Q1. (A) State What Is Meant by The Term Activation Energy of A Reaction

Kinetics
Q1. (a) State what is meant by the term activation energy of a reaction.
(1)
(b) State in general terms how a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
(2)
(c) The curve below shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies,
at a constant temperature, in a gas at the start of a reaction. On this diagram the
most probable molecular energy at this temperature is indicated by the symbol E mp
and the activation energy by the symbol E .a
Consider the following changes.
(i) The number of molecules is increased at constant temperature.
(ii) The temperature is decreased without changing the number of molecules.
(iii) A catalyst is introduced without changing the temperature or the number of

molecules.
For each of these changes state how, if at all, the following would vary:
• the value of the most probable energy, E mp
• the number of molecules with the most probable energy, E mp
• the area under the molecular energy distribution curve
• the number of molecules with energy greater than the activation energy, E a
(12)
(Total 15 marks)
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Kinetics

Q2. (a) Below is a Maxwell–Boltzmann curve showing the distribution of molecular

energies for a sample of gas at a temperature T.
(i) Label the axes on the diagram above.
(ii) What does the area under the curve represent?
.............................................................................................................
(iii) State why this curve starts at the origin.
.............................................................................................................
(4)
(b) (i) State what is meant by the term activation energy.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
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Kinetics
(ii) The rate of a chemical reaction may be increased by an increase in reactant
concentration, by an increase in temperature and by the addition of a catalyst.
State which, if any, of these changes involves a different activation energy.

Explain your answer.
Change(s) ...........................................................................................
Explanation .........................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 9 marks)
Q3. (a) Define the term activation energy for a reaction.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Give the meaning of the term catalyst.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Explain in general terms how a catalyst works.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) In an experiment, two moles of gas W reacted completely with solid Y to form one
mole of gas Z as shown in the equation below.
2W(g) + Y(s) → Z(g)
The graph below shows how the concentration of Z varied with time at constant
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Kinetics
temperature.
(i) On the axes above, sketch a curve to show how the concentration of W would
change with time in the same experiment. Label this curve W.
(ii) On the axes above, sketch a curve to show how the concentration of Z would
change with time if the reaction were to be repeated under the same
conditions but in the presence of a catalyst. Label this curve Z.
(iii) In terms of the behaviour of particles, explain why the rate of this reaction
decreases with time.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 12 marks)
Q4. The table below contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.

Substance C(s) N (g)
2 H O(g)
2 CO (g)2 NH NO (s)
4 3
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Kinetics
ΔH / kJ mol
f
–1 0 0 –242 –394 –365
(a) Why are the values of the standard enthalpy of formation for carbon and nitrogen
zero?
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) State Hess’s Law.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Use H data from the table to calculate a value for the enthalpy change for the
f
following reaction.
NH NO (s) +
4 3 C(s) → N (g) + 2H O(g) +
2 2 CO (g)
2
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q5. (a) A sample of a gas was sealed into a flask at temperature T and pressure P. The
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of energies for the molecules in this sample is
shown below.
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Kinetics
(i) Using the axes above, sketch the curve that you would expect if this sample of
gas at pressure P had been cooled. Label this curve X.
(ii) Using the axes above, sketch the curve that you would expect if another
sample of the same gas was sealed in the same flask at the original
temperature, T, but at a higher pressure. Label this curve Y.
(4)
(b) Gas A decomposes slowly to form gases B and C. An equilibrium is established as

shown by the following equation.
A(g) B(g) + C(g) ΔH is positive
(i) In terms of the behaviour of molecules, state what must happen before
molecules of A can react to form B and C.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the decomposition of A is faster at higher temperatures.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(4)
(c) The graphs below show how, starting from A alone, the concentration of A varies
with time at temperatures of 300 K and 320 K for the reversible reaction given in part
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Kinetics
(b).
(i) Suggest why, as shown on the graphs, the concentration of A remains

constant after a time.
.............................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why, at 320 K, the concentration of A falls to a lower value compared
with the reaction at 300 K.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q6. The diagram below represents a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curve for the
particles in a sample of a gas at a given temperature. The questions below refer to this
sample of particles.
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Kinetics
(a) Label the axes on the diagram.

(2)
(b) On the diagram draw a curve to show the distribution for this sample at a lower
temperature.
(2)
(c) In order for two particles to react they must collide. Explain why most collisions do
not result in a reaction.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) State one way in which the collision frequency between particles in a gas can be
increased without changing the temperature.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) Suggest why a small increase in temperature can lead to a large increase in the
reaction rate between colliding particles.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(f) Explain in general terms how a catalyst works.
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Kinetics
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q7. Gas G decomposes as shown in the equation below.
G(g) → X(g) + Y(g)
(a) Draw, on the axes below, a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curve for a sample of G
in which only a small proportion of molecules has energy greater than the activation
energy, E . a
(3)
(b) Define the term activation energy.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) At any time, most of the molecules of G have energy less than the activation energy.
Suggest why, at a constant temperature, most of G eventually decomposes.
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Kinetics
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) State the effect, if any, of adding a catalyst on the time required for G to
decompose, compared with a similar sample without a catalyst. Explain in general
terms how the catalyst has this effect.
Time for decomposition ...............................................................................
Explanation ..................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q8. The curve below shows how the volume of oxygen evolved varies with time when 50
cm of a 2.0 mol dm solution of hydrogen peroxide, H O , decomposes at 298 K.
3 –3
2 2
(a) State how you could use the curve to find the rate of reaction at point A.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
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Kinetics
(b) Sketch curves, on the above axes, to illustrate how the volume of oxygen evolved
would change with time if the experiment was repeated at 298 K using the following.
(i) 100 cm of a 1.0 mol dm solution of H O . Label this curve X.

3 –3
2 2
(ii) 25 cm of a 2.0 mol dm solution of H O in the presence of a catalyst.

3 –3
2 2
Label this curve Y.

(4)
(c) Hydrogen peroxide decomposes more rapidly in the presence of aqueous hydrogen
bromide. The decomposition proceeds as shown by the following equations.
H O + HBr → HBrO + H O

2 2 2
HBrO + H O → H O + O + HBr

2 2 2 2
(i) Write an equation for the overall reaction.
.............................................................................................................
(ii) Define the term catalyst.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(iii) Give two reasons, other than an increase in the reaction rate, why these
equations suggest that hydrogen bromide is behaving as a catalyst.
Reason 1 ............................................................................................
Reason 2 ............................................................................................
(5)
(Total 10 marks)
Q9. (a) Define the term activation energy for a chemical reaction.
(2)
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Kinetics
(b) Draw, with labelled axes, a curve to represent the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of
molecular energies in a gas. Label this curve T . On the same axes, draw a second
1
curve to represent the same sample of gas at a lower temperature. Label this curve
T.
2
Use these curves to explain why a small decrease in temperature can lead to a
large decrease in the rate of a reaction.
(8)
(c) Give one reason why most collisions between gas-phase reactants do not lead to a
reaction. State and explain two ways of speeding up a gas-phase reaction other
than by changing the temperature.
(5)
(Total 15 marks)
Q10. The gas-phase reaction between hydrogen and chlorine is very slow at room
temperature.
H (g) + Cl (g) → 2HCl(g)

2 2
(a) Define the term activation energy.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Give one reason why the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine is very slow at
room temperature.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Explain why an increase in pressure, at constant temperature, increases the rate of
reaction between hydrogen and chlorine.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
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Kinetics
(2)
(d) Explain why a small increase in temperature can lead to a large increase in the rate
of reaction between hydrogen and chlorine.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) Give the meaning of the term catalyst.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(f) Suggest one reason why a solid catalyst for a gas-phase reaction is often in the
form of a powder.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q11. The diagram below shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies
in a sample of a gas.
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Kinetics
(a) (i) State which one of X, Y or Z best represents the mean energy of the
molecules.
.............................................................................................................
(ii) Explain the process that causes some molecules in this sample to have very
low energies.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(b) On the diagram above, sketch a curve to show the distribution of molecular energies
in the same sample of gas at a higher temperature.
(2)
(c) (i) Explain why, even in a fast reaction, a very small percentage of collisions
leads to a reaction.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) Other than by changing the temperature, state how the proportion of
successful collisions between molecules can be increased. Explain why this
method causes an increase in the proportion of successful collisions.
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Kinetics
Method for increasing the proportion of successful collisions ............
.............................................................................................................
Explanation ….....................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
Q12. Kinetic studies enable chemists to suggest mechanisms for reactions.
(a) The following data were obtained in a series of experiments on the rate of the
reaction between compounds A and B at a constant temperature.

Experiment Initial concentration of Initial concentration of Initial rate/
A/mol dm –3
B/mol dm –3
mol dm s –3 –1
1 0.12 0.15 0.32 × 10 –3
2 0.36 0.15 2.88 × 10 –3
3 0.72 0.30 11.52 × 10 –3
(i) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to A.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to B.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The following data were obtained in a series of experiments on the rate of the
reaction between NO and O at a constant temperature.
2
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Kinetics
Experiment Initial concentration of Initial concentration of Initial rate/

NO/mol dm –3
O /mol dm
2
–3
mol dm s –3 –1
4 5.0 × 10 –2
2.0 × 10 –2
6.5 × 10 –4
5 6.5 × 10 –2
3.4 × 10 –2
To be calculated
The rate equation for this reaction is
rate = k[NO] [O ] 2
2
(i) Use the data from Experiment 4 to calculate a value for the rate constant, k, at
this temperature, and state its units.
Value of k ............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
Units of k .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate a value for the initial rate in Experiment 5.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(iii) Using the rate equation, a scientist suggested a mechanism for the reaction
which consisted of the two steps shown below.
Step 1 NO + NO → N O 2 2
Step 2 N O + O → 2NO

2 2 2 2
Which did the scientist suggest was the rate–determining step?
.............................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 7 marks)
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Kinetics
Q13. The diagram below shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve for a
sample of gas at a fixed temperature. Ea is the activation energy for the decomposition of
this gas.
(a) On this diagram sketch the distribution curve for the same sample of gas at a higher
temperature.
(3)
(b) (i) What is the effect of an increase in temperature on the rate of a chemical
reaction?
Explain your answer with reference to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution.
Effect ..................................................................................................
Explanation .........................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) What is the effect of the addition of a catalyst on the rate of a chemical
reaction?
Explain your answer with reference to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution.
Effect .................................................................................................
Explanation ........................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 9 marks)
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Kinetics
Q14. Sodium thiosulfate solution (Na S O ) reacts slowly with dilute hydrochloric acid to
2 2 3
form a precipitate. The rate of this reaction can be studied by measuring the time (t) that it
takes for a small fixed amount of precipitate to form under different conditions. The fixed
amount of precipitate is taken as the amount needed to obscure a cross on paper.
The equation for this reaction is shown below.
Na S O + 2HCl →2NaCl + S + SO + H O
2 2 3 2 2
(a) Identify the insoluble product of this reaction which forms the precipitate.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) When this reaction takes place, the collision between the reacting particles requires
an activation energy. State what is meant by the term activation energy.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) In terms of particles, explain why, at a fixed temperature, you might expect the rate
of this reaction to double when the concentration of sodium thiosulfate is doubled
and the concentration of hydrochloric acid remains the same.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) (i) State what is meant by the term rate of reaction.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
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Kinetics
(ii) Consider the description of the way in which this experiment is carried out.
Use your understanding of the term rate of reaction to explain why it is
possible to use a simplified formula as a measure of the rate of this

reaction.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q15. The method of extraction of zinc has changed as different ores containing the
element have been discovered and as technology has improved.
Extraction process 1
In the earliest process, calamine (impure zinc carbonate) was heated with charcoal in
earthenware pots. This two-stage process gave a low yield of zinc.
ZnCO (s) → ZnO(s) + CO (g)

3 2
ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)
Deposits of calamine were being used up and a new two-stage process was developed
using zinc sulfide ores. All of the waste gases from this process were released into the
atmosphere.
2ZnS(s) + 3O (g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO (g)

2 2
ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)
The modern process uses the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of very pure zinc sulfate.
The first step in this process is the same as the first step in Extraction process 2. The
second step uses sulfuric acid made from the SO collected in the first step. The third step
2
involves the electrolysis of zinc sulfate solution to form pure zinc.
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Kinetics
2ZnS(s) + 3O (g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO (g)
2 2
ZnO(s) + H SO (aq) → ZnSO (aq) + H O(l)

2 4 4 2
ZnSO (aq)4 Zn(s)
(a) In the first stage of Extraction process 1 the following equilibrium is established
when zinc carbonate is heated in a closed container.
ZnCO (s) 3 ZnO(s) + CO (g) 2
Use Le Chatelier’s principle to suggest and explain the effect on the yield of zinc
oxide of allowing the carbon dioxide to escape from the container.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) State and explain one environmental reason why Extraction process 3 is an
improvement over Extraction process 2.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Give one reason why Extraction process 3 is an expensive method of making zinc
but one which is justified in terms of the product formed.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
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Kinetics
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Deduce the half-equation for the formation of zinc from zinc ions during the
electrolysis of zinc sulfate solution and identify the electrode at which this reaction
occurs.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) Identify one reaction from the three extraction processes that is not a redox reaction
and state the type of reaction that it is. In terms of redox, state what happens to the
carbon in Extraction process 2.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(f) Zinc and magnesium both react with steam in a similar way. Write an equation for
the reaction of zinc with steam and name the products of this reaction.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
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Kinetics

Q16. A scientist used mass spectrometry to analyse a sample of the air near a fertiliser
factory. The sample of air included traces of a gas which was shown by its molecular ion
to have a precise M = 44.00105 r
(a) State the meaning of the term molecular ion.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) (i) Use the following data to show that the trace gas was dinitrogen oxide (N O). 2
Show your working.

Atom Precise relative atomic mass
12
C 12.00000
14
N 14.00307
16
O 15.99491
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Propane is used as a fuel in the fertiliser factory. State why both propane and
its combustion product, carbon dioxide, might have been identified as the
trace gas if the scientist had used relative molecular masses calculated to one
decimal place.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) State why the precise relative atomic mass for the C isotope is exactly 12
12.00000
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Kinetics
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Dinitrogen oxide is formed when ammonia is oxidised according to the following
equation.
2NH (g) + 2O (g) → N O(g) + 3H O(l)

3 2 2 2
(i) Use the standard enthalpies of formation in the table below to calculate a
value for the standard enthalpy change of this reaction.

NH (g)
3 O (g)
2 N O(g)
2 H O(l)
2
ΔH ο/ kJ mol
f
–1
–46 0 +82 –286
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) State one condition necessary for enthalpies of formation to be quoted as

standard values at a specified temperature of 298 K.
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q17. An equation for the equilibrium reaction between hydrogen, iodine and hydrogen
iodide is shown below.
H (g) + I (g)
2 2 2HI(g)
(a) The curve in the diagram below illustrates the reaction profile for this equilibrium
reaction without a catalyst.
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Kinetics
(i) Draw on the diagram a curve to illustrate the reaction profile for this
equilibrium reaction with a catalyst.
(2)
(ii) Use the diagram to deduce whether the formation of hydrogen iodide from
hydrogen and iodine is exothermic or endothermic.
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) State what the diagram suggests about the sum of the bond enthalpies for the
reactant molecules compared with the product molecules.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) In terms of p and q, identify the following for this equilibrium without a catalyst.
A value for the activation energy for the forward reaction ..................
A value for the overall enthalpy change for the forward reaction
.............................................................................................................
(2)
(b) A mixture of H (g) and I (g) was allowed to reach equilibrium.

2 2
(i) State the effect of a catalyst on the rate of attainment of this equilibrium.
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Kinetics
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State and explain the effect of an increase in total pressure on the rate of
attainment of this equilibrium.
Effect of an increase in pressure on rate ..........................................
Explanation ........................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q18. The diagram below shows a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for a sample of gas at a
fixed temperature.
E is the activation energy for the decomposition of this gas.
a
(a) (i) On this diagram, sketch the distribution for the same sample of gas at a higher
temperature.
(2)
(ii) With reference to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, explain why an increase

in temperature increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
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Kinetics
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Dinitrogen oxide (N O) is used as a rocket fuel. The data in the table below show
2
how the activation energy for the decomposition of dinitrogen oxide differs with
different catalysts.
2N O(g)
2 2N (g) + O (g)
2 2

Ea / kJ mol –1
Without a catalyst 245
With a gold catalyst 121
With an iron catalyst 116
With a platinum catalyst 136
(i) Use the data in the table to deduce which is the most effective catalyst for this
decomposition.
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
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Kinetics
Q19. (a) In the presence of the catalyst rhodium, the reaction between NO and H 2
occurs according to the following equation.
2NO(g) + 2H (g) 2 N (g) + 2H O(g)

2 2
The kinetics of the reaction were investigated and the rate equation was found to be
rate = k[NO] [H ] 2
2
The initial rate of reaction was 6.2 × 10 mol dm s when the initial concentration of
–6 –3 –1
NO was 2.9 × 10 mol dm and the initial concentration of H was 2.3× 10 mol dm .
–2 –3
2
–2 –3
(i) Calculate the value of the rate constant under these conditions and give its
units.
Calculation ..........................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
Units ....................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) Calculate the initial rate of reaction if the experiment is repeated under the
same conditions but with the concentrations of NO and of H both doubled 2
from their original values.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Using the rate equation and the overall equation, the following three-step
mechanism for the reaction was suggested. X and Y are intermediate species.
Step 1 NO + NO X
Step 2 X + H 2 Y
Step 3 Y + H 2 N + 2H O

2 2
Suggest which one of the three steps is the rate-determining step.
Rate-determining step..................................................................................
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Kinetics
Explanation ..................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(Extra space) ...............................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q20. This question is about the extraction of titanium from titanium(IV) oxide by a two-
stage
process.
The first stage in the process produces titanium(IV) chloride. In the second stage,
titanium(IV) chloride is converted into titanium.
The enthalpy change for the second stage can be determined using Hess’s Law.
(a) Give one reason why titanium is not extracted directly from titanium(IV) oxide using
carbon.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Give the meaning of the term enthalpy change.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) State Hess’s Law.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(1)
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Kinetics
(d) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(3)
(e) The following standard enthalpy of formation data refer to the second stage in the
extraction of titanium.

TiCl (g)
4 Na(I) NaCl(s) Ti(s)
ΔH / kJ mol
f
ο –1
–720 +3 –411 0
(i) State why the value for the standard enthalpy of formation of Na(I) is not zero.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Use data from the table to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy change
of the following reaction.
TiCl (g) + 4Na(I)

4 4NaCl(s) + Ti(s)
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
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Kinetics
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(iii) State the role of sodium in this reaction.
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
Q21. The rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by the size of the activation energy.
Catalysts are used to increase the rates of chemical reactions but are not used up in the
reactions.
(a) Give the meaning of the term activation energy.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) The diagram below shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular

energies, at a constant temperature, in a gas at the start of a reaction.
On this diagram the most probable molecular energy at this temperature is shown
by the symbol E mp
The activation energy is shown by the symbol E a
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Kinetics
To answer the questions (c)(i) to (c)(iv), you should use the words increases,
decreases or stays the same. You may use each of these answers once, more
than once or not at all.
(i) State how, if at all, the value of the most probable energy (E ) changes mp
as the total number of molecules is increased at constant temperature.
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State how, if at all, the number of molecules with the most probable energy
(E ) changes as the temperature is decreased without changing the total
mp
number of molecules.
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) State how, if at all, the number of molecules with energy greater than the
activation energy (E ) changes as the temperature is increased without c
a
hanging the total number of molecules.
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) State how, if at all, the area under the molecular energy distribution curve
changes as a catalyst is introduced without changing the temperature or the
total number of molecules.
.............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 31
Kinetics
(d) For each of the following reactions, identify a catalyst and name the organic product
of the reaction.
(i) The fermentation of an aqueous solution of glucose.
Catalyst ..............................................................................................
Name of organic product ....................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) The hydration of but-2-ene.
Catalyst ..............................................................................................
Name of organic product ....................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
Q22.At high temperatures and in the presence of a catalyst, sulfur trioxide decomposes
according to the following equation.
2SO (g)
3 2SO (g)
2 + O (g)
2 ∆H = +196 kJ mol
ϴ –1
(a) In an experiment, 8.0mol of sulfur trioxide were placed in a container of volume 12.0
dm and allowed to come to equilibrium.
3
At temperature T there were 1.4 mol of oxygen in the equilibrium mixture.

1
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of sulfur trioxide and of sulfur dioxide in the
equilibrium mixture.
Amount of sulfur trioxide .......................................................................
Amount of sulfur dioxide ........................................................................

(2)
(ii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K , for this equilibrium. c
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 32
Kinetics
(iii) Deduce the units of K for this equilibrium.

c
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) Calculate a value of K for this equilibrium at temperature T

c 1
(If you were unable to complete the calculations in part (a)(i) you should
assume that the amount of sulfur trioxide in the equilibrium mixture was 5.8
mol and the amount of sulfur dioxide was 2.1 mol. These are not the correct
values.)
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(Extra space) ........................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
(b) The experiment was repeated at the same temperature using the same amount of
sulfur trioxide but in a larger container.
State the effect, if any, of this change on:
(i) the amount, in moles, of oxygen in the new equilibrium mixture
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) the value of K c
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 33
Kinetics
(c) The experiment was repeated in the original container but at temperature T 2
The value of K was smaller than the value at temperature T

c 1
State which is the higher temperature, T or T 1 2
Higher temperature ........................................................................................
Explanation ....................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(Extra space) .................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Q23.The initial rate of the reaction between two gases P and Q was measured in a series of
experiments at a constant temperature. The following rate equation was determined.
rate = k[P] [Q] 2
(a) Complete the table of data below for the reaction between P and Q.

Experiment Initial [P] /mol dm –3
Initial [Q] /mol dm –3
Initial rate /mol dm s –3 –1
1 0.20 0.30 1.8 = 10 –3
2 0.40 0.60
3 0.60 5.4 = 10 –3
4 0.90 12.2 = 10 –3
(Space for working) .......................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Page 34
Kinetics
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Use the data from Experiment 1 to calculate a value for the rate constant k and
deduce its units.
Calculation .....................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Units ...............................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Consider the graphs E, F, G and H below.
Write in the box below the letter of the graph that shows how the rate constant k
varies with temperature.
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 35
Kinetics
Q24.The diagram shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies in a gas at
two different temperatures.
(a) One of the axes is labelled. Complete the diagram by labelling the other axis.
(1)
(b) State the effect, if any, of a solid catalyst on the shape of either of these
distributions.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) In the box, write the letter, V, W, X or Y, that represents the most probable energy of
the molecules at the lower temperature.

(1)
(d) Explain what must happen for a reaction to occur between molecules of two
different gases.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 36
Kinetics
(e) Explain why a small increase in temperature has a large effect on the initial rate of a
reaction.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q25.Gases P and Q react as shown in the following equation.

2P(g) + 2Q(g) R(g) + S(g)
The initial rate of the reaction was measured in a series of experiments at a constant
temperature. The following rate equation was determined.
rate = k[P] [Q] 2
(a) Complete the table of data for the reaction between P and Q.

Experiment Initial [P] / mol dm –3
Initial [Q] / mol dm –3
Initial rate / mol dm s –3 –1
1 2.5 × 10 –2
1.8 × 10 –2
5.0 × 10 –5
2 7.5 × 10 –2
1.8 × 10 –2

3 5.0 × 10 –2
5.0 × 10 –5
4 5.4 × 10 –2
4.5 × 10 –4
(Space for working) .......................................................................................
Page 37
Kinetics
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Use the data from Experiment 1 to calculate a value for the rate constant (k) at this
temperature. Deduce the units of k.
Calculation .....................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Units ...............................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q26.The manufacture of food grade phosphoric acid for use in cola drinks begins with the
production of pure white phosphorus from the mineral fluoroapatite, Ca F(PO ) 5 4 3
(a) Complete the following equation for the manufacture of phosphorus.
....Ca F(PO ) + 9SiO + ....C

5 4 3 2 9CaSiO + CaF + ....CO + ....P
3 2
(1)
(b) As the phosphorus cools, it forms white phosphorus, P 4
Give the oxidation state of phosphorus in each of the following.
P .............................................................
4
H PO ......................................................
3 4
(2)
Page 38
Kinetics
(c) Fertiliser grade phosphoric acid is manufactured from sulfuric acid and calcium
phosphate.
Use the following precise relative atomic mass data to show how mass spectrometry
can be used to distinguish between pure sulfuric acid (H SO ) and pure phosphoric 2 4
acid (H PO ) which both have M = 98 to two significant figures.

3 4 r

Atom Precise relative atomic mass
1
H 1.00794
16
O 15.99491
31
P 30.97376
32
S 32.06550
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) Concentrated phosphoric acid is used as a catalyst in the hydration of propene to

form the alcohol CH CH(OH)CH as the main organic product.
3 3
The industrial name for this alcohol is isopropyl alcohol.
(i) State the meaning of the term catalyst.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(Extra space) ........................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State the meaning of the term hydration.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Page 39
Kinetics
(Extra space) ........................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Write an equation for the hydration of propene to form isopropyl alcohol.
Give the IUPAC name for isopropyl alcohol.
Equation ................................................................................................
IUPAC name ..........................................................................................

(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q27.A student carried out an experiment to determine the rate of decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide into water and oxygen gas.
The student used 100 cm of a 1.0 mol dm solution of hydrogen peroxide at 298K and
3 –3
measured the volume of oxygen collected.

Curve R, in each of Figures 1, 2 and 3, shows how the total volume of oxygen collected
changed with time under these conditions.
(a) Draw a curve on Figure 1 to show how the total volume of oxygen collected will
change with time if the experiment is repeated at 298 K using 100 cm of a 2.0 mol 3
dm solution of hydrogen peroxide.

–3
Figure 1
(2)
Page 40
Kinetics
(b) Draw a curve on Figure 2 to show how the total volume of oxygen collected will
change with time if the experiment is repeated at 298 K using 100 cm of a 0.4 mol 3
dm solution of hydrogen peroxide.

–3
Figure 2
(2)
(c) Draw a curve on Figure 3 to show how the total volume of oxygen collected will
change with time if the original experiment is repeated at a temperature higher than
298 K.
You should assume that the gas is collected at a temperature of 298 K.
Figure 3
(2)
(d) Explain why the slope (gradient) of curve R decreases as time increases.
........................................................................................................................
Page 41
Kinetics
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(Extra space) .................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) The student discovered that hydrogen peroxide decomposes at a faster rate when a
few drops of aqueous hydrogen bromide are added to the solution.
The student found on the Internet that this decomposition is thought to proceed in
two steps as shown by the following equations.

Step 1 HO 2 2 + HBr HBrO + HO 2
Step 2 HBrO + HO 2 2 HO2 + O 2 + HBr
(i) Write an equation for the overall reaction.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Give one reason, other than the increase in rate of reaction, why the student
was able to deduce that hydrogen bromide behaves as a catalyst in this two-
step reaction.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q28.A study of equilibrium is important for understanding chemical reactions.
Page 42
Kinetics
(a) State le Chatelier’s principle.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(Extra space) .................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Catalysts play an important role in many reactions.
(i) State the meaning of the term catalyst.

Explain, in general terms, how catalysts work.
Meaning of the term catalyst .................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
How catalysts work ..............................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
(Extra space) ........................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(ii) State the effect, if any, of a catalyst on the time taken to reach equilibrium.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) State the effect, if any, of a catalyst on the position of an equilibrium.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 43
Kinetics
(c) Consider the following equilibrium reactions.
ΔH / kJ mol
ᶿ −1

P H (g) + l (g)
2 2 2Hl(g) −10

Q CO (g) + 3H (g)
2 2 CH OH(g) + H O(g)
3 2 −49

R N O (g)
2 4 2NO (g)2 +58

S N (g) + 3H (g)
2 2 2NH (g)3 −92

T C H (g) + H O(g)
2 4 2 CH CH OH(g)
3 2 −42
In each of parts (c)(i) to (c)(v), you should record in the box one of the letters, P, Q,
R, S or T, that corresponds to the equilibrium that best fits the information provided.
You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all.
(i) A decrease in temperature at constant pressure shifts the position of this

equilibrium from right to left.

(1)
(ii) This equilibrium uses concentrated phosphoric acid as a catalyst in a hydration

reaction.

(1)
(iii) A decrease in pressure at constant temperature shifts the position of this

equilibrium from left to right.

(1)
(iv) There is no change in the position of this equilibrium when the pressure is

increased at constant temperature.
Page 44
Kinetics

(1)
(v) An increase in the concentration of steam at constant temperature and

constant pressure shifts the position of this equilibrium from right to left.

(1)
(Total 11 marks)
Q29.(a) Figure 1 shows the volume of hydrogen gas collected when a sample of magnesium
reacted with an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid.
The rate of this reaction can be studied by measuring the time it takes for a given
volume of hydrogen to be collected.
Figure 1
Time / s
(i) State the meaning of the term rate of reaction.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 45
Kinetics
(ii) State and explain what has happened to the rate of this reaction at point W in
Figure 1.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) In terms of collision theory explain why, at a fixed temperature, the rate of this
reaction doubles when the concentration of the hydrochloric acid doubles.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(b) In a study of the reaction in part (a), a student referred to activation energy.
(i) State the meaning of the term activation energy.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Complete Figure 2 by drawing the shape of the reaction profile from reactants
to products for an exothermic reaction.
Show the position of the products. Show and label the activation energy.
Figure 2
Page 46
Kinetics
(2)
(c) Barium metal reacts very quickly with dilute hydrochloric acid, but it reacts more
slowly with water.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction of barium with water.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) A solution containing barium ions can be used to show the presence of sulfate
ions in an aqueous solution of sodium sulfate.
Write the simplest ionic equation for the reaction that occurs and state what
is observed.
Simplest ionic equation
...............................................................................................................
Observation
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) State one use of barium sulfate in medicine.

Explain why this use is possible, given that solutions containing barium ions
are poisonous.
Use .......................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Page 47
Kinetics
Explanation ............................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
Q30.The diagram shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for a sample of gas at a fixed
temperature.
Ea is the activation energy for the decomposition of this gas.
Energy Ea
Emp is the most probable value for the energy of the molecules.
(a) On the appropriate axis of this diagram, mark the value of E for this distribution. mp
On this diagram, sketch a new distribution for the same sample of gas at a lower
temperature.
(3)
(b) With reference to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, explain why a decrease in

temperature decreases the rate of decomposition of this gas.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Page 48
Kinetics
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 49
Kinetics

M1. (a) Activation energy;-

The minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur / start (1)
1
(b) Catalyst effect:-

Alternative route (or more molecules have Ea) (1)
Lower activation energy (1)
2
(c) Increase in moles of gas:-

Position of E unchanged (1)
mp
More molecules with E (1)

mp
Area under curve increases (1)

Molecules with E E increased (1)
a
Temperature decreased:-
Position of E moves to the left (1)
mp
More molecules with E (1)

mp
Area under curve unchanged (1)

Molecules with E E decreased (1)
a
Catalyst introduced:-
Position of E unchanged (1)
mp
Molecules with E unchanged (1)

mp
Area under curve unchanged (1)

Molecules with E E increased (1)
a
12
[15]
M2. (a) (i)
Page 50
Kinetics
(ii) The total number of particles (or molecules) in the sample

OR the number of molecules present
(iii) No molecules have no energy

OR all molecules have some energy
Do not allow “if there are no molecules there is no energy”
4
(b) (i) The minimum energy required (1)
for a reaction to occur (1)

OR to start reaction or for a successful collision
(ii) Changes: Catalyst (1)
Explanation: Alternative route (1), with a lower activation energy (1)

OR a lower activation energy (1)
so more molecules can react (1)/more molecules have this
energy
If change incorrect CE = 0
Allow answers anywhere in b (ii)
5
[9]
Page 51
Kinetics

M3. (a) minimum energy (1)

required before a reaction can occur or go or start (1)
2
(b) speeds up (changes) reaction rate (1)

without being (chemically) changed (used up) (1)
2
(c) provides alternative reaction route (1)

with a lower activation energy (1)
in (b) and (c) reward 4 marks for 4 points wherever found
2
(d) (i)
(ii)
(iii) fewer collisions (1)

W used up (1)
Page 52
Kinetics
or reactants
or reagents
or fewer particles
6
[12]
M4. (a) They are elements (1)

Ignore irrelevant comments
1
(b) Enthalpy change (1)

or heat energy change or heat change or ΔH or any named
enthalpy change C.E. if change not mentioned
Independent of route (1)

OR depends on initial and final states
Only give second mark if first mark awarded except allow if
energy used instead of enthalpy
2
(c) ΔH = ΣΔH (products) - ΣΔH (reactants) (1) (Or a cycle)

f f
= 2 × –242 + ½ × –394 – (–365) (1) (also implies first mark)

= -316 kJ mol (1) –1
3
Ignore no units penalise wrong units
+316 scores 1/3
[6]
M5. (a) (i) (ii)

4
Page 53
Kinetics
(b) (i) collide (1)

with sufficient energy (or E E ) (1) (or with correct orientation)
a
(ii) molecules (or particles) have more energy (or move faster) (1)
more molecules (or collisions) have E ≥ E (or sufficient energy) (1)
a
(c) (i) equilibrium reached (1)

(or rate forward reaction = rate backward)
(ii) Reaction is endothermic (1)

or ΔH +ve
or reverse reaction is exothermic
endothermic reaction favoured (1)

(or reaction shifts to R
or moves forward
or more products formed)
3
[11]
M6. (a)
Page 54
Kinetics
(b) See above

2
(c) Energy < E or must have enough energy (to react) (1)
a
(d) Increase concentration (or pressure) (1)

1
(e) Many (1) more molecules have E > E / enough energy (1)
a
NOT KE increases with T

2
(f) Lowers E (1)

a
alternative route (1)

2
[10]
M7. (a) Graph starts at origin

1
Graph skewed to left and has decreasing gradient to maximum

1
Graph after maximum decreases in steepness, never
Page 55
Kinetics
touches x axis, levels out less than 5 mm from x axis.
1
(b) Minimum energy

1
To start a reaction (or for a reaction to occur)

1
(c) Molecules gain energy (or always some molecules have E > E ) a
Due to collisions

1
(d) Decreases
1
E lowered (1)
a
By alternative route (1)

So more molecules have energy > E (1) a
max 2
[10]
M8. (a) Gradient (or slope) (or draw a tangent)

1
(b) (i) Curve X is lower and starts at origin

1
And levels out at same volume as original curve

1
(ii) Curve Y is steeper than original and starts at origin

1
Then levels out at half the volume of the original

1
Page 56
Kinetics
(c) (i) 2H O → 2H O + O
2 2 2 2
(ii) Speeds up (alters the rate of) a chemical reaction

1
Remains unchanged (or not used up)

1
(iii) Remains unchanged (or not used up or not in the

overall reaction equation)
1
Offers alternative reaction route (or acts as an intermediate)

1
[10]
M9. (a) the minimum energy;

1
Energy required for a reaction to occur;

(or to start a reaction or for successful collisions)
1
(b) axes labelled:- y: number (or fraction or %) of molecules (or particles)

x: energy (or KE);
1
curve starts at origin;

1
skewed to right;
1
approaches x axis as an asymptote;

(penalise a curve that levels off > 10% of max peak height or
a curve that crosses the energy axis)
1
second curve displaced to the left (and does not cross T curve1
for a second time)

1
and peak higher;

1
Page 57
Kinetics
many fewer molecules;
1
fewer molecules have E > E ;

a
(can score this mark from suitably marked curves)

1
(c) molecules (or particles or collisions) do not have enough energy;

(or orientation may be wrong)
1
increase the pressure;

1
(or increase the concentration or reduce the volume)

increases the collision frequency;
(or more collisions)
(do not allow if stated to be due to increase in energy implied
by temperature increase)
1
add a catalyst;

1
lowers activation energy (or E ) (Q of L mark);

a
1
[15]
M10. (a) minimum energy

1
to start a reaction/ for a reaction to occur/ for a successful collision

1
(b) activation energy is high / few molecules/particles have sufficient

energy to react/few molecules/particles have the required
activation energy
(or breaking bonds needs much energy)
1
(c) molecules are closer together/ more particles in a given volume

1
therefore collide more often

1
Page 58
Kinetics
(d) many
1
more molecules have energy greater than activation energy (QoL)

1
(e) speeds up a reaction but is chemically unchanged at the end

1
(f) increases the surface area

1
[9]
M11. (a) (i) Z (1)

1
(ii) Collisions (1)
Cause some molecules to slow down or lose energy (1)

2
(b) Curve starts at origin and is displaced to the right (1)
Curve lower and does not touch energy axis (1)

2
(c) (i) Only a small percentage/very few collisions have E >E (1)
a
(ii) Add a catalyst (1)
Lowers E (1)a
More collisions/molecules have energy > E (1)

a
3
[9]
Page 59
Kinetics
M12. (a) (i) 2
1
(ii) 0
1
(b) (i) rate/[NO ] [O ] 2

2
2
13
1
mol dm –3
(ii) 1.9 × 10 –3
(iii) Step 2
1
[7]
M13. (a) Peak lower

1
and moved to right
1
start at the origin and curve crosses once only
1
(b) (i) (Rate of reaction) increases

1
(At a higher temperature) more molecules/particles

1
have the minimum energy needed to react/have activation

energy/have successful collisions
Mark CE if incorrect effect given
1
Page 60
Kinetics
(ii) (Rate of reaction) increases 1
lowers activation energy 1
so that more molecules are able to react 1

Mark CE if incorrect effect given
[9]
M14. (a) Sulfur OR S OR S 8
Sulphur
1
(b) M1 The activation energy is the minimum / least / lowest

Mark these independently
1
M2 Energy for a reaction to occur / to go / to start

OR
Energy for a successful / effective collision
1
(c) Explanation:
M1 Twice as many / double number of particles
M1 NOT molecules
1
M2 More / twice / double (effective) collisions (in a given time)
OR
Double / greater / increased collision frequency
1
(d) (i) (Measured) change in concentration (of a substance) in unit time

/ given time
May be written mathematically
OR the gradient of the concentration (against) time
1
(ii) The measured change / amount (of precipitate) / cloudiness is
Page 61
Kinetics
fixed or constant or unchanged
1
[7]
M15. (a) M1 The yield of zinc oxide increases/greater

If M1 is given as “decrease” OR “no effect” then CE= 0
M2 Removal of the carbon dioxide results in the equilibrium

Either
Shifting/moving/goes to the right
shifting/moving/goes L to R
favours the forward reaction/towards the products
M3 (By Le Chatelier’s principle) the reaction/equilibrium will

respond so as to replace the CO /lost product
2
OR to make more CO 2
OR to increase concentration of CO 2
For M3, not simply “to oppose the change/to oppose the loss
of CO /to oppose the removal of carbon dioxide.”
2
(b) M1 Process 2 produces/releases SO 2
OR Process 2 produces/releases CO
M2 It/Process 3 avoids the release of SO OR CO2
OR It/Process 3 (captures and) converts SO to H SO

2 2 4
M3 SO causes acid rain OR is toxic/poisonous

2
OR CO is toxic/poisonous
3
Ignore “global warming” and “greenhouse gases” and “the
ozone layer”
If both CO and SO claimed to form acid rain, treat as
2
contradiction
(c) M1 Process 3 (is expensive because it) uses electrolysis

OR due to high electricity/electrical consumption
M2 this is justified because the product/zinc is pure

Ignore “energy”
Penalise “purer”
2
Page 62
Kinetics
(d) M1 Zn + 2e
2+ –
Zn
Ignore state symbols
M2 the negative electrode OR the cathode

Ignore absence of negative charge on electron
Accept electrons subtracted from RHS
2
(e) M1 The reaction of ZnO with sulfuric acid

OR the second reaction in Extraction process 3
M2 neutralisation or acid-base
OR alternatively
M1 The reaction of zinc carbonate in Extraction process 1

M1 could be the equation written out in both cases
M2 (thermal) decomposition

M2 depends on correct M1
M3 It/carbon is oxidised/gains oxygen/changes oxidation state/number

from 0 to +2/increase in oxidation state/number in Process 2
Do not forget to award this mark
Ignore reference to electron loss but penalise electron gain
Ignore “carbon is a reducing agent”
3
(f) M1 Zn + H O
2 ZnO + H 2
M2 Zinc oxide and hydrogen
OR as an alternative
M1 Zn + 2H O 2 Zn(OH) + H
2 2
M2 Zinc hydroxide and hydrogen

Mark independently
If ZnO is given for zinc oxide in the equation, penalise M1
2
and mark on
If ZnOH is given for zinc hydroxide in the equation, penalise
M1 and mark on
Credit multiples of the equation
If M1 is blank, either of the M2 answers could score
To gain both marks, the names must match the correct
Page 63
Kinetics
equation given.
2
[15]
M16. (a) The molecular ion is
• The molecule with one/an electron knocked off/lost

Ignore the highest or biggest m/z peak
OR
• The molecule with a (single) positive charge
OR
• the ion with/it has the largest/highest/biggest m/z (value/ratio)

Ignore “the peak to the right”
OR
• the ion with/it has an m/z equal to the M r
Ignore “compound”
1
(b) (i) 2(14.00307) + 15.99491 = 44.00105

A sum is needed to show this
1
(ii) Propane/C H and carbon dioxide/CO (and N O) or

3 8 2 2
they or both the gases/molecules or all three gases/molecules

have an (imprecise) M of 44.0 (OR 44)
r
OR
they have the same M or molecular mass (to one d.p)

r
This could be shown in a calculation of relative masses for

propane and carbon dioxide
1
(iii) By definition
Page 64
Kinetics
OR
The standard/reference (value/isotope)

Ignore “element”
Ignore “atom”
1
(c) (i) M1 (could be scored by a correct mathematical expression)
ΔH = ΣΔH products – ΣΔH reactants
OR a correct cycle of balanced equations
M1 and M2 can be scored with correct moles as follows

ΔH + 2(– 46) = +82 + 3(– 286)
ΔH – 92 = – 776
ΔH = 92 – 776 OR 92 + 82 – 858
M3
ΔH = – 684 (kJ mol ) (This is worth 3 marks)
–1
Award 1 mark ONLY for + 684

Full marks for correct answer.
Ignore units.
Deduct one mark for an arithmetic error.
3
(ii) The value is quoted at a pressure of 100 kPa OR 1 bar or 10 Pa 5
OR
All reactants and products are in their standard states/their normal

states at 100 kPa or 1 bar
Ignore 1 atmosphere/101 kPa
Ignore “constant pressure”
1
[8]
M17. (a) (i) M1 drawn curve starts at reactants and ends at products
Tapered lines into the original curve gain credit for M1
Page 65
Kinetics
M2 curve peak is below the one drawn in the question
(and may show one/two humps)
Mark M1 and M2 independently
2
(ii) Exothermic (reaction)

Ignore “ΔH is negative”
1
(iii) Σ bond (enthalpy) reactants < Σ bond (enthalpy) products
The sum for H and I /reactants is less than/lower than/smaller than

2 2
the sum for 2HI/products

OR
The sum for 2HI/products is more than/larger than/bigger than the
sum for H and I /reactants
2 2
Accept “It OR the sum will be smaller or less”

1
(iv) M1 p
2
M2 – (q – p)
OR
p–q
OR
–q+p
M2 demands that the sign for an exothermic reaction is part
of the outcome mathematically.
Ignore case
(b) (i) Increase/speed up/faster (rate of attainment of equilibrium)
OR
Increase/speed up/faster rate of both forward and reverse reaction
OR
Increase/speed up/faster rate of reaction

Credit “It took less time”
1
Page 66
Kinetics
(ii) M1 Increase/speed up/faster (rate of attainment of equilibrium)
M2 More particles/molecules in a given volume/space

OR the particles/molecules are closer together
OR an increase in concentration.
M3 More/higher chance of successful/effective/productive

collisions (between particles)
OR more collisions/higher chance of collisions (of particles)
with E>E Act
If M1 is blank, mark on and credit M1 in the text

If M1 is given as “decrease”/“no effect”/”no change” then
CE = 0 for clip
In M1, if increase both the forward and reverse reaction, but
no mention of rate, penalise M1 but mark on.
In M1, if increase either forward rate or reverse rate only,
then penalise M1 but mark on.
Penalise M3 if an increase in the value of E /energy of
Act
particles is stated.
Max 1 for M2 and M3 if reference to “atoms”
3
[10]
M18. (a) (i) M1 The peak of the new curve is displaced to the right.
M2 All of the following are required
• The new curve starts at the origin
• The peak of the new curve is lower than the original
• and the new curve only crosses the original curve once
• and an attempt has been made to draw the new curve
correctly towards the energy axis but not to touch the
original curve
• the new curve must not start to diverge from the original curve
M1 is low demand
M2 is higher demand.
2
Page 67
Kinetics
(ii) M1 Increase in the number/proportion of molecules with E ≥ E a
OR more molecules have E ≥ E a
OR more molecules have sufficient energy to react
M2 More effective/productive/successful collisions

Ignore “molecules have more energy”
Ignore “more energetic collisions”
Ignore “molecules gain activation energy”
Ignore “more collisions”
Accept “particles” for “molecules” but NOT “atoms”
Ignore “chance of collision”; this alone does not gain M2
2
(b) (i) Iron OR Fe

1
(ii) M1 Catalysts provide an alternative route/pathway/mechanism
OR
(in this case) surface adsorption/surface reaction occurs.

For M1, not simply “provides a surface” alone
M2 that has a lower activation energy
OR
lowers the activation energy

For M2, the candidate may use a definition of activation
energy without referring to the term
2
[7]
M19. (a) (i)

mark is for insertion of numbers into a correctly
rearranged rate equ, k = etc
AE (-1) for copying numbers wrongly or swapping two
Page 68
Kinetics
numbers
1
= 0.32 (min 2sfs)

1
mol dm6 s Units must be conseq to their k

–2 –1
Any order
If k calculation wrong, allow units conseq to their k
1
(ii) 4.95 × 10 to 4.97 × 10 or 5.0 × 10 (min 2 sfs)

–5 –5 –5
(ignore units)
rate = their k × 1.547 × 10 –4
(b) Step 2
If wrong no further mark
1
One H (and two NO) (appear in rate equation)

2
or species (in step 2) in ratio/proportion as in the rate equation

1
[6]
M20. (a) One from
• Ti is not produced
• TiC / carbide is produced OR titanium reacts with carbon
• Product is brittle
• Product is a poor engineering material

Penalise “titanium carbonate”
Ignore “impure titanium”
Credit “titanium is brittle”
1
Page 69
Kinetics
(b) Heat (energy) change at constant pressure
QoL
1
(c) The enthalpy change in a reaction is independent of

the route taken (and depends only on the initial and final states)
Credit “heat change at constant pressure” as an alternative
to “enthalpy change”
1
(d) M1 The enthalpy change / heat change at constant pressure

when 1 mol of a compound / substance / product
For M1, credit correct reference to molecule/s or atom/s
M2 is formed from its (constituent) elements
M3 with all reactants and products / all substances in

standard states
OR all reactants and products / all substances in normal

states under standard conditions / 100 kPa / 1 bar and any
specified T (usually 298 K)
Ignore reference to 1 atmosphere
3
(e) (i) Na / it is not in its standard state / normal state under

standard conditions
OR
Standard state / normal state under standard conditions

for Na is solid / (s)
QoL
Ignore “sodium is a liquid or sodium is not a solid”
1
(ii) M1 ∆H = ∑∆H (products) - ∑∆H (reactants)

r f f
M2 ∆H = 4(−411) − (−720) − 4(+3) = −1644 + 720 − 12 (This

r
also scores M1)
M3 = −936 (kJ mol )−1
Correct answer gains full marks

Credit 1 mark for + 936 (kJ mol ) −1
Credit 1 mark for – 924 (kJ mol )i.e. assuming value for
−1
Na(l) = 0
For other incorrect or incomplete answers, proceed as
follows
Page 70
Kinetics
• check for an arithmetic error (AE), which is either
a transposition error or an incorrect multiplication; this
would score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
• If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires
either a correct cycle with 2Cl and 4Na OR a clear
2
complete statement of M1 which could be in words

and scores only M1
3
(iii) Reducing agent
Ignore “reduces titanium”
OR reductant OR reduces TiCl 4
OR electron donor
1
[7]
M21. (a) M1 The activation energy is the minimum / least / lowest energy
Mark independently
Ignore “heat” and ignore “enthalpy”
M2 (energy) for a reaction to occur / to go / to start
OR (energy) for a successful / effective collision

Ignore “breaking the bonds”
2
(b) M1 Catalysts provide an alternative route OR an

alternative mechanism OR alternative / different path(way)
M2 Lowers the activation energy

Mark independently
Ignore reference to “surface”
2
(c) (i) Stay(s) the same

1
(ii) Increases
Page 71
Kinetics
Credit “increase” or “increased”
1
(iii) Increases
Credit “increase” or “increased”
1
(iv) Stay(s) the same

1
(d) (i) M1 yeast or zymase
M2 ethanol
Ignore “enzyme”
In M2, ignore “alcohol” and ignore any formula
2
(ii) M1 (Concentrated) H PO OR (Concentrated) H SO

3 4 2 4
M2 butan-2-ol
Credit correct names
Ignore “hydrogenphosphate or hydrogensulfate”
Ignore “dilute” or “aq”
Do not penalise absence of hyphens in name.
In M2, ignore any formula
2
[12]
M22.(a) (i) Mol SO = 5.2

3
Mol SO = 2.8
2
(ii)
Page 72
Kinetics
Penalise expression containing numbers or V
Allow ( ) but must have all brackets. If brackets missing but
otherwise correct, penalise here but mark on
Ignore subsequent correct working

If Kc wrong (wrong powers or upside down etc) can only
score M1 in (a)(iv)
1
(iii) mol dm
–3
Allow conseq to their wrong Kc

1
(iv)If Kc wrong in (a)(iv) (wrong powers or upside down etc) can only score M1
Values from (a)(i)
or
Alternative values
M1 For dividing all three by volume – if volume missed or used

wrongly, lose M1 & M2 but can score M3 conseq
M2 insertion of values (allow conseq use of their wrong values from (a)(i))
AE (–1) for copying numbers wrongly or swapping two
numbers
1
Values from (a)(i)

M3 = 0.0338 or 0.034
(allow 0.03376 to 0.035)
Min 2 sfs
Ignore units in (a)(iv)
If vol missed score only M3
Values from (a)(i)
0.406 - allow values between 0.40 (if correctly rounded) and
0.41
Alternative values
M3 0.0153 or 0.015
(allow 0.015 to 0.017)
Page 73
Kinetics
Min 2 sfs
Ignore units in (a)(iv)
from alternative values allow 0.18 to 0.184
1
(b) (i) Increase or more moles (of oxygen) or higher

1
(ii) No change or no effect or none or (remains) same

1
(c) M1 T

1
If T CE = 0
2
M2 (At Temp,T2, when Kc is lower) Equm/reaction moves to left or

towards reagent or towards SO OR moles SO increases
3 3
M3 This reverse reaction is exothermic,
OR
M3 (forward) reaction is endothermic
M2 if Temp is increased Equm/reaction moves to right or towards product

or towards SO OR moles SO increases
2 2
OR
M3 (forward) reaction is endothermic
M2 if Temp is decreased Equm/reaction moves to left or towards reagent

or towards SO OR moles SO increases
3 3
1
[12]
M23.(a) Exp 2 14.(4) ×10 OR 1.4(4) ×10 or 0.014

–3 –2
Allow 2sf
1
Page 74
Kinetics
Exp 3 0.1(0)

1
Exp 4 0.3(0)

If three wrong answers, check their value of k in 1(b).
They can score all 3 if they have used their (incorrect) value
of k. see below.
Exp 2 rate = 0.096 × k
Exp 3 [Q] = 0.015/k
Exp 4 [P] = 0.116/√k
1
(b)
mark is for insertion of numbers into a correctly rearranged
rate equ , k = etc
1
= 0.15 (min 2sfs) (allow )

if upside down, score only units mark
AE (–1) for copying numbers wrongly or swapping two
numbers
1
mol dm s
–2 +6 –1
Any order
1
(c) G
1
[7]
Page 75
Kinetics
M24.(a) Number / proportion / percentage / fraction of molecules

Ignore “particles”
1
(b) None OR no effect OR no change

1
(c) X
1
(d) Answers in either order
M1 collision OR collide
Mark independently
M2 collision / molecules / particles

Ignore “correct” amount of energy
with the activation energy
OR with E > E act
OR with sufficient /enough energy
OR with the minimum energy
OR with the correct orientation

2
(e) A small increase in temperature results in many more / much higher proportion of
/ a lot more / significantly more molecules / particles / collisions with E ≥ E / energy
act
greater than the activation energy / sufficient energy / enough energy / minimum
energy to react
(compared with a small increase in concentration)
Not just “more molecules with E ≥ E ”
act
The answer must convey that the increase is significant

Accept reference to “atoms”, “molecules”, “particles”
Ignore “species”
1
[6]
Page 76
Kinetics
M25.(a) Exp 2 4.5 ×10 –4
Min 2sf
1
Exp 3 4.5 ×10 –3
If three wrong answers, check their value of k in (b).

1
Exp 4 0.043 OR 4.3 ×10 OR 0.044 OR 4.4 ×10

–2 –2
They can score all 3 if they have used their (incorrect) value
of k. see below.
Exp 2 rate = k × (1.0125 × 10 ) –4
Exp 3 [Q] = 0.02/k

Exp 4 [P] = 0.0913/√k
1
(b)
Mark is for insertion of numbers into a correctly rearranged
rate equ , k = etc
If upside down, score only units mark from their k
AE (-1) for copying numbers wrongly or swapping two
numbers
1
= 4.4(4) (allow 40/9)

1
mol dm s
–2 +6 –1
Any order
expression
1
[6]
Page 77
Kinetics
M26. (a) 2Ca F(PO ) + 9SiO +15C

5 4 3 2 9CaSiO + CaF +15CO + 6P
3 2
(b) M1 (P =) 0 4
M2 (H PO =) (+) 5
3 4
Accept Roman numeral V for M2

2
(c) H SO
2 4
Both numbers required
M = 2(1.00794) + 32.06550 + 4(15.99491)

r
= 98.06102 or 98.0610 or 98.061 or 98.06 or 98.1

Calculations not required
and
H PO
3 4
M = 3(1.00794) + 30.97376 + 4(15.99491)

r
= 97.97722 or 97.9772 or 97.977 or 97.98 or 98.0

1
(d) (i) A substance that speeds up a reaction OR alters / increases the rate of a

reaction AND is chemically unchanged at the end / not used up.
Both ideas needed
Ignore reference to activation energy or alternative route.
1
(ii) The addition of water (QoL ) to a molecule / compound

QoL- for the underlined words
1
(iii) M1 CH CH=CH + H O
3 2 2 CH CH(OH)CH
3 3
(C H )
3 6
For M1 insist on correct structure for the alcohol but credit

correct equations using either C H or double bond not given.
3 6
Page 78
Kinetics
M2 propan-2-ol
2
[8]
M27. (a) Award in either order for curve

“Steeper” requires line to be on the left of the original line,
starting from the origin
M1 curve is steeper than original and starts at the origin
M2 curve levels at the top line on the graph

2
(b) Award in either order for curve

“Shallower” requires line to be on the right of the original line,
M1 curve is shallower than original and starts at the origin
M2 curve levels at the first line on the graph

2
(c) M1 curve would be steeper than original

“Steeper” requires line to be on the left of the original line,
M2 curve levels at the same original volume of O 2
(d) M1 The (concentration / amount of) H O or reactant falls / decreases / used up

2 2
Mark independently
OR
The number of H O or reactant molecules/ particles falls / decreases

2 2
M2
The rate of reaction / rate of decomposition / rate of formation of oxygen /

frequency of collisions / (effective) collisions in a given time decreases / is
slower
2
Page 79
Kinetics
(e) (i) 2H O → 2H O + O
2 2 2 2

Accept only this equation or its multiples
Extra species must be crossed through
1
(ii) hydrogen bromide / it does not appear in the overall equation
OR
hydrogen bromide / it is not used up in the reaction / unchanged at the end of

the reaction
OR
hydrogen bromide / it is regenerated / re-formed (in Step 2)

1
[10]
M28.(a) (If any factor is changed which affects an equilibrium), the (position of) equilibrium will
shift / move so as to oppose / counteract the change.
Must refer to equilibrium
Ignore reference to “system” alone
A variety of wording will be seen here and the key part is the
last phrase
OR
(When a system / reaction in equilibrium is disturbed), the (position of)

equilibrium shifts / moves in a direction which tends to reduce the disturbance
An alternative to shift / move would be the idea of changing /
altering the position of equilibrium
1
(b) (i) M1
A substance that speeds up the reaction / alters the rate but is chemically
unchanged at the end / not used up
Both ideas needed for M1
Credit can score for M1, M2 and M3 from anywhere within
the answer
Page 80
Kinetics
M2
Catalysts provide an alternative route / alternative pathway / different
mechanism
M3
that has a lower activation energy / E a
OR
lowers the activation energy / Ea
(ii) (Time is) less / shorter / decreases / reduces

Credit “faster”, “speeds up”, “quicker” or words to this effect
1
(iii) None
1
(c) (i) R
1
(ii) T
1
(iii) R
1
(iv) P
1
(v) Q
1
[11]
M29.(a) (i) Change in concentration (of a substance / reactant / product) in unit time /
Page 81
Kinetics
given time / per (specified) unit of time
This may be written mathematically OR may refer to the
gradient of a graph of concentration / volume against time
OR
Amount of substance formed / used up in unit time / given time / per

(specified) unit of time
Ignore additional information including reference to collisions
1
(ii) At W
M1 (QoL)
The rate / it is zero
M2
The magnesium has all reacted / has been used up

Ignore reference to the acid being used up
OR
No more collisions possible between acid and Mg
OR
Reaction is complete / it has stopped
OR
No more hydrogen / product is produced

2
(iii) M1
Twice / double as many particles / hydrogen ions (in a given volume)

Penalise reference to (hydrochloric acid) molecules in M1
Penalise reference to “HCl particles” in M1
OR
Twice / double as much hydrochloric acid
M2
Twice / double as many effective / successful collisions (in a given time)
OR
Twice / double as many collisions with either sufficient energy to react
Page 82
Kinetics
OR with E ≥ E a
OR
double the successful / effective collision frequency

2
(b) (i) The activation energy is the minimum energy for a reaction to go / start
OR
Minimum energy for a successful/ effective collision

1
(ii) M1 Products lower than reactants on the profile

Mark independently
M2 Activation energy (E ) shown and labelled correctly from reactants

a
to peak of curve
Mark independently
2
(c) (i) Ba + 2H O
2 Ba(OH) + H
2 2
Ba + 2H O 2 Ba + 2OH + H 2+ −
2
Allow multiples
1
(ii) M1 Ba + SO
2+
4
2−
BaSO 4
Ignore state symbols in M1

Not multiples in M1
M2 White precipitate / solid

Extra ions must be cancelled
Penalise contradictory observations in M2
2
(iii) M1 Barium meal / barium swallow / barium enema

Accept a correct reference to M1 written in the explanation in
M2, unless contradictory
Page 83
Kinetics
OR used in X-rays OR to block X-rays OR X-ray contrast medium OR
CT scans
M2 BaSO / barium sulfate is insoluble (and therefore not toxic)

4
For M2 NOT barium ions

NOT barium
NOT barium meal and NOT “It”
Ignore radio-tracing
2
[13]
M30.(a) M1 On the energy axis E at the maximum of the original peak

mp
M1 The limits for the horizontal position of Emp are defined as

above the word “the” in the sentence below the graph.
M2 The peak of their new curve is displaced to the left and higher than the
original.
M3 All of the following are required
• The new curve starts at the origin and should begin to separate from the
original almost immediately
• and the new curve crosses the original curve once
• and an attempt has been made to draw the new curve correctly towards
the energy axis below the original curve but not to touch the original
curve or the axis
3
(b) The rate of reaction decreases as the temperature decreases because
M1 A decrease in the number / proportion of molecules with E ≥ E a
OR fewer molecules have E ≥ E a
OR fewer molecules have sufficient / enough energy to react /

decompose
In M1
Ignore “molecules have less energy”.
Ignore “less energetic collisions”.
Ignore “molecules do not gain activation energy”.
Ignore “fewer collisions”.
Credit “particles” for “molecules” but NOT “atoms”.
M2 Fewer effective / productive / successful collisions in a given time /

given period
OR fewer frequent effective / productive / successful collisions
OR lower rate of effective / productive / successful collisions
Ignore “chance of collision”; this alone does not gain M2
2
Page 84
Kinetics
[5]
Page 85

Q1. (A) State What Is Meant by The Term Activation Energy of A Reaction

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Q1. (A) State What Is Meant by The Term Activation Energy of A Reaction

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Kinetics

and the activation energy by the symbol E .a

Consider the following changes.

(i) The number of molecules is increased at constant temperature.

(ii) The temperature is decreased without changing the number of molecules.

(iii) A catalyst is introduced without changing the temperature or the number of

• the value of the most probable energy, E mp

• the number of molecules with the most probable energy, E mp

• the area under the molecular energy distribution curve

Q2. (a) Below is a Maxwell–Boltzmann curve showing the distribution of molecular

(i) Label the axes on the diagram above.

(ii) What does the area under the curve represent?

(iii) State why this curve starts at the origin.

(b) (i) State what is meant by the term activation energy.

State which, if any, of these changes involves a different activation energy.

Q3. (a) Define the term activation energy for a reaction.

(b) Give the meaning of the term catalyst.

(c) Explain in general terms how a catalyst works.

2W(g) + Y(s) → Z(g)

(b) State Hess’s Law.

(b) Gas A decomposes slowly to form gases B and C. An equilibrium is established as

A(g) B(g) + C(g) ΔH is positive

(ii) Explain why the decomposition of A is faster at higher temperatures.

(i) Suggest why, as shown on the graphs, the concentration of A remains

(a) Label the axes on the diagram.

(f) Explain in general terms how a catalyst works.

Q7. Gas G decomposes as shown in the equation below.

G(g) → X(g) + Y(g)

(b) Define the term activation energy.

Time for decomposition ...............................................................................

(i) 100 cm of a 1.0 mol dm solution of H O . Label this curve X.

(ii) 25 cm of a 2.0 mol dm solution of H O in the presence of a catalyst.

Label this curve Y.

H O + HBr → HBrO + H O

HBrO + H O → H O + O + HBr

(i) Write an equation for the overall reaction.

(ii) Define the term catalyst.

H (g) + Cl (g) → 2HCl(g)

(a) Define the term activation energy.

(e) Give the meaning of the term catalyst.

Q12. Kinetic studies enable chemists to suggest mechanisms for reactions.

1 0.12 0.15 0.32 × 10 –3

2 0.36 0.15 2.88 × 10 –3

3 0.72 0.30 11.52 × 10 –3

(i) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to A.

(ii) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to B.

Experiment Initial concentration of Initial concentration of Initial rate/

The rate equation for this reaction is

(ii) Calculate a value for the initial rate in Experiment 5.

Step 1 NO + NO → N O 2 2

Step 2 N O + O → 2NO

Which did the scientist suggest was the rate–determining step?

The equation for this reaction is shown below.

(d) (i) State what is meant by the term rate of reaction.

possible to use a simplified formula as a measure of the rate of this

ZnCO (s) → ZnO(s) + CO (g)

ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)

2ZnS(s) + 3O (g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO (g)

ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)