. The old woman has lived in this apartment since 1976.

5. My brother has watched TV for the past two hours.

10. My mother hasn’t spoken to me about my behavior yet.

1. he will have been waiting for two

2. rs. Cooper will has been traveling for weeks