2 Giafas 2021 Souvenir Volume 2

rd
3 International Conference
Global Initiatives in Agricultural, Forestry and Applied Sciences
(Theme: Food Security, Environmental Safety and Sustainable Development)
Souvenir Cum Abstracts/

Proceedings Book
Volume 2
Dr. Wajid Hasan Dr. C. P. Singh Dr. A.K. Srivastava Dr. U. S. Rawat
Editors : Dr. Sanjay Swami Dr. Moinuddin Dr. Arvind Kumar Dr. Jameel Akhtar
Dr. Md.Minnatullah Mr. Kota Chakrapani Dr. Hrikesh Singh Dr. Huma Naz
October 17-18, 2021
E-Mail: gifas2021@gmail.com, Website: www.agetds.com

Global Initiative in Agricultural, Forestry and Applied Sciences
(Food Security, Environmental Safety and Sustainable Development)
Editors:
Dr. Wajid Hasan

Dr. C.P. Singh
Dr. A.K. Srivastava
Dr. U.S. Rawat
Dr. Sanjay Swami
Dr. Moinuddin
Dr. Arvind Kumar
Dr. Jameel Akhtar
Mr. Kota Chakrapani
Dr. Harikesh Singh
Dr. Huma Naz
First Edition 2021
Copyright © Authors
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-93-5419-016-2
No part of this book shall be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system without
permission of the publisher.
DISCLAIMER
The authors are solely responsible for the contents of the papers compiled in this volume.
The editors or publisher do not take any, responsibility for same in any manner. Errors,
if any are purely unintentional and readers are requested to communicate such errors to
the editors or publisher to avoid discrepancies in future.
Published by: Self Published
E-Publication
Website: www.agetds.com, e-mail: entowajid@gmail.com

Ref: AETDS/ SO/201 Date: 15.10.2021
Dr. C.P. Singh

President
MASSAGE
It’s a matter of great pleasure that the Agricultural & Environmental Technology Development
Society (AETDS), U.S. Nagar, UK, India organizing 3rd International Conference on “Global
Initiative in Agricultural, Forestry and Applied Sciences for Food Security, Environmental Safety and
Sustainable Development (GIAFAS-2021)”, with the collaboration with Shri Guru Ram Rai
University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India; Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural
University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI), Karaj, Iran; Department of Soil
Science, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, UMK, Malaysia; College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze
University, P.R. China and Corteva agriscience at Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India on October 17-18, 2021.
In this context, emphasis will be on novel tools and technologies in the field of Agricultural and Allied
Science, Medical Science, Social Sciences, Biological, and Physical Sciences. This conference will bring
together the global scientific community, policymakers, administrators, industry representatives, and
other stakeholders to exchange and share their experiences, new ideas. It will be an opportunity of sharing
our expertise and experience with renowned speakers from all over the world. It will also be a platform to
strengthen the friendship and collaboration among the scientists, academia, and the institutes. The various
subthemes of the conference will offer many opportunities to delegate to learn new things and apply the
same in their respective workplace.
I want the conference associate eminent accomplishment in achieving its goal towards food security,
environmental safety and property development therefore enlightening international innovative in
agricultural, biological science and applied sciences.
(Prof. C. P. Singh)
Conference Director & President AETDS
Former Prof. GBPUAT, Pantnagar
NASSAGE
Professor Dr. Md. Shahidur Rashid Bhuiyan,
Vice-Chancellor, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural
University, Dhaka-1207
&
Patron: GIAFAS-2021, E-Mail: vc@sau.edu.bd
Cell: +0244814051
Message from Patron
It gives me immense pleasure to know that Agricultural & Environmental Technology

Development Society (AETDS), U.S. Nagar, UK, India is going to organize the 3rd International
Conference ‘Global Initiatives in Agricultural, Forestry and Applied Sciences (GIAFAS-2021) in
collaboration with Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207
along with other reputed organizations around the world. The theme for this year conference “Food
Security, Environmental Safety and Sustainable Development” is of global priority today.
The COVID-19 pandemic is still on-going. During the last couple of years, the world has
experienced and realized how whimsical the nature could be at times and how badly the
consequences could affect the entire mankind for food, treatment and shelters. As we know this
world is still the one and only liveable habitat for human, other animals and plants which is facing
tremendous environmental pressures in recent years due to regular advent of natural disasters.
Limited agricultural resources and continuous population increase in developing countries
ultimately leading to an environmental imbalance thus aggravating the food security issues in
coming decades. In addition, under the present pandemic circumstance, farmers and their farming
have become more challenging and vulnerable to ensure food and nutritional security. However,
to comply with the SDGs’2030 we need to nurture our environmental resources in a sustainable
way giving emphasis on sourcing renewable energies. Thus, there is a great need for institutional
efforts and peoples’ participation to address issues related to food security, environmental safety,
sustainable development and preserving natural resources in general. To do so, the linkages
between agricultural and applied sciences are essential. Collective efforts should be made by
relevant institutions through ensuring participations of people from all walks.
I am sure that this dual mode (offline and virtual) International Conference will focus on
the various scientific tracks covering major areas of research on agriculture, biological and applied
sciences and would become a platform for bringing together administrators, business bodies,
policy makers and the members of global scientific community including scientists, researchers
and distinguished professors to find out the key problems, challenges and pragmatic solutions
which will help in in-depth understanding of the global food security and environmental safety
issues in a long-lasting way. I do believe that the outcomes of this International Conference will
help policy makers to formulate plans and take immediate actions appropriate for ensuring food
and nutrition security and agricultural sustainability in the deprived regions of the world.
I would like to appreciate the organizing institutes of this conference and thank the people
whose dedicated efforts and creative plans will make the conference successful. Finally, I wish a
grand success of the 3rd International Conference going to held at Shri Guru Ram Rai University,
Dehradun, U.K., India during 17th to 18th October 2021.
Dated: 10-10-2021
Amar P. Garg
M.Sc., Ph.D., LL.B., F.B.S., F.P.S.I., F.S.M.P., M.N.A.Sc., F.N.R.S., CAS Fellow (U.K.), DAAD Fellow (Germany)
Distinguished Professor, Dean Research, Director Biotechnology
Sectional President Environmental Science, 108th Indian Science Congress (2020-22)
Former Professor & Head, C.C.S. University, Meerut, Former PVC, JNU, Jaipur, Former Vice Chancellor SIET, Meerut
Email: amarprakashgarg@yahoo.com, deanresearch@shobhituniversity.ac.in
Mob. 8077633273, 9410608377
I am delighted to know that one of the most prominent society

of Agricultural education popularly known as AETDS based in
Uttarakhand, India is organizing 3rd International Conference on
“Global Initiative in Agricultural, Forestry and Applied Sciences
For Food Security, Environmental Safety and Sustainable
Development (GIAFAS-2021)” at Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun in
collaboration with Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Soil and
Water Research Institute (SWRI), Karaj, Iran; UMK, Malaysia; Yangtze University, P.R.
China and Corteva Agriscience, on October 17-18, 2021.
The organizers have very rightly selected the most relevant topic in view of the focus
of world economy on agriculture which is the foundation growth and development of any
country. The conference will provide an excellent opportunity for active interaction with
great International Professors, prominent agriculturalists, food security experts,
environmentalists and authorities working in various fields of Life Sciences to discuss
various issues related to Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Allied Sciences. I am
confident that the participants will take fullest advantage of this international conference
in dual mode and will enjoy the excellent weather of Dehradun.
I wish all success to the organizers.
Dated: 06-10-2021 (Prof. Amar P. Garg)

Dean, Research & Development
Professor Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Department of
Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,
Dhaka-1207
&
Associate Director: GIAFAS-2021
E-Mail: mhzsauag@yahoo.com
Cell: + 8801716587711
Message from Associate Director
I would like to take the opportunity to express my profound joy on the event of the 3rd International
Conference ‘Global Initiatives in Agricultural, Forestry and Applied Sciences (GIAFAS-2021) jointly
organized by the Agricultural & Environmental Technology Development Society (AETDS), U.S. Nagar,
UK, India and other widely known organizations at Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun, U.K., India
during 17th and 18th October 2021.
The United Nations sustainable development goals include eradication of hunger from the world by 2030.
But the world currently is in need of surplus production of food in order to meet the food demand
especially in developing nations where hunger is still one of the major issues. Food security and
environmental safety are both key policy goals in the contemporary global arena, but there is no necessary
congruity between them. Conflicts and contradictions always pave their ways when actors (global,
national or local) seek to achieve both security in food supply and delivery, and sustainability in the use
of the natural resources needed to produce food. However, making a hunger free world is a gigantic task
that involves many other issues like environmental protection, nutritional safety, reduce deforestation and
urbanization that also need to be addressed with prior concern. Therefore, at this juncture, the initiative
taken up by the collaborating institutions under the theme ‘Food Security, Environmental Safety and
Sustainable Development’ for this year conference is of global preference today.
Projected world population by 2050 will reach 10 billion. To feed 10 billion mouths, we need to get the
trade-offs right between sustainability, food security, food safety, and make better use of food already
produced. Hence, feeding 10 billion people in a sustainable way will probably require disruptive changes
of the food supply chains during the next 20 years. Moreover, the reduction of food losses and food waste
could be a part of the solution. Equally, the introduction of new socio-technologies in rural areas, for
instance for renewable energy generation, driven by environmental interests, may help to undermine the
social sustainability of such areas in ways which threaten continued food production.
I hope the deliberations and sharing of the core ideas, experiences, creative imaginations, innovations and
formulas of different expertise under different sub-themes will be a milestone for the solutions of ongoing
challenging issues of food and environmental security of the world. Indeed, I believe that, such kind of
scholarly gatherings could play a vital role in making the world a better place and also make ready to
tackle any difficult situations in the near future.
As an Associate Director of the Organizing Committee, I am grateful to the researchers and academicians
of national and international level and others who have offered their collaboration by submitting
constructive papers and abstracts for this conference.
Finally, I wish the conference an eminent accomplishment in achieving its goal towards food security,
environmental safety and sustainable development thus enlightening global innovative in agricultural,
forestry and applied sciences.
Dated: 05-10-2021 (Mirza Hasanuzzaman)

Dr. Sanjay-Swami, Professor (SSAC)
& Organizing Convener: GIAFAS-2021
School of Natural Resource Management,
College of Post Graduate Studies in
Agricultural Sciences (CPGS-AS)
(Central Agricultural University)
Umiam-793 103 Meghalaya, India
E-Mail: sanjayswamionline@gmail.com
Cell: + 91-94191-57291
MESSAGE
It is indeed a matter of great pride for me in organizing the 3rd International Conference on Global
Initiatives in Agricultural, Forestry and Applied Sciences for Food Security, Environmental Safety and
Sustainable Development (GIAFAS-2021) organized by the Agricultural & Environmental Technology
Development Society (AETDS), U.S. Nagar, UK, India and many other reputed organizations at Shri Guru
Ram Rai University, Dehradun, U.K., India during 17th to 18th October 2021 in hybrid mode.
Friends, while agriculture can feed the world’s population, it is responsible for deforestation
globally. Commercial agriculture accounts for about 40 per cent of deforestation in the tropics and sub-
tropics, local subsistence agriculture for 33 per cent, infrastructure for 10 per cent, urban expansion for 10
per cent and mining for 7 per cent. Combating climate change and ensuring food security are both
extremely important. When we compare the numbers, deforestation or converting forests into agricultural
lands contributes more than 10 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions annually, but it only expands the
world’s agricultural land by around one-tenth of a per cent a year. This means that protecting and restoring
forests is critical for stopping climate change, but the big gains in improving food security will happen
elsewhere.
The 2030 agenda for sustainable development, as well as the Paris agreement on climate change
recognizes that we can no longer look at food security and the management of natural resources
separately. There are clear linkages and synergies between agricultural production and sustainable forest
management. If the sustainability of the agriculture and forests can be assured, food security,
environmental safety and sustainable development would go in long-term perpetuity.
I am confident that this International Conference will deliberate on the issues of food security,
environmental safety and sustainable development to ensure triple win through innovative approaches of
agricultural, forestry and applied sciences.
I wish the International Conference a grand success.
Dated: 17-10-2021 (Sanjay Swami)

Ref:AETDS/SO/403 Date: 16.10.2021
From the Desk of Chief Organizing Secretary

It is a matter of great privilege for me to organize the 3rd International Conference on “Global
Initiative in Agricultural, Forestry and Applied Sciences for Food Security, Environmental Safety and
Sustainable Development (GIAFAS-2021)”. Jointly Organized by the Agricultural & Environmental Technology
Development Society (AETDS), U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India; Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India; Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI), Karaj, Iran; Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agro-Based
Industry, UMK, Malaysia; College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, P.R. China and
Corteva agriscience at Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India on October 17-18,
2021.
On behalf of the organizing committee, I warmly welcome all participants, delegates, researchers,
scientists, students from different institutions, colleges, and universities from India and abroad.
GIAFAS-2021 has been designed to focus on various scientific tracks covering major areas of research on
agriculture, biological, and applied sciences. In this context, emphasis pointed on novel tools and
technologies in the field of Agricultural and Allied Science, Medical Science, Social Sciences, and
Biological Sciences. This conference will bring together the global scientific community, policymakers,
administrators, industry representatives, and other stakeholders to exchange and share their experiences,
new ideas. The conference is aimed to provide a common platform to scientists, researchers, academicians,
professionals, social workers, policymakers as well as farmers and expertise corporate to exchange their
new ideas and recent research findings with colleagues, which will boost their knowledge and experience.
In this global event scientists across the world are participating.
The organizing committee has been very active and arrangements are well underway to ensure that 3rd
International Conference on “Global Initiative in Agricultural, Forestry and Applied Sciences for Food
Security, Environmental Safety and Sustainable Development (GIAFAS-2021)” is a resounding success. I
appeal to the research community to extend their continued support and cooperation to the future activities
of AETDS.
I look forward to welcoming you all and pray almighty to bless us for making GIAFAS-2021 a grand
success.
(Dr. Wajid Hasan)

Chief Organizing Secretary, GIAFAS-2021
Secretary, AETDS, Society
Email: gifas2021@gmail.com, Mob. 7004942581
Shri Guru Ram Rai University
(Estd. By Govt. of Uttarakhand, vide Shri Guru Ram Rai University Act No. 03 of 2017 Act No. 03 of July 2017)
Dr. Moinuddin
Associate Professor (Agronomy)
School of Agricultural Sciences
Shri Guru Ram Rai University (Quest for Excellence)
Pathri Bagh, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248001,
Uttarakhand India
I am gratified to Almighty God, the most gracious and most merciful, for His
blessings in giving us this precious opportunity to organize this memorable event. The 3rd
International Conference on Global Initiatives in Agricultural, Forestry and Applied Sciences
(GIAFAS-2021) with the theme: Food Security, Environmental Safety and Sustainable
Development is a wonderful experience of my career. It gives me a great pleasure to welcome
you all at 3rd International
nternational Conference on Global Initiatives in Agricultural, Forestry and
Applied Sciences (GIAFAS-2021)2021) to be held w.e.f. 17th -18th October, 2021. Due to the
challenging times COVID-19 19 for last two years, the conference is being organized in a hybrid
mode of both off- as well as onon-line. The scientific sessions of the conference have been
carefully planned that will cover a wide spectrum of topics along with orations, guest
lectures, key note addresses, etc. which will cover latest innovations, research and current
topics. We propose making this a high tech conference with innovations in registration,
entries and audiovisuals.
I would like to thank each of you for attending GIAFAS-2021

GIAFAS 2021 and bringing your
expertise to this awesome gathering. You, as researcher, have the vision, the knowledge, the
resources and the experience to help us pave our way into the future technical activities.
Throughout this conference, I request you to stay engaged, keep us proactive and help us
bringing out more such eventss in future. My personal admiration and gratitude goes out to all
of you.
I, on behalf of the SGRR University, Dehradun, AETDS, U. S. Nagar and other

organizing associates welcome you all for your active and large participation
participat in this
conference to make itt a grand success.
Dr. Moinuddin
Organizing Secretary
3rd International Conference on “Global Initiative in Agricultural, Forestry and Applied Sciences for Food
Security, Environmental Safety and Sustainable Development (GIAFAS-2021)”
CONTENTS
Sl.
Page
No. TITLES AND AUTHORS
No.
ABSTRACTS
Marketing Analysis of Bangalore Red Rose Onion in Chikkaballapura District

1 of Karnataka
1
Kanakaraja G.N., Ganapathy M.S., Ananda Manegar*G., Siddayya and
Ranganath G.
Effect of Itrifal Muqawwi-e-Dimagh (a polyherbal drug) on the transgenic
2 Drosophila model of Parkinson’s Disease 1
Yasir Hasan Siddique1*, Falaq Naz1, Rahul1, Mohammad Rashid2, Shariq Mian2
3 Evaluation of orchid species from Mahabaleshwar plateau of western ghat
2
D. S. Kadam, M. A. Sushir, V. M. Sali and D. P. Deshmukh
Genetic transformation of Citrus reticulata cv. Khasi mandarin
4 Sangeeta Bhandari1,2, Sangeeta Sarma3, Dhanawantari Singha4, Salvinder 2
Singh1
Study on diversity of Trichoderma from the rhizospheric soil of solanaceous
5 crops in Assam 3
Mehjebin Rahman, Sapna Mayuri Borah, Popy Bora
Allantoin mediated regulation of miRNAs for short term salinity stress tolerance
6 in Oryza sativa L. cv. IR-29
4
Jyoti Nishad1,2, Alok Kumar Panda1, Soni Chowrasia1, Chongtham Nirmala2,
Tapan Kumar Mondal1*
tRNA induced non-coding RNA Prediction Methodology (tiRPreM) for model
7 and non-model organism 4
Hukam Chand Rawal1,2, Shakir Ali2,3, Tapan Kumar Mondal1
Haplotype network of 94 diverse deep-water rice of Assam using eQTLs
8 regulating transcript for internode elongation under deep water stress 5
Megha Rohilla1,2, Nisha Singh1, Jagtar Singh2, Tapan Kumar Mondal
Constraints in adoption of recommended soybean production technology
9 Rahul Sikarwar ,K.N.Pathak ,Abhilasha Sharma , Rahul singh Tomar and 6
Anam Khan
Effectiveness of herbicide to control weeds in direct-seeded rice under different
10 agro-ecosystems 7
Badal Verma*, Manish Bhan, Shahiba Khatoon and A.K. Jha
Impact of processing methods on lipid oxidation of normal and high oleic peanut
11 genotypes 7
Hemalatha S1., Dileepa K C1. And Kavera Biradar2
12 Effect of Religious motifs on stress management
9
Sadhana D. Kulloli and Lata Pujar
13 Antibacterial activity of skin mucus entangled bacteria of Labeo calbasu
10
Pragati Rathi and Anita Bhatnagar
Preliminary studies on the abiotic and bacteriological parameters of sewage
14 water in kurukshetra 11
Sapna and Anita Bhatnagar
15 Banana pseudo stem sap: An eco auxiliary for textile finishing
12
Sakeena Naikwadi and Sannapapamma K J
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
Screening, production and optimization of lignocellulolytic enzymes from
16 microbial sources 12
Sakshi Goyal*, Kajal Kumari, Sushil Nagar
Mining of putative biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in halotolerant
17 Exiguobacterium profundum PHM 11
13
Ruchi Srivastava, Alok K Singh, Praveen Kumar Tiwari , Anchal K Srivastava,
Alok K Srivastava* and Anil K saxena
Ecological Assessment of Land Use Patterns in Rajasthan: Beginning of 21st
18 Century 14
G. L. Meena1, Thanuja P2, Kailash Chand Bairwa3 and Lokesh Kumar Meena4
19 Design and development of ohmic heating setup for food processing
15
Sawant Sanket R1, P.K.Sharma2
Weed management in yellow sarson under conservation agriculture based direct
20 seeded rice - yellow sarson - greengram cropping system 15
Koushik Sar and B. Duary
Cost-Effective Investigation of Milk Production of different dairy animals in
21
Gujarat, India 16
Hemant Sharma and S.S. Kalamkar
Direct and residual effect of integrated nutrient management on pulse based
22 intensive cropping system 17
*M. Yasodha, C. Chinnusamy and C. Jayanthi
Tree Diversity, Distribution and Biomass Carbon Stock Potential of a Riparian
23 forest along Upper Narmada region of Madhya Pradesh. 18
Anurag Jain*, G. R. Rao, Avinash Jain and M. Rajkumar
24 Dairy Value Chains in India: A brief review
19
Sheela Kharkwal1*and Basant Kumar Bhinchhar2
25 To Assess the Efficiency of Seed Minikits of Pulses Program in Rajasthan
21
Hemant Sharma1, S.S. Kalamkar and M. Ojha
26 Eco – dyeing cotton with herbal dye extract
22
Jyoti V. Vastrad and Rajashri Kotur
Impact of processing methods on lipid oxidation of normal and high oleic peanut
27 genotypes 23
Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on yield and quality traits of cherry
28 tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) under protected condition 24
Akanksha*1, Amandeep Kaur2 and Navjot Singh Dhillon3
29 Green Dyes from Teak leaves – Initiatives towards Environmental Sustainability
25
Jyoti V.Vastrad
In silico comparison of genome of aquatic and fish pathogenic Flavobacterium
30 spp. 26
*1Madhumita Srivastava and 2Ruchi Srivastava
31 Genetic variability studies in parthenocarpic cucumber
26
Gurpiar Singh*, Navjot Singh Dhillon
Effect of biochar application along with municipal solid waste on heavy metal
32 availability and dry matter yield of spinach 27
M. Vassanda Coumar, R.S. Parihar, A.K. Dwivedi, J. K. Saha and A.K. Patra
33 Evaluation of pre reported strains for xylooligosaccharides production and their
28
optimization for efficient xylanase production using different agro-residues
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2

Kajal Kumari*, Sakshi Goyal, Sushil Nagar
Health risk assessment of heavy metals due to wheat, cabbage, and spinach
34 consumption at cold-arid high altitude region
29
Arup Giri1,2*, Vijay K. Bharti1, Sahil Kalia1, Somen Acharya1, Bhuvnesh
Kumar3, OP Chaurasia2
Genomics-assisted introgression of novel combination of opaque2 and opaque16
genes and development of lysine and tryptophan rich biofortified maize
35 Gulab Chand*1,2, Rajkumar U. Zunjare1, Tanu Allen2, Vignesh Muthusamy1,
30
Subhra J. Mishra1, Brijesh Mehta1, Ravindra Kasana1, Bhavna Singh1, Vinay
Bhatt1, Zahirul A. Talukder1, Mohammad Reda Ismail1, Konsam Sarika3,
Sohini Singh2, Satish K. Guleria4 and Firoz Hossain1
Knowledge scale to define students ‘knowledge about environment, recycling,
36 plastic, and plastic waste’ 31
Alka Chandrakanta, Deepa Vinay
Behaviour assessment of covid recovered patients towards accurate diagnosis
37 and effective treatment 31
R.Unesha Fareq, Deepa Vinay
38 Assessment of attitude of teachers towards online education
32
Pratibha Pandey, Deepa Vinay
Clean Food’ through adoption of ecologically and economically sustainable
farming technology with special focus on soil & plant health management.
39 K.Mukhopadhyay1, S.H. Ansary1, R. Bera2, M. Debnath1, S. Saha1, M. K. 33
Kundu1, S.J. Pramanick1, S. C. Dhang1, S. Islam1, A. Seal2, S. Saha2 and A.
Dutta2
Aquatic Hyphomycetes from Amritpur: An Unexplored Region of Uttarakhand,
40 India 34
Ruchi Jalal*; Saraswati Bisht; Saima Altaf
A low-cost storage for horticulture produces for enhancing farmer’s income: an
41 overview on evaporative cooling 34
Deep P Patel a, Kusum Meghwal a, Jain S Kb, Lakhawat S Sc
Preliminary studies on the abiotic and bacteriological parameters of sewage
42 water in Kurukshetra 35
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Papaya cv.
43 Red Fort 36
Priyam Chattopadhyay and Goutam Mandal
Aquatic hyphomycetes of crop fields and agricultural canals of Haldwani and
44 surroundings (Kumaun himalaya) 37
Saraswati Bisht*; Ruchi Jalal; Saima Altaf
Aquatic Hyphomycetes of Machilivan- An Unexplored Foothill Region of
45 Kumaun Himalaya, India 37
Saima Altaf*, Saraswati Bisht, Ruchi Jalal
Annotated checklist of major finfish species landing in Chetlat island of
46 Lakshadweep (India) and their conservation status 38
1Davood Nihal*,2Naseem N.M., 3Abhirami N and 1Prabhakaran M.P.
Arsenic stress mitigation using Bacillus mycoides NR-5 in spinach plant

47 (Spinacia oleracea L.)
39
Khan Mohd. Sarim1, Renu1*, Baljeet Kaur2, Upasana Sahu1, Manish S. Bhoyar3
and Anil Kumar Saxena1
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2

Effect of Probiotic on Milk Production of Buffalo in Bharatpur District,
48 Rajasthan 40
Basant Kumar Bhinchhar1 and Sheela Kharkwal2
Morpho-molecular characterization of Pseudoperonospora cubensis causing
downy mildew of cucumber
49 Dikshant Gautam1, Ranjan Nath2, Sunil Archak3 , A B Gaikwad4, KV Bhat5, , 41
Bhola Mondal6, Gograj Singh7, Aishwarya Tiwari8and Avantika Maurya9,
Akansha bajpai10 and Jameel Akhtar11*
Integration of organic manures and urea on available nitrogen, its uptake and
50 yield of rice 42
Kh. Manorama, N. Surbala Devi and T. Sanahanbi Devi
Baby corn + pulse intercropping in influencing baby corn yield, equivalent yield
51 and land equivalent ratio 43
MINU MOHAN, Dr. S.N.KHAJANJI, Dr. N. PANDEY
52 Orientation of Sitophilus oryzae towards coloured lights
43
Jabanika Hazarika, Pulin Patgiri and Karanika Gogoi
53 Street light influencing the Physiological and Molecular level on Indian Avian
44
fauna specially Passerine bird Black Headed Munia (Lonchura Malacca)
Multivariate analysis in oat cultivars under dual purpose and seed purpose
54 systems 45
Priyanka1*, V.K. Sood2, Sanjay Sanadya1, Sawan Mehla1 and Amit Rana1
55 Towards efficient photosynthesis: genetic transformation of rice
45
SuchismitaPrusty,*Ranjan Kumar Sahoo
A comparative study between Inter-collaboration networks among the
56 institutional actors of Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri districts of West Bengal 47
1Golam Torab Ali*, 2Ganesh Das, 3Prabhat Kumar Pal
Role of critical environment parameters favoring for infection and development

57 of Alternaria blight disease on Mustard 48
Bhagyashree Singh, Prashant Kumar Singh1 and R.K. Pandya2
Performance of Raphanus sativus crop as influenced by tree spacing and organic
58 manures under Melia composite Willd. based agroforestry system
49
Uday Bhanu Pratap*, K S Pant, Manish K Sharma, Uday Sharma, C L Thakur,
G D Dubey and Johnson Lakra
59 of Karnataka
50
Ranganath G.
60 Development of Web Based Application for Analysis of Strip Plot Design
51
Sarita Rani*, Vinay Kumar, O. P. Sheoran
Efficacy of Insecticides against litchi fruit borer, Conopomorpha sinensis
61 (Bradley) 51
Aditi Charak and Devinder Sharma
Effect of Replacement of Maize with Graded Levels of Mango Seed Kernel on
62 Growth Performance and Carcass traits of Giriraja birds
52
Ananda Manegar*, G.,Geetha M. Yenkanchi., Geetha, K., Vasundara Devi, M
and Shilpa Yatnatti
63 Endophytes: A microbial boon to plant health
52
Ankita Saikia and Popy Bora
64 In-Vitro Assessment Of Cytoproliferative Potential Of Malabari Goat
53
Lactoferrin Upon Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
Deepak Chandran
Effect of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder Meal in Diets on the Performance of
65 Commercial Laying Hens 53
Umesha, B.U., Ananda Manegar, G and Ashok Madapura
Supplementation of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) on the Growth
66 Performance and Carcass traits in Giriraja birds
54
Bharath Kumar N., Krishnamurthy T. N., Ananda Manegar G.*, Indresh H.C.,
Jayanaik, Umashankar B.C. and Wilfred Ruban S.
Effect of supplementation of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) on Serum Bio
67 Chemical and Immune parameters in Giriraja birds
54
Bharath Kumar N., Krishnamurthy T. N., Ananda Manegar* G., Indresh H.C.,
Jayanaik, Umashankar B.C. and Wilfred Ruban S.
Study on Socio Economic Factors and Production of Bangalore red rose onion in
68 Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka
55
Kanakaraja, G.N., Ganapathy M.S., Ananda Manegar* G., Siddayya and Mahin
Sharif
Soil Nutrient Status and Mapping Of Korasagu-4 Micro Watershed Of
69 Channagiri Taluk, Davangere District, Karnataka, India 55
Gurumurthy. K. T, Anantakumar Patil and Nithin. G. P
Sensivity of A Fresh Water Teleost Catla Catla To Some Organophosphate
70 Pesticides Through Bioassay Studies And Fish Behaviour 56
Manju Singh
Cardiac fitness status among male paddy cultivators: a study in context of
71 emerging increasing in ambient temperature
57
Ayan Chatterjee* 1, 2, Sandipan Chatterjee3, Neepa Banerjee3, Shankarashis
Mukherjee3
Holistic approach as Carbon Sequestration in sustaining the Soil Health and
72 Environment 57
Ankit Yadav1, Ravindra Sachan2and Devi Prasad Shukla3
73 Crop Residue Recycling and Its Effect on Soil Quality Improvement
58
Aditya Kumar1, Ravindra Sachan2 and Priya Singh3
Enhancement in yield potential of Elephant Foot Yam (Gajendra) in Nalanda
74 District 59
Kumari Vibha Rani, U.N.Umesh, Jyoti Sinha,Brajendu kumar
Form of soil phosphorus release as influenced by rock phosphate enriched
75
vermicompost and fertilizer 59
Amarjeet Kumar* and Arun Kumar Jha*
76 Weed Management by Soil Solarization
60
Ravindra Sachan, Kushal Sachan and Dristy Katiyar
In vitro shoot induction and somatic embryogenesis in Picrorhiza kurroa Royle
77
ex. Benth using nodal explants 60
Ritu Mahajan, Iqbal Singh and Shajaat Hussain
An Efficient Protocol for Genomic DNA Extraction and RAPD Analysis of
78 Papaya (Carica papaya L.) 61
Bindu, B.
‘Clean Food’ through adoption of ecologically and economically sustainable
farming technology with special focus on soil & plant health management
79 K.Mukhopadhyay1, S.H. Ansary1, R. Bera2, M. Debnath1, S. Saha1, M. K. 61
Kundu1, S.J. Pramanick1, S. C. Dhang1, S. Islam1, A. Seal2, S. Saha2 and A.
Dutta2
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
80 Assessment of high Yielding Variety of mustard Under Firozabad District
62
Omkar Singh Yadav, Tej Prakash and S. R. Singh
81 Bioremediation: A Solution to Environmental Pollution
63
Priya Singh1and Ravindra Sachan2
82 Novel approach for insecticide biodegradation and bacterial wilt bio-management
64
Shenaz Sultana Ahmed and Popy Bora
Effect of harvesting on Vaselife of carnation(Dianthus caryophyllus.) cutflower
83 in second season crop 65
Ashwini kasturi and Chandra Shekhar R.
84 Reduction of pollutants in atmosphere
65
Renu Agarwal
Escalation of β-fructofuranosidase fabrication by desolated Bacillus subtilis
85 adhered to Musa (Banana) exocarp 66
Kavita Rana1*, Neerja Rana2 and Ashok Nadda3, Neeraj Sankhyan2
Study on population dynamic of fruit fly, Bactrocera spp. (Tephritidae: Diptera)
86 and species diversity
67
Amit Kumar Patel, Arvind Parmar, Vishal Sarsaiya, Sundar Pal Panwar,
Pradeep Kumar
Herbicidal Weed Management In Chickpea (Cicer arientinum) Through Front
87 Line Demonstration in Farmers Field 68
R.K. Dwivedi*, M.K. Ahirwar and R.Jharia
Organic manure as an alternative to the conventional mineral fertilizers in
88 cultivation of Digitalis purpurea L. 70
Yashwant Singh Tariyal*, Sadaf Ansari and Pratti Prasad
89 Biodiversity and Wildlife conservation- Valmiki Tiger Reserve
71
Praveen Bhardwaj
90 Water Saving Transplanting And Irrigation Management Practices In Rabi Rice
72
R. Sureshkumar and A. Manuvanthra
Polygenic Variations and Character Association Study Of Tomato (Solanum
91 Lycopersicon L.) Genotypes For Yield And Quality Attributes 73
Sangeeta Shree1*, Swati Sai1, S S.Solankey1 and Ruby Saha2
Impact of Salicylic acid on Morphological traits of Valeriana wallichii DC under
92 Drought stress 75
Sadaf Ansari*, Yashwant Singh Tariyal and Babita Patni
Economic Analysis of Cucumber-Based Crop Rotations Under Protected
93 Structures in Haryana, India
76
Parveen Kumar Nimbrayan*, Parminder Singh, Rati Mukteshawar, Ansul,
Komal Malik and Abhilash Singh Maurya
Characterization of morphological, physio-chemical and fertility properties of
94 pear growing orchards under temperate conditions of Jammu & Kashmir, India 76
Sartaj A. Wania, G. R. Najar, M.A. Kuchay, Shakeel A. Mir, Neelofar Banday
Characterization of Grain Size 3 (GS3) Locus for Grain Length in Basmati Rice
95 (Oryza sativa L.) 77
Chahat Chopra and R. K. Salgotra
Phytochemical And Antibacterial Studies Of Cordia Africana (Stem Bark
96 Extracts) 78
Salaudeen, A. A., S.M.,Dangoggo, U.Z., Faruq and H.E., Mshelia
Knowledge Level Of Tribes And Forest Dwellers On Wild Fruits And Wild
97 Vegetables 78
Rajeshwari N
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
Evaluation of Insecticides against Leaf Minor of Pea (Pisum sativm L.) at
98 farmers fields conditions 79
S. R. Singh and R. K. Prajapati
Situational analysis of social support available to the family caregivers of
99 dependent elderly 79
Parul Kalia and Sarita Saini
Natural ennemies of Cinara maghrebica (Mimeur, 1936) (Hemiptera :
100 Aphididae) on Pinus halepensis ( Miller, 1768) in Algeria 80
Leila Bourouba and Malik Laamari
Tea Waste Processing For Utilization Of Livestock Feed
101 Kartik Tomar, Deepak Singh, Karunesh Dubey and Parmoad Kumar 80
Madhesiya
Effect of Tillage practices and Pendimethalin on Soil Biological Properties and
102 its Dissipation Kinetics in an Acid Inceptisol under Subtropical Region 81
K. Mahanta*1, J.Deka1 D.J.Rajkhowa2, H.Verma2, S. Dutta1 And G.G.Kandali1
Light and Pheromone traps: Their role in monitoring abundance of Holotrichia
103
seticollis Moser (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North Western, Indian Himalayas 83
Nutan, A. R. N. S. Subbanna, Amit Paschapur, Johnson Stanley, Ila Bisht
Weed management in yellow sarson under conservation agriculture based direct
104 seeded rice - yellow sarsoon - greengram cropping system 84
Effect of polythene mulching on moisture conservation, weed control, yield and
105 economics of tomato
84
S.Sreenivasulu1, P.S.Sudhakar2, V.Divya3, T.Ramu Kumar4, J.V.Prasad5,
Y.G.Prasad6 and J.V.N.S. Prasad7
Phyto-nutritional and medicinal values of tree leaves and potentiality as
106 alternate roughages for dairy animalsin Mizoram, India 85
Rajat Buragohain
Assessment of genetic variation in fenugreek genotypesunder different salinity
107 regimes. 85
Bhuri Singh and Vivechana Rajpoot
108 BIOREMEDIATION OF SALT AFFECTED SOILS USING HALOPHILES
86
Divya Chadha1, Vikas Sharma2
Genetic polymorphism in leptin gene and leptin gene receptor and their
109 association to obesity in population of Jammu, J&K 87
Isar Sharma, Nisha Kapoor*
Effect of plant growth regulators and chemicals on yield and economics
110 parameters of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) cv. Vikram. 88
Vikas Mandloi,
111 ENRICHED VERMICOMPOST PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
88
Ajmul Hasan1Kushal Sachan2, Anshul Saxena3
INTEGRATED PLANT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT: TOWARDS
112 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 89
Kushal Sachan1*, RavindraSachan, Ankit Yadav
Mutagenesis of Green pea (Pisum sativum L.) and the isolation of mutants for
113 various traits and earliness in Gwalior region of Madhya Pradesh
89
Akash Barela*, Shivangi Rahangdale, Surbhi Pachori, Sunny Thakur,
Karishma Behra, Praveen Singh
114 Antifungal Efficacy of Ocimum-based essential oils against some important seed-
90
borne fungal pathogens
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
Priyanshu Ranjan1, Amit Yadav1, Raj Kiran2*, BR Meena2, Pardeep Kumar2,
Jameel Akhtar2, A Raina3 and V Celia Chalam2
Promotion of microbes based technology for improved crop production among
weaker section of society
115 AsthaTiwari,Renu*,RajanSingh, Ashish Kumar Vishwakarma, Amit Kumar 90
Yadav, KhanMohd. Sarim, Awadesh Kumar Yadav, Adarsh Kumar, Pawan
Kumar Sharma, & Anil K.Saxena
Role of traditional galactagogues on breastmilk production and infant
116 development 91
Vinutha U Muktamath* ,SunandaItagi and PriyaHegde
SCREENING OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES FOR EFFECTIVE SYMBIOSIS
117 WITH INDIGENOUS RHIZOBIUM Spp. 92
Shanti* and Diptimayee Dash
118 (SpinaciaoleraceaL.)
93
Khan Mohd. Sarim1, Renu1*, Baljeet Kaur2, Upasana Sahu1, Manish S. Bhoyar3
andAnil Kumar Saxena1
Efficacy of some biopesticides and synthetic insecticides against banana leaf and
119 fruit scarring beetle, Basileptasubcostatum Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) 94
BirajKalita and IneeGogoi
120 Identification of potential sunflower growing districts in India
94
BhumireddyChandhana1*, G.D.S Kumar2, R.S.Sengar3
IMPROVING THE LIVELIHOOD OF RESOURCE POOR LIVESTOCK
121 PRODUCERS BY ALLEVIATING FODDER SCARCITY 96
Ahmad Fahim*, Nazim Ali, R.A. Siddiqui, Rajbir Singh and Amit Kumar
122 Mithun the lesser known animal of India
103
Manish meshram, Dr H.M Khan, and Dr H.Hamdani
Screening for resistance and susceptibility of some beetroot cultivars to root-
123 knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica 110
A. Khan1* and M.A. Siddiqui1
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF
124 SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN AROUND KURUKSHETRA “A MULTI
110
LOCATION STUDY”
Nisha and Anita Bhatnagar
Efficiency of Arbitrary and Semi Arbitrary Markers for Assessing Genetic
125 Diversity in Natural Populations ofTecomella Undulata- AnImportant Timber
111
Yielding Tree Species of Rajasthan
Desha Meena1*,Tarun Kant2
126 Weed management strategies in transplanted paddy
111
Shahiba Khatoon*, Anay Rawat, Badal Verma and A.K. Jha
Analysis of Yield and Extension gap through Frontline Demonstration in
127 Rapeseeds-mustard 112
Dr. Niharika Shukla* and Dr.Nikhil Kumar Singh
Study the role of structural and functional variations in Capsaicinoid
128 biosynthesis genes causing contrasting fruit pungency in Capsicum species 112
John Momo, Khushbu Islam, Ilyas Ahmad, Abdul Rawoof, NiralaRamchiary*
Evaluation of the Influence of Certain Types and Doses of Organic Manures on
129 Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.) at
113
Temperate Hill Ranges of Bharsar, Uttarakhand
Bhatt, N. 1, Singh, K.C. 1, Goswami, G. 1, Haobijam, J.W.2
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
Bioassay of some aqueous plant extracts against leaf and fruit scarring beetle,
130 (Nodostomasubcostatum Jacoby, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) 113
Baishali Boruah, Bijon Chandra Dutta, IneeGogoi
Studies on poultry egg adaptation and hatching at high altitude region of Leh-
131 Ladakh
114
Yogesh Singh1,2, Nazia Parveen1,2, Mayarngam K1, Swati1, Harpreet Kaur2, V K
Bharti1 and O P Chaurasia1
Prevalence of major diseases in vegetable and fruit crops and management of
132 powdery mildew in capsicum under polyhouse conditions 115
C. Ruth, K. Gopal,
SCREENING OF RICE GENOTYPES AGAINST BACTERIAL LEAF
133 BLIGHT 120
R.K. Gangwar,S.S. Thorat,M.B. Parmar and S.G. Patel
Assessment of gamma irradiation-induced mutations for improvement of
134 inflorescence traits in lentil (Lens cullinarisMedik.) 122
Rafiul Amin Laskar
Evaluation of insecticidal properties of Karanj (Pongamia glabra) against
135 banana leaf and fruit scarring beetle (Basileptasubcostatum) (Coleoptera:
123
Chrysomelidae)
Priyanka Borbaruah and IneeGogoi
Development of multinutrient-rich maize hybrids through genomics-assisted
stacking of lpa-1, opaque2 and crtRB1 genes
136 Vinay Bhatt*1,2, Vignesh Muthusamy1, Shipra Jha2, Rajkumar U. Zunjare1, 123
Shridhar Ragi1, Aanchal Baveja1, Rashmi Chhabra1, Ravindra Kasana1, Brijesh
K. Mehta3, Satish K. Guleria4 and Firoz Hossain1
137 Supply Chain Analytics in Agribusiness: Prospects and Challenges
124
Rakesh Rathore1 and Ashutosh Chaturvedi2
Isolation and Screening of PHB- producing microbes from different ecological
138 niches. 124
Kashish Sharma, Dandu Harikarthik and Kamla Malik
Analysis of fungal biodiversity in soil samples from Orissa regions and
139 assessment of Plant Growth promoting traits 125
Kirti Srivastava, Alok K. Singh, Jagriti Yadav and Alok K. Srivastava
140 Turmeric And Its Associated Fungal Endophytes
125
Dr. Verinder Virk and Himani Deepak
A Temporal Analysis of Forest and Forest Products in Rajasthan in Post
141 Reform period 126
Arvind Singh Hada1, G.L. Meena2, Hari Singh3, Latika Sharma4
142 Effect of Parental Stress among Single Mothers
126
Lata Pujar
143 Banana pseudo stem sap: An eco-auxiliary for textile finishing
127
Immunomodulatory activity of asparagus racemosus with particular reference
144 to cytokines’ induction in chicken splenocytes 128
Himani Singh, Sonu Ambwani and Tanuj Kumar Ambwani
Influence of different cultivation method on Green House Gases (GHGs)
145 emission in rice ecosystem 129
Boomiraj, K., Goveanthan, A.S. and Senthilraja K.
146 Overcome nutritional deficiencies emplyoing food to food fortification with wild
130
edible berries of Kumaun Himalaya, India
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
Neelaxi Pandey and Satpal Singh Bisht
Biodegradation of carbosulfan pesticide by using novel indigenous Bacillus
147 cereus strain T5 under subtropics 131
Govind Kumar*, Shatrohan Lal, Shailendra Kr. Maurya, A.K. Bhattacherjee
148 Influence of different tillage on the root growth
132
Anamika Tomar, Dr. Sanjay Sharma
Effect of Landuse Landcover Types on Soil Nitrogen Stock in an Entisol of Terai
149 Region of West Bengal 133
Sagardeep Sinha and Ganesh Chandra Banik*
150 Effect of fly ash on growth and survival of sulphur oxidising bacteria
134
Nandni, Savita Rani*, Gourav Chopra and Leela Wati
Isolation and screening of zinc solubilizing bacteria for use as biofertilizer for
151 onion crop 135
Shivi Choudhary, Baljeet Singh Saharan* and Shubham Kumar
152 Effect of fly ash on growth and survival of mineral solubilising bacteria
135
Savita Rani, * Nandni, Gourav Chopra and Leela Wati
Factors influencing the adoption of agroforestry practices among tribal farmers
153 in kolli hills of Tamilnadu 136
V. Keerthana1 and P. Naveen Kumar2
The effect of root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica on Zea mays (maize)
154 plants 137
Richa Panwar, Sonia Goel
155 Microwave based Seasoning of Bamboo.
141
Atul Kumar1, Ritesh D. Ram1, Shakti Singh Chauhan2
156 Studies on Genetic Variability in Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum L.)
141
Manisha, Manju Verma
157 Assessment of diversity in genetic stock of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
142
Lokendra Singh Rajput, M. Yasin
Antixenosis and antibiosis components of resistance in castor to semilooper
158 (Achaea janata) and tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura)
143
P. Duraimurugan*, T. Manjunatha and C. Lavanya
Role of landscape heterogeneity in conservation of avian diversity at Harike
159
wetland 144
Sachin Kumar and Tejdeep Kaur Kler
Studies on genetic variability in Okra (Abelmoschus sps.)
160 Jasti Srivarsha1, V.V. Dalvi1, S.G. Bhave2, S.S.Desai1, A.V. Mane1, M.S. Joshi3, 145
S.V.Sawardekar1
161 Food security among farming households: a study in coastal Odisha
145
C. Devadarshini1 and K. Uma Maheswari2
Immunomodulatory activity of Asparagus racemosus with particular reference
162 to cytokines’ induction in chicken splenocytes 146
Immunopotentiating efficacy of Trigonella foenum-graecum l. In chicken
163 lymphocytes through nfat pathway 147
Assessment of biological response and semi-lethal dose of EMS for fenugreek cv.
164 Rmt-1 148
Jyothsna J1, Reena Nair1*, SK Pandey1 and AK Mehta2
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2

Comprehensive Study of Logistics Management of Mentha oil in Central Awadh
165 Region (Barabanki) of U.P. and Export performance of Indian Mentha oil 148
Ashutosh Chaturvedi, Sanjay Kumar, Rakesh Rathore
Management of potato black scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn through
166 host resistant and chemical
149
Prashant Kumar Singh1, Jagdish Kumar Patidar2, Bhagyashree Singh3 and
Reeti Singh2
Biochemical analysis of leaves of Moringa oleifera collected from five seed
167 sources in Haryana, India
150
Preeti Singh, Bimlendra kumari, Bojja Harish Babu and Jitender Singh
Ranawat
Non-Timber Forest Genetic Resources (NTFGRs) and its role in Agroforestry
168 Systems 151
RP Gunaga, MS Sankanur, SK Sinha, HT Hegde, AA Mehta and TR Ahlawat
Identification of co-expressed genes in different fungal species used as
169 biopesticide
152
Niketa Chauhan1, Prekshi Garg1, Khursheed Ahmad2, Shalini Singh Visen3,
Prachi Srivastava1*
Improving livelihood and nutritional security of tribal communitiesthrough
170 aquaculture and fisheries in Dindori, Madhya Pradesh
153
Satendra Kumar1*, PL Ambulkar1, Shweta Masram1, Geeta Singh1, A K Patel1,
Renu Pathak1, S R K Singh2
171 Chitosan-metal nanocomposites as time temperature indicators
154
Sreelakshmi K. R.*, Mohan C. O., Remya S. and Ravishankar C. N.
Assessment of escapement pattern of Stolephorus indicus, Leiognathus
172 dussumieri and Metapenaeus dobsoni from 27m shrimp trawl 154
Renjith R K*, Paras Nath Jha, Chinnadurai S, Madhu V R
173 Studies on economics of predominant Rabi crops followed by paddy
155
S. S. Thakare*, J.R. Katore, S. R. Kamdi, Beena Nair and B. K. Barudkar
Biochemical factors responsible for resistance in tomato against fruit borer,
174 Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) 156
Kalpana Bisht*, N.N. Singh and S.V.S. Raju
Identification and development of microsatellite markers in Dendrocalamus
175
strictus 157
Shivani Rohilla1*, H.S. Ginwal1, Santan Barthwal1,Vikas Rana2
176 Microbiological analysis in food as raw material and finished product
158
Surbhi Arya and Shivi Choudhary*
177 Prioritization of Surana Tons watershed Doon Valley Uttarakhand
158
Anju Panwar1 Pratibha Naithani1, Pradeep Sharma1 and Naveen Sharma2
Grade wise yield and economics involved in potato c.v kufri chipsona-1 under
178 different nutrient treatments. 159
Richa Pyasi* and Rajkumar Deshlehra
179 Biological Controls of Aflatoxin Contamination of Crops (Rice)
160
Rakhi Kumari
180 Residential Built Environment of Uttarkashi District of Uttarakhand
162
Nidhi Parmar, Promila Sharma
181 Seasonal Abundance of Chilli mites in Marathawada Region of Maharashtra
162
Nareshkumar E. Jayewar* and Balaji B. Bhosale
182 Gulabjamun prepared from buffalo milk with incorporating Amaranthus
164
hypochondriacus and soy flour
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
Chandrashekhar Mourya and Anita Raisagar
Optimization, sensory and nutritional quality evaluation of cookies
183 incorporating tamarind kernel (Tamarindus indica L.) : an under-utilized
165
legume
Priyanka Tangariya, Sarita Srivastava
Characterization of human serum albumin's interactions with Caffeic acid and
184 Chlorogenic acid from Cichorrium intybus using molecular docking techniques 166
Abhishek Pathak, Sunita Arora, Tarannum Jahan, Gohar Taj, S.P Singh
Effective practice of INM on increment of ragi yield in red soil under natural
185 resource management 166
S.Srinivasan, A.Angayarkanni, K. Dhanasekaran and D.Balu*
186 Response of mustard varieties to different nitrogen levels
169
Mamta Kumari, R. K. Sharma, Gaurav verma and R. K. Mishra
187 Effects of different herbicides on weed and Yield of wheat ((Triticum aestivum)
169
Sumit Panwar, R. K. Sharma, Gaurav verma and R. K. Mishra
Compensating nitrogen fertilizer requirement of wheat (Tritticum aestivum L.)
188
Through vermicompost and FYM under late sown condition 170
Manju Punia, R. K. Sharma, R. K. Mishra and Gaurav verma
Regeneration of plants via organogenesis in fungal screened callus tissues from
189 leaf and nodal segments of Dalbergia sissoo 170
Monika Chauhan, Ajay Thakur
PEG mediated destabilization of holo α-Lactalbumin Probed by in silico and in
190 vitro Studies: Deviation from Excluded Volume Effect
171
Neha Raina1, Asimul Islam2, Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan2, Faizan Ahmad and Amit
Kumar Singh1
Effect of climatic condition, altitudinal gradient and aspects on physiological
191 traits of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don in north-western Himalaya 172
Deepshikha Nirala* and D R Bhardwaj
Quantitative analysis of DNA from human samples under temperature and
192 incubation period variations 172
Shubham Kumar, Baljeet Singh Saharan, Shivi Choudhary
193 Synthesis of Chitosan-TPP loaded Propyl Paraben Nanoparticles
173
Ritika, dolly rani and Neeraj dilbaghi
194 Onion Storage: A critical study
174
Priyanka Mishra*, B. R. Pandey, Nidhi Verma, Shweta Meshram
195 Microbiological analysis in food as raw material and finished product
176
Surbhi arya and Shivi choudhary*
Histopathological impact of vitamin-C on sodium fluoride exposed Amur carp
196
(Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) 176
Rajinder Kaur1,3*, Munish Batra2, Amita Saxena1
Assessment of the effect of compost amendment on sorption of sulphonamide
197 antibiotics in sandy loam soils of Delhi 177
Neethu Narayanan*, Suman Gupta, Tirthankar Banerjee
198 Reclamation of degraded lands through Melia dubia based agroforestry syestem
178
Krishma Nanda, Sandeep Arya
Effect of nitrobenzene on plant growth, yield and minerals content of tomato
199 Nahid Sultana, Md. Abdul Owhab Mridha, Tuhin Suvra Roy and Rajesh 178
Chakraborty
200 Alleviation of adverse effects of salt stress in tomato by foliar application of
179
salicylic acid
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
Md. Abdul Owhab Mridha, Nahid Sultana, Tuhin Suvra Roy and Rajesh
Chakraborty
201 Impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra Dehradun on Women Empowerment: A Study
180
Kiran pant, A .K. Sharma, Pravin Kumar
202 Assessing the impact of elevated ozone and ozone protectants on yield of garlic
181
Gayathri J1*, Boomiraj K2 and Avudainayagam S2
Effect of invigoration treatment of different soaking periods on germination
203 performance of bottle gourd seeds 183
Kranti Pawar, Prashant Kumar Rai
Floristic diversity, aboveground biomass and carbon stock in coffee-based
204 agroforestry system and adjoining natural forests of Central Western Ghats, 183
India
Assessment of High Yielding Varieties of Linseed (Linum Usitatissimum L.)
205 Through Front Line demonstration in Dindori District
184
Shweta Masram1*, Nidhi Verma2, P.L. Ambulkar1, Anjum Ahmad3 and
Priyanka Mishra4
206 Impact of intervention on functional ability among rural elderly
186
Sumangala Badami1 and Ganga V.Yenagi2
Effect of soil salinity on growth Parameters and antioxidant activity in Two
207 Genotypes of Egg Plant (Solanum melongena L.) 187
Bhati S, Chaudhary S, Garg G*
Effect of probiotic induced fermentation on the polyphenol content and
208 bioactive properties of Terminalia chebula (Fruits) methanolic extract. 188
Khalid Hussain Salaria* and Sanjay Guleria
Efficacy of liquid and carrier based biofertilizers along with chemical fertilizers
209 on yield and yield attributes of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum l.) 189
K. Lakshmikala*, B. Ramesh Babu, M. Ravindra Babu And P. Rama Devi
210 Synthesis and evaluation of Benzmidazolyl chromones against Sclerotium rolfsii
190
Parshant Kaushik*, NA Shakil, VS Rana
Sensivity of a fresh water teleost catla catla to some organophosphate pesticides
211 through bioassay studies and fish behaviour 191
Manju Singh
212 Evaluation of Probiotic potentials of Lactobacilllus casei
192
Anita Raisagar, Sangeeta Shukla and Chandrashekhar Mourya
213 Bio-preservation of Foods using bacteriocins
193
Mahi Kaushik
214 Gender Involvement in Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sectors
194
Komal, Kiran Singh, Nigam Rani and Poonam Kumari
215 Micronutrient malnutrition in india: magnitude and consequences
194
Vinita Singh and Monika Thakur
Laccases from Coriolus versicolor MTCC-138 and Trametes versicolor HBB-
216 7328: Characterization, production and immobilization 197
Nikita and Baljeet Singh Saharan
Identification of marker associated qtl for yield and its components in Rice
217 (Oryza sativa l.)
198
Jayaprada M*, Srividhya A, Vemireddy LR, Sridhar S, Raja Reddy K,
Sreelakshmi B, Anuradha G and Siddiq EA
An interpretation of corollary of different spacings and nitrogen levels on yield
218 and yield attributes of Red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata f. Rubra) 200
S. Manasa*, L. Mukunda Lakshmi, Syed Sadarunnisa and T. Rajasekharam
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
219 Value Chain Analysis of Prominent Vegetables in Nadia District of West Bengal
202
Barsha Sarkar*, Debabrata Basu
220 Development of diversified jute products for upsurge in farmers’ income
202
Zeba Jamal and Nisha Arya
221 Pesticide’s usage and health risks among farmers
203
Singh. K, Chahal. K P, Komal and Ahuja.S.
Phenotypic study in Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] germplasm
222 lines using yield and yield related component traits 204
Jyoti Kaushik*, Dev Vart
223 Changes in eating behaviour of people who recovered from Covid-19
204
Neelesh Kumar Maurya1, Dr Latika Yadav2, Ena Gupta 3
Emotional Intelligence and Self Esteem among Residential Hearing Impaired
224 Children 205
Pujar Lata and Patil Shilpa
Effect of polythene mulching on moisture conservation, weed control, yield and
225 economics of tomato
206
S.Sreenivasulu1, P.S.Sudhakar1, V.Divya1, T.Ramu Kumar1, J.V.Prasad2,
Y.G.Prasad3 and J.V.N.S. Prasad4
Information communication technology: - Enable Services in Agriculture sector
226 Mangi Lal Jat1, Kalpana Shrivastava1, Yeragorla Venkata Harikrishna2, 207
Sanjana Shrivastava1
227 Effect of different drying techniques on flower dehydration
212
Patil U. H. S. R. Dalal and Gaidhani A.H.
Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on morpho-physiological
228 parameters for enhancing the productivivty in bt. Cotton 213
K N Pawar
Effect of azolla and flaxseed supplemented poultry excreta on fish and pond
229 water qualities 214
Sahar Masud and Iqra Khursheed
Antidiabetic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of ajuga bracteosa leaves in alloxan
230 induced diabetic chick model 215
Rekha Bisht and Dharmendra Kumar*
Severe infestation of root-knot nematode on tuberous Vigna vexillata (L.)
231
Zakaullah Khan*1, Kuldeep Tripathi2, Bharat H. Gawade1, V. Celia Chalam1 216
and Ashok Kumar2
Optimizing Tillage and Residue Retention Practices for Improving Soil Quality
232 in Maize Wheat Cropping System of Lower Shivalik 217
Sharmistha Pal1*, R.P. Yadav2, O.P.S.Khola1, P.L. Bhutia1 and S.L. Arya1
233 Punica granatum peel as a sustainable source for the prevention hypertension
217
Uroosa Noor and Ena Gupta*
Comparison of Physico-Chemical properties of soils under different forest types
234 in dry tropical forest ecosystem in Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere
221
Reserve, India
Harischandra Darro1, S. L. Swamy2, Rajesh Kumar3, Atul Kumar Bhardwaj3
Study on population dynamic of fruit fly, Bactrocera spp. (Tephritidae: Diptera)
235 and species diversity
229
Amit Kumar Patel, Arvind Parmar, Vishal Sarsaiya, Sundar Pal Panwar,
Pradeep Kumar
236 Characterization of Morphological, Physio-Chemical and Fertility Properties of
230
Pear Growing Orchards under Temperate Conditions of Jammu & Kashmir,
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
India
Sartaj A. Wania, G. R. Najar, M.A. Kuchay, Asif Mohud-din, Shakeel. A. Mir,
Neelofar Banday
237 Anti-AGE properties of Acesulfame potassium and its interaction with BSA
231
Dinesh Kumar, Ahmad Ali *,
238 PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION POTENTIAL IN INDIA
232
Jeetendra Kumar*
Under Long-Term Experiment, Response of Increasing Doses Phosphorus
239 Application on Wheat and Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Content 235
Mehmet IŞIK, Veysi AKŞAHİN, Feyzullah ÖZTÜRK, and İbrahim ORTAŞ
IDENTIFICATION OF TERMINAL HIGH-TEMPERATURE TOLERANT
240 CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) GENOTYPES THROUGH YIELD-BASED
236
SELECTION INDICES
Hitesh Kumar, Amit Kumar, and Mukul Kumar
Evaluation of some beetroot cultivars for their response of resistance and/or
241 susceptibility to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica 237
Under Long-Term Field Conditions, the Application of Organic and Inorganic
242 Fertilizers on Soil and Plant Nitrogen and Carbon Contents. 238
Veysi AKŞAHİN, Mehmet IŞIK, Feyzullah ÖZTÜRK, and İbrahim ORTAŞ
Efficacy of some biopesticides and synthetic insecticides against banana leaf and
243 fruit scarring beetle, Basilepta subcostatum Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) 238
Sh. Biraj Kalita and Dr. Inee Gogoi
MICRONUTRIENT MALNUTRITION IN INDIA: MAGNITUDE AND
244 CONSEQUENCES 239
Vinita Singh1 and Monika Thakur2
245 Natural resource management for retaining diversity on EARTH
242
Madhu Sharan
Comparative evaluation on the intercropping and monocropping system on the
246 vegetative growth performance of pineapple 247
Raimi M. Redwan*, Nik Nur Anis Ayunee Nik Zakaria, Fatimah Kayat
Influence of Different growing media and Bio-enhancer on seed germination and
seedling growth after transplanting of papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Pusa
247
Nanha 249
* Ravi Shankar Singh, A.K.Dwivedi, Akash Shukla, Manoj Kumar and Jitendra
Shukla
Impact of foliar application of Nutrients and PGR’s on Physico- Chemical
248 Property of Guava (Psidium guajava) fruit cv. Lalit
249
*Akash Shukla, A.K.Dwivedi, Ravi Shankar Singh, Manoj Kumar and Jitendra
Shukla
Effect of organic manures on quality and physico-chemical characteristics of
249 winter season guava (Psidium guajava L.) in cv. L-49
250
Anand Singh Rawat, Dr. Bhanu Pratap, Dr. Prithvi Pal and Manoj
Kumar
250 Study the nutrition level on sesamum varieties under rainfed condition
251
Janki Prasad
Impact of alternative cheap gelling agents for shoot multiplication and rooting
251 of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) under in vitro condition 251
Manoj Kumar*, A.K.Dwivedi, Ravi Shankar Singh, Akash Shukla, Vivekanand
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2

Genetic diversity study in species of three important genera- Arachis, Cicer and
252 Oryza using seed storage proteins 252
Manisha Sharma, Soom Nath Raina and Apekshita Singh*
Influence of liquid and carrier based biofertilizers on quality of guava (Psidium
253 guajava L.) cv. Taiwan White
253
Bharathi Nirujogi, M. Madhavi, L. Naram Naidu, P. Vinaya Kumar Reddy,
D.R Salomi Suneetha and P. Rama Devi
254 Eco friendly dyeing with extracts of henna on cotton
253
Dr Jyoti Vastrad, Mrs Suvarnagouri Y
IDENTIFICATION OF TERMINAL HIGH-TEMPERATURE TOLERANT
255 CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) GENOTYPES THROUGH YIELD-BASED
254
SELECTION INDICES
ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF POPLAR FARMING TO RURAL
256 LIVELIHOODS IN KASHMIR HIMALAYA, INDIA
255
M.A. Islam*1, T.H. Masoodi1, S.A. Gangoo2, A.A. Wani1, G.M. Bhat3, P.A. Sofi2,
A.A. Gatoo1, A.R. Malik2, Murtaza Shah1 and Ummar Atta1
Assessing the impact and management of parthenium weed (Parthenium
257 hysterophorus) and a look to the future in Bangladesh 256
Sheikh Muhammad Masum and Nipa Monalisa
“TEFF- A SUPER MILLET CROP”
Ashoka P, Mahantesh B. Nagangoudar,Sunitha N H and Priya
258 Predicting tuber yield losses of exportable potato varieties under saline 257
condition in Bangladesh
Rajesh Chakraborty, Tuhin Suvra Roy and Eti Chakraborty
259 Yield of mungbean as influenced by boron with other source of fertilizers
Shimul Chandra Sarker, Mst. Tajrin Trisha, Manashi Roy 272
Modified single cross for developing high yielding field corn hybrids
260 Sumaiya Haque Omy*, M. Amiruzzaman, Mohammad Golam Hossain and Md. 273
Motiar Rohman
261 Role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for all round development of farm women
276
Dr. Shobha Rani 1 and Dr. Devendra Kumar2
262 Mop Fan in controlled environment greenhouse
280
Abdeen Mustafa Omer
ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF POPLAR FARMING TO RURAL
263 LIVELIHOODS IN KASHMIR HIMALAYA, INDIA
288
M.A. Islam*1, T.H. Masoodi1, S.A. Gangoo2, A.A. Wani1, G.M. Bhat3, P.A. Sofi2,
A.A. Gatoo1, A.R. Malik2, Murtaza Shah1 and Ummar Atta1
Assessing the impact and management of parthenium weed (Parthenium
264
hysterophorus) and a look to the future in Bangladesh 289
Predicting tuber yield losses of exportable potato varieties under saline
265
condition in Bangladesh 290
266 Yield of mungbean as influenced by boron with other source of fertilizers
291
Shimul Chandra Sarker, Mst. Tajrin Trisha, Manashi Roy
267
of Karnataka 292
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2

Ranganath G.
Influence of soil oil and foliar application of zinc sulphate and ferrous sulphate
268 on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) 292
R. S. Gawande, P. N. Karanjikar and M. J. Patange
INTANGIBLE BENEFITS OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM- AN ANALYSIS
269 ON WILLINGNESS TO PAY BY FARMERS IN THE AGRO CLIMATIC
294
ZONE OF TAMIL NADU
P. Naveen Kumar2, R. Minithra3, K. Thomas Felix4
Genetic Variability Study in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) For Root Yield
270 under Mid-Hills of Uttarakhand 295
Riya Jakhwal, Gargi Goswami*, S. C. Pant, K.C. Singh and Arunima Paliwal1
Analysis of Secretion system in Bacillus subtilis RC 25
271 Alok K. Singh*, Ruchi Srivastava, Jagriti Yadav, Alok K. Srivastava and Anil K. 296
Saxena
Phytochemical screening of medicinal plants against Streptococcus mutans
272 targeting Putative deoxycytidylate deaminase 297
Hemlata Pundir1, Tanuja Joshi2, Subhash Chandra2*, Sushma Tamta1
PERFORMANCE OF CHICKPEA (RVG 202) UNDER RAISED BED
273 PLANTING IN NARSIHGPUR DISTRICT
297
Nidhi Verma, Shweta Mesram, Anjum Ahmad, K.V. Sahare and Priyanka
Mishra
Molecular characterization, development of functional markers and their
utilization in molecular breeding for sugary1 gene governing kernel sweetness in
274 maize
299
Rashmi Chhabra*, Vignesh Muthusamy, Nisrita Gain, Ashvinkumar Katral,
Aanchal Baveja, Brijesh Mehta, Nitish Ranjan Prakash, Rajkumar Uttamrao
Zunjare and Firoz Hossain
STATUS OF FARM PRODUCE AND FOOD GRAIN AVAILABILITY IN
275 THE WESTERN HIMALAYA: A CASE STUDY OF THE UTTARAKHAND
300
HIMALAYA
VISHLESHWAR¹, P.C. CHANIYAL², D.S. RAWAT²
Genetic assessment of newly developed maize inbreds for yield and its attributes
276 in different agro-climatic conditions 301
*Gaurav Sharma1, Uttam Chandel2, Sawan Kumar1 and Satish Kumar Guleria3
EFFECT OF SEED PRIMING WITH CHITOSAN BIONANOCONJUGATE

277 IN WHEAT CULTIVARS 301
Narender Mohan1, Ajay Pal1, Vinod Saharan2
Transforming farm lands into small tea gardens: socio-economic impact on
278
participation of farm women 303
Monirul Haque1*, S K Acharya2
279 Land demand for food and cooking fuel-wood in India
303
K. Thomas Felix1*, P. Naveen Kumar2 and S. Arivarasan3
280 Response of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) varieties to different
305
moisture conservation practices under rainfed condition
2
Department of Agrl Economics, Amrita School of Agricultural Science, Amrita University, Coimbatore-642109, Tamil
Nadu, India
3
Dept. of Agriculture - School of Agriculture and Bio Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed
University). Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India
4
Tamil Nadu National Law University, Trichy- 620009, Tamil Nadu, India
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
B .N. Aglave, M. J. Patange*, P. N. Karanjikar and L. P. Bandgar
Linkage disequilibrium analysis study reveals the genetic architecture of
281 flowering time Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) 306
Vanya Bawa*1, Surinder Kumar Gupta2, Manmohan Sharma3, Vijay Gahlaut4
Identification of promising rice crop establishment methods in Rice – Linseed
282 cropping system under conservation agriculture
306
J. R. Katore*, S. P. Shinde, Beena Nair, V. S. Khawale, D. J. Jiotode and Rupali
Damdar
Integrated weed management in irrigated linseed
283 J. R. Katore*, Beena Nair, Rupali Damdar, P. C. Pagar, S. S. Thakare and 308
Shilpa Rananaware
Phylogeny of Oscheius myriophilus isolated from laevicaulis alte, inferred from
284 rDNA and morphometrical basis 309
Kajol and Ashok Kumar Chaubey
EFFECT OF SILICEA, ARSENICUM ALBUM AND VERMIWASH ON
285 GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PEA (Pisum sativum L.) 310
Renjan B1., Dany Ferdinend and Rajamanickam, K
Effect of Gibberellic Acid and Naphthalene Acetic Acid on Seed Germination of
286 Rubus species 312
Manju, Nikesh Chandra and Gopalmani,
INCORPORATION OF CONTINUOUS AND INTERMITTENCE
287 MICROWAVE APPLICATION ON CONVECTIVE DRYING OF GRATED
313
BEETROOT
Nazia Tabassum1*, Sadaf Ahmad2
Adaptation of water conservation technique mulching to mitigate water crisis
288 due to river Sand mining in state Bihar, India 313
Sunita Kushwah and M. S. Kundu
ECONOMIC VALUATION OF NON-TIMBER FOREST RESOURCES
289 (NTFRs) FLOWS IN THE GUREZ VALLEY OF KASHMIR 315
M.A. Islam*, Ummar Atta, A.A. Wani, A.A. Gatoo and Murtaza Shah
IMPACT OF VARIOUS SOURCES OF SEED PRIMING ON GROWTH
290 YIELD AND QUALITY OF SPINACH LOCAL (Spinacia olearacea) in-vitro
316
AND in-vivo CONDITION
Bela Joshi, Dr. P K Rai, Mrs Vandana Pandey
Wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and mung bean-garlic based agroforestry
291 system affects growth and yield parameters 317
Mohd Tariq1, V Dutt1, Mohsin Ahmad Hajam2, Asif Mohi Ud Din Rather3*
Effect of growing media with GA3 on seedling and physiological growth of Acid
292
lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) Cv. Vikram 318
Mohni Parmar, Amit Kumar,
293 Farm mechanization and post-harvest technologies to enhance farm profitability
318
1.Sheetal Patel 2.Pooja Puri
Morpho-molecular characterization of Pseudoperonospora cubensis causing
downy mildew of cucumber
294 Dikshant Gautam1, Ranjan Nath2, Sunil Archak3 , A B Gaikwad4, KV Bhat5, , 319
Bhola Mondal6, Gograj Singh7, Aishwarya Tiwari8and Avantika Maurya9,
Akansha bajpai10 and Jameel Akhtar11
295 ROLE PERFORMANCE OF DAESI DEALERS
320
Annapoorna Kamagoud and Dr. Surekha Sankanagoudar
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2

Constraints faced by livestock farmers of Central Kashmir in using Indigenous
296 Technical Knowledge (ITK) 322
1
Sheikh Shubeena , Abdul Hai 2
Zero Tillage Technology and Farm profits through FLD with small land holding
297 farmer of district Begusarai, Bihar 325
1* 2 3 4
Vinita Kashyap , SunitaKushwah , Ram Pal , M. S. Kundu & B. K. Sahi 5
Effect of levels and sources of phosphorus application on yield and Soil fertility
298 status of black gram (Phaseolus mungo L.) 327
Shweta Jamra and Jitendra Patidar
Effect of Invigoration Treatment of Different Soaking Periods on Germination
299 Performance of Bottle Gourd Seeds 328
A Study on Constraints Encountered in Animal Husbandry by Tribal Women of
300 Southern Rajasthan 329
1
Asha Dagar and Rajshree Upadhyay 2
Isolation and screening of zinc solubilizing bacteria as potential bioinoculant for

301
agriculturally important crops 329
Umang, Shaik Tabasum and Leela Wati
FORMULATION & INVITRO EVALUATION OF GASTRO RETENTIVE
302 DOSAGE FORM USING ALGINATE BEADS OF CLA RITHROMYCIN 330
Ankita Singh, Mahesh Kumar Yadav, Indrajeet kumar Mahto
Reactions analysis of different tomato cultivars to root-knot nematode,
303 Meloidogyne incognita 331
M. Ikram1* and M. A. Siddiqui1
Bryophytes of Sal Forest area at Ranibagh, District Nainital, Kumaun
304 Himalaya. 332
Richa Arya; Manisha Bhandari; S.D. Tewari; Prachi Joshi
Epiphytic bryophytes of Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don forest at
305 Lohaghat, (district Champawat), Uttarakhand 332
Manisha Bhandari*, S.D.Tewari, Prachi Joshi, and Richa Arya.
Integrated Hill Farming System for Year Round Food, Nutritional and
Livelihood Security
Subhra Saikat Roy1, Meraj Alam Ansari2, Ch. Basudha Devi1, Susheel Kumar
306
Sharma1, Blessa Sailo1, Kl. Levish Chongloi3, Ts. Leenda Monsang3, K. 338
Sonamani Singh3, A. Ameeta Devi3, L. Somendro Singh4, R. K. Roshan5, L.
Loken Singh6, N. Ajitkumar Singh6, N. Sureshchandra Singh6, Solei Luiram6, S.
Hazarika7 and I. Meghachandra Singh1
IDENTIFICATION OF MICROBES FROM DIFFERENT ORGANIC
307 SUBSTRATES FOR RICE STUBBLE DECOMPOSITION
335
Sonia Goel1, Bhawna Rathi 2, Mohinder Singh1, Upasana Sarma 2, Sapna
Grewal 3
Estimation of Carbon sequestration in different trees in agri-silvi-horti system in
308 northern transitional zone of Karnataka 337
K. N. Pawar and R. L. Chavan
Effect of feeding dried Moringa oleifera leaves on dry matter intake, milk
309 production, it’s composition and biochemical parameters in Sahiwal cows
338
Neetu Sonkar*, Nishma Singh, Rupal Pathak, Ashutosh Dubey, Kaiser Parveen,
V.N. Khune, A.K. Santra and Anupam Soni
310 Biochemical and Transcript analysis of differentially expressed water stress
340
responsive candidate genes in Minor millets & rice (Oryza sativa L.).
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
Pooja Kathare, Patil Arun H, Girish Chandel
Transcript-level differential candidate gene expression analysis &
341
311 Characterization of Physiological Responses among Minor millet & rice (Oryza
sativa L.) under water stress.
STUDIES ON CONSERVATION MACHINERY SYSTEM UNDER RICE-
312 CHICKPEA CROPPING SYSTEM 343
Jitendra Kumar*, A.K. Dave** A.K. Verma*** and Hemlata Nirala****
Molecular Docking Studies of Acetylcholinesterase enzyme involved in
313 Alzheimer disease with chlorogenic acid and Lactucin of Cichorrium intybus 344
Sunita Arora, Abhishek Pathak, Gohar Taj
Economic analysis of poultry farming in Dantola village (Almora), Uttarakhand
314 Latika Pandey1*, Ayyanadar Arunachalam2, Namita Joshi1, Deepak Kumar 345
Mishra2 and Inder Dev2
Assessment and economic eevaluation of provisioning services from agroforestry
315 system in the Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand.
345
Deepak Kumar Mishra1, Ujjwal Kumar1, Kusum Arunachalam1* Latika
Pandey2
A standardized protocol for genomic DNA isolation from Terminalia bellirica for
316 population genetic analysis. 346
Aanchal Singh & Dr. H. S. Ginwal
Development of instant fish cutlet mix from Nile tilapia-an attempt in utilizing
317 farmed fish for ready to cook product 347
Rehana Raj, Binsi P.K., Sreelakshmi K.R. and Suseela Mathew
318 Role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for all round development of farm women
347
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2

3rd International Conference on “Global Initiative in Agricultural, Forestry and Applied Sciences for
Food Security, Environmental Safety and Sustainable Development (GIAFAS-2021)”
Marketing Analysis of Bangalore Red Rose Onion in Chikkaballapura District of

Karnataka
Kanakaraja G.N., Ganapathy M.S., Ananda Manegar*G., Siddayya and Ranganath G.
Department of Agricultural Marketing, Co-operation & Business Management, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru-560065
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The present study was conducted to examine the costs and returns in production, price spread in different
marketing channels of Bangalore red rose onion.
Methods: The study was conducted by using a random sample of sixty cultivators and twenty market intermediaries
from Chikkaballapura and Chennai export markets. The primary data was collected by personal interview method
with help of pretested and structured schedule during 2019-20 crop season.
Results: The major findings of the study revealed thatAbout 78.40 per cent of the farmers sold through Channel-I
(Producer→ Village level trader → Commission agent → Exporter → Foreign importer → Consumers), about 15.00
per cent in channel-II (Producer→ Contract trader → Exporter → Foreign importer → Consumers) and about 6.60
per cent in channel-III (Producer→ Trader in APMC → Exporter → Foreign importer → Consumers). The price
spread was higher in Channel-I (Rs. 9,600) compared to Channel-II (Rs. 8,800) and channel-III (Rs. 9,150) due to a
greater number of intermediaries.
Conclusion: With a marketing efficiency index of 3.15, channel-IIwas the most efficient channel followed by
channel-III (2.78) and channel-I (2.59) according to Shepherd’s method.
Key words: Price spread, Marketing channels, marketing efficiency, chikkaballapura
Effect of Itrifal Muqawwi-e-Dimagh (a polyherbal drug) on the transgenic Drosophila

model of Parkinson’s Disease
Yasir Hasan Siddique1*, Falaq Naz1, Rahul1, Mohammad Rashid2, Shariq Mian2
1
Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India;
2
Department of Saidla, Ajmal khan Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh,
India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars
compacta of the mid brain which leads to the depletion of dopamine levels. The depletion of dopamine leads to the
motor dysfunction characterized by tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. In this context, the effect
of unani herbal formulation Itrifal Muqawwi-e-Dimagh (IMD) was studied on the transgenic Drosophila
melanogaster expressing human alpha synuclein in the neurons of flies. IMD is recommended for enhancing mental
power and to treat mental illness in the Unani system of medicine. IMD was prepared as per the standard procedures
and was subjected to various physico-chemical tests.
Methods: The equivalents of recommended dose for human were established for 20g of fly food i.e. 0.0014, 0.0028,
0.0042 and 0.0056g per 20g of diet. The PD flies were allowed to feed on it for 24 days before performing the
assays.
Results: The PD flies exposed to IMD showed increase in the life span and improvement in the activity. A
significant dose dependent delay in the loss of climbing ability was observed in PD flies exposed to various doses of
IMD. The exposure of PD flies to IMD showed a significant reduction in the oxidative stress and increase in the
1
October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
anti-oxidant enzymes compared to unexposed PD flies. The PD flies exposed to various doses of IMD showed a
significant dose dependent increase in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase as evident by immunohistochemistry.
Conclusion: It is concluded that IMD is potent in reducing the PD symptoms being mimicked in the transgenic
Drosophila.
Evaluation of orchid species from Mahabaleshwar plateau of western ghat

D. S. Kadam, M. A. Sushir, V. M. Sali and D. P. Deshmukh
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Western ghat region is well recognized biodiversity hot spot. Several orchid species exist in this region.
The Orchidaceae family is diverse and widespread with colourful blooms that are often fragrant. It is also one of the
largest family of the flowering plants. Orchid species in Mahabaleshwar plateau includes high altitude epiphytes as
well as terrestrial (ground) orchids. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the vegetative and floral attributes of
the orchid species from the Mahabaleshwar plateau of the western ghat.
Methods: An orchid germplasm collection at Regional Wheat Rust Research Station, Mahabaleshwar was evaluated
during the year 2019-20. Observations regarding vegetative and floral characters were recorded.
Results: Among the evaluated species Epidendrum radicans recorded maximum plant height (64 cm), maximum
number of leaves (12) and highest spike length (52 cm). More inter-nodal length was recorded in the species
Dendrobium crepidatum (4.3 cm). The species Eulophia herbacea, Spathoglottis plicata and Oberonia recurva do
not have internodes. The species Oberonia recurva recorded maximum number of flowers (38) per spike.
Conclusions: Orchids species in Mahabaleshwar plateau of the western ghats have diversity in their habitat
adaptation along with vegetative and floral characters. It is necessary to conserve this orchid biodiversity. These
orchids can play a vital role in uplifting the floriculture, herbal, pharmaceutical and tourism industry of the western
ghat.
Key words: Orchids, Western ghat, Biodiversity
Genetic transformation of Citrus reticulata cv. Khasi mandarin

Sangeeta Bhandari1,2, Sangeeta Sarma3, Dhanawantari Singha4, Salvinder Singh1
1. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India
2. Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-
785006, Assam, India
3. Department of Botany, School of Life Science, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia, Sonapur-782402 Assam,
India
4. Biotechnology Group, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- North East Institute of Science and
Technology, Jorhat-785006, Assam, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Khasi mandarin is the most popular citrus cultivar in North-East, India. They are declining at a very high
rate due to its vulnerability to different pathogen and insect/ pest. CTV (Citrus tristeza virus), Citrus canker (CCK),
Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) and Huanglongbing (HLB) results in significant reduction. Limitation for
improvement via conventional breeding is associated with nucellar polyembryony, high level of heterozygosity and
a long juvenile period. Genetic transformation as a tool for citrus improvement is gaining in popularity. In the
present study, in vitro regeneration and Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation protocol was optimized for
C. reticulata
Method: Different explants like epicotyl, hypocotyl, nodal and internodal segments obtained from six-week-old in
vitro grown zygotic seedling was used for transformation. Explants were transformed with Agrobacterium strain
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LBA4404, harboring plasmid pBI121-AtSUC-GUS containing nptll as a selectable marker and gus as a reporter
gene. Transgenic detection was done through GUS histochemical assay.
Result: Hypocotyl was found to be the best explants. MS medium supplemented with BAP (2mg/L), NAA
(0.5mg/L), 2, 4-D (1mg/L), MES (0.5g/L), sucrose (30g/L) and acetosyringone (100µM) was found to be best
medium for co-cultivation. Modified MS medium containing BAP (4mg/L), MES (0.5g/L), sucrose (30g/L),
phytagel (4g/L), kanamycin (50mg/L) and timentin (150mg/L) showed highest regeneration efficiency (18%).
Modified MS medium containing BAP (4mg/L), GA3 (0.5mg/L), MES (0.5g/L), sucrose (30g/L), phytagel (4g/L),
kanamycin (50mg/L) and timentin (150mg/L) showed highest multiple shoot induction. GUS expression in the
phloem tissue was observed in the transgenic shoot and leaves.
Conclusion: Transformation efficiency of 0.6% was obtained through this protocol.
Key words: Agrobacterium strain LBA4404, CTV, GUS assay, Khasi mandarin
Study on diversity of Trichoderma from the rhizospheric soil of solanaceous crops in Assam
Mehjebin Rahman, Sapna Mayuri Borah, Popy Bora
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Trichoderma is the most explored bio-control agent in today’s agricultural industries manufacturing
biopesticides. Several species under the genus Trichoderma of Ascomycetes group are identified as efficient
inhibitors of soil borne fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. The present study was conducted to study the
morphological and molecular diversity of Trichoderma from the rhizospheric soils of solanaceous crops in Assam.
Methods: Rhizopheric soil samples of tomato, brinjal, chilli and potato were collected from organic cultivation sites
in various districts of Assam viz., Jorhat, Majuli, Nalbari, Barpeta, Kharupetia, and Nagaon. Serial dilution followed
by pour pate method was done to calculate the colony forming units of Trichoderma. Morphological identification
was carried out by studying the conidia shape, colony colour, mycelia growth rate. Additionally, molecular
phylogenetic analysis was performed to analyse diversity of the isolated strains using maximum likelihood method
via MEGAX software.
Results: The presence of Trichoderma was found in the rhizospheric soils of tomato, brinjal and chilli whereas no
Trichoderma colonies isolated from rhizosphere of potato. Phylogenetic analyses of 47 other Trichoderma species
from various geographical regions of India and isolated strains from the current study revealed that the latter
clustered separately depicting diverging evolutionary significance. Five strains were subsequently submitted to
NCBI.
Conclusions: The current work focuses on understanding species diversity of Trichoderma isolated from various
geographical locations of Assam. Experimental techniques coupled with in silico analysis shows that the isolated
strains are unique and diverse from the previously identified Trichoderma species in the country, especially from the
North-eastern region. The study further aims at establishing the biocontrol potential of these isolated strains and
subsequent evaluation of novel biopesticide formulations. Also, a molecular analysis to generate DNA barcode of
the identified strains will assist in taxonomic identification of future novel strains.
Key words: Biocontrol agent, Trichoderma, solanaceous crops.
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Allantoin mediated regulation of miRNAs for short term salinity stress tolerance in Oryza
sativa L. cv. IR-29
Jyoti Nishad1,2, Alok Kumar Panda1, Soni Chowrasia1, Chongtham Nirmala2, Tapan Kumar
Mondal1*
1
ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, IARI campus, Pusa, New Delhi-110012, India
2
Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Rice is the most widely consumed cereals of the world, especially in Asia. The growth of rice which is
commonly a glycophytic plant species is severely limited under salinity. Allantoin is a nitrogenous compound
derived from purine catabolism that contributes to nitrogen recycling in plants. In rice, accumulation of allantoin in
response to salinity stress has been reported. But the role of allantoin under salinity stress is not elucidated till now.
Recently, miRNAs have emerged as major regulatory molecules which have been shown to regulate gene expression
during salinity stress condition. To understand the effect of exogenous application of allantoin on miRNAs mediated
short-term tolerance of salt sensitive rice genotype IR-29, the relative expression of 10 salinity responsive miRNAs
were investigated under salinity stress.
Methods: Salt-sensitive rice genotype IR-29 was used as experimental material. After 14th day of plant growth,
treatments of salt (100 mM) along with allantoin (0.01 mM) were given to the IR-29 seedlings either alone or in
combination. Subsequently, after 5th day of treatment, IR-29 root samples were collected and stored in -80 °C for
RNA isolation. The salt responsive miRNAs in rice were selected from previously studied research papers.
Expression analyses of miRNAs through qRT-PCR were done.
Results: The result demonstrates that several miRNA changed their expression pattern in presence of allantoin
under salinity. For an example, miRNAs like Osa-miRNA393a, Osa-miRNA414, Osa-miRNA530 and Osa-
miR818a were down-regulated under salinity stress condition whereas all these four miRNAs were up-regulated
under salinity along with allantoin treated condition indicating that this differential expression under allantoin may
play important role for salinity tolerance of IR-29.
Conclusions: Relative expression analyses of salt responsive miRNAs showed that some of these miRNAs were up-
regulated when exogenous allantoin was applied along with NaCl that indicates the role of allantoin in providing
short-term salt tolerance to salt sensitive rice genotype IR-29 through the interaction with miRNAs.
Key words: Allantoin, IR-29, MicroRNA, Rice, Salinity stress, Stem-loop PCR
tRNA induced non-coding RNA Prediction Methodology (tiRPreM) for model and non-
model organism
Hukam Chand Rawal1,2, Shakir Ali2,3, Tapan Kumar Mondal1
1
ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, LBS Centre, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India;
2
School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar,
New Delhi 110062, India;
3
Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University),
Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The tRNA-induced non-coding RNA fragments or tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) is a novel class
of small regulatory RNAs processed from mature tRNA or tRNA precursor. These tRFs found to be involved in
RNA silencing, translational repression and epigenetic regulation . These tRFs are not just the degraded fragments
of tRNAs but are found precisely generated with the evidences suggesting the differences between their generation
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and biogenesis of miRNAs along with the presence of tRFs in the organisms having no reported miRNAs. But the
strategies for identification of these tRFs, especially in plants, are either varying or not well defined and hence we
have attempted to standardize it.
Methods: Addressing existing variations, we are proposing a standard methodology (tRNA induced non-coding
RNA Prediction Methodology or tiRPreM) to identify any existing class of tRFs whether in model or non-model
organism taking all existing consensus definitions. With tiRPreM, we recommended to perform the prediction using
organism specific reference genome with the presence in all the replicates, normalized read count support and
perfect match search. We have analyzed real sRNA data set from control and salt-treated samples of wild rice, O.
coarctata to identify salt-related tRFs with tiRPreM.
Results: A total 1152 tRFs were predicted from sRNA data sets of non-model organism, O. coarctata. The i-tRF
class comprises of 50% of total predicted tRFs followed 35.5% as 5’-tRFs , 14.1% as 3’-tRFs and 0.35% as tRF-1s.
Guanine (G) is the most common 5’ nucleotide or starting base of 5’ tRFs with 77.50% frequency. All these results
follows the same patterns as reported earlier in other organisms. The same has been demonstrated with a small
subset of recently published chickpea data to find significant number (907) of tRFs from data left after miRNA
prediction .
Conclusions: The tRF prediction in non-model organism can have revolutionary impact as these non-coding RNAs
can act as important genetic engineering targets for disease control or to obtain stress tolerant transgenic plants
either through loss or gain of function of target genes.
Key words: tRFs, small-RNA, non-coding RNAs, methodology, non-model organism
Haplotype network of 94 diverse deep-water rice of Assam using eQTLs regulating

transcript for internode elongation under deep water stress
Megha Rohilla1,2, Nisha Singh1, Jagtar Singh2, Tapan Kumar Mondal
1
ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
2
Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Flooding, an abiotic stress, distresses the growth of most plants by restricting the exchange of gases such
as oxygen and carbonic dioxide and lowering the light intensity; this reduces yield all over the world. Deep water
rice under flooding conditions uses escape strategy where the internodes of rice plants beneath water rapidly
elongate as the water level rises. Our aim here is to analyse haplotype network among 94 deep water rice accessions
using eQTLs for deep water and anaerobic germination related traits.
Methods: In this study, haplotype network of 18 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) related to internode
elongation and one anaerobic germination tolerance related gene have been investigated among 94 deep water rice
landraces. We generated SNP haplotypes for the selected genes using TASSEL 3.2.1. Network software 4 was used
for construction of haplotype network for each gene for the analysis of genealogical relationship among the
haplotypes. Haplotype diversity was computed with the DnaSP software version 5.105.
Results: Our investigation showed a maximum of 16 haplotypes for the eQTL named as SET protein 39 with 42
SNP sites and lowest number of 3 haplotypes for 5 different eQTLs. Maximum haplotype diversity in SET protein
39 (Os10g36250) gene was found to be 0.8094 and lowest in Annexin repeat, conserved site domain containing
protein (Os03g17634) i.e., 0.0423 indicating that our genotypes are genetically much more diverse in nature.
Conclusions: Our haplotype analysis nicely indicated how all these 94 genotypes interconnected to each other at
genomic level in regulation of rapid internode elongation under deep water stress. In addition to providing a greater
understanding of variations in rice, this information could lead us to select candidate regions associated with
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important traits. Upon phenotypic analysis of deep water stress related traits and other economically important traits,
we can identify specific superior/desired haplotypes.
Key words: Deep water rice, eQTL hotspot, genotyping, haplotype diversity, Single nucleotide polymorphism
(SNP).
Constraints in adoption of recommended soybean production technology

Rahul Sikarwar ,K.N.Pathak ,Abhilasha Sharma , Rahul singh Tomar and Anam Khan
Department of Agril. Extension & Communication, RAK College of Agriculture Sehore,M.P.
RVSKVV Gwalior M.P.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Soybean is known as the “golden bean”, “miracle crop” etc, because of its several uses. It is an excellent
source of protein and oil. It contains about 43 per cent of good quality protein (43%), carbohydrates (21%), minerals
(5%), moisture (8%), fat (20%), fiber (4%) and reasonable amounts of vitamins. Besides utilization of soybean as
vegetable, it is also used in oil industry where it occupies first place in the world oil production. Madhya Pradesh
has the lead among the soybean producing states in India. The prices of soybean in the Indian market are highly
volatile because they depend on the prices of the international market. As reference markets, the markets at Indore
and Mumbai are looked upon. In Sehore district maximum area covered under soybean crop in kharif season and the
soybean growers also want to adopt the recommended production technology but they have faced many constraints
in cultivation of soybean crop as well as adoption of recommended technology. So It is mandatory to study the
constraints in adoption of recommended production technology. Keeping this in view the present study was
conducted in the Sehore district of Madhya Pradesh in the year 2018-19.
Methods: 10 villages from Sehore block was selected purposely for the study, 12 farmers from each village, total
120 farmers were selected randomly. Statistical tools like mean, median, standard deviation, and rank order were
used for analyzing and interpretation of the data.
Result: The findings of the study was that constraints faced by the farmers were lack of technical knowledge
(78.33%) followed by difficult to follow IPM/ IDM (72.5%), lack of high yielding varieties of seed (69.17%), lack
of capital (65%), high cost of critical inputs (61.67%), lack of storage facilities (50.83%), unavailability of seed
treatment chemicals and culture (49.17%),lack of irrigation facility (46.67%), non-availability of advanced
agricultural information (45%),lack of proper training (43.33%) and lack of transport facilities (40%).
Conclusion: So it was concluded that lack of technical knowledge, difficult to follow IPM/ IDM and lack of high
yielding varieties of seed etc. were the major problems of soybean growers in adoption of recommended soybean
production technology respectively.
Key word: Soybean, Constraints, Adoption, Recommended soybean production technology)
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Effectiveness of herbicide to control weeds in direct-seeded rice under different agro-

ecosystems
Badal Verma*, Manish Bhan, Shahiba Khatoon and A.K. Jha
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (MP)
482004
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the world’s most important staple food crop and primary source of food for more
than half of the world’s population. Direct-seeded rice (DSR) is a feasible alternative to transplanted rice to mitigate
methane emission, besides saving water, labour and energy. But the productivity of the DSR is often reported to be
lower, mainly due to infestation of weeds which may cause yield losses of 50–91%. Therefore, the application of
several herbicides in combination or sequence can be more useful.
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season 2019 at Research Farm, College of Agriculture,
JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.). Sowing of rice cultivar MTU 1010 was done on 12 July 2019 in split plot design with
three replications comprising rainfed and irrigated agro-ecosystems as main plot treatment and eight subplot
treatments including bispyribac sodium 10% SC @ 25 g a.i./ha, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 6.7% EC @ 60 g a.i./ha,
fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 6.7% EC + penoxsulam 24% SC @ (60 + 26.7) g a.i /ha, cyhalofop 10% EC + penoxsulam 24%
SC @ (135 + 26.7) g a.i./ha, bispyribac sodium 10% SC + (metsulfuron methyl 10% WP + chlorimuron ethyl 10%
WP) @ (25+4) g a.i./ha, triafamone 20% WG + ethoxysulfuron 10% WG @ (40+20) g a.i./ha as post-emergence
herbicides, hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS and weedy check.
Results: The results showed that among all kinds of monocot as well as dicot weeds Echinochloa colona was the
most dominant with a mean relative density of (30% and 28.6%) followed by Alternanthera sessilis (26% and 25%),
Cyperus rotundus (18.9% and 18%) and Cynodon dactylon (18.4% and 17.9%) under rainfed and irrigated agro-
ecosystems. The maximum weed control efficiency under both rainfed and irrigated rice was observed in plots
receiving hand weeding (97% and 97.4%) which was closely followed by bispyribac sodium @ 25 g a.i./ha (89.5%
and 89.6%) and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + penoxsulam @ (60 + 26.7) g a.i./ha (88.3% and 88.2%). Growth parameters
of rice (viz. plant population, plant height, number of tillers/m 2) as well as yield attributes (viz. number of
panicles/m2, panicle length, number of grains/panicle, grain yield and straw yield) were higher in plots receiving
bispyribac sodium 10% SC @ 25 g a.i./ha at 20 DAS except for hand weeding twice which registered the maximum
values of these parameters.
Conclusions: Based on the above findings it may be concluded that application of bispyribac sodium at the rate of
25 g a.i./ha was most effective for suppressing weed growth with maximum grain yield and net return from direct-
seeded rice.
Key words: Bispyribac sodium, Direct-seeded rice, Weeds
Impact of processing methods on lipid oxidation of normal and high oleic peanut genotypes
1
Department of Food Processing and Technology,
2
College of Agriculture, Hanumanmatti
College of Community Science, UAS, Dharwad , Karnataka 580005, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the most important oilseed crop in India.Groundnuts have good
amount of proteins (25-28%) and lipids (50-55%). Due to their high oil content, they are susceptible to developing
rancidity and off-flavors through lipid oxidation. Recently, several attempts have been made to produce new
cultivars with improved physio-chemical properties (Jonnala et al., 2005). Normal groundnuts have 40-50 per cent
oleic acid and 30-40 per cent of linoleic acid, whereaspeanuts with high oleic to linoleic acid ratio (O/L) have been
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released for better oil stability and nutritional quality. Dh-245 is one of the prominent high oleic genotypes
developed by UAS, Dharwad through mutation breeding .In this study the high oleic peanut genotype (HOP), Dh-
245 and normal peanut genotype (NP), GPBD-4 were compared for oxidative stability upon storage and effect of
processing methods on quality deterioration.
Methods: The high oleic peanut genotype (HOP), Dh-245 and normal peanut genotype (NP), GPBD-4 were
procured and shells were removed using manual groundnut decorticator. The initial parameters i.e. Moisture content
(MC), Fat content (FC), Ash content were determined using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists
guidelines (Anon., 2005). The weight of 100 representative kernels from each accession was recorded as test weight
in grams. The peanut kernels were subjected to skin colour assessment in Premier Color scan Spectrophotometer
Model No. SS5100A.The kernels of both the genotypes were subjected to different processing treatments like
roasting, deep fat frying, boiling and soaking. The time and temperature combinations were selected based on
sensory evaluation i.e. Roasting: 120-130o C for 10 min; Deep fat frying: 160 oC for 1 min; Boiling: 100 o C for 30
min; Soaking: 10 hrs at room temperature and control without any treatment. Changes in the fatty acid profile by
HPLC, free fatty acid and per oxide value were studied using AOAC protocols (Anon, 1993).
Results: The moisture, fat and ash content of raw peanuts were found to be 4.0, 45 and 3.1 g/100g in Dh-245 and
3.7, 44.3 and 2.3 g/100g in GPBD-4. The 100 kernel weight was 33.50 g (Dh-245) and 41.00 g (GPBD-4).The fatty
acid profile of Dh-245 was observed to be, palmitic acid (8.58%), oleic acid (58.10%) and linoleic acid (21.54%) of
the total fatty acid profile. Where as in the GPBD-4, palmitic acid (9.86%), oleic acid (49.73%) and linoleic acid
(28.54%) of the total fatty acid profile.
The roasted peanuts had higher peroxide value and free fatty acids followed by fried peanuts and boiled peanuts.
The values of soaked peanuts was almost near to the control. GPBD-4 had highest PV (5.70 meq O2/kg) and FFA
(0.75%) in roasted peanuts compared to Dh-245 (PV-3.63 meq O2/kg and FFA- 0.63%). Exposure of fats and oils to
elevated temperatures results in a series of reactions including thermolysis, oxidation, polymerization and auto-
oxidation. Volatiles such as aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbons, alcohols and esters are produced from decomposition
of hydroperoxides. Many non-volatile polar compounds, triacylglycerol dimmers and polymers are produced by
radical reaction (Kim et al. 1999).
The oleic: linoleic ratio and per cent saturation increased in all the treatments with highest value in roasted peanuts
followed by fried peanuts, boiled peanuts and soaked peanuts respectively. In case of unsaturated : saturated ratio,
roasted peanuts had the lowest value. So it is clear that the processing treatments affect the fatty acid profile and the
effect was more pronounced in case of roasting treatment with 120-130o C for 10 min followed by frying (160 oC for
2 min), boiling (100oC for 20 min). Soaking treatment had less effect on the alteration of fatty acid profile of
peanuts in both the varieties. In both the varieties similar trend was observed and the range of O/L ratio was 2.70 to
3.04 in Dh-245 variety which was high compared to O/L ratio of GPBD-4 variety i.e. 1.74 to 1.95. The highest O/L
ratios are associated with longer shelf life and the Dh245 variety was predicted to have longer shelf life compared
to GPBD-4.
Conclusion: This study revealed that the high oleic peanut variety Dh-245 had good oxidative stability than
conventional GPBD-4 variety after different thermal processing treatments. The processing treatments have their
effects on oxidation of peanut kernels and it depends on temperature and duration of treatments. High temperature
results in faster degradation. So from commercial point of view high oleic peanut oil can be used for fried products
such as potato chips, french fries etc. to increase their shelf life and to improve oxidative quality.
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Effect of Religious motifs on stress management

Sadhana D. Kulloli and Lata Pujar
Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, College of Community Science, University of Agricultural sciences,
Dharwad, Karnataka
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Stress is a condition or feeling experienced when a person perceives that demands exceed the
personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize. Stress is a condition of mental pressure for
particular individual facing problems from environmental and social well-being which leads to so many diseases.
Stress can be positive or negative: stress is good when the situation offers an opportunity to a person to gain
something. It acts as a motivator for peak performance. Stress is negative when a person faces social, physical,
organizational and emotional problems. Psychological stress refers to the emotional and physiological reactions
experienced when an individual confronts a situation in which the demands go beyond their coping resources.
Young age is the critical period because at this time youth faces lots of changes in his/her life. Thus, they should
enhance their stress management abilities so as to live a healthy life after entering the society. Therefore,
understanding the sources of stress among them and how they can cope with the stress is very important.
Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behaviour, while also
exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviours. Psychology is
the science of behaviour and mind, embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as
thought. It is an academic discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by
establishing general principles and researching specific cases. Colour has long been used to create feelings of
coziness or spaciousness. However, how people are affected by different colour stimuli varies from person to
person. Colour influences perceptions that are not obvious, such as the taste of food. There are four psychological
primary colours – red/ pink, blue, yellow and green. They relate respectively to the body, the mind, the emotions and
the essential balance between these three. Thus, relating the colour, design and chanting to the psychology of an
individual, it was planned to design and develop stress relief bed linens with the objective to know the effect of bed
linen on stress management after using by the individuals with stress.
Pink indicates being a tint of red, pink also affects us physically, but it soothes, rather than stimulates. (Interestingly,
red is the only colour that has an entirely separate name for its tints. Tints of blue, green, yellow, etc. are simply
called light blue, light green etc.) Pink is a powerful colour, psychologically. It represents the feminine principle,
and survival of the species; it is nurturing and physically soothing. Too much pink is physically draining and can be
somewhat emasculating. Blue is the colour of the mind and is essentially soothing; it affects us mentally, rather than
the physical reaction we have to red. Strong blues will stimulate clear thought and lighter, soft blues will calm the
mind and aid concentration.
Methods: Ethnic / religious motifs considered as stress relief and sense controller motifs viz., lotus motif of white,
pink / red and blue colour, Peepal tree leaf with climbers motif of green colour were selected, designed and
simulated in Arahne weave software. Punch cards of the simulated motifs were developed and were used for
weaving of these motifs on bed linens on handloom with jacquard mechanism. Stress relief bed linens were woven
with 2/20s cotton yarn on an electronic jacquard handloom by chanting while weaving.
The ADSS scale developed by Pallavi Bhatnagar, Megha Singh, Manoj Pandey, Sandhya and Amitabh and
published from National Psychological Corporation, Agra was distributed to fifteen each Teaching, non teaching
and House wife groups in order to test or interpret the cut off points in case of anxiety, depression and stress levels
among 90 respondents, 30 each randomly selected from teaching staffs, non teaching staffs and housewives.
According to the ADSS Scale the obtained data were analysed on the basis of their cut-off points. Among all the
three groups, ten respondents from each group with highest scores in stress, anxiety and depression were listed and
the developed bed linen was distributed among them. After one month, Post test was carried out by distributing the
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Anxiety, depression and stress Scale and the effect of designed bed linens on stress relief was assessed The data
were analysed using frequencies, percentages, and t-tests.
Results: Majority (60%) of the respondents without ADSS scale said bed linen is very good with regards to its
psychological feel followed by 56.67 per cent of respondents with ADSS scale said the effect of bed linen was
excellent after use, this may be due to the use of religious motif, colour combination, cotton yarns and chanting that
will psychologically give good and soft feel. To know the total comparison of ADSS scale before and after using
bed linen paired t-test was applied to find out whether the bed linen affected the stress level of user or not. It was
found that, after using the stress relief bed linen the stress level of the respondents was reduced and at certain point
the stress level totally vanished and however t value was significant at 5% and highly significant at 1%. This may
be due to the spiritual feeling of the respondents towards the use of bed linens with religious motifs, colour
combination, cotton yarns and chanting that will psychologically give positive effects and reduce stress.
Conclusion: The best way to reduce stress quickly and reliably is by using the senses—what you see, hear, smell,
taste, and touch—or through movement. These ambitious and religious motifs with colour were having significant
role in controlling human psychology. Unnecessary stress and tension can be maintained by the help of these
symbolic motifs. Hence, these bed linens were very helpful in reducing stress and anxiety, and also helpful in
reducing other health conditions like blood pressure problem, tension, cramps and pain.
Antibacterial activity of skin mucus entangled bacteria of Labeo calbasu

Pragati Rathi and Anita Bhatnagar
Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana, India, 136119
ABSTARCT
Purpose: Massive production of fish in intensive aquaculture system may expose fish to various stressful conditions
like poor water quality, improper feed and overcrowding which in turn have the potential to induce infections by
opportunistic pathogens causing high mortalities and to prevent these infections, antibiotics have been administered
indiscriminately leading to the emergence of antibiotic resistance as well as tissue accumulation. So, there is an
immediate call for an alternative source which can replace antibiotics to prevent pathogenic diseases in fishes. Fish
skin mucus has been considered the first line of defence against pathogens. Numerous studies have illustrated the
role of fish skin mucus as an antibacterial agent against various human and fish pathogens i.e. Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Aeromonas
hydrophila but few studies have been done so far concerning the importance of skin mucus entangled antimicrobial
bacteria.
Objective: The objective of the present study was to isolate antimicrobial bacteria from skin mucus of Labeo
calbasu and to test their inhibitory potential against common fish pathogen A. hydrophila.
Methodology-:Spread plate technique was used to isolate bacteria from fish skin mucus. Centrifuged skin mucus of
L. calbasu was spread on nutrient agar plates and plates were incubated at 37ºC for 24 to 36 hr. After that,
morphologically different bacterial colonies of fish skin mucus were picked up from agar plates and repeatedly
streaked on different agar plates till the pure culture of bacteria was obtained. Then the bacteria were grown in
nutrient broth media at 37ºC for 24 hr. The inhibitory potential of isolated bacteria was tested by agar well diffusion
assay against A. hydrophila.
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Results: Thirteen bacterial strains (LC1 - LC13) were isolated from the fish skin mucus and their inhibitory
potential has been tested against common fish pathogen A. hydrophila by agar well diffusion assay. Three bacterial
strains (LC1, LC7 and LC13) out of thirteen showed a clear zone of inhibition (mm) against A. hydrophila depicting
the antagonistic activity.
Conclusion: The results of present study indicated that the host specific or autochthonous antimicrobial bacteria
entangled in fish skin mucus inhibited the growth of A. hydrophila due to their antibacterial properties. Thus it can
be concluded that if these bacterial strains are added to the holding water of fish, they can promote fish health by
successfully eliminating the pathogenic bacteria, eventually leading to reduced mortality due to opportunistic
pathogens. Moreover, replacement of antibiotics with these antimicrobial bacteria for disease prevention and
treatment can solve the worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance.
Preliminary studies on the abiotic and bacteriological parameters of sewage water in

kurukshetra
Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, India, 136119
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Sewage wastewater mainly comprises of domestic, industrial and agricultural effluents which contain
organic and inorganic waste in dissolved or suspended form and varied number of microorganisms. Before
discharging this wastewater into rivers or using it for agricultural purposes it must be decontaminated. Sewage water
itself contain autochthonous bacteria that posses biodegrading potential. These bacteria can be isolated and cultured
individually and then can be used in bioremediation processes. Before isolating these autochthonous bacteria there is
need to conduct preliminary studies on the physiochemical and bacteriological characteristics of sewage water
Objective: The main objective of the present study was to analyse sewage water collected from two different
sewage treatment plant located in Kurukshetra city and its physiochemical parameters and bacteriological analysis
was done.
Methodology: Various physiochemical parameters such as BOD, COD, DO, free CO 2 , chloride, calcium,
magnesium, hardness, pH, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate level etc. were determined by standard methods given by
APHA. Heavy metal content was determined by Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometer (ICP-MS).
Presence of coliform bacteria was determined by most probable number (MPN) method which include presumptive,
confirmatory and completed test. Bacterial count of the wastewater was done by serial dilution and spread plate
method.
Results: It was observed that temperature was higher than surface water because of various biochemical reactions.
pH was found to be slightly alkaline. Sample also shows high turbidity because of suspended solid. DO was very
less as compared to surface water which indicates pollution level. BOD values were ranged from 100-200mg/l and
COD values were ranged from 50-250mg/l. Heavy metals such as Al, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe were ranged near 6.30, 61.2,
15.2, 4.9, 5.4 ppb respectively. MPN index shows coliform number more than 2400/100ml.
Conclusion: Most of the values were higher than the values prescribed by CPCB. Both of the samples of wastewater
show the presence of extensive number of coliform bacteria through MPN test. Different colonies in variable sizes
and colour were observed on agar plates which show high bacteria count in wastewater sample. Thus there must be
some autochthonous bacteria those posses biodegrading potential.
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Keywords: sewage wastewater, biodegradation, autochthonous, coliform
Banana pseudo stem sap: An eco auxiliary for textile finishing

Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, College of Community Science, University of Agricultural Sciences
Dharwad
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Banana (Musa paradisiaca) is one of the most important gigantic and oldest cultivated fruit crops grown
almost everywhere in India. Banana is the second largest produced fruit contributing about 16 per cent of the
world’s total fruit production (FAO, 2009). Abundantly available banana pseudo stem has been traditionally used for
fibre extraction for products diversification and the sap is one of the most important bio agent for various
applications has not been utilising properly either by farmers or industrialist. Hence the present study is designed
with the objective, extraction and characterization of banana pseudo stem sap of local varieties and application of
optimised sap on cotton fabric.
Methods: The banana pseudo stem sap of Grand Nain and Ney Poovan varieties were characterized for total
phenolic content (TPC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), antioxidant assay and bioassay test. Based
on characterization Ney Poovan varity was selected for finishing of cotton fabric. The finished cotton fabric was
assessed for physical properties viz., cloth count, cloth thickness, cloth weight, cloth stiffness and cloth crease
recovery and functional properties viz., cloth tensile strength, elongation, cloth drapeability, antimicrobial, UV
property and the finished cotton fabric is characterised by FTIR.
Results: Results revealed that, the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity exhibited greater in Ney Poovan
pseudo stem sap than Grand Nain pseudo stem sap. The FTIR spectrum of banana pseudo stem sap (Grand Nain)
exhibited presence of C-Br stretching attributed to presence of bromine compound and Ney Poovan pseudo stem sap
exhibited presence of N-O stretching and S O stretching specifies the presence of nitro and sulfoxide compound.
The optimised BPS treated cotton fabrics became significantly thicker, heavier, softer, pliable and good drape than
control fabric. The cloth tensile strength and elongation were found to be significantly greater in BPS treated cotton
fabric. The BPS treated cotton fabric exhibited increased ultra violet protection factor with decreased UVA and
UVB resulting into good to excellent protection category and also exhibited good antimicrobial properties than
control fabric. The FTIR of BPS treated cotton fabrics exhibited additional medium peaks at varied wavelengths
resulting into formation of intermolecular bonding between fibre and BPS compounds which yields UPF properties.
Conclusions: BPS treated fabrics can be suitable for summer apparels, health care and home textiles. The processed
sap can be used as eco auxiliaries for functional finishing of textiles and optimum utilization of biowaste provides an
immense help to the farmers and entrepreneurs to creates employment opportunity among the banana growers and
doubling the farmer’s income.
Key words: Banana pseudo stem, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), physical property, antimicrobial assay and ultra violet protection factor.
Screening, production and optimization of lignocellulolytic enzymes from microbial sources

Sakshi Goyal*, Kajal Kumari, Sushil Nagar
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Worldwide, wide range of chemicals and synthetic polymers are manufactured on large-scale using fossil
resources. However, our fossil resources are limited in nature, thus search for alternative and viable sources that can
replace fossil fuels and still provide valuable end products is needed. One of the identified sources is lignocellulosic
biomass, which is currently the most abundant bio-renewable biomass on earth, and it contains cellulose, which is
the most extensively available organic polymer. Lignocellulosic biomass is readily available as a waste material
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with cost effectiveness. For these reasons, it is being considered as a genuine candidate for raw materials used to
produce biofuels, commodity chemicals, and polymers that will provide significant economic value and also
environment friendly. Biomass which comes from lignocellulose comprises lignin and polysaccharides such as
cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, ash, minerals, and salts. Lignocellulolytic enzymes are biocatalysts involved in the
breakdown of lignin and cellulosic materials into their components for further hydrolysis into useful products.
Methods: For the preliminary or the qualitative screening of the isolates, zone of hydrolysis was analyzed with
Remazol brilliant blue (RBB) for laccase whereas Congo red was used for cellulase and xylanase. The enzymes
were produced using submerged fermentation technology using basal media for laccase and cellulase with respective
substrate guaiacol and carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) as a main ingredient. The laccase activity was assayed at
37C by using Guaiacol as a substrate whereas cellulose and xylanase activity was determined at 55C using CMC
and xylan as a substrate. Different parameters such as inoculum size, age, pH and incubation period were optimized
using one variable at a time approach.
Results: The qualitative screening was done on the basis of zone of hydrolysis. Total 6 potential isolates were
selected on the basis of zone of hydrolysis 2 for each of laccase, cellulase and xylanase. The following strains; LS-1
and LA-2 for laccase, CL-3 and CL-4 for cellulase and XHS-22 and XHS-32 for xylanase have been selected for
optimization of enzyme productions. The effect of age on inoculum was studied by inoculating with 1 % inoculum
of 6 to 42 h old culture of selected strains and found maximum activity for LS-1, LA-2, CL-3 XHS-22 at 18h and for
CL-4 and XHS-32 at 24 h old inoculum. The effect of age on inoculum was studied by inoculating with 1 %
inoculum of 6 to 42 h old culture of selected strains and found maximum activity for LS-1, LA-2, CL-3 XHS-22 at
18h and for CL-4 and XHS-32 at 24 h old inoculum. Enzyme production was highest when 1% of inoculums were
used for LA-2, CL-3, CL-4, XHS-22 and 1.5% of inoculums for LA-1 and XHS-32. The effect of varying pH from 3
to 11 was also studied on production of Laccase, xylanase and cellulase. The effect of incubation period from 12 to
84 hours was studied on production of Laccase, xylanase and cellulase. The laccase (LS-1 and LA-2) and cellulase
(CL-3 and CL-4) production was maximum after 72 h of incubation whereas, xylanase (XHS-22 and XHS-32)
activity was found maximum after 48 h of incubation.
Conclusions: The following strains; LS-1 and LA-2 for laccase CL-3 and CL-4 for cellulase and XHS-22 and XHS-
32 for xylanase had been screened and selected for optimization of enzyme productions. The highest enzyme
activity was 6.6 (LS-1) and 7.8 U/mL (LA-2) for laccase, 6.9 (CL-3) and 7.5 U/mL (CL-4) for cellulase and 188.2
(XHS-22) and 176.4 IU/mL (XHS-32) was obtained for xylanase production, till up to the optimization work. The
completed optimization of the fermentation leads to a substantial increase in the production of lignocellulolytic
enzymes.
Key words: Laccase, Cellulase, Xylanase, Lignocellulolytic, Enzymes, Fermentation
Mining of putative biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in halotolerant Exiguobacterium

profundum PHM 11
Ruchi Srivastava, Alok K Singh, Praveen Kumar Tiwari , Anchal K Srivastava, Alok K Srivastava*
and Anil K saxena
1
ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau, 275103, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Halotolerant bacteria produce a wide range of bioactive compounds with important applications in
agriculture for abiotic stress amelioration and plant growth promotion. In this study we aim to mine the secondary
metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of recently identified halotolerant Exiguobacterium profundum
PHM11.
Methods: The number and types of secondary metabolite BGCs in these sequences were identified by antiSMASH
version 5.1.2 and the integrated ClusterFinder algorithm, an hidden Markov model based probabilistic algorithm was
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used to detect biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) like regions in genomes. Domain functions and genetic similarities
with known BGCs in these gene clusters were further predicted and annotated using Protein-Protein BLAST and
Pfam analyses.
Results: A total seventeen regions of BGCs were identified and having 514 genes which represent one-sixth of the
genome belonging mainly to desmotamide, pseudaminic acid, dipeptide aldehydes and terpene biosynthetic
pathways. Most of the BGCs (15) correspond to saccharide type, one BGC corresponds to each fatty acid and
terpene biosynthesis. Region 1.2, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9 and 1.14 belongs to most similar known clusters of desmotamide,
capsular polysaccharides, O-antigen, emulsan, pseudaminic acid and dipeptide aldehydes, respectively. These all
BGCs comprised approximately one sixth of the genome. The region 1.6 is the largest one with ~63 Kb having more
than 157 genes which belongs to the o-antigen and polysaccharides production while region 1.1 is the smallest BGC
with ~19 Kb nucleotides only having 19 genes in the cluster. The region 1.3, 1.9 and 1.14 represent the presence of
the clusters of gene for the biosynthesis of desotamides, dipeptide aldehydes, polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide
synthesis (NRPS).
Conclusions: We have exploited the antiSMASH to investigate the secondary metabolites pathways which
identified the presence of the NPS, polyketide, dipeptide aldehydes, AMP and carotenoid biosynthesis. The AMPs
might be providing superior competitiveness in the environment and make E. profundum PHM11 as a suitable
candidate for plant growth promotion under salt stress.
Keywords: antiSMASH, Exiguobacterium profundum, biosynthetic gene clusters and polyketide.
Ecological Assessment of Land Use Patterns in Rajasthan: Beginning of 21st Century

G. L. Meena1, Thanuja P2, Kailash Chand Bairwa3 and Lokesh Kumar Meena4
1
. Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan
313001.
2
. Research Scholar, Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan
313001.
3
. Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, Baytu, Barmer, Rajasthan, 344034. 4. Assistant Professor, College of
Agriculture, Agricultural University, Kota, Rajasthan 324001.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The land is a key source of economic activity for individuals and societies. It is more inelastic in terms of
supply. The utilisation of land is complex and a constantly changing process. The policy discussions and
development planning must be based on a clear understanding of these dynamic processes. In this context, we intend
to investigate (i) the temporal changes in different land-use classes; as well as (ii) the growth and dynamics of shifts
between different land-use classes.
Methods: The present study was conducted in the state of Rajasthan, which was chosen on purpose. Based on time
series data from 2000-01 to 2017-18, this study was conducted. The Land Use Dynamics Model, compound annual
growth rate, and instability index were used to investigate the dynamics of land use.
Results: Over time, the percentage share of forest, land used for non-agricultural purposes, land under
miscellaneous tree crops and groves, and net sown area grew, while the percentage share of barren and unculturable
land, permanent grazing land, culturable wasteland, and fallow lands decreased. the forest, land under miscellaneous
tree crops and groves, and net sown area showed significant and positive growth. However, barren and unculturable
land, permanent pasture, culturable wasteland, old fallow land, and current fallow land experienced negative and
significant growth. The land was shifted from the agricultural and ecological sectors to non-agricultural sector.
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Conclusions: The massive land shifts occurred from the agricultural and ecological sectors to non-agricultural
sector, which cause a concern for policymakers in the future. This cause can be addressed by using land for non-
agricultural purposes vertically rather than horizontally to meet the growing need for urbanisation and
industrialisation. The shifting trend in land from the ecological and agricultural sectors must be checked by
formulating better land policies.
Key words: Growth, instability, ecological, non-agricultural, agricultural, net sown area.
Design and development of ohmic heating setup for food processing

Sawant Sanket R1, P.K.Sharma2
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
ABSTARCT
Purpose: Ohmic heating also known as joule heating, direct heating or resistance heating. It’s an advanced,
alternative and new innovative thermal heat treatment method in food processing. It is a technology where an
alternating electric current passes through food conducting materials. The electric energy supplied to release within
the food in the form of heat. Heat is generated very fast, owing to the electrical current within the food material.
Therefore, ohmic heating reduces the time required for heating as compared to conventional heating.
Methods: The ohmic heating setup mainly comprised a heating chamber, power source, type of electrodes and
distance between electrodes, auto cut-off temperature controller, volt-amp meter, control panel and stand. The
circular shaped ohmic heating geometry was selected due to reduced in heating loss and convenient in operation
taking into considerations. The distance between electrodes and optimization of time taken for reaching the desired
temperature were considered as performance parameters.
Result.: Stainless steel material was selected for electrodes; 18 cm distance was optimized through all experiments
and kept for designed purpose. The volume and capacity of ohmic heating chamber were calculated as 453 cm 3 and
4.5 kg/hr respectively. The highest heat conversion efficiency was found to be 63.28 % for the developed ohmic
heating setup
Conclusions: The designed laboratory scale ohmic heating setup showed an excellent performance during
experiments. The ohmic heating is fast rising technology in the food processing sector. It permits for the best quality
production in the food development sector.
Keywords: Ohmic heating, electrodes, heating rate, food processing
Weed management in yellow sarson under conservation agriculture based direct seeded
rice - yellow sarson - greengram cropping system
Department of Agronomy,Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan,731236
ABSTRAT
Purpose: Conservation agriculture (CA) is a viable alternate which is suitable for today's limited natural resources
and changing climate. That's why it is becoming a common approach in rainfed areas for water and soil
conservation. In CA, problem of weeds can be controlled by both manual weeding and/or by the use of herbicide.
However, labour is becoming expensive and is rarely available at the critical time of weeding. To control weeds,
herbicides are being extensively used in CA, but there is not a single herbicide that can be applied for several types
of weeds present in agricultural fields. Hence, technique of integrated weed management is highly desirable to
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enhance sustainability of CA. Integrated approaches must be considered and optimized to have proper weed control
in conservation agriculture. Keeping this in view, the present experiment was conducted to study the effect of tillage
and weed management practices on weed growth and productivity of yellow sarson under conservation agriculture
based DSR-yellow sarson- greengram cropping system.
Methods: A long term experiment on weed management in a conservation agriculture based direct seeded rice
(DSR)-yellow sarson- greengram cropping system was initiated in 2015. The present experiment was conducted as
5th year cropping cycle during 2019-20 at Agriculture Farm, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal. The
experiment was laid out in a strip plot design with three replications. Four tillage practices comprising of
conventional tillage (CT) (DSR) — CT (yellow sarson) — CT (greengram), CT (DSR) — zero tillage (ZT) (yellow
sarson) — ZT (greengram), ZT (DSR) — ZT (yellow sarson) — ZT (greengram), ZT + residue (R) (DSR) — ZT +
R (yellow sarson) — ZT + R (greengram) were allocated to the horizontal strip and three weed management
practices, viz. recommended herbicides (RH) (pendimethalin at 1.0 kg/ha followed by bispyribac-sodium at 25 g/ha
in direct-seeded rice, pendimethalin at 0.75 kg/ha each in yellow sarson and greengram), Recommended herbicides
+ hand weeding (HW) at 35 days after sowing (DAS), Unweeded control were assigned to the vertical strip.
Results: Results revealed that conservation tillage (i.e.zero tillage + residue) along with recommended herbicide
(RH) (pendimethalin at 0.75 kg/ha)+ one hand weeding (HW) recorded the lowest values of total weed density and
dry weight at 45 DAS. Conservation tillage (Zero tillage + residue) along with recommended herbicide (RH)
(pendimethalin at 0.75 kg/ha) + one hand weeding (HW) also registered the highest value of seed yield of 1687
kg/ha in 2019-20. Conservation tillage i.e zero tillage along with residue retention resulted in 76.76% increase in
yield of yellow sarson as compared to conventional tillage. It was also observed that seed yield of yellow sarson
under unweeded control with conservation tillage was significantly higher than conventional tillage with
recommended herbicide.
Conclusions: Thus, after 5th cycle of cropping it may be concluded that, conservation tillage with recommended
herbicides alone in yellow sarson may be advocated for effective weed management, higher productivity of yellow
sarson in conservation agriculture based direct seeded rice - yellow sarsoon - greengram cropping system in lateritic
belt of West Bengal.
Key words: Yellow sarson, residue, conservation agriculture, weed management and pendimethalin
Cost-Effective Investigation of Milk Production of different dairy animals in Gujarat,

India
Hemant Sharma and S.S. Kalamkar
Agro-Economic Research Centre, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, 388120 (Gujarat)
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Milk production is an integral part of farming system in India. Most of the milk producers in India are
small and marginal, mainly consisting of 1-2 animals, due to which it is characterized by low input-low output
system. The 20th Livestock census-2019 of India has placed total livestock population at 536.76 million, out of
which, 26.9 million livestock population was in the state of Gujarat. Therefore, the present study was undertaken in
the state of Gujarat which is the leading milk producer in the country with cooperative dairy sector well established,
but growth in dairy is not uniform in all regions of the state. Keeping the above conditions in mind, it is essential to
study the cost-effective investigation of milk production of cattle and buffalo milch animals sector in Gujarat.
Methods: Present study conducted to assessment the cost- benefit analysis of Milk Production by the milk
producers were selected from four regions of the Gujarat state, i.e. North , South, West and East Gujarat and 120
Milk Producer Selected from selected region during 2017-18. The cost and returns analysis was carried out different
variable like feed & fodder, veterinary labour charges and milk production.
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Results: Out of 120 selected sample, around 55 per cent animals were milch animals, the highest share was of cross
breed (78.6%), followed by buffaloes (58.6%) and cows (52.5 %).The species wise total cost of maintenance of a
milch animal of cattle’s and buffalo was estimated to be Rs. 194.4 and 203.5 per animal per day but per litter buffalo
milk of cost was lower than the cattle animals. The similar finding observed Meena et.al.,(2012), Sharma and
Kalamkar, (2020). On an average, net return of about Rs. 45/- per buffalo animal per day was realized by the
selected households as compared to Rs. 27.41 to 35.34/- per local and cross breed animal per day realized by the
selected households. The net return realized by the buffalo category was higher by 60 per cent at overall level. The
highest net return by selected households was recorded in case of buffaloes, followed by crossbred cows and lowest
was in case of local cows due to most of have good buffalo breed Murrah and Bhadawari which have good quality
of fat content. The similar results revealed by Gill and Singh (1986), Vashist and Katiha (1988), Shah et.al.(1996),
Sharma and Kalamkar (2020). Low margins in case of local cattle and cross breed this is may be due to low milk
productivity from milch cattle animals with low genetic potential, poor health, and feeding and husbandry practices
low price offered by private agent/agency.
Conclusions: The net returns realised by the buffalo milch animals was higher than other dairy cattle’s. Livestock
sector occupies a pivotal position in the Indian economy and its contribution to the agricultural sector is the highest,
the plan investments made so far do not appear proportionate with its contribution and future potential for growth
and development. This suggests that public investment in the livestock sector should be enhanced to help the
smallholder livestock producer, which deprives their larger share of income from the livestock sector. The livestock
services like artificial insemination/natural service, vaccination, de-worming, etc are time-sensitive and government
institutions are not able to deliver in time due to financial as well as bureaucratic constraints. Therefore, there is a
need to re-orient the government policy for delivery of livestock services and involve major stakeholder.
Key words: Buffalo, Cattle, Cost, Dairy, Milk, and Return,
Direct and residual effect of integrated nutrient management on pulse based intensive
cropping system
*M. Yasodha, C. Chinnusamy and C. Jayanthi
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 64100, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Groundnut is a widely cultivated crop in north western zone of Tamil Nadu. Inclusion of pulses and millet
in cropping system as intercrop or sequential crop by doing intensification provides nutritional security. For
harnessing higher crop yield, adequate and balanced nutrition is a prerequisite. By assessing suitable crop
productivity, profitability and soil fertility status a sustainable cropping system with efficient nutrient management
technique was identified.
Methods: Field experiments were conducted during 2017-18 and 2018-19 on intensive groundnut based cropping
system at farmer’s field of Dharmapuri located in Tamil Nadu. The experiment was set up in a randomized block
design with four replication. During Kharif season, groundnut was intercropped with redgram which was followed
by sorghum during rabi season and blackgram was sown during summer season. Recommended dose of fertilizers at
different doses 100, 50 and 75 % was applied in all the season. Organic sources which include FYM at 12.5 t/ha and
vermicompost at varying rate of 2.5, 5, 7.5 t/ha were applied to first season crop alone.
Results: In groundnut intercropped with redgram, growth, yield attributes, yield and total nutrient uptake were
higher in vermicompost at 5 t/ha along with 100 per cent NPK fertilizer. Total nutrient uptake were also higher
under this treatment. This might be due to better performance of growth attributes which led to maintain higher
yield. This results were in conformity with the findings of Badole et al. (2003) is that integrated nutrient supply
system significantly improved the nutrient uptake of groundnut compared to control.
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With respect to sorghum, growth, yield attributes, yield and total nutrient uptake were higher with the application of
100 per cent NPK fertilizer when compared to 75 and 50 per cent NPK fertilizer. As sorghum is highly exhaustive
crop and it requires more nutrients for proper growth and development. Reduction in fertilizer dose leads to have
lesser yield. This was in concordance with the findings of Mishra et al. (2010) whereas sorghum recorded taller
plants with RDF, which were on par with INM through FYM. There was a significant improvement in plant height
with increasing levels of RDF and in the interactions. It might be due to the availability of nutrients at early crop
growth stages and elongation of internodes of the sorghum stem.
Incase of blackgram, growth, yield attributes, yield and total nutrient uptake were higher with application of 100 per
cent NPK fertilizer when compared to 75 and 50 per cent NPK fertilizer. Higher yield and yield attributes gained
under the application of 100 per cent NPK fertilizer treatments. This might be due to crop requirement which might
have been met out by nutrient provided to the soil and also favourable soil environment and nourishment for better
plant growth which resulted in better vegetative growth in terms of plant height and total dry matter. Singh and
Pareek (2003) reported that application of recommended dose of fertilizer significantly increased the plant height,
branches per plant, number of nodules per plant and nodule weight/plant of mungbean over control.
Conclusions: An integrated supply of farm yard manure along with 100 per cent RDF leads to minimized use of
chemical fertilizers to a greater extent without affecting the crop yield and conserved soil fertility status for
succeeding crop.
Keywords: Nutrient management, Cropping system, pulse and groundnut.
Tree Diversity, Distribution and Biomass Carbon Stock Potential of a Riparian forest along
Upper Narmada region of Madhya Pradesh.
Anurag Jain*, G. R. Rao, Avinash Jain and M. Rajkumar
Tropical Forest Research Institute, PO. RFRC, Mandla Road, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482021, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Riparian areas are known as the three-dimensional ecotones and it is the transition zone between the
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. A considerable amount of carbon dioxide is stored in natural ecosystems,
especially forests, wetlands and peat lands which act as a vital buffer regulating the atmospheric level of carbon
dioxides. The purpose of this paper was to study the phytosociology and carbon sequestration potential of riparian
forest in Narmada river.
Methods: A riparian buffer of 100 m has been created on both sides of the Narmada River using GIS software and
the riparian forests are divided into three classes according to the crown density of the forest i.e., very dense forest
(VDF), moderately dense forest (MDF) and open forest (OF). Depending on the length of the forest at every 300 m a
quadrat of 0.1 ha were laid out at each selected forest site for phytosociological analysis and to estimate the carbon
stock in biomass.
Results: A total of 35 tree species belonging to 23 families were recorded from the three different classes of
Riparian forest along the Narmada River. The species richness was highest at the MDF (29) followed by VDF (23)
and OF (17). The total carbon stock is the sum of tree carbon stock and carbon stock in soil which is equal to
112.791 t/ha, 74.107 t/ha and 42.953 t/ha in DF MDF and OF respectively.
Conclusion: Our present study shows that Riparian forests along Narmada river have the greater potential for
sequestering high amount of carbon from the atmosphere which will acts as an important source of climate change
mitigation. Therefore, Riparian forest can play an important role in mitigating and adaptation of climate change.
Key words: Riparian forests, riparian buffer, species richness, carbon stock, IVI, very dense forest (VDF),
moderately dense forest (MDF), open forest (OF) etc.
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Dairy Value Chains in India: A brief review

Sheela Kharkwal1*and Basant Kumar Bhinchhar2
1
Assistant Professor, 2SMS (LPM), Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner-321001
(Rajasthan)
ABSTRACT
The share of livestock in Indian agricultural sector GDP growth has been increasing faster than
the crop sector due to rising demand for livestock products propelled by income and population
growth. Since livestock products are more perishable, efficient value chains, which require
immediate transportation from farm to consumption centers, storage or processing units is of
prime importance. The livestock value chain includes the full range of activities to bring a
product (e.g. live animal, meat, milk, egg, day old chick, feed, medicine, leather, fiber, manure)
to final consumers passing through the different phases of production, processing and delivery.
Therefore, Value chain analysis serves as guide to understand the markets, their relationships, the
participation of different actors, and the critical constraints that limit the growth of livestock
production and consequently the competitiveness of farmers. The present study is an attempt to
analyze the type and structure of dairy value chains based on the literature available.
The Indian Dairy Sector

Dairy development has assumed significant importance in the rural economy of India due
to its immense potential for supplementing income and employment generation for the rural
people. India accounts for 56 per cent of world’s buffalo population (9.8 crore buffaloes) and 14
per cent of total cattle population (18.5 crore cattle) (GoI, 2006; Gupta, 2007). India ranks first in
the world in milk production, which has risen from 17 million tonnes (Mt) in 1950-51 to about
198.4 million tonnes by 2019-20 (Economic Survey, 2020). Whereas world’s milk production is
increasing at the rate of 1-1.5 per cent per annum, in India, it is increasing at the rate of 5 per
cent. Consequently, the per capita availability of milk has also increased from 124 grams/day in
1950-51 to 394 grams/day in 2018-19 (DHAD&F, 2020).
Typical Dairy Value Chain in India:

Dairy value chain map of India suggests that about 40 per cent of the produced milk is
retained for home consumption, while 60 per cent is of which 36 percent through informal chains
and 24 percent through formal chains managed by cooperatives, the private sector, and
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government organizations, is disposed off to various 1agencies (Gupta, 2007, World Bank 2010).
Informal and semi‐formal chains are generally short and primarily serve local markets, while
formal chains are longer and link producers with local and distant consumers. Most common
value chain through which milk flows is from producers through processing and value addition
to consumers (Singh, 2012).
It is broadly estimated that over 50 percent of milk production is consumed as fluid milk,
about 25-percent is converted into butter or ghee (clarified melted butter), 10 percent into milk
powder, seven percent into paneer (cottage cheese) and other cheeses. The rest goes to other
dairy based products such as dahi (yogurt), sweet meals, and ice cream (Gandhi and Zhou,
2008). Mohapatra 2020, observed that the overall utilization of milk in the form of liquid milk
and other milk products was 27.44 and 72.56 per cent of the average milk consumption by the
farmer household, respectively in Haryana. Halwais utilized highest proportion i.e. 38.40 per
cent of milk in paneer preparation, followed by ghee (21.60%).
Formal Versus Informal Dairy Value Chains in India

Kabir and Talukder (1999) examined the financial performance of small-scale dairy
farms and observed significant increase in production of milk as well as in labor employment.
Babu and Verma, 2010 revealed that co-operative dairy plant in Tamil Nadu was more
efficient in the manufacturing of toned milk, standardized milk, full cream milk and ghee,
whereas the private dairy plant had an edge in manufacturing of butter and skimmed milk
powder. Bardhan et al., 2012 informed that the farmers’ participation in formal milk marketing
sector influenced their income significantly. Pica-Ciamarra, 2005 argued that the delivery of
livestock products through informal markets tends to serve poor consumers, creating an even
tighter focus on the poor and with potential multiplier effects for pro-poor development
interventions. Kumar et al., 2010 observed traditional milk marketing seemed to offer good
opportunities for the small and resource-poor milk producers and traders and if the traditional
milk sector is addressed in a constructive manner it will allow the informal players to improve their
performance including quality control and integration with the emerging modern milk supply chains.
Furthermore, Shrivastava et al. 2010 demonstrated that the farmers could get better
returns on developing value chain through a self-help group in the Seoni district of Madhya
Pradesh. Singh, 2010 estimated the technical efficiency of dairy farming of members of a co-
operative and non-members in Haryana. The mean technical efficiency level of dairy co-
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operative farmers were found considerably higher (79%) than of non-member dairy farmers (66%).
Singh et al. 2010, argued different capacity building programmes like trainings, demonstrations,
awareness generation, exposure visits, farmer scientists’ interactions on various aspects of
livestock value chains would reinforce its fate.
Conclusions
Processing and market linkages are pre-requisites for value creation and addition. Above analysis
shows that the integrated supply chain for liquid milk and other dairy products in cooperatives
had certainly provided support and augmented the income of its members and also have added
efficiency in the process. Small and resource poor farmers can only be protected from the market
shocks, when they work collectively may be through SHGs or FPOs. Further to expand the
market reach through exports, overall quality and safety standards in value chains need to be
maintained. Hence, systematic capacity building trainings and awareness programme at regular
intervals will strengthen the performance of dairy value chains.
To Assess the Efficiency of Seed Minikits of Pulses Program in Rajasthan

Hemant Sharma1, S.S. Kalamkar and M. Ojha
Agro Economic Research Centre, SP University, Vallabh Vidyanagr, Gujarat
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Pulses are an important commodity group of crops that provide high quality protein complementing cereal
proteins for pre-dominantly substantial vegetarian population of the country (GOI, 2019). The production of pulses in
India has been caught in the vicious cycle of low and uncertain yields, low per hectare returns resulting in farmers’
least preference to grow pulses on irrigated and fertile parcel of land (farmers preferred to grow pulses on marginal
lands with no use of production inputs), thereby leading to unstable and low yields (Joshi and Saxena, 2002;
Lingareddy, 2015). Seed Mini-kits are meant for introduction and popularization of latest released /pre released
varieties /hybrids not older than 10 years among the farmers free of cost. As the programme is under progress for last
three to four years, it is required to see the various aspects of implementation of this programme. How efficiently the
distribution of seeds is taking place? We need to check whether the scheme is relevant and useful from the view point of
farmers. Therefore, keeping the importance in mind, the present study was undertaken to examine the need,
application, pertinence and efficiency in distribution of seed minikits.
Methodology: The primary data were collected from the state of Rajasthan. For the selection of sample two districts
were selected, one irrigated (Bundi) and one dryland (Naguar) based on highest seed minikits distributed during the
reference period of 2017-18 and 2018-19 were selected. From selected district, a sample of 145 seed minikit
beneficiary farmers and 80 control group pulse growing farmers were selected using random sampling method.
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Lentil seed minikits beneficiaries were selected from Bundi district and Mung beneficiaries were selected from Naguar
district. The first section gathered information on household characteristics and other demographics, while the
second section collected cost and return data associated with Seed Minikit of pulses production during the
2018/2019 cropping year. The cost and returns analysis was carried out by used of different variable like land
preparation, seed, fertilizer & manure, irrigation, pesticides, harvesting , labour , main product and by-product.
Results: At overall level, about 49 per cent households were from other backward classes group followed by about
38 per cent from SC, about 10 percent from ST and rest were from open category. Majority of households have
agriculture as a main occupation while agriculture labour and allied was subsidiary occupation. Around one third of
the total household respondents were educated mostly up to the SSC level. This indicate the lower education status
of the respondents in Rajasthan in general, women in particular. The per quintal cost of production of kharif crops
(mung) was estimated lower in case of beneficiary farmers (Rs. 3382 per quintal) than non-beneficiary farmers
while opposite picture was estimated in case of rabi crops (lentil). Thus, on an average, selected farmers have
realised the net return of Rs. 9000-10000 per acre in cultivation of pulse crops. All sample household opined that
seed distribution programme is advantageous and noted the yield and quality difference in same. However, all of
them were also opined that seed distributed was insufficient and at least seed should cover 0.32 ha (0.79 acre) area
compared to 0.2 ha (0.49 acre) under present scheme.
Conclusion and policy Recommendation : The cost of cultivation per acre of beneficiary households was
estimated to be lower than the non-beneficiary households, must be because of lower cost of seed to some extent
(due to partial share of seed minikit). While net returns per acre was reported higher in beneficiary group in
cultivation of green gram only. Higher seed share in cost of cultivation was reported by non- beneficiary households
than its counterpart. All sample household opined that seed distribution programme is advantageous and noted the
yield and quality difference in same. The major problems faced by farmers in availing the seed minikit were less
supply of seed minikit was the major problem faced by the selected farmers. The policy implications emerged out of
the study is as follows (1)The government should ensure timely availability of adequate quantity of quality seed by
taking into account the actual requirement of seed in particular area.(2) Bottom-up approach should be used in
implementation of the scheme. (3)Demonstration should be given before distributing the Seed minikit (4) State
Agriculture Universities should try to develop the seed varieties suitable to local conditions.
Keyword: Dryland, Irrigated, Pulses, Seed Minikits, Productivity
Eco – dyeing cotton with herbal dye extract

Jyoti V. Vastrad and Rajashri Kotur
Department of TAD, CCSc., UAS, Dharwad -05
ABSTRACT
Purpose; Worldwide, growing consciousness about organic value of eco-friendly products has generated renewed
interest of consumers towards use of textiles dyed with eco-friendly natural dyes. The use of natural products such
as natural dyes for antimicrobial finishing of textiles materials has been widely reported. Many natural dyes obtained
from various plants are known to have antimicrobial activities. Keeping these facts in view the present research was
conducted to standardize a protocol for dyeing of cotton yarn with tulasi leaves dye extract and to know the effect of
various mordants on the colour parameters of tulasi dyed cotton yarns.
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Methods : Myrobolan was used as natural mordant for pre-treatment of cotton yarn. Metallic salts such as potash
alum, copper sulphate, aluminium sulphate, lead acetate, ferrous sulphate, stannous chloride and zinc chloride were
used for pre-mordanting. 1% myrobolan, 1% mordant concentration and 2%dye concentration was optimized for
dyeing cotton yarn with tulasi dye extract and analysed for colorfastness properties and colour strengths (K/S) of the
dyed yarn were evaluated.
Results: Significant difference in the colour strength values of the dyed samples was observed with the ferrous
sulphate (251.84) as compared to the other mordants. Lightfastness of the samples mordanted with stannous chloride
and Aluminium acetate was moderate. Perspiration fastness of PA and CS mordanted samples was good to both
acidic and alkaline medium. However, FS mordant showed good fastness to alkaline perspiration and ZC, SC and
LA mordants showed good fastness to acidic perspiration. It is possible to obtain diversified shades varying from
yellowish green to green shades using potash alum, copper sulphate, potassium dichromate, ferrous sulphate with
tulsi dye extract.
Conclusion: The rapid growth in technical textiles and their end-uses has generated many opportunities for the
application of such innovative eco-friendly finishes on textiles. Naturopathy, ayurveda, yogic science, herbal
treatments, eco products are now popular for maintaining good health. Eco-friendly biodegradable sources for textile
finishing are the need of the present day that not only upkeeps health of an individual but also saves the
environment.
Keywords: Cotton, Colourfastness, Dyeing, Environment, Mordants, Tulasi,
Impact of processing methods on lipid oxidation of normal and high oleic peanut genotypes
1
Department of Food Processing and Technology,
2
College of Agriculture, Hanumanmatti
College of Community Science, UAS, Dharwad , Karnataka 580005, India
ABSTARCT
Purpose: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the most important oilseed crop in India.Groundnuts have good
amount of proteins (25-28%) and lipids (50-55%). Due to their high oil content, they are susceptible to developing
rancidity and off-flavors through lipid oxidation. Recently, several attempts have been made to produce new
cultivars with improved physio-chemical properties (Jonnala et al., 2005). Normal groundnuts have 40-50 per cent
oleic acid and 30-40 per cent of linoleic acid, whereaspeanuts with high oleic to linoleic acid ratio (O/L) have been
released for better oil stability and nutritional quality. Dh-245 is one of the prominent high oleic genotypes
developed by UAS, Dharwad through mutation breeding .In this study the high oleic peanut genotype (HOP), Dh-
245 and normal peanut genotype (NP), GPBD-4 were compared for oxidative stability upon storage and effect of
processing methods on quality deterioration.
Materials and methods: The high oleic peanut genotype (HOP), Dh-245 and normal peanut genotype (NP), GPBD-
4 were procured and shells were removed using manual groundnut decorticator. The initial parameters i.e. Moisture
content (MC), Fat content (FC), Ash content were determined using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists
guidelines (Anon., 2005). The weight of 100 representative kernels from each accession was recorded as test weight
in grams. The peanut kernels were subjected to skin colour assessment in Premier Color scan Spectrophotometer
Model No. SS5100A.The kernels of both the genotypes were subjected to different processing treatments like
roasting, deep fat frying, boiling and soaking. The time and temperature combinations were selected based on
sensory evaluation i.e. Roasting: 120-130o C for 10 min; Deep fat frying: 160 oC for 1 min; Boiling: 100 o C for 30
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min; Soaking: 10 hrs at room temperature and control without any treatment. Changes in the fatty acid profile by
HPLC, free fatty acid and per oxide value were studied using AOAC protocols (Anon, 1993).
Results and discussion ; The moisture, fat and ash content of raw peanuts were found to be 4.0, 45 and 3.1 g/100g
in Dh-245 and 3.7, 44.3 and 2.3 g/100g in GPBD-4. The 100 kernel weight was 33.50 g (Dh-245) and 41.00 g
(GPBD-4).The fatty acid profile of Dh-245 was observed to be, palmitic acid (8.58%), oleic acid (58.10%) and
linoleic acid (21.54%) of the total fatty acid profile. Where as in the GPBD-4, palmitic acid (9.86%), oleic acid
(49.73%) and linoleic acid (28.54%) of the total fatty acid profile.
The roasted peanuts had higher peroxide value and free fatty acids followed by fried peanuts and boiled peanuts.
The values of soaked peanuts was almost near to the control. GPBD-4 had highest PV (5.70 meq O2/kg) and FFA
(0.75%) in roasted peanuts compared to Dh-245 (PV-3.63 meq O2/kg and FFA- 0.63%). Exposure of fats and oils to
elevated temperatures results in a series of reactions including thermolysis, oxidation, polymerization and auto-
oxidation. Volatiles such as aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbons, alcohols and esters are produced from decomposition
of hydroperoxides. Many non-volatile polar compounds, triacylglycerol dimmers and polymers are produced by
radical reaction (Kim et al. 1999).
The oleic: linoleic ratio and per cent saturation increased in all the treatments with highest value in roasted peanuts
followed by fried peanuts, boiled peanuts and soaked peanuts respectively. In case of unsaturated : saturated ratio,
roasted peanuts had the lowest value. So it is clear that the processing treatments affect the fatty acid profile and the
effect was more pronounced in case of roasting treatment with 120-130o C for 10 min followed by frying (160 oC for
2 min), boiling (100oC for 20 min). Soaking treatment had less effect on the alteration of fatty acid profile of
peanuts in both the varieties. In both the varieties similar trend was observed and the range of O/L ratio was 2.70 to
3.04 in Dh-245 variety which was high compared to O/L ratio of GPBD-4 variety i.e. 1.74 to 1.95. The highest O/L
ratios are associated with longer shelf life and the Dh245 variety was predicted to have longer shelf life compared
to GPBD-4.
Conclusion: This study revealed that the high oleic peanut variety Dh-245 had good oxidative stability than
conventional GPBD-4 variety after different thermal processing treatments. The processing treatments have their
effects on oxidation of peanut kernels and it depends on temperature and duration of treatments. High temperature
results in faster degradation. So from commercial point of view high oleic peanut oil can be used for fried products
such as potato chips, french fries etc. to increase their shelf life and to improve oxidative quality.
Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on yield and quality traits of cherry tomato
(Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) under protected condition
Akanksha*1, Amandeep Kaur2 and Navjot Singh Dhillon3
Department of Vegetable Science, Khalsa College, Amritsar, 143002, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The small round tomato having a varied size from a thumb tip to a golf ball is known as a cherry tomato.
Cherry tomatoes belongs to the family Solanaceae having 2n=24 chromosome number and are the direct ancestors
of modern tomatoes and a wild cultivar in the Andean regions of South America. While tomato production is high in
the Indian plains, it is decreased to a greater extent due to higher summer and early Kharif temperatures, which
require exploration for advanced safe cultivation such as polyhouse cultivation and shade net. Micronutrients are
critical in the development of high-quality cherry tomatoes and increasing the production. Some micronutrients,
such as zinc, boron and copper can boost tomato production and quality. Keeping a sufficient amount of nutrients in
the soil or by foliar spray can improve tomato quality and yield potential. Foliar application of micronutrients shows
better efficiency than soil application as the latter method takes more time. Higher fruit setting by foliar
supplementation of secondary and micro nutrients can be obtained which may attribute the supply of nutrients at
critical stage such as flowering and fruit set. Therefore, this research was conducted to find out the effect of Copper,
Boron, Zinc, Magnesium and Ferrous as foliar application on the yield and quality traits of cherry tomato.
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Methods: The experiment was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm and Laboratory of Department of
Horticulture, Khalsa College, Amritsar. The cultivar Punjab Red Cherry comprised the plant material for
investigation. The study was conducted in Spring-summer season, 2021. The experiment was laid out in
Randomized Block Design consisting of seven treatments T1 (100 ppm CuSO4), T2 (100 ppm Borax), T3 (100 ppm
ZnSO4), T4 (100 ppm MgSO4), T5 (100 ppm FeSO4), T6 (Mixture of all micronutrients @ 100 ppm each) and T 7
(Control) each with three replications. The data were recorded on various yield and quality parameters namely
minimum days to harvest, maximum number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight,
yield (kg) per plant, total yield (q/ha), ascorbic acid (mg/100 g), TSS ( oBrix), Juice content (%) and acidity content
(%).The mean data was statistically analyzed according to ANOVA techniques of Panse and Sukhatme, 1985.
Results: The result of the experiment stated that the treatment having combination of all micronutrients at the rate of
100 ppm each outperformed the other treatments in terms of yield and quality of the cherry tomato and gave the
minimum days to harvest, maximum number of fruits per cluster, greater number of fruits per plant, highest average
fruit weight, optimum fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per hectare. Similarly, in quality traits, ascorbic acid
(mg/100 g), TSS (oBrix), juice content (%) and acidity content (%) were observed to be highest in mixture of all the
micronutrients of 100 ppm dose.
Conclusion : The combined application of 100 ppm Copper sulphate, 100 ppm Borax, 100 ppm Zinc sulphate, 100
ppm Magnesium sulphate and 100 ppm Ferrous sulphate proved to be most effective in increasing the production of
cherry tomato. Foliar application of mixture of all the micronutrients increased the yield characters of cherry tomato.
This increase in output is also a contribution of foliar spray of micronutrients, as direct application to the leaves
helped in easy absorption through the leaves, which meet the cherry tomato plant’s ideal nutritional needs.
Moreover, better quality fruits were produced from the plots which were treated with mixture of all the
micronutrients. Therefore from the present investigation, the foliar application of combined mixture of
micronutrients was witnessed to be the best approach for obtaining maximum yield and remarkable quality traits of
cherry tomato under protected condition.
Green Dyes from Teak leaves – Initiatives towards Environmental Sustainability

Jyoti V.Vastrad
ABSTRACT
Purpose : Conservation of ecology is of utmost importance while thinking of eco-friendly end uses. Textile dyeing
and colouration is one of the emerging fields that have an additional advantage of antimicrobial activity along with
UV protection. For successful commercial use of natural dyes, the appropriate and standardized dyeing techniques
need to be adopted without scarifying required quality of dyed textile materials. The present research was carriedout
to characterize teak leaves dye extract, optimization of dyeing process, analysis of colourfastness properties and
colour strength of dyed cotton fabric.
Method: Teak leaves were collected from the forest of Yallapur Taluk for dyeing process. Grey cotton 2/60 yarn
and chemicals were procured from local market. Dried teak leaves were powdered in a laboratory blender, packed
and refrigerated. Cotton yarn was desized and pre treated with 2 percent myrobolan, pomegranate and tamarind
powders respectively and mordanted with Aluminium Acetate, Lead Acetate, Ferrous Sulphate, Copper sulphate,
Stannous Chloride and dyeing was carried out and the colorfastness properties, dye absorbance (%) and colour
strengths (K/S) of the dyed yarn were evaluated.
Results: Quantitative analysis of dried teak leaves dye extract exhibited Total Phenolic Content (52.50mg/g) and
Total Flavonoid content (124.12mg/g) was found to be higher in 50% ethyl alcohol. The light fastness of the dyed
samples pre-treated with 2 per cent myrobolan, pomegranate and tamrind showed better fastness (5) on mordanting
with ferrous sulphate and stannous chloride and very good fastness (4/5) with other mordants. Irrespective of pre-
treatments and mordants, the colour fastness to washing, rubbing and perspiration of teak dyed samples ranged
between moderate to better ratings.
Conclusion: There is a need to commercialize natural dye not only to protect the ancient and traditional folklore but
also to save and protect the ecology.
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Keywords: Cotton, Colourfastness, Extract, Mordant, Teak, Treatment, Yarn
In silico comparison of genome of aquatic and fish pathogenic Flavobacterium spp.

*1Madhumita Srivastava and 2Ruchi Srivastava
1
Sunbeam College for Women, Bhagwanpur, Varanasi 221005, India
2
ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Miroorganisms, Mau 275101, U.P
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The genus Flavobacterium is a pigmented, Gram -ve bacteria consisting about 130 species reported
from aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Many of the species are reported as fish pathogen including F.
psychrophilum, F. columnare, and F. branchiophilum, which can cause severe fish diseases called "cold water
disease" (CWD) in freshwater aquaculture with a global distribution. In this study we aim to compare the genome
of 6 Flavobacterium sp isolated from different habitat.
Methods: A comparison of the genome of six pathogenic Flavobacterium species viz: F. indicum GPTSA100-9,
Flavobacterium (F. album HYN0059, F. branchiophilum FL-15, F. columnare Pf1, F. crassostreae LPB0076, and
F. psychrophilum FPG3) from different geo-locations was done using publically available genome data.The
genome statistics and annotation were performed by using IMG/M server (https://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-
bin/m/main.cgi).The possible genomic similarities and distances were predicted using EDGAR and GGD
calculator.
Results: Among these six genome, the genome size varied from 2.71 Mb to 3.98 Mb. F. psychrophilum FPG3 has
the smallest genome (2.71 Mb) followed by F. indicum GPTSA100-9 (2.99 Mb). The functional annotation and
phylogenetic studies based on orthology revealed that 51-60% genes are orthologous whereas, the paralogs ranged
between 5 to 15% of the total genes. The DDH, AAI, ANI and POCP results indicate that these species are distinct
and different, further on the basis of Pan and Core Genome analysis, 41% genes were recorded to contribute to
core genome of Flavobacterium. Analysis of the core genome showed that the number of shared genes decreased
with the addition of each new genome. The average gene content in six genomes are 2934 whereas, the core
genome was estimated to contain 1210 genes, which is corresponding to the 41 % of the genome and might remain
relatively constant.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the comparative analysis exhibited that Flavobacterium indicum GPTSA100-9is
closely related to F. branchiophilum FL-15 on the basis of genome genome distance (GGD) and DDH and also the
genome wise phylogeny also proof that they both are quite closer to each other. Thus, provides a convincing
insight for the comparative genome information.
Keywords: Flavobacterium, comparative genomics, DDH, GGD, Core Genome
Genetic variability studies in parthenocarpic cucumber

Gurpiar Singh*, Navjot Singh Dhillon
Department of Vegetable Science, Khalsa College Amritsar 143001, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Cucumber is an important member of family Cucurbitaceae having chromosome number 2n = 14. It is
thermophilic and frost sensitive crop thriving best at temperature above 20˚C. It is grown primarily in open
environment and experiencing various problems viz., incidence of red pumpkin beetle and poor quality and bitter
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fruits. This makes imperative to establish cucumber under protected environment to protect the crop from harsh
weather conditions in Punjab. Cucumber grown in protected structures is gynoecious and seedless having high
variability which is the basic material for any crop improvement programme. Knowledge about existence of genetic
variability is the useful tool to carry out effective selection for improving yield. Correlation studies help for deciding
which trait contribute towards yield positively or negatively. Heritability along with genetic advance help in
determining the direction and magnitude of selection. Therefore, this study was carried out to estimate genetic
variability, heritability, correlation and genetic advance as percent of mean of hybrids in relation to yield and yield
associated traits and its selection in cucumber with the objective to find associations among different horticultural
traits. The estimate of these parameters in controlled condition like protected structures is useful in formulating
suitable selection strategy for higher yield in cucumber. The present investigation is taken to evaluate available
cucumber hybrids for assessing genetic variability, heritability, correlation and genetic advance present in various
growth and yield related traits.
Methods: The present study was conducted at research farm of Department of Vegetable Science, Khalsa College
Amritsar. Ten parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids were raised in Randomized Block Design and replicated thrice.
Observations were recorded for traits namely days to anthesis of first female flower, nodal position of first female
flower, number of female flowers per node, days taken to first fruit harvest, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit weight,
number of fruits per plant, marketable yield per plant, harvest duration, internodal length, vine length and total
soluble solids. The coefficients of variation were determined as per Burton (1952). The heritability in broad sense
and expected genetic advance expressed as percent of mean were calculated by using the formula given by Johnson
et al (1955). The correlation coefficient among all possible trait association at phenotypic and genotypic level were
given by Al-Jibouri et al (1958). Path coefficient analysis as suggested by Wright (1921) Dewey and Lu (1959).
Results: The results showed that PCV and GCV estimates were high to moderate for vine length and number of
female flowers per node indicating presence of variability ensuring ample scope for improvement through selection.
High heritability along with high genetic advance was recorded for internodal length, vine length, number of female
flowers per node and total soluble solids indicated the importance of additive gene action for inheritance of these
traits. Genotypic correlation was higher than phenotypic correlation indicating highly heritable nature of these
characters. The path coefficient analysis revealed that the number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, days taken to first
fruit harvest and nodal position of first female flower had direct positive phenotypic and genotypic effect on the
yield.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the overall stable phenotypic performance of cucumber hybrids is a good indicator of
optimum selection criteria for improvement in parthenocarpic & gynoecious cucumber breeding in India. Therefore,
direct selection on the basis of number of fruits per plant and fruit weight will be rewarding for crop improvement in
parthenocarpic cucumber.
Key words: correlation coefficient, GCV, heritability, path analysis, PCV.
Effect of biochar application along with municipal solid waste on heavy metal availability
and dry matter yield of spinach
M. Vassanda Coumar, R.S. Parihar, A.K. Dwivedi, J. K. Saha and A.K. Patra
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Biochar are known to have a highly porous structure, contain various functional groups which tends to
have strong sorption affinity for organic compounds and also play an important role in controlling organic pollutants
in the environment. The formation of surface functional groups and adsorption sites on biochar could influence its
CEC and consequently the capacity of biochar amended soils to form complexes with metal ions. More recently, it
was demonstrated that biochar was effective at reducing concentrations of Cd and Zn in soil pore water, reducing
phytotoxicity to Lolium perenne L. However, there is clearly a paucity of data on impact of biochar on heavy metal
mobility in soil and its uptake in crop plant. Keeping this in view, the study is conceived and conducted with the
following objectives
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Methods: Municipal solid waste compost was first mixed thoroughly with biochar at 2%, 5% and 10% level and
then applied to the each pot of 5 kg soil according to the experimental design. Potted soils mixed with soil
amendments was allowed to equilibrate for one week in moist condition prior to sowing of seeds. The recommended
dose of N (75 kg N ha-1), phosphorus (40 kg P2O5 ha-1) and potash (40 kg K2O ha-1) were supplied in the form of
urea and potassium chloride respectively. The entire dose of potash, phosphorus and half dose of N was applied
basally while rest of N was top-dressed 20 days after sowing. Spinach crop was grown for 60 days and plants were
harvested at two different stages, 1st leaf cutting at 30 days after sowing (DAS) and 2nd cutting at 60 DAS. During
2nd cutting, roots were also separately collected from the soil. Oven dry (at 65°C to constant weight) weights of
shoots and roots were recorded.
Results: Application of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) increased the dry matter yield of spinach leaf at
both the harvest stage and root increased over control and found to be statistically significant only at the 2nd harvest
stage. Further it was evident from the data that application of biochar at different rate (2%, 5% and 5% of MSWC)
increased the dry matter yield of spinach leaf and root. The highest dry matter yield in both first and second harvest
was recorded in the treatment where biochar was applied at 10% level along with MSWC. it was observed that
considerable variation in nutrient content of spinach leaf was observed between the treatments. In the first harvest
stage, leaf N content varied from 2.55% to 3.40%, P content from 0.20% to 0.42%, K content from 2.47% to 4.49%
and S content from 0.66% to 1.09%, respectively. The nutrient concentration of spinach leaf at second harvest
varied from 2.26% to 3.60% for N, 0.23% to 0.39% for P, 2.95% to 4.19% for K and 0.65% to 0.96% for S,
respectively. There was slight increase in nutrient contents of leaf after application of MSWC but the significant
difference was observed only for P and K in the 1st harvest stage and for P and S in the 2nd harvest stage over
control. In general, even though application of biochar along with MSWC increased the nutrient contents of leaf
over the application of MSWC alone, significant differences were observed only at highest biochar level (10%). The
highest leaf nutrient concentration for N, P, K and S was 3.4%, 0.42%, 4.49% and 1.09% at first harvest and 3.6%,
0.39%, 4.19% and 0.96% at second harvest, respectively when biochar was applied at 10% level along with
MSWC@ 5g kg-1. With the application of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), heavy metal content (Cu, Cd,
Pb, Cr and Ni) in spinach leaf and root was increased over control. Irrespective of the biochar level (2%, 5% and
10%), the heavy metal content in spinach leaf and root was decreased over the application of MSWC alone. With
increasing rate of biochar addition, the heavy metal content at both the harvest stage of spinach leaf and root was
also reduced and found to be lowest in the treatment where MSWC was applied along with biochar at 10% level.
Conclusions: Municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) increased soil nutrient status with simultaneously increasing
the heavy metal mobility in soil and its uptake by spinach. Biochar application along with MSWC substantially
reduced heavy metal mobility and its uptake by spinach.
Key words: Municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), Biochar, Spinach
Evaluation of pre reported strains for xylooligosaccharides production and their

optimization for efficient xylanase production using different agro-residues
Kajal Kumari*, Sakshi Goyal, Sushil Nagar
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are the mixtures of oligosaccharides containing β-1, 4 linked xylose residues
produced from xylan rich lignocellulosic materials (LCM) by various methods such as autohydrolysis, chemical
treatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis. The number of xylose residue in XOS vary from 2 -10 such as xylobiose,
xylotriose, xylotetrose, xylopentose and so on. Xylanase (endo-β-1, 4 xylanase) is the enzyme that catalyzes the
hydrolysis of xylan by cleaving the glycosidic bond in order to produce value added products such as
xylooligosaccharides. Xylanase have been reported from various bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and yeast.
Agricultural waste (sugarcane bagasse, corn stalks, corn cob, green coconut husk, cereal straw etc.), plant biomass
and materials from crops, which are rich in cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin that can be used for a number of
applications like fuel production, energy production, paper industry and using them as fermentable sugars for
growing probiotics bacteria. Prebiotics such as XOS can serve as the fuel for probiotics, nourish them and encourage
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them to function more efficiently. We aim to identify and characterize, efficient xylanase producing strains from
selected strains of microorganisms for XOS production over different agricultural wastes.
Methods: Different microbial strains (A. terrus, A. foetidus, B. halodurans, Cellulosimicrobium spp.) were procured
from microbial type culture collection (MTCC) and B. pumilus SV85S, B. pumilus SV205 were obtained from the
working lab. The obtained lyophilized cultures were revived on broth medium and further seed cultures were
prepared. Xylanase production was screened on the production media according to particular strain through
submerged fermentation (SmF) using different agricultural wastes (wheat bran, rice bran, coconut husk, sugarcane
bagasse, corn cob, rice husk) and xylanase activity was assayed according to dinitrosalicylic acid method (DNSA).
Xylanase production optimization was done for various production media parameters such as inoculum age (6 to 42
h), inoculum size (1-5 %), incubation time (12 to 96 h) etc. The fermentation media was filtered through muslin
cloth and the crude xylanase extracted through centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 20 min. at 4 ᵒC. The crude xylanase
characterized for optimum pH and optimum temperature.
Results: Revival of the bacterial cultures for 24 h was done in nutrient broth while fungal cultures revived up to 5
days in potato dextrose broth medium. Seed culture for every strain was prepared up to seven stages after that the
purity of the seed cultures were examined on the agar plates (nutrient agar used for bacterial culture while potato
dextrose agar preferred for fungal cultures). Further the production media (modified Horikoshi Medium for
bacterial culture and Mandels and Sternburg’s basal medium for fungus culture) was inoculated with 1 % of the seed
culture and kept for fermentation at 37º C, 150 rpm for 48 h. All the microbial cultures used in the study showed
xylanase activity with different extent on the basis of agricultural waste used during fermentation. Screening was
done on the basis of xylanase activity assay of all the strains. Further B. pumilus SV85S, B. pumilus SV205 were
selected for their capacity of highest xylanase production by the use of wheat bran as a substrate. Maximum
xylanase production was achieved at 4 % inoculum size, 48 h of incubation of 18 h old inoculum for B. pumilus
SV85S. Similarly B. pumilus SV205 showed maximum xylanase activity at 2 % inoculum size, 48 h of incubation of
24 h grown old inoculum. The crude xylanase from both the strains B. pumilus SV85S, B. pumilus SV205 was
characterized and found that the optimum pH and temperature were 6.5pH and 65 ºC respectively. The selected
strains and agro residue will be further optimized for XOS production.
Conclusions: These xylanase producing microbial strains can be further used for xylooligosaccharides (prebiotic)
production, characterization and prebiotic testing thus a value addition to pharma industry. Xylooligosaccharide
production represents an addition to the economic value as an increase in food production without increase of the
agricultural areas as their production from agro-industrial residues.
Key words: Xylanase, MTCC, Xylooligosaccharides, DNSA, Submerged fermentation
Health risk assessment of heavy metals due to wheat, cabbage, and spinach consumption at
cold-arid high altitude region
Arup Giri1,2*, Vijay K. Bharti1, Sahil Kalia1, Somen Acharya1, Bhuvnesh Kumar3, OP Chaurasia2
1
DRDO-Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR), Leh, Ladakh UT, India
2
Department of Zoology, Baba Masthnath University, Rohtak, Haryana- 124021, India
3
DRDO-Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), New Delhi, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Soil, water from the trans-Himalayan high-altitude region contains high concentrations of various heavy
metals. Vegetables and cereals such as cabbage, spinach, and wheat are most prone to heavy metal accumulation
from soil and water which can be toxic for human consumption. It has yet to be studied how consumption of
vegetables and cereals with excess heavy metal content can affect human health in high altitude areas. To this end,
the objectives of this study are (a) quantify the concentrations of Aluminum (Al), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Boron (B),
Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Selenium (Se), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) in wheat, cabbage, and
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spinach, and (b) evaluate the health risk of excess dietary heavy metal consumption in the local adult population
using non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic parameters.
Methods: A total of 210 vegetable samples (7 villages x 10 number of samples from each village x 3 variety of
plants) were collected and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES).
Results: Results found that spinach has a high mineral content than wheat and cabbage. The Estimated Daily Index
(EDI) of each metal in each vegetable was less than the limit of permissible value. The hazard index (HI) of wheat,
spinach, cabbage, and target hazard quotient (THQ) were less than the threshold level (<1). The carcinogenic risk
(CR) value in all the vegetables was less than the maximum threshold level (1 x 10 −4).
Conclusion: These findings suggest that consumption of wheat, spinach, and cabbage does not have any significant
effect on human health due to presence of elevated heavy metals at this high altitude region.
Keywords: Carcinogenic risk; Estimated daily index; Hazard index; Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission
Spectrometry; Vegetable
Genomics-assisted introgression of novel combination of opaque2 and opaque16 genes and

development of lysine and tryptophan rich biofortified maize
Gulab Chand*1,2, Rajkumar U. Zunjare1, Tanu Allen2, Vignesh Muthusamy1, Subhra J. Mishra1,
Brijesh Mehta1, Ravindra Kasana1, Bhavna Singh1, Vinay Bhatt1, Zahirul A. Talukder1,
Mohammad Reda Ismail1, Konsam Sarika3, Sohini Singh2, Satish K. Guleria4 and Firoz Hossain1
1
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
2
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
3
ICAR-Research Complex on North Eastern Hill Region, Imphal Centre, Manipur, 795004, India
4
CSK-Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Bajaura Centre, Himachal Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Globally 2.37 billion people are affected due to malnutrition. Among all nutrients, protein malnutrition
causes the highest number of deaths worldwide. Maize endosperm protein possesses low level lysine (0.200%) and
tryptophan (0.040%). Though recessive opaque2 (o2) -based quality protein maize (QPM) maize provides higher
amount of lysine and tryptophan, it can not meet the human requirement. A novel combination of o2 and opaque16
(o16) genes further enhance lysine and tryptophan. So far, no maize hybrid with o2 and o16 genes has been released
for commercial cultivation. Here, we developed elite inbreds by introgressing o2 and o16 genes through genomics-
assisted breeding. These inbreds have been used to develop biofortified hybrids with higher nutritional quality.
Methods: Marker-assisted backcross breeding strategy was utilized for the introgression of o2 and o16 genes into
seven elite maize inbreds. These o2o2/o16o16-based inbreds were crossed in a half-diallel mating design and
resulting 21 experimental hybrids along with the four o2-based popular QPM hybrids were evaluated at multiple
geographical locations. Lysine and tryptophan concentrations are estimated using UHPLC.
Results: The o2 gene-specific SSR markers (umc1066 and phi057) and o16 linked SSR markers (umc1149 and
umc1141) were successfully deployed for foreground selection in BC 1F1, BC2F1 and BC2F2 populations. Use of
>100 SSR markers led to >90% recovery of the recurrent parent genome. The concentration of lysine and tryptophan
among the o2o2/o16o16-based inbreds varied between 0.410-0.560% and 0.090-0.149%, respectively. The
promising experimental o2o2/o16o16-based hybrids accumulated significantly higher concentration of lysine
(>0.500%) and tryptophan (>0.125%) compared to o2o2-based commercial checks (lysine: 0.346%, tryptophan:
0.086%). These promising hybrids possessed >7500 kg/ha grain yield. The promising hybrids also possessed
desirable agronomic characters.
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Conclusions: Combinations of o2 and o16 genes significantly enhanced the nutritional content of maize hybrids
over o2-based QPM hybrids. These newly developed biofortified hybrids with novel combination of o2 and o16
provide sustainable and cost-effective solution to alleviate protein malnutrition.
Key words: QPM, opaque2, opaque16, MAS, combining ability analysis, maize
Knowledge scale to define students ‘knowledge about environment, recycling, plastic, and
plastic waste’
Alka Chandrakanta, Deepa Vinay
G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The environment is becoming a widely debated topic in our everyday lives. All life on Earth is linked with
its surroundings, from the tiniest microbes to the greatest creatures. Humans are part of nature, and their survival is
dependent on healthy ecosystems. At the same time, human activities harm the health of the environment for current
and future generations as a result of pollution, climate change, and disasters. The purpose of study to develop the
knowledge scale to define the students "knowledge about the environment, recycling, plastic and plastic waste" and
to assess the knowledge level of the students about the environment, recycling, plastic and plastic waste.
Methods: The present study was carried out in Uttarakhand at Udham Singh Nagar district. Purposive and random
sampling technique was used and point-biserial correlation coefficient used as a index of item discrimination, and
reliability was measured using the split-half method.
Results: The reliability of the test was calculated by the Spearman-Brown formula. The reliability coefficient of the
scale was 0.841 found to be highly significant
Conclusions: The developed knowledge test was found to be valid and a reliable tool that could be used for
assessing the knowledge level of students about the environment, recycling, plastic and plastic waste. Further,
specific findings of this knowledge test revealed that the majority of respondents possessed a moderate level of
knowledge about the environment, recycling, plastic and plastic waste.
Key words: Reliability, point-biserial, random sampling
Behaviour assessment of covid recovered patients towards accurate diagnosis and effective
treatment
R.Unesha Fareq, Deepa Vinay
College of Home Science,GB Pant University Of Agriculture And Technology , Pantnagar-263145,Uttarakhand
ABSTRACT
Purpose: COVID-19 has become a global pandemic by infecting people from almost all over the world. The
behaviour of the general public will probably have an important bearing on the progression of the coronavirus
pandemic and human behaviour can be influenced by people's knowledge and perceptions of the covid 19 pandemic.
As the current focus of most of the researches revolves around the diagnosis, and treatment of the disease.The study
attempted to develop a scale and measure behaviour assessment of covid recovered patients towards accurate
diagnosis and effective treatment.
Methods: The area selected to conduct the study is the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. A random sampling
method was adopted to select the the sample. The different steps that were followed to develop the scale include
Item construction ,Content Validity, Pre-testing the scale ,Scaling method ,Item analysis and selecting the items,
Item Discrimination value,Reliability of scale.
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The final developed scale was administered on the random sample of covid recovered patients.The Likert 5 point
format was used to indicate the respondent's degree of agreement with a particular item with scores 5,4,3,2 and 1 for
Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree and Strongly disagree. Frequency, Percentages, mean and SD were
calculated for each statement related to behavior assessment of covid recovered patients.
Results: The reliability of the test was calculated by the Spearman-Brown formula (0.75) which indicate adequate
reliability. The reliability coefficient of the scale was 0.841 found to be highly significant. The reliability was found
by calculating the Karl Pearson correlation coefficient to know the correlation between two halves of split half
method and the correlation value was found(0.68) which is significant.Most of the respondents positively expressed
‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree ‘ towards the symptoms, transmission, diagnosis and treatment of covid 19.
Conclusion: The scale developed to know the behaviour assessment covid recovered patients towards accurate
diagnosis and effective treatment was found adequate reliability and validity to conduct and evaluate the study. After
administering the scale to covid recovered patients, maximum patients in the study exhibited a high level(97 %) of
behaviour assessment towards diagnosis and treatment thus denoting the good knowledge and awareness about the
diagnosis and treatment they have undergone.
Key words: Behaviour assessment,Covid recovered patients, diagnosis and treatment
Assessment of attitude of teachers towards online education

Pratibha Pandey, Deepa Vinay
G.B.Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Online education is electronically supported learning that relies on the Internet for professor, teacher or
student interaction and easy distribution of study materials. With online teaching, students can turn anywhere with
Internet access and electricity into a classroom. It can include audio, video, text, animations, virtual training
environments and live chats with teachers and professors. The objective of the study was to develop the attitude
scale to define attitude of teachers towards online education and to assess the attitude of teachers towards online
education.
Methods: The present study was carried out in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand. Purposive sampling
technique was used to select the study area. The reliability of the tool was found by calculating the correlation
coefficient of scores respondents by Split-Half method. The discrimination index was calculated for item analysis.
The Spearman Brown formula used for calculating are reliability.
Results: The Spearman Brown formula used for calculating reliability of the attitude scale. Reliability of the attitude
scale was calculated as 0.959667 which indicates excellent reliability.
Conclusions: It was concluded from the above findings that the developed attitude scale was found to be valid and
reliable tool that could be used for assessing the attitude of individuals towards online education.
The data pertaining to extent of attitude of teachers regarding online education revealed that most of the respondents
(about 70 percent) were found to have high attitude, whereas 30 percent had moderate attitude towards online
education.
Key words: Attitude scale, purposive sampling, discrimination index
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Clean Food’ through adoption of ecologically and economically sustainable farming

technology with special focus on soil & plant health management.
K.Mukhopadhyay1, S.H. Ansary1, R. Bera2, M. Debnath1, S. Saha1, M. K. Kundu1, S.J. Pramanick1,
S. C. Dhang1, S. Islam1, A. Seal2, S. Saha2 and A. Dutta2
1
Nadia Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
Gayeshpur, Nadia-741234, West Bengal.
2
Inhana Organic Research Foundation, 168, Jodhpur Park, Kolkata-700068, West Bengal.
ABSTARCT
Purpose: Today it is no longer a debatable issue that since the “green revolution” of the 1960s have been touted as
solutions to the global hunger problem— but focusing only on the potentiality of high crop yields have come at the
cost of environmental degradation and lowered sustainable food and nutritional security over the long term.
Especially in the crop intensified zones, with the rampant use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides soil quality has
been eroded to an alarming stage. Loss of soil fertility, erosion of soil, soil toxicity, diminishing water resources,
pollution of underground water, salinity of underground water, increased incidence of human and livestock
diseases, risk of food toxicity enhances with indiscriminate and disproportionate use of Agro-chemicals
(Rahman, 2015). Thus, shifting focus towards ecologically and economically sustainable crop cultivation is the only
option left for future crop sustainability. In this background, pesticide free ‘Clean Food production’ with adoption of
various good agricultural practices (GAP), mechanical and biological practices amalgamated with innovative
organic approach (IRF technology) specially focused towards soil and plant health management have been adopted
in some villages of Fathepur Gram Panchayat in the Haringhata Block, Nadia district of West Bengal from 2020.
The objectives of the study are crop sustenance, soil rejuvenation, ecological sustenance and most importantly
sustained livelihood generation for small and marginal farmers.
Methodology: The Program initiated with soil sampling and soil quality analysis followed by the development of
sustainable soil management program along with the on-field preparation of Novcom compost, which can be made
only within 21 days. An integrated approach of plant health management was developed side by side towards
sustainable crop growth, higher crop production and gradually reducing the pest/ disease infestation. Finally the end
products were analyzed with Colorometric Pesticide Assay Test for evaluation of pesticide residue in vegetable
produced under this ‘Clean Food’ program.
Results: Analysis of soil samples in the study area clearly indicated soil quality depletion with very low organic
carbon (< 0.70 %), very poor biological properties, poor microbial biomass carbon (<200 µg.CO 2.C/gm dry soil)
and poor FDAH (< 50 µg/gm dry soil). Comparative evaluation of crop productivity under clean food programme
vis-a-vis conventional farmers’ field indicated 3.0–13.5% increase in crop yields in the 1 st year of program
adoption. Analysis of pesticide residue indicated presence of pesticides residue in less than 4% of the vegetable
samples, while in the rest the same were below detection limit (< 0.01 ppm). In contrast, out of the samples
procured from the local market about 18 % showed pesticide residue in one or more group especially
Organochlorine, Organophosphate, Carbamate, Synthetic Pyrethroids and Nicotinoids.
Study of Energy Use efficiency showed that upto 60% higher energy use efficiency can be achieved under clean
food program in comparison to conventional farming practice. In terms of green house gas (GHG) emission, switch
over to clean food program can reduce upto 0.5 kg CO 2 equivalent per kg produce and significantly contribute in the
climate change mitigation initiatives. Soil development index post production indicated 10 to 15 % enhancement in
soil quality which was majorly due to the activation of soil biological properties through the application of compost
as well as reduction in the use of herbicides and chemical pesticides.
Conclusion: Thus the clean food program can be a practical option for sustainable agriculture towards crop
sustainability, environmental preservation and empowerment of the small and marginal farmers.
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Aquatic Hyphomycetes from Amritpur: An Unexplored Region of Uttarakhand, India

Ruchi Jalal*; Saraswati Bisht; Saima Altaf
I.P.G.G.P.G. College of Commerce, Haldwani, Nainital
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Aquatic hyphomycetes, the fascinating group of deutromycetous fungi form an important component of
aquatic ecosystem. They help in energy transfer and nutrient cycling through decomposition of submerged plant
material. At present, the studies on aquatic hyphomycetes is more confined to the well oxygenated cold water
bodies. Thus, the present study aims to explore various streams of Amritpur, an anthropogenically stressed and
warm climatic region in foothills of Kumaun Himalaya (600 m) for the diversity of aquatic hyphomycetes.
Methods: In the present study, the selected sites were surveyed seasonally for decomposed plant material, roots of
riparian plants and foam samples. The collected samples were processed, incubated and examined under
microscope.
Results:: In all, 16 species of freshwater hyphomycetes belonging to 10 genera were recorded from the collected
samples, viz., Acaulopage dichotoma, A. tetraceros, Alatospora acuminata, Anguillospora crassa, A. longissima, A.
filliformis, Campylospora chaetocladia, C. fillicladia, C. parvula, Cylindrocarpon aquaticum, Lunulospora curvula,
Setosynnema isthmosporum, Tetracladium marchalianum, Triscelophorus monosporus, Triscelophorus acuminatus
and Weisneriomyces sp.
Conclusions: The presence of these fungi in anthropogenically stressed area indicates there tolerance towards
pollution. Future studies need to focus more on lower altitude water bodies for the diversity of aquatic
hyphomycetes.
Key words: Aquatic Hyphomycetes, Diversity, Foothills, Anthropogenic region .
A low-cost storage for horticulture produces for enhancing farmer’s income: an overview
on evaporative cooling
Deep P Patel a, Kusum Meghwal a, Jain S Kb, Lakhawat S Sc
a
Research Scholar, b Professor, C Associate Professor
ab
Department of Processing and Food Engineering, CTAE, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan (313001)
c
Department of horticulture, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan (313001)
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Due to the absence of proper storage techniques in a tropical country like India, the farmers have to sell
their produce in the market immediately after the harvest. Refrigerated storage, which is accepted to be the best
system for storing fruits and vegetables in fresh form, is energy-intensive and includes enough capital cost. Most of
the peasant farmers are not able to afford the cost of purchasing high-tech storage equipment for their harvested
crops. Metabolism in fresh horticultural produce continues even after harvest and the deterioration rate increases due
to ripening, senescence and unfavourable environmental factors. To overcome the problem of on-farm storage, low
cost, energy-efficient, environmentally benign and made from locally available material evaporative cooling
chambers have been developed which is an efficient and economical means for reducing the temperature and
increasing RH in an enclosure. In this article, an attempt is made to review the basic principle and methods of the
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evaporative cooling system, factors influencing during storage, storage conditions of perishables, design
consideration of different evaporative cooling systems, cost analysis and advantages/disadvantages are reported.
Conclusions: To overcome the problem of on-farm storage, low cost, energy-efficient, environmentally benign and
made from locally available material evaporative cooling chambers have been developed which is an efficient and
economical means for reducing the temperature and increasing RH in an enclosure.#
Keywords: Evaporative cooling, Horticulture produce, Factors influencing, Storage, Design consideration and Cost
analysis
Preliminary studies on the abiotic and bacteriological parameters of sewage water in

Kurukshetra
Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, India, 136119
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Sewage wastewater mainly comprises of domestic, industrial and agricultural effluents which contain
organic and inorganic waste in dissolved or suspended form and varied number of microorganisms. Before
discharging this wastewater into rivers or using it for agricultural purposes it must be decontaminated. Sewage water
itself contain autochthonous bacteria that posses biodegrading potential. These bacteria can be isolated and cultured
individually and then can be used in bioremediation processes. Before isolating these autochthonous bacteria there is
need to conduct preliminary studies on the physiochemical and bacteriological characteristics of sewage water
Objective: The main objective of the present study was to analyse sewage water collected from two different
sewage treatment plant located in Kurukshetra city and its physiochemical parameters and bacteriological analysis
was done.
Methodology: Various physiochemical parameters such as BOD, COD, DO, free CO 2 , chloride, calcium,
magnesium, hardness, pH, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate level etc. were determined by standard methods given by
APHA. Heavy metal content was determined by Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometer (ICP-MS).
Presence of coliform bacteria was determined by most probable number (MPN) method which include presumptive,
confirmatory and completed test. Bacterial count of the wastewater was done by serial dilution and spread plate
method.
Results: It was observed that temperature was higher than surface water because of various biochemical reactions.
pH was found to be slightly alkaline. Sample also shows high turbidity because of suspended solid. DO was very
less as compared to surface water which indicates pollution level. BOD values were ranged from 100-200mg/l and
COD values were ranged from 50-250mg/l. Heavy metals such as Al, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe were ranged near 6.30, 61.2,
15.2, 4.9, 5.4 ppb respectively. MPN index shows coliform number more than 2400/100ml.
Conclusion: Most of the values were higher than the values prescribed by CPCB. Both of the samples of wastewater
show the presence of extensive number of coliform bacteria through MPN test. Different colonies in variable sizes
and colour were observed on agar plates which show high bacteria count in wastewater sample. Thus there must be
some autochthonous bacteria those posses biodegrading potential.
Keywords: sewage wastewater, biodegradation, autochthonous, coliform
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Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Papaya cv. Red Fort
Priyam Chattopadhyay and Goutam Mandal
Deptartment of Horticulture and Post-harvest Technology, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Visva- Bharati, Sriniketan, West
Bengal (731 236)
ABSTRAT
Purpose: Papaya (Carica papaya) the “wonder fruit of tropics” is a very popular as well as an important fruit crops
of the new worlds for its delicious taste, nutritional status and medicinal property as well. Inspite of a large area &
production still, the “wonder fruit of tropics”, considered as a backyard crop. But in recent times the importance of
Papaya as a commercial fruit crop, growing over the years for its nutritional and pharmaceutical values, besides, its
quick and continuous yielding habit, generating early income to the growers. Papaya commonly known as the
“Heavy feeder crop” for that the nutrition of papaya differs from other fruit crops because of its quick growth,
continious flowering & fruiting habit and high fruit yield. Apart from the macro nutrients, several micronutrients,
biofertilizers and their combination also have an influencial role on growth and yield of Papaya. Keeping this in
view, the present experiment was conducted to study the effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and
Yield of Papaya cv. Red Fort.
Methods: The present experiment was conducted during 2017-18 & 2018-19 at Farmers Field at kalchini,
Alipurduar, West Bengal. The experiment comprised of 4 Treatments (Control, RDF of NPK, 50% RDF, 75 %
RDF) (Recommended Dose of Fertilizer i.e. RDF- 200:200:250 g/plant/year) with 5 Factors (Control,
Biofertilizer+FYM, Vermicompost+Biofertilizer, Boron+FYM, Zinc+FYM) and replicated thrice and the data was
statistically analyzed in randomized complete block design.
Result: Among the different treatment combinations highest plant height was observed after 270 days of
transplanting, (293.930 cm) in RDF of NPK+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T1F2) followed by 75% of RDF+
Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T3F2) (287.145 cm) and the lowest result was observed in Control (without any
treatment) (201.960 cm). In case of plant grith at 270days, highest result (50.475 cm) was recorded in RDF of NPK+
Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T1F2) followed by 75% of RDF+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T3F2) (47.075 cm)
and the lowest result was recorded in Control (35.245 cm). Total no of leaves at 270days, was found highest
(57.500) in RDF of NPK+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T1F2) followed by 75% of RDF+
Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T3F2) (52.500) and the lowest result was observed in Control (31.500). In case of
Fruit Set Percentage, higher value (73.292%) was recorded in RDF of NPK+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T 1F2)
followed by 75% of RDF+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T 3F2) (72.103) and the lowest result was in Control
(53.493). Total no. of Fruit, registered highest (38.725) in RDF of NPK+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T1F2)
followed by 75% of RDF+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T 3F2) (34.668) and the lowest result was observed in
Control (18.777). Fruit yield was also found highest (59.475 kg/Plant) in RDF of NPK+
Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T1F2) followed by 75% of RDF+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T 3F2) (56.665 kg/Plant)
and the lowest result was observed in Control (28.100kg/Plant). In case of Days Taken to flower emergence, least
result (78.480) was recorded in RDF of NPK+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T1F2) followed by 75% of RDF+
Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T3F2) (82.190) and the highest result (96.435) was observed in Control. In Days Taken
to Fruit emergence, least result (121.825) was observed in RDF of NPK+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T1F2)
followed by 75% of RDF+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T 3F2) (129.240) and the highest result (176.655) was
observed in Control. Fruit weight (1.675 kg) was recorded highest in RDF of NPK+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer
(T1F2) followed by 75% of RDF+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T 3F2) (1.645 kg) and the lowest result (1.170 kg)
was found in Control. Fruit length (25.140 kg) was registered highest in RDF of NPK+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer
(T1F2) followed by 75% of RDF+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T 3F2) (24.435 kg) and the lowest result (17.010 kg)
was in Control. Higher Fruit grith (15.403 cm) was also recorded in RDF of NPK+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer
(T1F2) followed by 75% of RDF+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T 3F2) (15.217 cm) and the lowest result (12.520 cm)
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was found in Control. Similar trend was followed in Spad Value after 270 days of transplanting, highest result
(44.403mg/g) was recorded in RDF of NPK+ Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T1F2) followed by 75% of RDF+
Vermicompost+Biofertilizer (T3F2) (43.253mg/g) and the lowest result (35.595mg/g) was observed in Control.
Conclussion: It can be concluded from the above experiment that the recommended dose of fertilizers along with
vermicompost and Bio fertilizers recorded highest result for every parameter which was at per with 75% of RDF
along with vermicompost and Bio fertilizers.
Key word: Papaya, Intigrated nutrient management, growth & yield
Aquatic hyphomycetes of crop fields and agricultural canals of Haldwani and surroundings
(Kumaun himalaya)
Saraswati Bisht*; Ruchi Jalal; Saima Altaf
I.P.G.G.P.G. College of Commerce, Haldwani
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Aquatic hyphomycetes are the fungi that mostly occur in dead leaf litter submerged in freshwater streams.
These fungi play an important role in natural bio-geochemical cycles by decomposing the organic matter. Generally,
these fungi are known to be found in fresh-water running streams. However, they are also known to persist on land
and temporary waters. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to explore the hyphomycetous fungi flourishing on
crop fields and agricultural canals.
Methods: Collected samples of decomposed plant material from various agricultural canals and crop fields were
brought to laboratory and processed, incubated and examined under microscope.
Results : To our knowledge this is the first documented study of aquatic hyphomycetes in crop fields and
agricultural canals. Combination of different species from 10 genera were isolated and identified during this study
viz., Anguillospora crassa, Beltarnia rhombica, Cylindrocarpon aquaticum, Dicranidion sp., Diplocladiella
scalaroides, Isthmotricladia sp., Latriramulosa uniinflata, Weisneriomyces sp., Tricladiopsis foliosa, Triscelophorus
acuminatus etc. Among the isolated species Dicranidion sp., and Weisneriomyces sp. is being reported for the first
time from Kumaun Himalaya.
Conclusions: Though the aquatic hyphomycetes are commonly found in relatively cooler, less polluted fresh water
bodies but their ample presence in crop fields and agricultural canals indicate that high nutrient availability increases
their stress tolerance and diversity.
Key Words: Aquatic Hyphomycetes, Nutrient availability, Stress Tolerance, Crop fields, Irrigation Canals.
Aquatic Hyphomycetes of Machilivan- An Unexplored Foothill Region of Kumaun

Himalaya, India
Saima Altaf*, Saraswati Bisht, Ruchi Jalal
I. P. G. G. P. G. College of Commerce Haldwani (Kumaun University, Nainital UK)
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Aquatic hyphomycetes are the main decomposers of submerged dead organic matter that play important
role in unlocking the energy flow in lotic aquatic ecosystems. These fungi have been extensively reported from
Kumaun Himalaya while are yet to be explored from freshwater bodies of the foothill region. Thus, the present
study aimed to reveal the aquatic hyphomycetous diversity of Machilivan that constitutes a part of the Nandhaur
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River, a freshwater body flowing through Kumaun Himalayan foothill that is still unexplored for its mycofloral
diversity.
Methods: Leaf litter, water foam, and riparian root samples were collected from the study site and further processed
in the laboratory for the incubation, isolation, and identification of aquatic hyphomycetes.
Results: Altogether twelve species belonging to eight genera namely Anguillospora, Acaulopage, Flagellospora,
Lunulospora, Setosynema, Tetracladium, Trescelophorus, and Wiesneriomyces were identified from the present
study site. Ten species were isolated from leaf litter samples, four species from water foam samples and six species
occurred as endophytes of riparian roots. Out of the twelve species, Anguillospora crassa and Acaulopage
dichotoma were found only in the form of riparian root endophytes.
Conclusions: The study site lies in the foothill of Kumaun Himalaya and comes under the forest range that makes it
a rich source of the substrate to support the occurrence of varied forms of aquatic hyphomycetes. The rich diversity
of study site suggested that the region faces less anthropogenic stress. Known for their cold water-loving nature,
these fungi still exist in warm temperature regions, this shows their affinity towards warm temperature also.
Keywords: Aquatic Hyphomycetes; Lotic Environment; Machilivan; Nandhaur River; Unexplored, Anthropogenic
Stress.
Annotated checklist of major finfish species landing in Chetlat island of Lakshadweep

(India) and their conservation status
1
Davood Nihal*,2Naseem N.M., 3Abhirami N and 1Prabhakaran M.P.
1
Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad,
Kochi, Kerala India
2
Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad,
Kochi, Kerala India
3
Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova Mumbai,
India.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: India is blessed with a rich diversity of flora and fauna and put among the mega biodiversity countries of
the world. Lakshadweep islands are well known for copious fishery resources. The present study primarily focused
on systematic representation of IUCN Red Listed marine finfish landings of Chetlat island of Lakshadweep
archipelago (India).
Methods: The study was conducted for a period of 6 months from September 2019 to February 2020. Sample
collections were conducted twice in a month. A checklist of finfishes along with their scientific name, common
name, family and present conservation status were prepared.
Results:A total of 41 species of fishes belonging to 20 families were identified during the entire study. As per IUCN
(International Union for Nature Conservation) Red List (2017-3) the identified fishes categorized into nine groups
including Extinct (EX), Extinct in the wild (EW), Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU),
Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC), Data Deficient (DD), and Not Evaluated (NE).
Conclusions: Information on conservation status of fishes plays significant role in fisheries science since it form
basis for management of marine fishery resources. This study results depicts ideal data on major finfish landings in
Chetlat island of Lakshadweep (India), and it may be inevitable in further fisheries based management and
conservation strategies.
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Key words: Fish diversity, Chetlat, IUCN Red List, Conservation status
Arsenic stress mitigation using Bacillus mycoides NR-5 in spinach plant (Spinacia oleracea
L.)
Khan Mohd. Sarim1, Renu1*, Baljeet Kaur2, Upasana Sahu1, Manish S. Bhoyar3 and Anil Kumar
Saxena1
1
ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, Maunath Bhanjan 275 101, India
2
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
3
CSRI-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P., India
Purpose
In last few decades the geogenic activities added a large quantity of arsenic in aquifer system. The prolong intake of
Arsenic (As) contaminated water may cause arsenicosis, and serious impact on skin, lung, kidney, and even
coronary heart disease. Management of arsenic through physico-chemical methods is efficient but cost effective. On
the other hand, microbial removal of arsenic is a sustainable approach. Hence, the goal of present study was to
identify arsenic-resistant bacterial strains and to assess their ability to tolerate arsenic ions from polluted soil and
water.
Methods
Polluted water samples were collected from Nag river (21’14°N longitude 79°20’E latitude), Maharashtra, and
analysed for their physico-chemical properties. Bacterial isolates obtained from samples were tested for Minimum
Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against arsenite and arsenate. Highest As tolerating strain was selected, identified
and evaluated for multiple metal and antibiotic tolerance, and plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes. Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM) and Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR) studies were carried out with selected bacterial strains in absence and presence of As (25ppm).
Mechanism underlying for As tolerance were studied by screening using various metabolising gene primers. Ability
of As tolerating strains for the mitigation of As stress in heavy metal hyper accumulating plant, spinach was studied
in pot.
Results
A bacterium isolated from Nag River, Madhya Pradesh, India, exhibited high arsenic tolerance (1100 mg L -1) and
even multiple metal resistance, identified as Bacillus mycoides NR5. The bacterium was also found to possess plant
growth-promoting attributes like P solubilization, siderophores, ammonia and nitrate reduction, and antibiotic
tolerance as well. SEM results indicated that under As stress the bacterial cells were swollen and large in size that
suggests the possibility of intracellular accumulation of heavy metal. It is further confirmed in TEM where NR5
cells showed surface deposition as well as accumulation of arsenic in inner membrane. In addition to this FTIR
spectra of control and As treated NR5 also strengthen the observation of surface As biosorption and described that
a strong peak at 3379.0 corresponds to amine which indicates the interaction of the metal with cell surface protein.
Upon further validation at molecular level, the amplification of arsenic tolerant genes, arsenic reductase (ars1, amlt)
in NR5 suggests that in addition to biosorption and accumulation it also possesses ability to transform As(III) to
As(V) at extracellular level. B. mycoides NR5 ability to alleviating As stress arsenic uptake in spinach was also
evaluated and found that arsenic at 50ppm concentration in soil showed inhibitory effect and delayed germination
reduce shoot, root length and flowering in comparison to B. mycoides NR-5 treated plants showed early germination,
19.71 and 36.84% increase in shoot and root fresh weight, respectively, and enhanced flowering resulting in
alleviation in As stress. In addition to this the elevated proline accumulation in As stressed plants was also lowered
down in bacterial inoculated plants.
Conclusions
B. mycoides NR5 exhibited high As tolerance. SEM, TEM, and FTIR studies the biosorption revealed as primary
mechanism of As tolerance along with the transformation of As (III) to As (V). Modulation of crop plants with NR5
can help in alleviating effect of As stress and reduce the accumulation in plant parts. The finding indicates that
Bacillus mycoides NR5 equipped with PGP attributes, high As tolerance and antibiotic resistance can be a good
choice for As bioremediation in As polluted agricultural soil.
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Key words: Arsenic, Heavy Metal, Biosorption, SEM, TEM, FTIR, Spinacia oleracea
Effect of Probiotic on Milk Production of Buffalo in Bharatpur District, Rajasthan

Basant Kumar Bhinchhar1 and Sheela Kharkwal2
1
Subject Matter Specialist, LPM, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur
2
Assitant Professor, Ag. Economics, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur
ABSTRACT
Purpose
India stands number one in milk production in the world. However, the total milk production of India is contributed
by a huge cattle and buffalo population but productivity of animals is very low in India. Therefore improving the
productivity of the animals by using rumen manipulators is an option to enhance animal productivity. Rumen
manipulation can be done by the use of many growth stimulants including hormones and antibiotics but potential
alternative is feeding of microbials as probiotics. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been considered as the promising
probiotic culture for efficient nutrient utilization.
Methods
20 buffaloes from Ajaypura village of Bharatpur district of Rajasthan were selected for this study as an On Farm
Trial (OFT). The buffaloes were multiparous (lactation number 2 and 3) and in early to mid lactation. The cows in
all the groups received a basal diet comprising of roughages and concentrates separately, 10 Kg green fodder and @
1Kg/ 3L of milk production to meet the maintenance and production requirements. The animals were milked twice
daily at 6.00 am and 5.00 pm throughout the experimental period. The buffaloes were divided into two groups each
containing 10 animals (T1 &T2) based on the similar average milk yield, parity and stage of lactation. T1 acted as
control group and no probiotic was fed. T2 group were fed with probiotics Bioboost @ 20 gm/day/buffalo. The
experiment was carried out for 60 days. Daily milk yield was recorded in pre-trial period of 25 days and during 60
days of trial period.
Results
The effect of feeding of probiotic, Bioboost @20gm/day, on milk yield is presented in Table I. During pre trial
period average milk yield in T1 and T2 group was 7.50 and 7.55 L/day respectively. During trial period milk yield
was increased from 7.50 to 10.10 L/day in T1 group and from 7.55 to 11.75 L/day in T2 group respectively. The
average net return of farmers during trial period was Rs. 7644 and 10639 in T1 and T2 group respectively.
Conclusion
By the findings of our study, it can be concluded that supplementing the feed with probiotic Bioboost® increased
the quantity of the milk and improved the digestion of animals and reduced rumen metabolic diseases. It signifies
that the productivity of the animal has improved and hence each animal earns more income. Compared to T1 group,
T2 group earned Rs. 2995 more profit during trial period. Our result also concludes that, supplementing the feed
with probiotic Bioboost @ 20g/day/cow increased the milk yield and improved health of animals.
Key words: Probiotic, rumen, milk, Bioboost, digestion, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Morpho-molecular characterization of Pseudoperonospora cubensis causing downy mildew

of cucumber
Dikshant Gautam1, Ranjan Nath2, Sunil Archak3 , A B Gaikwad4, KV Bhat5, , Bhola Mondal6,
Gograj Singh7, Aishwarya Tiwari8and Avantika Maurya9, Akansha bajpai10 and Jameel Akhtar11*
1
Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-NBPGR, Pusa Campus, New Delhi
2
Department of Plant Protection, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Sriniketan, Vishva Bharti, West Bengal
3
Agriculture Knowledge Management Unit, ICAR-NBPGR, Pusa Campus, New Delhi
4
5
Emeritus Scientist, ICAR-NBPGR, Pusa Campus, New Delhi
6
7
Division of Vegetable science, ICAR-IARI, Pusa Campus, New Delhi
8
9
10
11
Division of Plant Quarantine, ICAR-NBPGR, Pusa Campus, New Delhi
*Corresponding author’s e-mail: jameelnbpgr@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
Downy mildew, a foliar disease caused by the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. and Curt.) Rostow is
one of the most destructive pathogens of cucurbits. The present study was carried out with an objective to
characterize the downy mildew pathogen of cucumber using morpho-molecular markers to devise the management
strategies.
Methods:
A total of 50 isolates of P. cubensis were collected from six states including Delhi, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal and finally 24 isolates were selected for morphological as well as molecular
characterization. Morphological characterization was done based on sporangiophore and sporangial morphology.
Molecular characterization was done using gene specific primer GS 1 to identify the genetically different isolates.
The sequences generated for primer GS 1 for 24 isolates were aligned using ClustalW alignment tool and further
processed in MEGA 6.0 software to identify variant sequences and a neighbour joining tree was constructed to
depict groupings and genetic distances among 24 isolates of P. cubensis.
Results:
Microscopic observation revealed significant differences in the length of sporangiophores and size of sporangia
among isolates. The presence of oospore was also recorded in three isolates i.e., Pc1, Pc14 and Pc16. Phylogenetic
analysis revealed that all P. cubenis isolates were divided in 10 different clusters. 50 per cent Central Delhi isolates
were clustered in cluster I. Cluster V comprised of isolates only from Varanasi. Cluster VIII was the most diverse
having P. cubenis isolates from four different regions suggesting no association with geographical origin. Pc15 from
Central Delhi and Pc6 from Varanasi were found most distantly related in comparison to other P. cubenis isolates.
MEGA 6.0 program revealed the mean genetic diversity between groups ranging from 0.004±0.002 between
Jabalpur and Cooch Bihar to 0.019±0.003 between Central Delhi and Varanasi.
Conclusion:
Gene specific and primers could reveal no polymorphism among 24 isolates of P. cubensis. However, diversity was
assessed successfully on sequence level using one gene specific primer (GS 1). Moreover, this sequence-based
marker can be suggested for monitoring genetic diversity within P. cubensis isolates in further studies.
Key words: Downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, cucumber, diversity
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Integration of organic manures and urea on available nitrogen, its uptake and yield of rice
Kh. Manorama, N. Surbala Devi and T. Sanahanbi Devi
College of Agriculture, CAU, Imphal-795 004, Manipur
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Nitrogen is the nutrient element limiting in most rice-growing soils of India. However, rice crop being the maximum
consumer of N fertilizer constituting one third of the total N consumption of the world, greater efficiency in the use
of fertilizer is a key factor for increasing rice production. Organic manure has been recorded to enhance the
efficiency and reduce the requirement of chemical fertilizers. Conjunctive use of organic manure along with
fertilizer has been proved an efficient source of nitrogen. For sustainability in crop production, it is neither chemical
fertilizer nor organic manures alone but their integrated use has been observed to be highly beneficial.
Methodology
A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural
University, Imphal (24o48’44.50’’N latitude and 93o53’29.98’’E longitude) during kharif season 2015. The soil of
the experimental site was clayey in texture having pH 5.4, OC 1.26%, EC 0.22 dSm-1, available N, P and K were
141.27 mg kg-1, 10.52 mg kg-1 and 95.03 mg kg-1, respectively. Rice variety ‘CAU-R1’ was used as test crop and
treatments used were T1 -soil (control), T2 -100% RDN through urea, T3 -100% RDN through FYM, T4 -100% RDN
through vermicompost, T5 -100% RDN through poultry manure, T6 -75% RDN through FYM + 25% RDN through
urea, T7 -75% RDN through vermicompost + 25% RDN through urea, T 8 -75% RDN through poultry manure + 25%
RDN through urea, T9 -50% RDN through FYM + 50% RDN through urea, T 10 -50% RDN through vermicompost +
50% RDN through urea, T11 -50% RDN through poultry manure + 50% RDN through urea. Soil and plant samples
were collected at transplanting, 25, 50, 75, 100 days after transplanting (DAT) and at harvest and analysed for
exchangeable NH4+ and soluble NO3- by Magnesium oxide-Devarda Alloy method and corresponding N uptake was
recorded by multiplying the N content with dry matter production. Grain and straw yield were also recorded at
harvest. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications and unit plot size being
5m × 4m.
Results
Results revealed that the concentration of NH4+-N was higher at early stages and progressively declined with
advancement of crop growth whereas NO3--N content in soil gradually decreased with stages of crop growth.
Significantly higher values of NH4+-N and NO3- -N in soil were recorded in singly or combined treated plots over
control. Among the different treatments, NH4+-N content in soil was highest in T10 (50% RDN through
vermicompost + 50% RDN through urea) at 100 DAT and at harvest. While T 10 remained statistically at par with T11
(50% RDN through poultry manure + 50% RDN through urea) at 25, 50 and 75 DAT. Increase in exchangeable
NH4+-N at early stages is due to rapid hydrolysis of urea and accelerated mineralization of organic nitrogen sources
in the presence of urea because of the stimulating effect of chemical nitrogen on microbes responsible to carry out
the process (Singh et al., 2001). The priming effect is mainly the result of the decrease in the C: N ratio and increase
in the rate of decomposition of organic residues in the presence of inorganic N. While the decrease in exchangeable
NH4+-N with crop growth may be due to increased uptake by crop with its maturity and other losses such as
volatilization, nitrification and immobilization. Higher accumulation of NO3--N in soil under integrated (T6 to T11)
as well as organically treated plots (T3 to T5) during the latter part of crop growth was attributed to slow release of
nitrogen from these organic manures and less leaching loss of nitrogen from soil under these treatments. However,
nitrate-N in the surface soil at different stages showed lower values in spite of the fact that exchangeable ammonium
N content in soil was relatively high. This might be due to quick loss of N through denitrification and leaching
during the flooded condition of soil.
In general, total N uptake reached its peak at 75 DAT for all the treatments. Different treatment combinations of
organic manures and urea were statistically superior over control at all the stages studied. The increased uptake in
rest of the treatments over control may be attributed to the increased yield of the crop with the application of organic
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manures and urea. Better performance under these treatments might also be due to favourable soil environment,
which encouraged better root proliferation and ensured N uptake. Among the treatment combinations, the highest
total N uptake (116 kg ha-1) was obtained from T10 (50% RDN through vermicompost + 50% RDN through urea) at
harvest stage. T10 (50% RDN through vermicompost + 50% RDN through urea) was also recorded the highest grain
yield (5.55 t ha-1) and straw yield (7.23 t ha-1) which was at par with T11 (50% RDN through poultry manure + 50%
RDN through urea) and T2 (100% RDN through urea).
Conclusion
This suggests that judicious use of organic material can produce rice yield on par with that obtained with inorganic
fertilizer. The increased yield due to combined application of organic manures and urea was mainly attributed to
overall improvement in soil fertility including N supply (Azam, 1990). Crop yields depend mainly on the
availability of NH4+-N in submerged conditions. Application of urea N produced higher yield than organic manures
alone might be due to inability of organic N sources to release nutrients at peak requirement of the crop.
Baby corn + pulse intercropping in influencing baby corn yield, equivalent yield and land
equivalent ratio
MINU MOHAN, Dr. S.N.KHAJANJI, Dr. N. PANDEY
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Baby corn has a genetic makeup of non starchy nature and it is emerging as a new crop in the new era. Pulse
intercropping has been proved to play a beneficial effect on the cereals. There was a need to identify the suitable
pulse intercropping system in the Chhattisgarh plains.
Methods
Field experiment carried on intercrops grown along with the cropping of baby corn during rabi season 2018-19 and
2019-20. The treatment consisted of T1 : sole baby corn (45 x 20 cm), T2 : paired row baby corn (30/60 cm) T3 :
sole fenugreek (30 x 10 cm), T4 : sole pea (30 x 20 cm), T5 : sole cowpea (30 x 20 cm) T6 : paired row baby corn +
pea (2:2), T7 : paired row baby corn + fenugreek (2:2) and T8 : paired row baby corn + cowpea (2:2).
Results
The results showed that T6 : paired row baby corn + pea was found to be the most profitable intercropping system
which was closely followed by T8 : paired row baby corn + cowpea and T7 : paired row baby corn + fenugreek.
Also, the highest baby corn equivalent yield, land equivalent ratio (LER) was obtained under the treatment of T6 :
paired row baby corn + pea (2:2) followed by T8 : paired row baby corn + cowpea and T7 : paired row baby corn +
fenugreek, respectively.
Conclusion
Baby corn intercropped with pea could be proved to be a profitable system in Chhattisgarh Plains to fully exploit the
land resources along with the maximum utilization of land under cropping.
Key words : baby corn, intercropping, pulse, LER, equivalent yield
Orientation of Sitophilus oryzae towards coloured lights

Jabanika Hazarika, Pulin Patgiri and Karanika Gogoi
ABSTRACT
Purpose
The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a primary grain and seed feeder which attacks
several crops, including wheat, rice and maize grains. Light emitting diodes (LED) have become one of the primary
means to control the insect attack. The LED lights could effectively reduce the dosage of pesticides used and can be
utilized in IPM for control of storage pests. The aim of the study is to identify the most effective light spectrum,
which attracts maximum insects.
Methods
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An experimental set up with a acrylic mother container and seven square-shaped small containers were used in the
multi-choice test. Square-shaped containers were fitted with green, yellow, infrared, blue, ultraviolet, red and white
LEDs. Five hundred insects were released in the mother container of multi-choice experimental sets and
observations were recorded under three conditions. In the first case, whole grains of rice were kept in the square-
shaped containers and no food was provided in the mother container. In second case, food was provided only in the
mother container; and in the third case, both the mother container and square-shaped small containers were provided
with food. In vitro movement of insects were recorded through counting the number of migrated insects from the
mother container to the small containers lit with different coloured LEDs at 1, 3, 6 and 24 hr after release.
Results
The result showed that in multi-choice test, when food was kept only in the small square shaped containers,
preference of S. oryzae at 1, 3, 6 and 24 hours after release was highest in green (13.13 to 13.80%), while lowest
preference was recorded in ultraviolet (6.20 to 6.73%). Data recorded at different time intervals when only the
mother container was provided with food showed blue (11.80 to 12.60% and 12.13 to 13.73%) to be the most
preferred treatment while the least preferred LED was infrared (7.27 to 8.20%). Highest preference was found in
Blue (11.53 to 11.93%) at different time intervals when food was kept both in the mother container and square-
shaped containers and S. oryzae showed lowest preference towards infrared LEDs (6.93 to 8.07%).
Conclusions
It can be concluded from the findings of the present experiment that for the management of S. oryzae in the grain
storage, blue, green and red LED traps could be used to attract or storage structures fitted with ultraviolet, white and
infrared LEDs could be used to reduce the infestation.
Key words: Sitophilus oryzae, light emitting diode, multi-choice test, preference, attraction
Street light influencing the Physiological and Molecular level on Indian Avian fauna
specially Passerine bird Black Headed Munia (Lonchura Malacca)
Pawan Kumar and Sanjay Kumar Bhardwaj
Department of Zoology, Dharm Samaj (PG) College, Aligarh- 202001 (U.P)
Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh university, Meerut 250 004 (U.P.)
ABSTRACT
Background:
In nature, the daily light period changes across seasons. A critical day length (threshold photoperiod) is referred to
as the ‘minimum’ day light period that will induce a photoperiodic response to half-maximum.
Purpose
This study was done in an experiment, to determine that artificial photoperiod (street light) disturbing the life pattern
(sleep-wake cycle) and physiology of Indian avian fauna especially passerine birds.
Methodology
Blackheaded munia were exposed to various day lengths (9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 h) and with a particular time
interval different physiological parameter body mass, body molt, molt primaries and gonadal growth were
observed, for blood profiles time to time blood samples were collected.
Results
The body molt, Molt primaries and testicular volume in L. malacca were not changed in Short day length SD (9-13
h) photoperiods but in longer the day length LD (14-16 h) photoperiods, significant changes were observed; Thus
the critical day length for this avian species is 14 h.
Conclusion
This experiment shows that the Lonchura malacca has a habit of Long photoperiodic response i.e. 14 h continuous
light for critical day length.
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Keywords: Critical day length, street light, Threshold photoperiod, SD, LD, Body molt, Molt primaries and
Testicular volume.
Multivariate analysis in oat cultivars under dual purpose and seed purpose systems
Priyanka1*, V.K. Sood2, Sanjay Sanadya1, Sawan Mehla1 and Amit Rana1
1
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur-176062,
India
2
Principal Scientist and Head of Department Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural
University, Palampur-176062, India
ABSTARCT
Purpose
A standard method for extracting relevant information from complex data sets is Principal component analysis
(PCA), which is a multivariate approach which is use to measure the diversity in germplasm collections and to
assess the relative contributions that various traits make to the total variability in a crop collection.
Methods
The present study was effectuated to analyze diversity via PCA at Experimental Fodder farm, CSK HPKV
Palampur. Two experiments were conducted on same genotypes in order to compare the effect of cut which was
made 70 DAS i.e. to compare the dual purpose and seed yield purpose traits.
Results
A total of 76.82%, 80.29 % variation explained by the first five principal components in dual purpose traits and
variation seed yield purpose systems. Among dual purpose traits, in all the principal components, leaf stem ratio
resulted in highest positive value followed by tillers per plant, dry matter percent, β-glucan content and dry matter
yield. While, among seed yield related traits, in all principal components, seed yield resulted in highest positive
value followed by harvest index, crude protein content, tillers per plant and 100 seed weight. Overall leaf stem ratio
followed by tillers per plant, dry matter %, β-glucan content and dry matter yield result positive value in higher
extent.
Conclusions
These traits observed as maximum contributors towards genetic divergence. Hence, the selection on the basis of
these traits would be effective for improvement of fodder yield in oat.
Key words: diversity; hybridization; oat; selection
Towards efficient photosynthesis: genetic transformation of rice

SuchismitaPrusty,*Ranjan Kumar Sahoo
Department of Biotechnology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To find an efficient solution to improve crop productivity by increasing photosynthesis

we have raised 5 transgenic rice variety (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR64) lines that have over expressed marker free SUV3
gene. Reports suggest that increased efficiency of photosynthesis and salinity toleration (up to 200mM NaCl) in the
T1 generation of rice can be obtained by the over expression of CaMV35 promoter driven SUV3 gene. Validation of
the stability in the expression and the incorporation of SUV3 gene in transgenic rice is confirmed by molecular
criterions like PCR, southern blotting RT-PCR, and western blotting analyses. After considering all parameter
while comparing the transgenic lines and the vector control (VC) and wild type (WT) plants under salt stress, it was
observed that the transgenic varieties showed higher photosynthetic attributes (23-32%) like elevated photosynthesis
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rate (PN) due to increase in chlorophyll content, intercellular carbon dioxide and the stomatal conductance along
with higher activity (21-37%) of enzymatic antioxidants for example glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate
peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Howbeit uniform results were
obtained from the transgenic variety as well as the VC and WT plant when the photochemical efficacy of PSII as
estimated from variable to maximum chlorophyll a fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was taken into consideration. Altogether
the motif of presented experimentation was development of marker- free SUV3 over expressing transgenic lines for
improving the photosynthetic efficiency of the plant as well as conferring tolerance against salinity stress.
Method:
Cloning and transformation of SUV3 gene in IR64 rice
Here, the application of SUV3 gene in tissue culture technology was done. Production of a perfect reporter as well
as antibiotic marker free plasmid named pCAMBIA1300-SUV3 was established from the clone of coding regions of
the ( 1.2 kb) SUV3 gene in a reporter gene from pCAMBIA1300 vector. A pCAMBIA1300 vector control (VC)
which is an emptied vector (i.e. only SUV3 gene is excluded) was exerted for functional comparison of the gene.
The pCAMBIA1300-SUV3 and pCAMBIA1300 vectors were applied to Agrobacterium tumefaciens (LBA4404) for
undergoing the transformation method in order to create the transgenic plant under alike lab conditions (Sahoo and
Tuteja 2012).
Biochemical analysis of antioxidant activities of marker-free SUV3 transgenic lines

For the germination of VC, WT and transgenic SUV3 variety seeds hydroponics technology was used. After about
21 days they were transferred to 200mM NaCl treated hydroponic kept at 25 0C with 16h maintained light and 8h
dark photoperiod. Utilization of stress conditions and treatments as explained by Tuteja et al. (2013) is also applied
in the case study. Biochemical inspection of glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), lipid
peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, proline, catalase (CAT) along with electrolytic leakage and relative water content
(RWC) of the 24 h salt treated plant was done by utilizing the technique as illustrated by Garg et al.(2012).
Measurement of photosynthetic activities and agronomic characteristics of SUV3 transgenic plants
Infrared gas analyzer (IRGA; LI-COR, http://www.licor.com) was used on broaden leaves of metal pot grown 60
days old plants filled with soil placed inside another horizontal pot/tank containing 200mM salt solution for
documenting various photosynthesis parameters (in between 10 AM -12PM of a sunny day) like photosynthetic and
yield rate, intercell CO2 concentration and release, transpiration rate and the stomatal conductivity. Agronomic
factor like number and height of plants, number of tillers and panicles per plants, number of filled and chaffs grains
per panicle, dry weight of plant, its straw and its roots, grain (~100seeds) weight, length of roots and leaf area of
12day saline stressed plant were noted as per previous methods (Tuteja et al. 2013).
Measurements ofChlorophyll a fluorescence
In the greenhouse plants maintained with 250C, and cool white fluorescent light (75 lmol photons m-2 s-1)for 16h
light and 8h dark photo period were screened for fluorescence measurements like minimal chlorophyll (Chl)
afluorescence (Fo), maximal variable Chl fluorescence (Fv), maximal Chl fluorescence (Fm) as well as Fv/Fm
ratios (here Fv = Fm – Fo) measured with average of six replicates along with standard errors ±SE . PAM-2100
fluorometer (Walz, Germany) was used for measuring fluorescence of Chlorophyll a (Chl a) from 25 days old
leaves plucked ( and kept in dark for 20 min before screening) from each VC, WT and transgenic rice seedlings as
suggested by Dutta et al. (2009). The Photosystem II (PSII) Optimum quantum efficiency (φPSII, also referred to as
Y) theorized from Fv/Fm = (Fm - Fo)/Fm (Schreiber and Armond1978; Papageorgiou and Govindjee 2010).
Results:
Analysis of MDA, H2O2, ion leakage and antioxidant response in marker-free SUV3 T1 transgenic plants
Various changes were spotted while comparing the T1 transgenic (L4, L7, L8, L11 and L13), VC and WT seedlings
for ion linkage deviation due to salt affected changes in H2O2 content, along with contents of antioxidants (GR,
APX, GPX and CAT), proline, relative water (RWC) and MDA (lipid peroxidation product) as reported below. 52%
reduction of MDA level as well as 31% reduction level of ion linkage, 23% reduction in H 2O2 level whereas 19%
enhanced level of proline, CAT level enhanced to 70%, APX level to 90-123% high, GPX to 160% high, RWC to
200% high and GR value went upto 150% higher as reported in salt treated (200 mM NaCl) transgenic varieties in
comparison to VC and WT plants.
Photosynthetic characteristics and endogenous ion content of marker-free SUV3 T1transgenic plants under
salt stress
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Observation of photosynthetic attributes of 12 days salt treated (200mM NaCl) transgenic, VC and WT plants were
compared and noted down. The photosynthesis rate of SUV3 transgenic lines showed 33% higher rate than WT
plant and 35% higher rate than VC plants when compared. More over the transgenic varieties showed 43-54%
higher rate of stomatal conductivity, intercellular CO2 and its release along with transpiration rate in comparison to
VC and WT plants.
Chlorophyll a fluorescence
As the dark attuned samples exposed to high level light it was observed that fluorescence of Chlorophyll a raised
from low (FO / O) to high (Fm/ P) level Papageorgiou and Govindjee 2011; Stirbet and Govindjee 2012). The
transgenic rice, WT and VC showed uniform level of PSII maximal primary photochemical efficiency as evaluated
from Fv/Fm value.
Conclusion:
Abiotic tensity tolerance in plants is a complicated trait that includes multiple biochemical as well as physiological
mechanisms. Transgenic plants with rise in productivity along with elevated commercial value should retain
relatively stress tolerance property, which is very important for further agricultural advancements. Two helicase
enzymes (SUV3 and PDH47) derived from pea has a significant role in salt stress tolerance along with increasing
the photosynthetic efficiency of the plant. We have evolved a way to select marker and reporter- free transgenic
lines with consideration to prior reports. The SUV3 transgenic varieties provided elevation in photosynthesis
activities like higher transpiration as well as photosynthetic rate and yield, intercellular concentration of carbon
dioxide and its release as well as in stomatal conductance in comparison to WT and VC plants. Theories have
proven that the photosynthetic rate in plants significantly increases with increase in sugar content of the plant. SUV3
over-expressing marker-free transgenic varieties showed high sugar concentration than in VC and WT plants
delineating elevation in the photosynthetic efficacy in comparison with VC and WT plants thus providing an
epitome for the exploration of helicases for enhancing agricultural production with capability to withstand utmost
climatic conditions, maintaining biosafety regulations and ensuring the security of food.
Key words: Transgenic rice; photosynthetic efficiency, abiotic stress, SUV3 gene, stress toletance.
A comparative study between Inter-collaboration networks among the institutional actors

of Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri districts of West Bengal
1
Golam Torab Ali*, 2Ganesh Das, 3Prabhat Kumar Pal
1
Research Scholar, Department of Agricultural Extension, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar,
736165, West Bengal, India
2
Subject Matter Specialist, Cooch Behar Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar,
736165, West Bengal, India
3
Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar, 736165, West
Bengal, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Agricultural extension institutions play different roles at village level. There is always a need of inter-collaboration
network between different institutions. Information exchange among these organizations is important for technology
generation, information dissemination and adoption. So, it is imperative to know the inter collaboration network
among the institutional actors which requires proper investigation and analysis. The objective of the study was to
find out the comparative study between Inter-collaboration networks among the institutional actors of Cooch Behar
and Jalpaiguri districts of West Bengal .
Methods
The data were collected from 84 respondents from 19 different institutions employing a random sampling technique.
The data were analysed through UCINET 6 and Netdraw software. Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri district have 12 and
7 blocks respectively. Present study undertook 3 blocks each from Cooch Behar (Cooch Behar-I, Cooch Behar-II
and Mathabhanga-II) and Jalpaiguri (Jalpaiguri sadar, Maynaguri and Dhupguri) randomly for this study.
Results
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It was found from the study that Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Comprehensive Area Development Corporation
(CADC), Agricultural line department through Assistant Director of Agriculture (ADA), Agrocultural Technology
Management Agency (ATMA) and Farmer Producers’ Organisations (FPO) play a pivotal role in this network. It
was found also from the study that Cooch Behar district had stronger inter-collaboration network among its
institutions actors than Jalpaiguri district.
Conclusions
From this analysis it is concluded that the inter-collaboration networks of both the districts are strong through
network building among themselves. Although, Cooch Behar district is slight ahead of Jalpaiguri due to the presence
of more number of institutions, but in respect of quantitative indicators they are more or less similar in status.
Keywords: Inter-collaboration network, Information exchange, Communication network, Institutional actors,
Role of critical environment parameters favoring for infection and development of

Alternaria blight disease on Mustard
Bhagyashree Singh, Prashant Kumar Singh1 and R.K. Pandya2
Sai Nath University, Ranchi (Jharkhand) 834006
1 ITM University Gwalior 474001
2 RVSKVV Gwalior 474005
ABSTARCT
Purpose
Rapeseed -mustard is a major oilseed crop of India mainly constituted by Brassica rapa. (Syn. B. campestris L.), B.
napus L., B. juncea (L.) Czern and Coss and B. carinata Braun. Alternaria blight caused by Alternaria brassicae
(Berk) Sacc. is an economically important disease of oilseed brassica in many parts of the world which causes very
severe losses both in terms of quantity and quality. For efficient, economic and environmental friendly control
Alternaria blight epidemiological studies must be conducted to gain the knowledge of weather factors in relation to
pathogen attack, to predict the occurrence of Alternaria blight and can take efficient crop management practices.
Method
An experiment was laid out at experimental farm on ten different dates of sowing starting from October 04, 11, 18,
25, November 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, December 6 during 2015-16 and 2016-17.The meteorological parameters data on
temperature, relative humidity (RH), rainfall and number of sunshine hrs were also recorded separately at weekly
interval during crop season in year 2015-16 and 2016-17 from the Meteorological Department of College of
Agriculture, Gwalior. After emergence 10 plants from each plot were randomly selected tagged and inoculated with
conidial suspension of Alternaria brassicae The result reveals on the basis of correlation and regression analysis.
Result
The correlation studies between individual weather parameters and Alternaria blight intensity was reveals that
maximum temperature, evaporation and sunshine hrs. showed -0.611**, - 0.608** and -0.609** negative correlation
coefficient with the disease intensity. This highly significant and negative correlation indicates that the disease
increased with the decrease in maximum temperature, evaporation rate and sunshine hours. On the other hand
average maximum relative humidity 0.609**, minimum relative humidity (0.672**) and total rainfall (0.630**)
showed correlation coefficient with the disease intensity which clearly indicates that the disease increased with the
increase in average max relative humidity, average minimum relative humidity, total rainfall. Further the regression
equation (Y=33.84+1.080X) between average maximum temperature and PDI reveals that the average maximum
temperature should be less than 33.80 C for the initiation of the disease and thereafter with the decrease in 1 0C the
PDI would increase by 1.08 %.The regression equation between relative humidity and PDI (Y=-46.24 + 0.581X)
indicate that at least 79.6 % average maximum relative humidity is essential for the development of the disease and
thereafter with a unit increase in the relative humidity the PDI would increase by 0.581%.Similarily the regression
equation with minimum relative humidity (Y= -7.197+0.316X) indicate that the average minimum relative humidity
should not be less than 22.8% for the initiation of the disease and thereafter it’s a unit increase would result and
increase in PDI by 0.316% .The regression equation between rainfall and PDI (Y= 5.628+2.052X) reveals that the
rainfall accelerate the disease progress but it is not essential in the initiation and development of disease. The
regression equation between evaporation and PDI (Y=14.10-3.851X) clearly indicate that the evaporation should be
less than 3.7 mm. The regression equation sunshine and PDI (Y=19.88-1.866X) reveals that the average sunshine
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hours per week should be less than 10.7 hrs. per day and thereafter with one hrs. decrease in sunshine hrs. would
increase in PDI by 1.86 %. About 74.18% variation in PDI was explained by all meteorological parameters included
in the regression analysis. The step down regression analysis for the same depicted that after reaching the 3 rd step of
analysis, the variables retained were X1,X2,X3 and X5 significant and negatively influenced maximum temperature
on PDI indicated that PDI decreased with unit increase in X1.The meteorological parameters like X2,X3 and X5 has
significantly and positively influenced PDI indicating the increase in PDI with unit increase in X2,X3 and X5.The
multiple R2 72.15% the inference could be drawn that these four variables X1,X2,X3,and X5,out of seven
meteorological variables had explained a substantive amount of total variation explain by all seven variables that
means only 2.66% variation in PDI was explained by these four meteorological variables.
Conclusion
Alternaria blight of mustard is negatively and highly significantly influenced by maximum temperature, evaporation
and sunshine hrs while, the maximum relative humidity and minimum relative humidity and rainfall showed highly
significant and positive correlation with Alternaria blight infection. Further regression equation between maximum
relative humidity disease developments. The disease was also negatively influenced by maximum temperature and
positively influenced by relative humidity.
Key word: Alternaria blight, Meteorological parameter, correlation, regression and disease incidence
Performance of Raphanus sativus crop as influenced by tree spacing and organic manures
under Melia composite Willd. based agroforestry system
Uday Bhanu Pratap*, K S Pant, Manish K Sharma, Uday Sharma, C L Thakur, G D Dubey and Johnson
Lakra
Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni Solan Himachal Pradesh-173230
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Melia composita Willd. (Syn. M. dubiaCav.) is a native, fast-growing, multipurpose tree species having short
rotation period of 6 to 12 years depending on the object of management. It is a useful timber species as well as a
fodder species that has emerged as one of the most appropriate tree species for various agroforestry systems.The
industrial and ecological importance of M. composita has encouraged farmers to take large scale plantations with
multiple intercrops. Introduction of high-yielding varieties and the use of synthetic fertilizers have led to rising farm
incomes and fallow periods have shortened however, this kind of short-term benefits have come at the expense of
long-term sustainability. This has led to severe soil erosion and accelerated land degradation, leading to declines in
crop yields. It is for the reason that we aim to develop a sustainable land use system by selection of a suitable tree-
crop combination whilst reducing the application of inorganic fertilizers.
Methods
An agroforestry experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of tree spacing andorganic manures on the
performance of Raphanus sativus under 12-year-old Melia composita Willd. based agroforestry system with three
spacing viz., S1(8m × 5m), S2(8m × 4m), and S0 (sole crop) at the experimental farm of College of Forestry, Dr. Y S
Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni (Solan), during two consecutive years 2018 and 2019.
Results
The outcomes of the present study revealed that the minimum number of days (6.00) taken to germination initiation,
days taken to complete germination (9.48), days taken to marketable maturity (48.19) as well as the maximum
number of leaves (13.31) per plant, leaf length (26.08 cm), leaf width (8.39 cm), root length (16.60 cm), root
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diameter (41.43 mm), and root yield (361.72 q ha-1) were recorded in sole cropping (open field) system while
minimum (10.29) number of leaves per plant, leaf length (18.47 cm), leaf width (6.67 cm), root length (14.14 cm),
root diameter (33.44 mm), and root yield (275.28 q ha-1) were recorded under closely spaced trees (S2). The yield
reduction under trees ranged from 1% - 23 %. Study further pointed out that, among different combinations of
organic manures, the application of 50% recommended dose of nutrients through vermicompost + 50% through goat
manurea long with Jeevamrut two times @ 500 L ha-1 (T7) was the best combination for the growth and yield of R.
sativus.The economic analysis of agroforestry system revealed that the maximum net revenue(Rs. 377070 ha-1) were
obtained under wider spacing (8m × 5m) of M. compositawhen contrastedwiththe sole cropping system.
Conclusion
The growth and yield parameters of R. sativus increased with the increase in tree spacing. Among three spacing (S 1,
S2, and S0), the higher yield of R. sativus was obtained in open condition as compared to agroforestry system.The
yield reduction was more (23 %) under S2 while it was marginal (1 %) under wider spacing (S1). The net returns
obtained from the system as a whole were higher under the wider spacing (S 1) of M. compositawhen contrastedwith
the sole cropping system. It is for the reason that wider spacing (8m × 5m) of M. composita is recommended for
intercropping of vegetable crops for the development of sustainable land-use system.
Keywords : Agroforestry, Organic manures, Melia composita, Net Returns, Radish
Marketing Analysis of Bangalore Red Rose Onion in Chikkaballapura District of

Karnataka
ABSTRACT
Methods: The study was conducted by using a random sample of sixty cultivators and twenty market intermediaries
from Chikkaballapura and Chennai export markets. The primary data was collected by personal interview method
with help of pretested and structured schedule during 2019-20 crop season.
(Producer→ Village level trader → Commission agent → Exporter → Foreign importer → Consumers), about 15.00
per cent in channel-II (Producer→ Contract trader → Exporter → Foreign importer → Consumers) and about 6.60
per cent in channel-III (Producer→ Trader in APMC → Exporter → Foreign importer → Consumers). The price
spread was higher in Channel-I (Rs. 9,600) compared to Channel-II (Rs. 8,800) and channel-III (Rs. 9,150) due to a
greater number of intermediaries.
Conclusion: With a marketing efficiency index of 3.15, channel-IIwas the most efficient channel followed by
channel-III (2.78) and channel-I (2.59) according to Shepherd’s method.
Key words: Price spread, Marketing channels, marketing efficiency,chikkaballapura
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Development of Web Based Application for Analysis of Strip Plot Design

Sarita Rani*, Vinay Kumar, O. P. Sheoran
Department of Mathematics and Statistics,CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose:In agricultural field research experiments, in case of two factors when the numbers of treatment
combinations to be tested are large, arrangement of these two factors in Randomized Block Design (RBD) is
cumbersome causing heterogeneity. In these situations, strip plot design is used. It is a two-factor experiment
conducted when more precision is required for interaction effects rather than the main factors effects.
Methods:Here, a web based online module is developed for analysis of strip plot design using scripting language
Active Server Pages (ASP) based on server client architecture. The validity of the outputs/results produced by
module are tested with the data taken from the book entitled “Statistical Procedures For Agricultural Research” 2nd
edition by Gomez, K. A. and Gomez A. A. on grain yield of six varieties of Rice, broadcast seeded and grown with
three nitrogen rates in a strip-plot design with three replications. An attempt is made to provide a user friendly
interface for entering/pasting the data, enter the total variables, levels of first factor, levels of second factor and
number of replications in the text boxes provided in front of each variable for analysis of strip plot design.
Results:The module produces different output tables such as Analysis of Variance table for yield, mean yield table
for horizontal factor, vertical factor and their interaction factors. Critical differences table for various mean
comparisons at 5% and 1% level of significance and coefficient of variation. In addition, a complete procedure is
also provided in the help file to make a user friendly interface for analysis of the design.
Conclusions:Strip plot design is most commonly used design in agronomical studies. The present
module will facilitate the researcher to analysis their data generated through such experiments. The
results produced by the module are in agreement with the results produced from the standard statistical packages.
Key words: Block design, Fixed effect model, Strip plot design
Efficacy of Insecticides against litchi fruit borer, Conopomorpha sinensis (Bradley)

Aditi Charak and Devinder Sharma
Division of Entomology, SKUAST JAMMU, J&K, India-180009
ABSTRACT
Purpose:Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.: Sapindaceae.) is a delicious juicy fruit of excellent quality belongs to family
Sapindaceae and recognized as ‘Queen of the fruits’. Insects-pests are one of the major constraints affecting
production and productivity of litchi. Litchi trees are reported to be attacked by about 40-50 insect and mite species
in nature. Despite the fact that various insects pest infesting litchi in India have been recorded, litchi fruit borer is
recorded as major pest of litchi (Conopomorpha sinensis). The studies will help in selecting the safer insecticide in
development of recommendation for managing the litchi fruit borer, C. sinensis.
Methods:The experiment was laid at State Horticulture Nursery, Department of Horticulture, Maralia, Jammu
(J&K) during 2018-19, in a randomized block design with six treatments including one untreated control, each
replicated four times. Spinosad 45 SC (0.012%), Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (2g/l), dichlorvos 76 EC
(0.076%), imidacloprid 17.8 SL (0.006%), emamectin benzoate 5 SG (0.008%) and untreated control were the
treatments. One spraying of all the treatments was given at pea stage (second week of April) and second spraying
were done after 15 days of first spraying. The observation on fruit damage were taken one day before and 15 days
after spray from randomly selected 100 fruits per tree in different treatments.
Results:Data revealed that spinosad proved to be very effective in recording lowest fruit damage of 6.40 %,
followed by dichlorvos 76 EC (8.20%) and emamectin benzoate 5 SG (13.80%) , whereas the remaining treatment
Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 2g/l (19.40%/) and imidacloprid 17.8 SL (21.60%) were less effective compare
to other treatments. However, the highest fruit damage was noticed in control (42.80%).
Conclusion: The study on estimation of impact of insecticides in major insect pests of litchi viz: litchi fruit borer
(Conopomorpha sinensis) showed that all the insecticides were significantly superior over the untreated control.
Spinosad was found to be as more effective against litchi fruit borer with lowest mean fruit damage (6.40 %) and
highest reduction in fruit damage (85.04 %) over control.
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Key words : Insect pests, Litchi fruit borer, Efficacy, Insecticides, Spinosad
Effect of Replacement of Maize with Graded Levels of Mango Seed Kernel on Growth
Performance and Carcass traits of Giriraja birds
Ananda Manegar*, G.,Geetha M. Yenkanchi., Geetha, K., Vasundara Devi, M and Shilpa Yatnatti
Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, GKVK, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore -
560065 Karnataka, India.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of replacing maize with mango seed kernel powder
(MSKP) in the diets of Giriraja birds on growth performance and carcass characteristics.
Methods: Two hundred Giriraja backyard poultry birds were randomly allocated to five treatment groups in which
mango seed kernel powder replaced maize at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent level designed as diets T 1, T2, T3 and T4
and T5 respectively and the birds were fed ad libitum for a period of 56 days and the standard management practices
were carried out in deep litter system. The weekly and cumulative body weight gain, feed intake and feed
conversion ratio were recorded for a period of 8weeks.
Results: The growth parameters obtained were not significantly (p<0.05) affected by the different dietary levels of
mango seed kernel powder.Caracas traits such as Carcass yield, breast muscle, drumstick yield, thigh muscle yield
and abdominal fat per cent as per cent of body weight did not show any significant difference among all dietary
treatment groups
Conclusions: The findings in this study shows that mango seed kernel powder can replace maize in the diet of
Giriraja birds at 10 per cent level in the diet of Giriraja birds without affecting performance and can serve as an
alternative feedstuff to maize which is costly.
Keywords: Body weight gain, Feed consumption, Feed Conversion Ratio Carcass Characteristics
Endophytes: A microbial boon to plant health

Ankita Saikia and Popy Bora
ABSTRACT
Purpose:Plant being a non-motile eukaryotic organism suffers a lot of extremities either due to biotic factors or
abiotic factors. An interaction between plants and microbes are known from time immemorial in different form of
relations like mutualism, competition, amensalism, parasitism, commensalism etc, thus effecting the growth of plant
throughout their life. A group of microorganism called endophytes which adapt themselves to survive inside the
plant tissues causing negligible irritation to the plant. These microbes help the plant in their growth and development
and also plays important defence role against the invading harmful foreign microbes.
Methods: There are more than 200 genera from 16 phyla of bacterial species that have been reported to be
associated with endophytes and most of the species belong to the phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and
Firmicutes found to produce clear inhibition zone against the pathogen in in vitro condition.
Results:Endophytes produces large numbers of bioactive metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids,
quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, diosgenin, hypericin, vinblastine etc which served as a excellent
sources of drug for treatment of various disease in plants, and also found to be in competition with the pathogenic
microbes for life survival needs. The wildly grown plants are the storehouse of diverse endophytic populations,
highly associated with phytohormones and essential oils thus giving vigorous growth to the plant and improved fruit
quality.
Conclusions:The growing concern for the upliftment of sustainable environment and reducing harmful effect of
chemical fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides etc, endophytes found to be the better alternative in meeting demand of
plant health, this emerging platform attracting the research community to explore more about the microbial world.
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Key words : Bioactive metabolites, endophytes, phytohormones.
In-Vitro Assessment Of Cytoproliferative Potential Of Malabari Goat Lactoferrin Upon

Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Deepak Chandran
Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India – 642109
ABSTRACT
Purpose:The evolution of multidrug resistant pathogens poses a major obstacle in the path of the treatment of
infectious diseases affecting human and animal population. Antibiotics which have been the popular choice for
countering infections since the last century are being uprooted by newer types of antimicrobial agents like metallic
nanoparticles and antimicrobial peptides. Milk, often popularly known as a complete food, has been proven to be a
rich source of a number of bioactive peptides. In the search for novel therapeutic and immunomodulatory agents for
future, lactoferrin, the multifunctional whey protein projects a wide range of possibilities. Perusal of literature
revealed that the immunomodulatory potential of the multifaceted lactoferrin protein and lactoferrin pepsin
hydrolysate from Malabari, indigenous goat breed of Kerala, have not been analysed yet. The present study focussed
on the isolation and characterization of lactoferrin (gLf) from the colostrum/milk of Malabari goats, followed by the
in vitro assessment of its cytoproliferative potential on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
Methodology:Colostrum/ milk samples collected from Malabari goats were processed and treated with ammonium
sulphate to remove globulins from the samples. Fractions containing albumin and remaining proteins including
lactoferrin after dialysis were loaded on to CM- Sephadex C-50 cation exchanger column and eluted with a step
gradient of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8M NaCl. The presence of gLf in the high OD 280 value fractions eluted with 0.8M NaCl
was confirmed by 12 per cent SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The immunomodulatory effect of gLf was studied
by culturing with bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. A wide range of concentrations of
gLf was utilized to assess the cytoproliferative action on bovine PBMCs with or without phytohemagglutinin (PHA)
mitogen, via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay method.
Results:In the presence and absence of mitogen, higher concentrations of lactoferrin was found to significantly
inhibit the proliferation of PBMCs whereas lower concentrations brought about significantly active proliferation of
the cells. Maximum cell proliferation with or without mitogen was observed with 1.5 µg/mL of culture. The
proliferation responses induced by PHA mitogen was inhibited by gLf at higher concentrations. This is the first
report on the cytoproliferative effect of Malabari goat lactoferrin.
Conclusion: Lactoferrin has been found to be one of the most important multi-functional moonlighting proteins in
vertebrates. It seems to play a significant role in the very complex immune system not only as an antimicrobial agent
but also as a strong immune modulator thereby bringing about a controlled response of the immune cells against the
invaders. The present study vouches on its ability as an immune modulator by regulating proliferation of PBMCs
both in the presence and absence of mitogen.
Effect of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder Meal in Diets on the Performance of Commercial
Laying Hens
Umesha, B.U., Ananda Manegar, G and Ashok Madapura
Department of Livestock farm complex, Veterinary College, Vinoba Nagara Shimoggha, KVAFSU
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The present study was undertaken to study the effect of Moringa oleifera on commercial Laying Hens
Performance and egg quality characteristics.
Methods: Two hundred and sixteen 25 weeks of healthy commercial laying hens with uniform body weight in a
complete randomized design with four treatments and 6 replications. Laying hens were randomly divided into four
groups: T1: diets without administration of Moringa oleifera leaf meal, T2: diets with 2% Moringa oleifera leaf
meal; T3: diets with Moringa oleifera leaf meal 4%; and T4: diets with 6% Moringa oleifera leaf meal, respectively.
Each treatment consisted of six replication with 9 birds randomly assigned to each treatment.
Results : Present study showed that addition of the Moringa leaf meal powder were increased significantly different
on egg productions, egg mass, feed efficiency, yolk color, shell thickness, but not the efficiency of feed
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consumption. The administration of 2-6% Moringa leaves powder in diets results in significantly lower yolk
cholesterol contents.
Conclusion: It was concluded that supplementation of 4-6% Moringa leaves powder in diets, increased egg
production, egg mass, feed efficiencies, yolk color, shell thickness,, but decreased yolk cholesterol contents in laying
hens.
Key words: laying hens, Moringa olifera, Egg production, Yolk cholesterol
Supplementation of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) on the Growth Performance and

Carcass traits in Giriraja birds
Bharath Kumar N., Krishnamurthy T. N., Ananda Manegar G.*, Indresh H.C., Jayanaik,
Umashankar B.C. and Wilfred Ruban S.
Department of Poultry Science, Veterinary College, KVAFSU Bangalore
ABSTRACT
Purpose: An experiment was conducted to study the supplementation of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) on
growth performance and carcass characteristics in Giriraja birds.
Methods: A total of 150 day old Giriraja birds were distributed into five treatment groups with three replicates in
each group and ten birds in each replicate. Basal diet (T 1) without Shatavari supplementation and the experimental
diets were prepared by incorporating Shatavari at 0.25 per cent (T 2), Shatavari at 0.50 per cent (T3), Shatavari at 1.0
per cent (T4) and Shatavari at 1.50 per cent (T5). The birds were fed with ad libidum for a period of 56 days and the
standard management practices were carried out.
Results: The growth parameters revealed significantly higher body weight, lower feed intake and better feed
efficiency in Shatavari supplemented groups. The carcass characteristics were significantly higher in dressing
percentage, breast muscle yield and thigh muscle yield in Shatavari supplemented groups. There was non-significant
difference in abdominal fat percent and drumstick yield in treated groups.
Conclusions: Supplementation of Asparagus racemosus at 1.0 or 1.50 per cent was beneficial in improving the
growth parameters viz body weight, feed intake, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics in Giriraja birds
Keywords: Body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio carcass characteristics, Shatavari
Effect of supplementation of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) on Serum Bio Chemical and

Immune parameters in Giriraja birds
Bharath Kumar N., Krishnamurthy T. N., Ananda Manegar* G., Indresh H.C., Jayanaik,
Umashankar B.C. and Wilfred Ruban S.
Department of Poultry Science, Veterinary College, KVAFSU Bangalore
ABSTRACT
Purpose:An experiment was conducted to study the supplementation of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) on serum
bio chemical and immune parameters in Giriraja birds.
Methods: A total of 150 day old Giriraja birds were distributed into five treatment groups with three replicates in
each group and ten birds in each replicate. Basal diet (T1) without Shatavari supplementation and the experimental
diets were prepared by incorporating Shatavari at 0.25 per cent (T 2), Shatavari at 0.50 per cent (T3), Shatavari at 1.0
per cent (T4) and Shatavari at 1.50 per cent (T5). The birds were fed with ad libidum for a period of 56 days and the
standard management practices were carried out.
Results: Serum cholesterol levels and low density lipoprotein values showed significantly lower whereas high
density lipoprotein levels did not differ significantly when compared to control group. There was a significant
increase in weight of bursa of fabricius whereas weight of spleen and thymus did not differ significantly. There was
a significant improvement on immune titre against Infectious bursal disease whereas the immune titre against new
castle disease did not show any significant improvement when compared to control group
Conclusions: Supplementation of Asparagus racemosus at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.50 per cent was beneficial in improving
the serum bio chemical parameters (serum cholesterol and low density lip protein) and antibody titre against
infectious bursal disease in Giriraja birds
Keywords: Serum cholesterol, infectious bursal disease, Shatavari
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Study on Socio Economic Factors and Production of Bangalore red rose onion in
Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka
Kanakaraja, G.N., Ganapathy M.S., Ananda Manegar* G., Siddayya and Mahin Sharif
Department of Agricultural Marketing, Co-operation& Business Management, UAS GKVK, Bengaluru-560065
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The present study was conducted to document socio-economic factors and to examine the costs and
returns in production, price spread in different marketing channels of Bangalore red rose onion.
Methods: The study was conducted by using a random sample of sixty cultivatorsfrom all taluks of Chikkaballapura
district. The primary data was collected by personal interview method with help of pretested and structured schedule
during 2019-20 crop seasons.
Results: The major findings of the study revealed that cost of cultivation per acre and cost of production per tonne
of Bangalore red rose onion was Rs. 70,847 and Rs. 4,167.47 respectively. The average yield per acre was 17 tonnes
with a gross return of Rs. 2,72,000 per acre and net returns of Rs. 2,01,153. The return per rupee of investment was
Rs. 2.83.
Conclusions: Growing of Bangalore rose onion crop is profitable to the farmers
Keywords: socio-economic factors, Bangalore red rose onion, Chikkaballapura, cost and returns
Soil Nutrient Status and Mapping Of Korasagu-4 Micro Watershed Of Channagiri Taluk,
Davangere District, Karnataka, India
Gurumurthy. K. T, Anantakumar Patil and Nithin. G. P
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry. College of Agriculture, Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University
of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga-577204, Karnataka, India.
ABSTRACT
Purpose:The present agricultural systems are exploiting of nutrients through intensive tillage, mono cropping year
after year, use of high yielding varieties, imbalanced use of nutrients coupled with limited use of organic manures,
less recycling and burning of crop residues, soil erosion, undulated topography and indiscriminate use of irrigation
water. Similarly, different soil groups as regards to production and productivity. For understanding the reasons of
deficiency of available nutrients in soil correlation of physical and chemical properties with available nutrients was
needed also detailed study on nutrient status in soil group in Korasagu-4 micro watershed of Channagiri taluk,
Davanagere district land not been undertaken so far. Hence, present study was undertaken to study the nutrient status
in Korasagu-4 micro watershed of Channagiri Taluk, Davangere District, Karnataka, India.
Methodology: A Korasagu-4 micro-watershed in Channagiri taluk, Davanagere district was selected as study site,
which located between 14° 0' 54.01" N latitude and 76° 4' 10.51" E longitude and
13° 58' 33.80" N and 76° 4' 28.90" E as well altitude 669 MSL with a spatial extent of 980.94 ha. The survey of
India toposheet was used to prepare base maps covering Korasagu-4 micro watershed. The cadastral map having
parcel boundaries with survey numbers collected from KSRSAC, Bengaluru were used for the study. The survey of
India toposheet with 1:50,000 scale was used along with the satellite imaginary for updating the base maps. A
surface soil samples from 0-15 cm was collected at 320 x 320 m in grid samples in the study area. A total 96 surface
soil samples were collected from the fixed grid points. The processed samples were analysed by adopting standard
procedure. Particle size distribution was determined by international pipette method (Piper, 1966). Soil pH and
electrical conductivity was determined at 1:2.5 soil water suspensions by Potentiometric and conductometry method
(Jackson 1973). Organic carbon was measured by Chromic acid wet digestion method (Walkley and Black 1934).
Available N in the soil was determined by alkaline potassium permanganate method as described by Subbiah and
Asija (1956). Available phosphorus was extracted by using Olsen’s extractant (0.5 M NaHCO 3) for neutral and
alkaline soils and Bray’s extractant for acid soils was determined by spectrophotometer (Jackson, 1973). The
available K was estimated by extracting the soil with 1 N NH4OAC (pH 7.0) by using flame photometer. The
exchangeable calcium and magnesium were determined by versanate titration method (Jackson, 1973). Available
sulphur was extracted from soil using 0.15 per cent CaCl2 solution and determined by turbidometrically (Black,
1965). The micronutrients like Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and B in the soil were extracted with DTPA extractant by using
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
(Lindsey and Norvell, 1978). Hot water extractable boron in soil was determined as per the procedure outlined by
John et al. (1975) by using Azomethane-H reagent. Nutrient maps are prepared by using GIS technique.
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Results: The results of the investigation indicated that soils of micro watershed were slightly acidic to strongly
alkaline in soil reaction with non-saline in nature. Soil organic carbon content was found to be medium in major
area. The available N, P2O5, K2O was found to be low (73.37%), medium (94.65%) and high (58.72%) respectively,
in the micro-watershed. In the total area of the micro-watershed 55.89 per cent and 70.17 per cent of sulphur and
boron content was found to be medium and zinc was found to be deficient in 84.85 per cent of the area. High level
of soil organic carbon status was observed in major area (192 ha). About 533 ha (56.39%) was medium and 177 ha
(18.06%) was low in soil organic carbon status. The medium to high organic carbon status in soil attributed to good
vegetative growth and consequent addition of organic matter to soil(Patil and Ananth Narayana. 1990). The entire
micro watershed area (980.84 ha) was sufficient in DTPA extractable micronutrients like copper), iron and
manganese, while the available zinc was sufficient in 96 ha (9.80%), deficient in 832 ha (84.85%) area. The
available boron content was ranged from low to medium (0.15-1.43 mg kg-1). The DTPA extractable iron content in
micro watershed was sufficient. This might be due to the granite gneiss parent material, which was known to possess
higher iron content.
Conclusion: The DTPA extractable micro nutrients like iron, copper and manganese were found to be sufficient in
entire micro watershed area. Whereas zinc was found to be sufficient in 96 ha (9.8%) and deficient in 832 ha
(84.85%) and boron content was found to be low to medium. The study highlights the importance of mapping the
parameters which give the spatial extent rather than the means, which have limited applicability for better soil
management and precise management of nutrients.
Sensivity of A Fresh Water Teleost Catla Catla To Some Organophosphate Pesticides

Through Bioassay Studies And Fish Behaviour
Manju Singh
Department of Zoology, Raghunath Girls PG College Meerut
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Pesticides are contributing in current agriculture to fulfil the need of raising population. Use of pesticides
is not limited to agriculture but they are also used to control over domestic pest, disease insect vectors and home
gardening. Dimethoate and malathion are widely used pesticides in India. The pesticides find their way to aquatic
ecosystem by three major routes: 1. Water column; 2. Organic substrates such as aquatic fauna; and 3. Inorganic
substrate, e.g. soil. Standing water has higher concentration than running water. Catla catla, major south Asian carp
of family cyprinidae is a fast growing major food fish having high nutritive value. It is generally cultivated in ponds.
Objective of the present study is to focus on some factors which deteriorate the habit of this food fish. In this study,
effects of two organophosphates-dimethoate and malathion are observed on the fish through bioassay test and fish
behaviour.
Material and Method:The test chemicals- dimethoate and malathion- are soluble in water. Therefore, for bioassay
tests, the dimethoate and malathion were dissolved in water to get required concentration. Dosage mortality studies
were conducted at room temperature ranging 13.7ºCto 27.5ºC (±2.0ºC) in a static water condition as described by
Dusodroff and Katz (1950) for 48, 72 and 96 hours. The other parameters like pH of the water (7.0±o.2) hardness
(72 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (7.0± 0.5mg/l) and CO 2 (4.1±0.2 mg/l) were also measured for the water used for
bioassay studies and 1/3, 2/3 and 1/5 sublethal concentrations are used to Acute exposure. Fish behaviour observed
when exposed to different concentrations of dimethoate and malathion
Results:The results of Bioassay tests for . Catla catla are as follows:
Lc50 for Malathion
48 hours – 0.084 ppm
72hours – 0.073 ppm
Lc50 for Dimethoate
48 hours – 0.0097 ppm
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Fish Behaviour: Exposure to even lowest concentrations of dimethoate and malathion enables the fish sluggish,
alteration in swimming ability, increased in mucus secretion making them more susceptible to pathogens and
secondary infections, and vulnerable to diseases.Interpretation of schooling behaviour of fishes was observed and it
results the fish to be more susceptible and easily preyed by other fauna present in its habitat. So we can get desired
fish production. Pesticides hamper its growth because they reduce their ability to feed. As Catla catla is a surface
feeder and sustain on phytoplankton only, the exposure of pesticides increase the movement of opercula, rapid jerk
movement, and loss of equilibrium, hyper excitability and sinking to bottom thus disturbing feeding of the fish.
Conclusion: During the study it was found that Catla catla shows more sensitivity towards dimethoate than
malathion. So it is suggested that while making use of these pesticides in agriculture their concentration should be
carefully monitored so that we can save our fish food. There is a need to decrease the application of chemical
pesticides and to make use of herbal pesticides in farming which don’t have negative impact on the health of fish.
Cardiac fitness status among male paddy cultivators: a study in context of emerging
increasing in ambient temperature
Ayan Chatterjee* 1, 2, Sandipan Chatterjee3, Neepa Banerjee3, Shankarashis Mukherjee3
1
Human Performance Analytics and Facilitation Unit, Department of Physiology University of Calcutta
2
School of Health Care, Rishihood University, Sonipat, Haryana-131021
3
Public Health Analytics Unit,West Bengal State University, Kolkata - 700126
ABSTRACT
Background: Physical work capacity of the human resources getting affected due to adverse thermal working
condition predominant in working environment. Keeping this in view the present study has been undertaken to
assess cardiac fitness status in terms of indices of physiological strain among male food crop cultivators.
Materials and Methods: Physical and physiological parameter of the study participants was measured. Indices of
thermal working environmental condition were calculated. Indices of physiological strain of the study participants
also calculated.
Results: Result of the present study indicated that environmental condition adjudged by select popular heat indices
is above the suggested threshold value making the task strenuous.
Conclusion: human resources suffering from varying degree of physiological strain.
Keywords: paddy, heat indices, thermal comfort, task, fitness
Holistic approach as Carbon Sequestration in sustaining the Soil Health and Environment
Ankit Yadav1, Ravindra Sachan2and Devi Prasad Shukla3
12
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and
Technology, Kanpur, (U.P.) – 208002
3
Sheila Dhar Institute of Soil Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Carbon sequestration describes long-term storage of CO2 or other form of carbon to either mitigate or
defer global warming and avoid dangerous climate change. Transfer of atmospheric CO 2 into soil as SOM and
secondary carbonates through input of biomass-C and the nutrients (N, P, and S) required to transform cellulose and
lignin into humus. (Lal 2004a; Lal 2008). Carbon Sequestration is the placement of CO 2 into a depository in such
way that it remains safely and not released back to the atmosphere.
Types of Carbon Sequestration:There are two major types of carbon sequestration:
[A] Terrestrial Sequestration: It means using plants to capture CO2 from the atmosphere and then storing it as
carbon in the stems and roots of the plants as well as in the soil.
[B] Geologic Sequestration: Geologic sequestration is putting CO2 into long term storage in geologic zones deep
underground.
Management Techniques
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Cover crop: cover crop improve carbon sequestration by enhancing soil structure, and adding organic matter to the
soil.
Crop rotation: varying the type of crops grown can increase the level of soil organic matter.
Conservation tillage: generally reduce soil erosion, improve water use efficiency, and increase carbon
concentrations in the top soil. It also reduce the amount of fossil fuel consumed by form operation.
Benefits of Soil Carbon Sequestration
➢ Removing CO2 from the atmosphere is only one significant benefit of enhanced carbon storage in soils.
➢ Improved soil and water quality.
➢ Decreased nutrient loss.
➢ Greater crop production may result from increasing the amount of carbon stored in agricultural soils.
➢ Increased soil fertility
➢ Improved biodiversity
➢ Healthier ecology
Challenges in Soil Carbon Sequestration
➢ Deforestation
➢ Residue burning
➢ Conventional tillage
➢ Imbalanced use of fertilizer
➢ Reduced inputs of organic matter.
Conclusion: Soil carbon sequestration is an effective tool to sequester atmosphere CO 2 with better practical
application than other approaches. Soil carbon sequestration using innovate soil and crop management practices is
needed to augment soil carbon storage.
Keywords: Atmosphere, Carbon Storage, Sequestration, Tillage
Crop Residue Recycling and Its Effect on Soil Quality Improvement

Aditya Kumar1, Ravindra Sachan2 and Priya Singh3
12
Technology, Kanpur, (U.P.) - 208002
3
Department of Agricultural Meteorology, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture &Technology,
Ayodhya (U.P.) – 224227
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Crop residue is defined as the vegetative crop material left on the field after a crop is harvested,
pruned or processed. The removal of crop residues leads to low soil fertility and thereby decreased crop production.
The straw of most cereal crop contains about 35%, 10% and 80% of the total N, P and K taken up by the crop.
Management of Crop Residue
[1] Residue Burning
[2] Baling and removing the straw
[3] Surface Retention and mulching
[4] Residue Incorporation
Limitations of Crop Residue Management
➢ Physical removal of stubble is not cost effective

➢ Straw burning, though easiest disposal, but leads to environmental pollution and nutrient losses
➢ Incorporation of crop residues results in:
Immobilization of nutrients
Accumulation of toxic substances
Incorporation of residues involves huge mechanical energy and thus raises cost of production of succeeding crops.
Effect of Crop Residue on Soil Quality
Leaving crop residue on the soil surface improves nutrient cycling and, ultimately, soil quality that will increase and
sustain soil productivity. Through conservation practices that include balanced residue management and soil
fertility, environmental quality can be substantially enhanced. By retaining crop residue on the soil surface, soil
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organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient-holding capacity are increased while protecting the soil from wind and water
erosion.
Conclusion:Crop residues of common cultivated crops favorably affect soil physical, chemical and biological
properties and also affect crop yields. In long-term incorporation of crop residue increased the productivity. Overall,
incorporation of crop residues appears to be a better management option. Incorporation should be done at least 10
days and preferably 30 days before the establishment of succeeding crop.
Keywords: Burning, Nutrient, Residue, Soil Quality
Enhancement in yield potential of Elephant Foot Yam (Gajendra) in Nalanda District

Kumari Vibha Rani, U.N.Umesh, Jyoti Sinha,Brajendu kumar
Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Harnaut,Nalanda
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Elephant foot yam is an important tuber crop cultivated in upland area of Nalanda district. Due to low
yield potential of local variety and lesser income from it. This demonstration was conducted to enhance the yield
and increase the income.
Methods: The tubers of improved variety Cv. Gajendra weighing 500 to 750 gm treated with imisan-6 @2.5gm/liter
and streptocyclin @0.5gm/liter is sown at spacing of 50*50 cm instead of local variety with small tubers which
sown in irregular manner previously. The demonstration was conducted in two villages of Nalanda district.
Results: It was found that 48.41% increase in yield due to introduction of Gajendra variety in Nalanda district. The
yield of this cultivar was 376.41 Q/Ha as compared to local variety yield was 253.62 q/ha. The increase in net return
was Rs.260210 from Rs. 149550.48 per hectare. The enhancement in B:C ratio was 2.14 from 1.61. This variety was
also widely adopted due to its non-acrid ,well shaped and devoid of cormels tubers.
Conclusions: The increase in yield, productivity per unit area and enhancement of net profit by cultivation of
improved cultivar Gajendra was found much beneficial for farmers cultivating elephant foot yam.
Keywords: Elephant Foot Yam, Yield, Profit, Improved variety, Gajendra
Form of soil phosphorus release as influenced by rock phosphate enriched vermicompost

and fertilizer
Amarjeet Kumar* and Arun Kumar Jha*
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar
(813 210), India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: In agricultural land, phosphorus (P) unavailability is one of the main factors that reduces crop production
and yield. The availability of P using rock phosphate (RP) with vermicompost and the addition of phosphate
solubilizing bacteria to increase the available form in soil.
Methods: A 90-day incubation experiment in the laboratory with five treatments was used to assess the rate of
dissolution of various forms of Phosphorus (P) sources in alluvial soil. viz., 0 % RDP (Recommended Dose of
Phosphorus); 100% of RDF (Recommended Dose of Fertilizer) NPK; VC (Vermicompost) @ 100% of the RDP;
REVC (Rock phosphate Enriched Vermicompost) @ 100% of the RDP and 50% RDP+REVC @ 50% of the RDP.
The phosphorus release pattern was determined for every treatment at 30 days interval.
Results: The integrated treatment of 50:50 combination of EVC and P-fertilizer performed better than the other
treatments. In soil, this combination produced more labile P (16.05 mg kg -1), whereas Fe-Al-bound P (53.86 mg kg-
1
), Ca-bound P (163.06 mg kg-1) and residual-P (169.78 mg kg-1) in 100 % rock phosphate enriched vermicompost.
It may be inferred that enriched vermicompost (50%) combined with reduced inorganic P fertilizer treatment (50%)
could be highly beneficial in supplementing plant P requirements by boosting P release and availability under
naturally P deficient situations.
Conclusion: Application of enriched organic as well as inorganic sources of nutrients may be a way to improving
the effectiveness of applied P to an alluvial soil by enabling P release and availability during the crop cycle.
Keywords: Phosphorus, phosphorus fractionation, rock phosphate enriched vermicompost, transformation
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Weed Management by Soil Solarization

Ravindra Sachan, Kushal Sachan and Dristy Katiyar
Technology, Kanpur, (U.P.) - 208002
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Soil Solarization is a non-chemical method in which the soil is heated to lethal temperature by using
solar radiation for weed control. It can be an alternative to agricultural chemicals that have significant environmental
risk and pose negative impact on the beneficial soil micro-organisms. This non-chemical control procedure has been
adopted by farmers in several parts of the world. It offers weed management based on trapping solar radiation by
tightly covering the soil usually with transparent polyethylene sheets. This result in a significant increase of 10-150C
above normal temperature of soil, temperature up to the point where most weeds are vulnerable to heat effects.
Weed Management: Weeds are robbers of nutrients, soil moisture and other crop growth factors. This phenomenon
needs to be eradicated or control as per the situation. The weed plants, is not controlled effectively can reduce crop
yield to the extent of 20-50 per cent or even more. The loss due to weeds in India is around Rs. 2000 crores every
year. Proper weed management practices will definitely improve the total productivity of our nation.
Steps for Successful Soil Solarization
1. Plan to solarize a portion of your garden when solar radiation is optimal (June through August).
2. Avoid areas with shadows or north-facing slopes.
3. Root till the soil to incorporate current weeds, crop residues, compost, fertilizers, etc.
4. Remove any sharp sticks, stalks, etc. that could puncture the plastic.
5. Thoroughly moisten the soil (or wait for a good soaking rain).
6. Cover the moist soil with clear, polyethylene plastic sheeting.
7. Bury the edges of the sheeting with soil, landscape timbers, etc.to prevent wind from getting underneath the
plastic or hot air from escaping.
8. To achieve the highest Solarization temperatures, cover the first sheet with another sheet of clear, polyethylene
sheeting. (The first sheet may be black if the second sheet is clear.)
9. If you use two layers, create an air “gap” between the layers of sheeting with strips of insulation, small blocks of
wood, bricks, etc. Avoid materials with sharp edges. Bury the edges of the second sheet.
10. Keep the top surface free of dust and water during the Solarization period.
11. Remove the plastic after 4 to 6 weeks (perhaps sooner if hot, sunny clear days have been common).
12. When planting your field, avoid the outer edge (1-2 ft.) of the solarized area.
Applicability of Soil Solarization : Unlike other method of weed management soil Solarization brings about
control of wide variety of pests including soil brone fungi, bacteria, Nematodes and enhance availability of mineral
nutrient to crop plants apart from weed control. In addition, many parts of tropical India experience extreme
summer, thus this area have a great potential to utilize soil Solarization for weed management.
Conclusion: Soil Solarization is simple, safe, cost-effective and eco-friendly technology for weed control.
Unfortunately in our country most of the farmers are not aware about the application of soil Solarization technology
for weed management and safe crop production. Hence there is an urgent need for the popularization of the soil
Solarization process among the farmers through the workshops and mass awareness programmes. Thus, Soil
Solarization is a safe and effective alternative for weed management other than chemical.
Keywords: Polythene Sheets, Soil Solarization, Weed Management
In vitro shoot induction and somatic embryogenesis in Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex. Benth
using nodal explants
Ritu Mahajan, Iqbal Singh and Shajaat Hussain
School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K)
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex. Benth is an important medicinal plant of Himalayan region. The plant has
been affirmed as endangered owing to their over-exploitation. In vitro propagation and conservation of the plant is
important to meet the requirements of pharmaceutical industries. A protocol for mass multiplication of P. kurroa
was developed under in vitro conditions
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Methods: The plant material was collected from natural habitat from the Kishtwar region of J&K. Nodal buds were
used as explants and the effect of different growth regulators was studied for in vitro shoot induction and formation
of somatic embryos.
Results: A three step sterilization consisting of 70% ethanol, 1ppm KMnO 4 and 0.1% HgCl2 resulted in maximum
survival of explants. Highest number of shoots were achieved on MS medium supplemented with 1.0mg/l BAP, 0.5
mg/l Kn and 1.0mg/l GA3, while MS medium containing 2.5 mg/l IBA resulted in best root induction. Creamy
white and friable callus was obtained in MS medium containing 2.0mg/l and 3.0mg/l 2,4-D. In vitro shoot and root
induction from callus was obtained in MS media supplemented with BAP, NAA and IBA. However, callus on sub-
culturing on MS containing 2.5 mg/l 2,4- D resulted in globular shaped somatic embryos. Embryos turned green on
MS medium supplemented with 1.0mg/l BAP and 1.0mg/l GA 3 and further differentiated into shoots with one or two
plumules was after three weeks of culturing.
Conclusions: The present study opens fresh avenues towards the germplasm conservation and resource management
of the overexploited P. kurroa plants.
Keywords: in vitro, P. kurroa, explants, growth regulators
An Efficient Protocol for Genomic DNA Extraction and RAPD Analysis of Papaya (Carica
papaya L.)
Bindu, B.
Farming Systems Research Station, Sadanandapuram, Kottarakkara, Kerala Agricultural University
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the most important tropical fruit crop grown in India . In Kerala,
the crop has gained popularity due to its nutraceutical value. DNA isolation was done from young emerging leaves
of papaya using hexa decy1 trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method with slight modification.
Methods: Hybrids selected for the study were Pusa Nanha x Solo, Pusa Dwarf x Coorg Honeydew, Pusa Nanha x
Coorg Honeydew and Solo x Coorg Honeydew. DNA yield of different papaya hybrids ranged from 540 g ml-1
(Solo x Coorg Honeydew) to 840 g ml-1 (Pusa Nanha x Coorg Honeydew).
Results: The ratio of A260/A280 ranged from 1.78 (Pusa Dwarf x Coorg Honeydew) to 1.86 (Pusa Nanha x Coorg
Honeydew). All the 10 primers yielded amplification products with the DNA of Pusa Nanha x Coorg Honeydew.
Primers OPA-03, OPA-04, OPA-12, OPB-04 and OPB-17 gave 40 scorable bands, with an average of 8.0 bands per
primer. The highest number of scorable bands (12 bands) was given by the primer OPA-03. The number of bands
resolved per amplification was primer dependent and varied from four to twelve.
Conclusions: Results of the trial revealed that the largest cluster in dendrogram was formed by three hybrids - Pusa
Nanha x Coorg Honeydew, Pusa Dwarf x Coorg Honeydew and Pusa Nanha x Solo. The second cluster contained
only one hybrid - Solo x Coorg Honeydew. The pair wise similarity coefficient values varied from 0.389 to 0.714.
The minimum similarity coefficient detected in the present study was 0.389, suggesting a genetic differentiation
among the papaya hybrids
Keywords : Papaya, DNA, RAPD, Primer, Hybrid, Genetic differentiation
‘Clean Food’ through adoption of ecologically and economically sustainable farming

technology with special focus on soil & plant health management
K.Mukhopadhyay1, S.H. Ansary1, R. Bera2, M. Debnath1, S. Saha1, M. K. Kundu1, S.J. Pramanick1,
S. C. Dhang1, S. Islam1, A. Seal2, S. Saha2 and A. Dutta2
1
Nadia Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
Gayeshpur, Nadia-741234, West Bengal.
2
Inhana Organic Research Foundation, 168, Jodhpur Park, Kolkata-700068, West Bengal
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Today it is no longer a debatable issue that since the “green revolution” of the 1960s have been touted as
solutions to the global hunger problem— but focusing only on the potentiality of high crop yields have come at the
cost of environmental degradation and lowered sustainable food and nutritional security over the long term.
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Especially in the crop intensified zones, with the rampant use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides soil quality has
been eroded to an alarming stage. Loss of soil fertility, erosion of soil, soil toxicity, diminishing water resources,
pollution of underground water, salinity of underground water, increased incidence of human and livestock
diseases, risk of food toxicity enhances with indiscriminate and disproportionate use of Ag ro-chemicals
(Rahman, 2015). Thus, shifting focus towards ecologically and economically sustainable crop cultivation is the only
option left for future crop sustainability. In this background, pesticide free ‘Clean Food production’ with adoption of
various good agricultural practices (GAP), mechanical and biological practices amalgamated with innovative
organic approach (IRF technology) specially focused towards soil and plant health management have been adopted
in some villages of Fathepur Gram Panchayat in the Haringhata Block, Nadia district of West Bengal from 2020.
The objectives of the study are crop sustenance, soil rejuvenation, ecological sustenance and most importantly
sustained livelihood generation for small and marginal farmers.
Methodology: The Program initiated with soil sampling and soil quality analysis followed by the development of
sustainable soil management program along with the on-field preparation of Novcom compost, which can be made
only within 21 days. An integrated approach of plant health management was developed side by side towards
sustainable crop growth, higher crop production and gradually reducing the pest/ disease infestation. Finally the end
products were analyzed with Colorometric Pesticide Assay Test for evaluation of pesticide residue in vegetable
produced under this ‘Clean Food’ program.
Results: Analysis of soil samples in the study area clearly indicated soil quality depletion with very low organic
carbon (< 0.70 %), very poor biological properties, poor microbial biomass carbon (<200 µg.CO 2.C/gm dry soil)
and poor FDAH (< 50 µg/gm dry soil). Comparative evaluation of crop productivity under clean food programme
vis-a-vis conventional farmers’ field indicated 3.0–13.5% increase in crop yields in the 1 st year of program
adoption. Analysis of pesticide residue indicated presence of pesticides residue in less than 4% of the vegetable
samples, while in the rest the same were below detection limit (< 0.01 ppm). In contrast, out of the samples
procured from the local market about 18 % showed pesticide residue in one or more group especially
Organochlorine, Organophosphate, Carbamate, Synthetic Pyrethroids and Nicotinoids. Study of Energy Use
efficiency showed that upto 60% higher energy use efficiency can be achieved under clean food program in
comparison to conventional farming practice. In terms of green house gas (GHG) emission, switch over to clean
food program can reduce upto 0.5 kg CO2 equivalent per kg produce and significantly contribute in the climate
change mitigation initiatives. Soil development index post production indicated 10 to 15 % enhancement in soil
quality which was majorly due to the activation of soil biological properties through the application of compost as
well as reduction in the use of herbicides and chemical pesticides.
Conclusion: Thus the clean food program can be a practical option for sustainable agriculture towards crop
sustainability, environmental preservation and empowerment of the small and marginal farmers.
Assessment of high Yielding Variety of mustard Under Firozabad District

Omkar Singh Yadav, Tej Prakash and S. R. Singh
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Firozabad (U.P.)
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Mustard is a main oil seed crop of media. It is Very oldest crop of the world originally it was the
condiment that was known as mustard. Three types of mustard seed are Popularity used as condiments pale
Yellow or black mustard. Apart from their use as auspice mustard are widely used as green Vegetable. The Main
purpose of this study to increase is under mustard through cluster frontline demonstration at foramens field in
district Firozabad.
Method:Considering the particular constrain a Cluster frontline demonstration during Rabi 2017-18 on formers field
at four different Locations in the district. Two Mustard Variations namely RH-749 and DRMR IJ-31 (Girriraj) was
tested and Composed with Rohini used mostly farmer which was treated as control.
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Result: At all four location RH-749 (25.66 qt/ha) DRMR IJ-31 (Girriraj) (24.55 qt/ha) and in cont Rohini Gave
(21.30 qt/ha) respectively. The respective variety assessment RH-744is better in yield land and Yield was increased
20.47 Percent.
Conclusion: The refined technology is more beneficial in term of production and farmers are adopted very fastly in
district.
Keywords: Variety, RH-749, DRMR IJ-31 (Girriraj)
Bioremediation: A Solution to Environmental Pollution

Priya Singh1and Ravindra Sachan2
1
Department of Agricultural Meteorology, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology,
Ayodhya (U.P.) - 224227
2
Technology, Kanpur, (U.P.),208002
ABSTARCT
Introduction: Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms for the degradation of hazardous chemicals in soil,
sediments, water, or other contaminated materials by metabolic process. Number of microbes including aerobic,
anaerobic bacteria and fungi are involved in bioremediation process. According to the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), “Bioremediation is a water and soil treatment technique using naturally
occurring organisms to attack hazardous materials and change them into less toxic substances. Often,
highly contaminated sites can become toxin-free using proper bioremediation steps and specialized
equipment”.
Factors Affecting Microbial Bioremediation: Factors that influence the rate and extent of contaminant
degradation by microorganisms can be broadly grouped into two classes of factors: (a) biological factors and
(b) environmental factors.
➢ Host microbial contaminants that provide fuel and energy to parasitical microbes
➢ Parasitical microbes that feed off their harmful hosts and destroy them
➢ Oxygen in sufficient amounts to support aerobic biodegradation
➢ Water, either in liquid form or in soil moisture content
➢ Carbon is the foundation of microbial life and its energy source
➢ Temperature, not too cold or hot for microbial life to flourish
➢ Nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and sulfur to support microbe growth
➢ Acid and alkaline proportions or pH ratio in the range of 6.5 to 7.5
Types of bioremediations:
In-situ bioremediation: It includes cleaning up of contamination at the site where it occur. In-situ bioremediation
techniques have been effectively used to treat chlorinated solvents, heavy metals, dyes, and hydrocarbons polluted
sites.
Ex-situ bioremediation: It includes cleaning up of contamination out of site. Ex-situ bioremediation
techniques involve digging pollutants from polluted sites and successively transporting them to another site for
treatment.
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Advantages of Bioremediation
➢ Contaminants usually converted to innocuous products.
➢ Relative ease of implementation.
➢ Minimal exposure of onsite workers to the contaminant.
➢ Long term protection of public health.
➢ The cheapest of all methods of pollutant removal.
➢ Uses natural process
Disadvantages of Bioremediation
➢ May not reduce concentration of contaminants to required levels.
➢ Requires more time.
➢ May require more extensive monitoring.
➢ Not all organic compound are biodegradable.
➢ Products of biodegradation may sometime toxic then parental form.
Bioremediation Applications: Bioremediation must be considered as appropriate methods that can applied to all
states of matter in the environment
➢ Solids (soils, sediment and sludge)
➢ Liquids (ground water, surface water and industrial waste water)
➢ Gases (industrial air emissions)
➢ Sub-surface environments (saturated and vadose zones).
Conclusion: Bioremediation is an emerging technology which can be simultaneously used with other physical and
chemical treatment methods for complete management of diverse group of environmental pollutants. This
technology offers an efficient and cost-effective way to treat contaminated groundwater and soil. Thus,
Biodegradation is very fruitful and attractive option to remediating, cleaning, managing and recovering technique
for solving polluted environment through microbial activity.
Keywords: Bacteria, Fungi, Pollution, Treatment
Novel approach for insecticide biodegradation and bacterial wilt bio-management

Shenaz Sultana Ahmed and Popy Bora
Department of Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-13
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The use of synthetic pesticides have become inevitable for pest and disease management in today world
but their extensive use has left diversified hazards on both, environment and human health. At present the most
widely used group of pesticides belongs to the organophosphosphorous (OP) group. Continuous and excessive use
of OP contaminated the agroecosystem due to accumulation of their residues. The microbial degradation of residues
of OP is considered as an environmentally benign and economically preferred option. The present investigation was
carried out to prepare bioformulations of Organophosphate Degrading Bacteria and Plant Growth Promoting
Microbes for evaluating their biocontrol potential against Ralstonia solanacearum, a soil borne pathogen responsible
for wilt disease of brinjal, paving the way to development of a suitable delivery mechanism for pesticide
biodegradation and biological management.
Methods: The potential isolates were subjected to compatibility study with PGPMs such as Pseudomonas
flourescens (Pf) and Trichoderma harzianum (Th). These studies facilitated the development of bioformulation
containing PGPMs and OPDBs, finally evaluated for its efficacy against bacterial wilt disease of brinjal and
degradation of Organophosphate pesticide.
Results: The potted experiment showed that combination of Pa + Pf + Th displaying lowest percent wilt incidence
(PWI) of 5% coupled with significantly highest root biomass (5.35g/plant), shoot biomass (36.39g/plant), root
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length (27.88 cm/plant), shoot length (81.42 cm/plant), leaf number (83.20/plant), fruit number (5/plant), branches
number (8.80/plant) and yield (1.42kg/plant) applied as seed treatment+seedling root dip+ soil application. The
bioformulation consisting of Am + Pa + Pf + Th was observed most effective with 85% degradation of OP at 45
days after application followed by bioformulation of Am + Pf + Th with 70% degradadion and Pa + Pf + Th with
only 60% degradation.
Conclusion: This studiy would be instrumental in providing novelty in bioremediation of pesticide contaminated
soil as well as biological management of bacterial wilt disease with a single formulation.
Keywords: Biodegradation, Biomanagement, Organophosphate Degrading Bacteria, PGPM.
Effect of harvesting on Vaselife of carnation(Dianthus caryophyllus.) cutflower in second

season crop
Ashwini kasturi and Chandra Shekhar R.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Carnation is plurannual crop which is used extensively as a cutflower. Generally it is harvested at
different heights and nodes without knowing its impact on the second season crop which influences the quality of
the flower which enhances the vaselife of a cut flower.
Methods: The experiment was conducted in three cultivars at four different heights i.e 5,10,15,20,cm of harvesting
of cut flower. In the second season the cut flowers are tested with holding solution of 8HQS 300ppm+Agno3
50ppm+5% sucrose solution.
Results: Flower stalk harvested at lower levels recorded maximum Vaseline with holding solution i.e 10 cm height
for the ground level. It might be the better quality of the flower stalks produced by lower level of harvesting.
Conclusions: The study indicated that in carnation, harvesting of flower stalk especially at 10 cm height was the
optimum level of harvesting to get good quality of flower which leads more vaselife.
Keywords: Carnation ,harvesting, vaselife
Reduction of pollutants in atmosphere

Renu Agarwal
Department Of Chemistry,INPG College Meerut
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To save the guard the lives of human begins due to drastic changes taking place in environment,
environmental safety is neccessary .otherwise life will be not safe on earth.
Methods: We will study how to monitor the changes in the environment and how to reduced their impact
techanically.
A state of projection of the environment and vital human interests from possible negative impact of human activities
and emergency situation.
It is depend on acceptable level of negative impact of natural and anthropogenic factors.
1. Acceptable level of negative impact
2. Ensure a minimum level of anthropogenic impact on the environment
3. environmental monitoring
4. there are four methods of purification emission from power plants.
a. reduction method ,b. thermal method , c. methods of mechanical purification , d. sorption method
Three prime areas of environmental safety
1. Occupational safety and health, 2 environmental control,3. Chemical safety produced by factories.
Monitoring of Environmental impacts, control of environmental impact source, monitoring of
environmental risks, monitoring of sustainable develop
Importance of environmental safety
Information has been sought from internet, learned professor, and concern N.G.O.
Conclusion: Human raced has to adopt the above method sincerely to save the life of humanity. It has to see that
global warming is reduced and where it is not possible the environmental factors.
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Keyword: Monitoring, global warming, sustainable development
Escalation of β-fructofuranosidase fabrication by desolated Bacillus subtilis adhered to

Musa (Banana) exocarp
Kavita Rana1*, Neerja Rana2 and Ashok Nadda3, Neeraj Sankhyan2
1
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary and Animal sciences,
CSKHPHV, Palampur (HP) 176061, India
2
Department of Basic Sciences, College of Forestry, University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan 173230,
India
3
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan
173 234, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Chemical reactions are difficult steps in any process so as the biochemical reactions. Any reaction that
would take a longer time period to occur shall cut short by using catalyst (Chemical origin) or biocatalyst
(Biological origin such as ‘enzymes’). Most of the industries today depend upon the biocatalyst as they are relatively
uneconomical. One such biocatalyst referred here is “Invertase” (β-fructofuranosidase) that is mostly produced by
small bio-factories called microbes. Invertase is an enzyme belonging to class of hydrolases that catalyzes
hydrolysis of disaccharides such as sucrose mostly, into its constituents that is glucose and fructose into equimolar
mixture called as ‘invert sugar’ and trisaccharide such as raffinose optionally. Invertase has plentiful application in
industries like food, textile, pharmacy and confectionary. Although the enzymes are boon to an industry but a well
optimized biocatalyst for the maximum output is more than a bonus. In the present study statistically optimization of
BsINV production from Bacillus subtilis (Accession number MN263256) was carried out using Response Surface
Methodology (RSM). One time variable approach provided a coherent range of physical (Temperature and inoculum
size) and nutritional parameters (Carbon and nitrogen). The range so obtained was used to form a Central Composite
Design (CCD) which provides a second order polynomial quadratic equation for evaluation of the responses out of
thirty experimental runs using RSM. The response highlighted and R2 value signposted significant fit of model and
capricious results that are drawn into three-dimensional contour graphs.
Objectives
1. To isolate β-fructofuranosidase producing bacteria
2. To optimize bacteria for maximum enzyme production
Methodology: All media and reagent used such as agar, sucrose, yeast extract, peptone (Himedia, India), DNSA
(SRL, India) were of analytical grade.
Enzyme assay: Invertase activity was measured using standard method given by Miller (1959) in which
Dinitrosalicyclic acid (DNSA) was used to observe presence of glucose released per minute per milliliter with
certain modification. 0.1μl of enzyme solution was incubated with 0.9μl of substrate (sucrose) in 0.1M acetate buffer
for 30 minutes at 28.5˚C. Then 3ml DNSA reagent was added to stop the reaction and heated in boiling water for
next 15 minutes. Finally, the absorbance was noted in spectrophotometer at 540nm.
Experimental Design and Response Surface Methodology: Optimization of cultural medium is an essential part
to gain profit from cultivated microbes. Optimum conditions provide maximum production of the desired
component. Bacterial isolate B1 was first optimized by One Variable at a Time (OVAT) approach for maximum and
minimum range of production of BsINV for nutritional (Carbon source and nitrogen source) and environmental
components (temperature, pH and inoculum size) and then it was further subjected to optimization by applying RSM
of Central Composite Design (CCD).
Result and Discussion: According to the table 1 Central values of independent variables for Bacillus Subtilis were
obtained at 25˚C, 1mg, 2.50mg and 1.50 per cent for temperature, carbon source (Sucrose), Nitrogen source (Yeast
extract) and Inoculum size respectively, where maximum response 502.95 IU was obtained. According to CCD of
RSM, C2 and D2 are significant model terms. Interactions of other factors were also found equally important for
mass production of BsINV. The response surface curves (Ilustration 1 a-f) were plotted to show variation in growth
as a function of concentration of two variables when all the other factors were kept at their ‘O’ (central) levels.
These experimental findings are in close agreement with the model predictions.
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120 120
(A) (B)
100 100
Relative activity (%)

80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
Relative activity (%) Relative activity (%)
0 0
Carbon sources
Nitrogen sources
120 120 120

(C) (D) (E)
100 Relative activity (%) Relative activity (%) Relative activity (%)
100 100

80 80 80
60 60 60
40 40 40
20 20 20
0 0 0
25 30 35 40 45 50 3 5 7 9 11 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Temperature (˚C) pH Inoculum size (%)
Illustration: Effect of nutritional and environment factor on production of invertase
Conclusion: Agro industrial waste is a potential resource for harvesting a microbial population exhibiting numerous
properties as BsINV production investigated in the study. Bacillus subtilis secretion of BsINV takes place under
optimal condition which is of low input values proving high output. The BsINV activity increased many-folds from
being 2.10 IU (lowest) to 502.95 IU (highest) under optimal conditions of 25˚C temperature which is normal with
respect to industrial view point in the medium containing very low amount of sucrose (1.0g) and peptone (2.5g)
inoculated with 1.5 per cent of mother culture.
Study on population dynamic of fruit fly, Bactrocera spp. (Tephritidae: Diptera) and
species diversity
Amit Kumar Patel, Arvind Parmar, Vishal Sarsaiya, Sundar Pal Panwar, Pradeep Kumar
Dr.CV.Raman University Campus Bhagwanpur, Vaishali 844114
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Fruit fly belongs to family Tephritidae found all over the world. Nearly 5000 described spp. of tephrited
fruit fly have been categorized in almost 500 genera. Fruit flies are the most important limiting factor due to
economic importance and direct damage to the fruit crops. We aim to study and define fruit fly species diversity and
population dynamics of fruit flies trapping in pheromone baited traps, economic trap for fruit flies trapping, correlate
the Fruit fly population with abiotic factors and species diversity of FruitFlies.
Methods:The Bottle Fruit Fly Traps used in present study and fruit flies trapped in each trap were collected into
st
plastic vials measuring 6.5 x 2.5 cm² separately and brought to the laboratory at weekly interval, starting from 41
nd
SW from 2019 to 22 SW 2020. Sufficient number of transparent, white mineral water bottles of one litre capacity
measuring 276 mm long, 76.4 mm wide at base and 27.4 mm at neck were purchased from market.A total of four
entry holes of 22.5 mm2 size were made at equal distance just below the curve of the shoulders with the help of a
blade. Different treatments were studied viz., Bottle fruit fly baited with Methyl eugenol, Bottle fruit fly baited with
Cuelure, McPhail fruit fly trap baited with Methyl eugenol, McPhail fruit fly trap baited with Cuelure, Param fruit
fly trap baited with Methyl eugenol and Param fruit fly trap baited with Cuelure.
Results: Population dynamics of fruit flies trapped in ME and CL baited traps was recorded on adult population of
fruit fly, Bactrocera spp. from 45th standard week (SW) of 2019 to 11th SW of 2020. The population range was
88.9-334.6 FFs/trap/week. The Bottle fruit fly trap baited with cue lure was most effective and economically because
it has trapped a total of 5948 adult fruit flies (FFs) and it was 23.58 per cent of totaled trapped flies in both the lures.
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The cost benefit was highest with trapped 10.5 fruit flies after per rupee investment followed by McPhail Fruit fly
traps (5.4 FFs/rupee) and Param fruit fly traps (5.0 FFs/rupee) with cue lure. The correlation was recorded as
significant between population of Bactroceracucurbitae and maximum & minimum temperature (0C) and relative
humidity (RH%) but it was non-significant with %), rain fall (mm) and wind velocity (km/hr). Three species of fruit
fly viz, Bactrocera affinis, B. dorsalis and B. zonata were trapped in methyl eugenol baited traps and one species
viz.,Bactrocera cucurbitae was trapped in cue lure baited traps.
Conclusions: Among all the species sofruit fly species were attracted in methyl eugenol baited traps, the Bactrocera
affinis population was lower than the Bactrocera zonata population, but it was seen to be higher than the Bactrocera
dorsata population. Bottle fruit fly trap baited with methyl eugenol was most economic compression to other traps
and trapped 8.4 fruit flies after one rupee investment. Cue lure para-pheromon was most effective with good
performance and trapped a total of 17422 fruit flies. Bactrocera affinis, B. dorsalis and B. zonata population
trapped in methyl eugenol baite traps was significant with minimum temperature but it was non- significant with
maximum temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind velocity while it was non-significant with rainfall and
windvelocity.
Keywords: diversity, dynamic, Bactrocera spp, incidence, population, species, seasonal
Herbicidal Weed Management In Chickpea (Cicer arientinum) Through Front Line

Demonstration in Farmers Field
R.K. Dwivedi*, M.K. Ahirwar and R.Jharia
JNKVV. Krishi vigyan Kendra Damoh (M.P.)
ABSTRACT
The domestic requirement of pulse had been manifold of a modern living standard which has been fulfilled through
the imports that leads to imbalance the Indian economy. To fulfil the domestic demand and to boost the production
and productivity of chickpea, the major constraints are still competition from Weeds. Keeping this view in mind,
one front line demonstration on herbicidal weed management in chickpea was conducted at farmer’s field by krishi
vigyan kendra Damoh. Demonstrations were conducted in twenty four farmers field at jortala and Bandakpur
village on chickpea c.v. JG12 during winter season of 2019-20 and 2020-21. Prevailing farmers practices were
treated as control for comparison with recommended practice i.e. application of pendimethalin 38.7 cs @700ml
ai/ha at 0-3 day after sowing (DAS) The result of front line demonstration shows a greater impact on farming
community due to significant increase in crop yield greater than farmers practices. The economics and benefit cost
ratio of both farmers practice (FP) and recommended practice (RP) were worked out. The Weed intensity and weed
biomass were found lower under RP ( 7/m2 and 10.5g/m2) then FP (65/m2 and 95.7 g/m2) an average of Rs
36328/ha was recorded under RP while it was Rs 26065 under FP. Benefit cost ratio was 2.54 under RP, while it
was 2.34 under FP. By introducing the proven technology i.e. Pre-emergence use of pendimethalin 38.7 cs @ 700
ml ai/ha in chickpea yield potential and net income from chickpea can be enhanced to great extent with increase in
the income level of the farming community of the district.
Introduction: Chickpea (cicer arietinum linn) is a major rabi pulse crop grown in india. Among the
pulses, chickpea, occupies 30% of area with 38% of annual production in india. In Madhya Pradesh,
Chickpea occupying about an area of 73.3 lakh ha with the production of 79.7 lakh tonnes and
productivity of 1087kg/ha. There are several constraints to achieve desired yield potential of chickpea,
but major determents to attain higher productivity of chickpea are stiff competition from weeds, multiply
nutrient deficiencies, insect pest and incidence of disease. Weeds also interfere with harvest and lower
the quality of grains. A healthy stand of chickpea that has a head start on weeds in competitive and will
suppress Weed growth. Use of pendiethalin 38.7 cs @ 700 ml ai/ha at 0-3 DAS has been found
promising against major weeds (Vyas et at 2003). Herbicidal Weed Management is although effective,
cheaper, less time taking and easy in adverse soil and climatic conditions but due to lack of awareness,
farmers of the district are not adopting this technology. Hence an effort was made by the KVK Scientist
to demonstrate the pendimethaline 38.7 cs @ 700 ml a.i/ha at 0-3 DAS on chickpea during Rabi season
of 2019-20 and 2020-21.
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Material And Method: The present study is a part of the mandatory programme of krishi vigyan
Kendra Damoh (M.P.) . Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) group discussion and transect walk were
followed to explore the detail information of study the technological intervention. HRD components
(Training, kisan sangosthi/ kisan mela/ Field day etc) were also include to excel the farmers
understanding and skill about the demonstrated technology on herbicidal Weed management in chickpea
under rainfed conditions. The front line demonstration conduct in twenty four farmers field at jortala and
bandakpur village on chickpea c.v JG12 under rainfed condition during winter season of 2019-20 and
2020-21. Chickpea cultivar JG12 was sown between last week of October to first week of November
with the rate of 75 kg seed/ha. Chickpea received recommended dose of nutrient (20 kgN, 40 kg P 2O5
and K2O 20 kg per ha) as basal (at the time of sowing) all the above practices adopted on both RP and
FP plots. Under RP plots Pendimethalin 38.7 cs @ 700 ml ai /ha at 0-3 DAS used knap sack sprayer in
0.4 ha area, while farmer practice (FP) plots treated as one slight hand weeding (uprooting) when weeds
came to flowering stage (Existing Practice). Data on weed intensity and weed dry matter was recorded at
50 DAS with the half of quadrate (0.5m x0.5m) placed at two places per plot and than converted to per
square meter. All other steps like site selection, layout of demonstration, farmer participation etc. were
followed as suggested by choudhary (1999), visit of the farmers and extension functionaries were
organized at demonstration plots to disseminate at large. Yield data was collected from FP and RP other
parameters i.e biological yield (q/ha), harvest index (%), gross expenditure (Rs/ha), net returns (Rs/ha)
and benefit cost ratio were computed and finally the extension gap, technology gap and technology index
were worked out. To estimate the above, following formula (Samui et al 2000) have been used.
Technological gap = Potential yield – demo. Yield .
Extension gap = Demo. Yield – farmers yield.
Technology Index = Potential yield – demo yield
Potential yield
Results And Discussion
The herbicidal treatment i.e. spray of pendimenthalin 38.7 cs @ 700ml ai/ha at 0-3 days after sowing (DAS) was
used in RP and weed intensity and weed biomass were calculated at 50 DAS. Under herbicidal treatment (RP)
weed intensity and weed biomass were found lower range (7/m2 and 10.5 g/m2). while higher under FP treatment
(65/m2 and 95.7g/m2). Data showed the greater impact of herbicidal treatment (RP) on chickpea while farmers
practice (Slight hand weeding) was not sufficient for weed control. An average yield was recorded 15.4 q/ha under
RP as compared FP (11.7 q/ha). Among both the treatment harvest index was observed (Table 1) 32.0% and 34.2%
in FP and herbicidal treatment (RP). This variation may be due to minimize the crop weed competition in RP.
Harvest index(HI) was found higher in herbicidal treatment (RP) where maximum weed control was occurred and
minimum HI was associated with FP. This means that sufficient weed control offered the sufficient availability of
sunlight, space, plant nutrients, space and water availability which was finally resulted into superior crop harvest.
Economics indicators i.e. gross expenditure (Rs/ha), net return (Rs/ha) and benefit cost ratio (B:C ratio) of FLD are
presented in Table 3. Average net return from RP were observed to be Rs 36328/ha in comparison to FP 26065 /ha.
On an average Rs 10263/ha as additional income is attributed in demonstration plot i.e. application of
pendimenthalin 38.7 cs @ 700ml a.i./ha at 0-3 DAS., BC of RP and FP was 2.54 and 2.34, found respectively. The
average technology gap is 4.4 q/ha reflects farmer’s cooperation in carring out such demonstration with
encouraging results in both year (Table 2). On an average extension gap is 3.6 q/ha (Table 2) which emphasized the
need to educate the farmers through various extension means i.e. FLD for adoption to improve production and
protection technology to revert the trend of wide extension gap more and more use of latest production technology.
Technology index indicates the feasibility of the evolved technology in the farmers fields. The technology index
varied from 17.5% to 27% (table 2) which showed the efficacy of good performance of technological interventions.
This will accelerate the adoption of demonstrated technical intervention to increase the yield of chickpea.
Conclusion: By introducing the proven technology i.e. pre-emergence use of pendimethaline 38.7 cs @ 700ml
ai/ha in chickpea was improved yield potential and net return with increase in the income level of the farming
community of the district. Horizontal spread of improved technology i.e. chemical weed management may be
achieved by successful implementation of front line demonstration and various extension activity in farmers field
for wide dissemination of technology.
Key words: chickpea, Frontline Demonstration, farmers practice, recommended practice.
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Table 1:Performance of front line demonstration on chickpea as affected by RP as well as FP (mean of two
years)
S.No Parameters Treatment
RP FP
1 Grain yield (q/ha) 15.4 11.7

2 Biological yield (q/ha) 42 36.5
3 Harvest Index (%) 34.2 32.0
4 Weed intensity (m2) 7 65
5 Weed biomass (g/m2) 10.5 95.7
Table 2: Productivity, Technology gap, Extension gap and Technology index of chickpea as affected by RP as
well as FP
Year Area No of Grain yield (q/ha) % increase Technology Extension gap Technology
(ha) Farmers Potential RP FP over FP gap (q/ha) (q/ha) Index (%)
2019-20 4.8 12 20 14.6 10.8 35.1 5.4 3.8 27

2020-21 4.8 12 20 16.2 12.7 27.5 3.5 3.5 17.5
Mean 4.8 12 20 15.4 11.7 31.3 4.4 3.5 22.2
Table 3: Economics of front line demonstration of chickpea as affected by recommended practices (RP) as
well as farmer’s practices (FP)
Year Yield q/ha % increase Gross Expenditure Gross Return Net Return( Rs/ha ) B:C Ratio
over FP (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)
RP FP % RP FP RP FP RP FP RP FP
2019-20 14.6 10.8 35.1 22413 18715 55280 41040 33067 22325 2.47 2.19
2020-21 16.2 12.7 27.5 24319 19812 63782 49617 39463 29805 2.62 2.50
Mean 15.4 11.7 31.3 23366 19263 59631 45328 36328 26065 2.54 2.34
Organic manure as an alternative to the conventional mineral fertilizers in cultivation of

Digitalis purpurea L.
Yashwant Singh Tariyal*, Sadaf Ansari and Pratti Prasad
High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University) Srinagar
Garhwal Uttarakhand (India)-246174
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Digitalis purpurea L. commonly known as foxglove or tilpuspi is an important medicinal as well as
ornamental plant due to the presence of cardiac glycosides in leaves of plant and purple and white coloured flowers
which are used as vase plant or for decoration. Flowers and seeds are devoid of glycoside content so they are safe to
use for decoration. As far as cultivation of medicinal plant is concern it is important to follow the appropriate
cultural practices to get higher yield and quality produce. Medicinal and aromatic plants are valuable natural
resources having great potential for the improvement of the economy and health worldwide. Extensive exploitation
of these plants from natural sources put great threat to their survivable. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plant
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is the best alternative for the conservation of these plants without affecting their supply for the health care system.
From the long time use of chemical fertilizers has leads to the degradation of soil health. From earlier studies it was
also reported that extensive use of mineral fertilizers has negative impact on the soil and plant health. The present
experiment was conducted aiming to improve the yield and plant growth without leaving any adverse impact on soil
and surrounding.
Methodology: For the current experiment different organic manures were used as individual and in combinations
with each other and performance were compared with the recommended dosage of mineral fertilizers and plant with
no fertilizer. The different manure used were vermicompost, farm yard manure and litter compost along with the
recommended dosage of NPK along with control. The seedlings were raised in nursery and transplanted in treated
main field after about a month or they attain the height of 10-15cm. The experiment was layout in randomized block
design with twelve treatments and three replication of each treatment. The data was recorded from randomly
selected five plants from each replication of the treatment.
Results: Organic manuring significantly affects the growth of the plant. Indicating that source of nutrients also plays
an important role in the growth of plant. Vermicompost individually and in combination with mineral fertilizers and
other manures shows significant effect on plant growth and yield. The increase in the growth and yield of the plant
by applying vermicompost was found significantly higher than that of the plants grown under mineral fertilization.
In the experiment, we observed that vermicompost significantly increases the number of leaves and leaf length
during both season. It also increases the fresh and dry yield during second season of plant growth. Whereas in
combination with litter compost it enhances the leaf fresh and dry weight at both season and fresh and dry yield
during first season of plant growth. Moreover, it was observed that vermicompost in combination with the farm yard
manure increases the leaf area during both season. Leaf width was found enhanced by the application of farm yard
manure. Replacing a portion of recommended dosage of mineral fertilizer with vermicompost increases leaf width
during second season of plant growth. The results obtained shows that the organic manures can be successfully
replace the mineral fertilizers without adversely affecting the growth and yield traits. It was also reported that with
prolong use of mineral fertilizers there was change in the physical and chemical properties of soil which makes it
inadequate for the cultivation of plants whereas organic manure helps in reclamation of degraded soil.
Conclusion:According to the GAPs for medicinal and aromatic plants the use of mineral fertilizers should be
minimized and the emphases should be on total organic cultivation. The use of organic manure had improves the
growth and yield parameters in digitalis. From the findings of current investigation organic manure are suitable for
the replacement of mineral fertilizers. They not only enhance the growth, yield and quality of plants but also show
positive effect on soil health without any residual effect unlike mineral fertilizers. The effect of organic manure and
mineral fertilizer on the active constituent should be studied for the optimization of nutritional requirement of plant
for better quality and yield.
Biodiversity and Wildlife conservation- Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Praveen Bhardwaj
S 1104 Ajnara Gen x Crossing Republik,Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Biodiversity is variability among organism such as plants, animals and unicellular or multicellular
organism. According to UN intergovernmental science policy report currently 1 lakh species are at risk of extinct.
India is home of nearly 8% of global biodiversity on 2.4% land. India is so rich in wildlife and biodiversity. Wildlife
is necessary to maintain the biodiversity. So conservation of wildlife and biodiversity is need of an hour.
Biodiversity helps in maintaining the richness and sustainability of ecological system. My work is based on
importance of wildlife conservation & biodiversity and success story of Valmiki Tiger Reserve .
Method: Visited Tiger Reserve, wildlife centuries. Highlighting the methods to protect biodiversity and wildlife like
(a) protection of natural habitats (b) captive breeding program . (C) by promoting the eco tourism (d) by sharing the
benefits derived from protected areas and wildlife with local residents (e) by strong legislative laws.
Conclusion: Industrialization, climate change and anthropological activities are the main reason behind the loss of
biodiversity. Due to above mentioned causes, majority of these endangered species are going to be extinct in coming
future. So this is need of an hour to conserve the wildlife and biodiversity. There are so many successful stories of
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wildlife and biodiversity conservations. Valmiki Tiger Reserve and National park is one of the great success stories
of wildlife and biodiversity conservation.
Water Saving Transplanting And Irrigation Management Practices In Rabi Rice

R. Sureshkumar and A. Manuvanthra
Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, JP Nagar, Arasampalayam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu - 641032
ABSTRACT
Purpose: More than a half of the world population has rice (Oryza sativa L.) as their staple food. Rice seedlings are
transplanted into puddled fields and are grown primarily as a wetland crop. In Asia, rice is commonly cultivated by
practicing the conventional transplanting method. As mechanical rice transplanting saves labour, ensures timely
transplanting and reduces the nursery water requirement, it serves as an alternate and promising option. On the other
hand, rice consumes the largest quantity of the total irrigated fresh water resources in Asia and is one of the greatest
water demanders among cereal crops. Hence it is necessary to reduce the water supply for rice cultivation without
affecting the rice yield. This puts forth a mandatory requirement to invent ways to reduce water use while
simultaneously ensuring high yields in rice cultivation (Arif et al., 2012). Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) is
practiced as a mature water saving technology which demands irrigation when water depth falls to a threshold level
below the soil surface observed by using field water tube.In this purview, in order to optimize the irrigation water
requirement for machine and manual establishment methods, a field study was undertaken for evaluating the
different methods of transplanting and irrigation management practices during rabi season of 2016-2017.
Methodology: A Field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2016-2017 at Agricultural College and
Research Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The geographical location of the experiment site belongs to the
Western Agro Climatic Zone of Tamil Nadu at 11°N latitude, 77 °E longitude and at an altitude of 426.7 m above
mean sea level. Its soil texture was clay loam with an alkaline pH (8.10). The test was carried out with the rice
variety CO (R) 50 with a duration of 135 days. Strip plot design with three replications was laid out for the
experiment. Four different methods of transplanting viz., machine transplanting with 30 cm x 14 cm (M 1), machine
transplanting with 30 cm x 18 cm (M2), SRI transplanting with 25 cm x 25 cm (M 3) and conventional transplanting
with 20 cm x 10 cm (M4), respectively in main plots and four different methods of irrigation management practices
in sub plots viz., Farmer practice of continuous submergence of 5 cm throughout the crop period (I 1), Cyclic
irrigation management of irrigating the field with 5 cm depth of irrigation one day after disappearance of previously
ponded (I2), SRI irrigation management of irrigation given @ 2.5 cm depth after the formation of hair line cracks in
the field upto panicle initiation stage and thereafter the irrigation was given immediately after the disappearance of
previously ponded water up to 10 days before harvest (I 3) and field water tube irrigation management of
maintenance of 5 cm water level at panicle initiation stage and remaining period irrigation to 5 cm depth after 15 cm
depletion of ponded water from ground level (I 4) were followed as treatments. The data were statistically analysed to
evaluate the effect of different methods of transplanting and irrigation management practices on water use efficiency
(WUE), water productivity and yield using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. The significance of different
treatments over each other was calculated with critical difference at 5% level of significance (Gomez and Gomez,
1984). The total consumptive use of water and water use efficiency were calculated as per the standard procedure.
Results and Discussion: The consumptive water use comprises of the amount of water required to meet the
demands of evapo-transpiration as well as the metabolic activities of rice and includes the effective rainfall during
the growing season. Lower consumptive use of water (925 mm), lesser number of irrigation (19) and higher
percentage of water saving (28.1%) was registered in SRI transplanting method whereas higher consumptive use of
water (1058 mm) and number of irrigation (23) was observed with conventional transplanting. It is evident that more
water of 1185 mm and higher number of 26 irrigations were consumed in the farmers’ practice of irrigation. On the
other hand, lesser consumptive use of water (818 mm) at 15 cm drop of water table due to lesser number of
irrigations (17) and a higher water saving percentage of 36.4 %was observed under field water tube irrigation.
Similar observations were also reported by Ngo et al. (2008). The yield can be maintained or increased with reduced
quantity of water input which will increase the WUE. A higher WUE of 7.28 kg ha -1 mm-1was registered by the SRI
transplanting method; whereas, lower WUE was found with conventional method of transplanting. On the other
hand, increase in WUE was achieved by reducing the consumptive water use under field water tube irrigation at 15
cm drop of water table coupled with the maintenance of yield at an optimum level. Under field water tube irrigation
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treatment, a higher WUE of 7.63 kg ha-1 mm-1which was on par with SRI method of irrigation (7.23 kg ha -1 mm-1)
was observed. The reasons for increased WUE observed under these treatments can be assigned to optimum need-
based irrigation with the help of monitoring device namely the field water tube along with increased grain yield
levels. The decreased WUE under farmers’ irrigation practice could be because of higher consumptive use with
more frequent irrigations but without corresponding increase in grain yields. This matches the findings of Bouman et
al. (2007).
Conclusions : Through this experiment, it is evident that lower consumptive use of water with lower number of
irrigations, higher percentage of water saving and higher WUE was possible through SRI transplanting method.
Moreover, than other combinations of different methods of water management, use of younger seedlings and wider
spacing proved to be a better practice. A more satisfactory yield was obtained under wider spacing than under closer
spacing even under normal cultivation. Simultaneously, reduced total consumptive use of water with lesser number
of irrigations was possible infield water tube with intermittent irrigation besides it increasing the water use
efficiency of rice.
Polygenic Variations and Character Association Study Of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicon

L.) Genotypes For Yield And Quality Attributes
Sangeeta Shree1*, Swati Sai1, S S.Solankey1 and Ruby Saha2
1
Department of Horticulture (Vegetables and Floriculture), BAU, Sabour -813210
2
Department of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry, BAU, Sabour -813210
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) is an important member of Solanaceae family. It is the most important
warm season fruit vegetable grown throughout the world and is one of the most popular and widely grown
vegetable. Tomato is generally consumed as salad, cooked or as processed food. Tomatoes are important source of
lycopene (an antioxidant), ascorbic acid, β-carotene and valued for their colour and flavour. Greater the diversity in
the material more is the genetic potential and greater are the chances for selection to get desired types. The estimates
of different genetic parameters and the association of different characters are important for better understanding of
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the nature and the magnitude of genetic variability present in the breeding material. India is the richest country for
diverse genotypes of tomato. Identification of superior genotypes among the existing germplasm becomes
imperative for future breeding programme and for promoting production per unit area. The development of an
effective improvement programme in turn depends upon the existence of variability and knowledge of genotypic and
phenotypic correlation of yield and quality attributes in the genotypes. Keeping these facts in view, an experiment
was conducted with the objective to study the genetic variability and character association study of tomato (Solanum
lycopersicon L.) genotypes for yield and quality attributes.
Methods: Experiment was conducted in the Vegetable Farm of Bihar Agricultural University in Rabi Season. The
experimental material consisted of thirty genotypes of tomatoes which were grown in randomized block design
having three replications and study was performed on characters namely plant height, number of primary branches
per plant, number of fruits per plant, days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to first harvesting, average
fruit weight (g),equatorial diameter (cm),polar diameter (cm),number of picking, yield per plant (kg),fruit yield
(q/ha),stigma nature (inserted/exerted), fruit shape, fruit colour, number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness (cm)
and TSS (0Brix). The data were statistically analyzed according to the standard methods and procedures for analysis
of variance, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation h eritability (in broad sense), genetic advance,
phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients.
Results: Significant differences amongst the genotypes for all the characters studied in this investigation
indicated appreciable scope of improvement in tomato. As far as yield per plant is concerned, the genotypes
Hisar Lalit, Pusa Ruby, Arka Alok, Pant T-7 and Pusa Rohini were found to be promising. These genotypes also
performed well with respect to plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight. Genotypic and phenotypic
coefficients of variation were high for average fruit weight, number of fruit per plant, plant height and number of
locules per fruit. The results were in consonance with the findings of Bukseth et al., 2012 in tomatoes. The
highest estimate of heritability was observed for number of locules per fruit which was closely followed by
average fruit weight, pericarp thickness, plant height, TSS, yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, polar
diameter, equatorial diameter, number of primary branches per plant, days to first harvesting, days to 50%
flowering, number of picking. Days to first flowering had moderate heritability. These characters are
therefore, governed by additive gene effects. It can also be concluded that selection on the basis of these characters
will be more useful for the improvement of this crop towards attaining higher yield. TSS and days to first harvesting
had moderate genetic heritability along with moderate genetic advance, indicating that all these characters are
controlled by both additive and non-additive of genes. The data with respect to genetic advance among the
different characters under investigation indicated high genetic advance for plant height followed by average
fruit weight, number of fruit per plant, whereas days to first harvesting had moderate genetic advance and
days to 50% flowering, days to first flowering, number of primary branches per plant, number of locule per
fruit, number of picking, yield kg per plant, equatorial diameter, polar diamet er, TSS and pericarp thickness
showed lower genetic advance. Yield per plant, average fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, and plant height
exhibited high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean. Correlation coefficient analysis
measures the mutual relationship between various plant characters and determines the component characters on
which selection can be based for improvement in yield. The data on both genotypic and phenotypic correlation
coefficient in the present experiment revealed that fruit yield per plant expressed highly significant and positive
correlation with average fruit weight, equatorial diameter and polar diameter. Genotypic correlation coefficient in
the present experiment was found to be slightly higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficient
for most of the characters. Similar results were noticed by Bernousi et al., 2011 in tomatoes.
Conclusions: Thus, it may be concluded that for selecting better genotype average fruit weight,
number of fruit per plant, number of locules per fruit, polar diameter, plant height, number of fruits
per plant, and pericarp thickness can be subjected to selection pressure for effective improvement
in this crop. The genotypes Hisar Lalit, Pusa Ruby, Arka Alok, Pant T-7 and PusaRohini were
found to be promising with respect to plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight and
yield/plant.
Keywords: Tomato, variability, correlation
Table -1: Estimates of variability parameters for different traits in tomato genotypes under study.
Characters Genotypic Phenotypic Coefficient of Heritability Genetic Genetic advance as
variance variance variation (%) (%) advance % age of mean
GCV PCV
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Days to first flowering 24.77 41.89 9.33 12.13 59.1 7.88 14.78
Days to 50% flowering 25.31 39.00 7.11 8.83 64.9 8.35 11.81
Days to first harvesting 117.89 148.71 7.57 8.50 79.3 19.91 13.89
Plant height(cm) 1183.78 1235.36 30.60 31.26 95.8 69.38 61.71
No. of primary 2.23 2.79 22.06 24.69 79.9 2.75 40.62
branches/plant
No. of fruit/plant 173.40 190.20 33.55 35.14 91.2 25.90 66.00
Average fruit wt.(g) 423.96 435.46 48.33 48.98 97.4 41.85 98.24
Equatorial diameter 0.83 0.97 22.74 24.64 85.2 1.73 43.22
(cm)
Polar diameter (cm) 0.72 0.84 22.04 23.86 85.3 1.61 41.94
No. of picking 1.4337 2.29 14.84 18.76 62.5 1.95 24.19
No. of locules/fruit 1.5458 1.57 28.01 28.27 98.1 2.53 57.17
Pericarp thickness 0.01 0.01 20.85 21.25 96.3 0.17 42.16
(mm.)
TSS(0Brix) 0.41 0.44 15.02 15.68 91.7 1.26 29.64
Yield/pt.(kg) 0.93 1.02 56.41 58.93 91.6 1.90 111.22
Impact of Salicylic acid on Morphological traits of Valeriana wallichii DC under Drought

stress
Sadaf Ansari*, Yashwant Singh Tariyal and Babita Patni
High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar
Garhwal, Uttarakhand (India) - 246174
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Medicinal plants are most valuable treasure for the economy and the health sector of the country
and Valeriana wallichii is one of them. Its multiple uses make it an imperative herb as it is used in
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics as well as for perfumery. It was reported that only 20-30% of herbal raw drug
is procured from cultivation and rest is still harvested from natural sources. Overexploitation and global
climate change is a major constraint for the survivable of natural population. Adverse environmental
conditions cause various abiotic stresses among which drought stress is the major stress that limits the
growth and development of the plant. Phytohormone like salicylic acid induces stress tolerance to
alleviate the effect of drought stress and increase plant productivity and economic yield. Therefore,
present study was carried out with the aim to evaluate morphological alterations induced by salicylic acid
in V. wallichii under drought stress conditions.
Methodology: The experiment was conducted under semi-controlled condition in glasshouse in pots.
Rhizomes were used as propagating material. The plants were grown under well-watered and three water
deficit conditions (100% FC, 75% FC, 50% FC and 25% FC) and four concentration of salicylic acid
(1mM, 0.75mM, 0.50mM and 0.25mM) along with their interactions were evaluated in comparison with
their respective controls. The irrigation levels were scheduled by calculating the water holding capacity
and field capacity of soil using method given by Black and Evans, 1965. Plant height, leaf length, leaf
width, plant spread, shoot, root and rhizome length were measured using meter scale. Fresh and dry shoot
weight and fresh and dry root weight were measured using digital weighing balance. Rhizome and leaf
thickness was measured by using vernier calipers. Leaf numbers was counted as number and leaf area was
measured by digital leaf area meter. The data was observed from 5 plants in each replication of the
treatments and mean data was used for further analysis.
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Results: Increasing drought stress caused significant reduction in plant height, leaf numbers, leaf length,
leaf width, leaf area, plant spread, rhizome thickness, shoot, root and rhizome length, fresh and dry shoot
weight and fresh and dry root weight except leaf thickness at both vegetative and flowering stage in
leaves as well as in roots. Foliar application of salicylic acid improves morphological and yield attributing
traits under water deficit condition. It was noted that at 100% FC, 0.25mM SA concentration found
effective during vegetative and flowering stage in leaves as well as in roots. At 75% FC, 0.25mM SA
concentration was found effective during flowering stage in leaves as well as in roots while 1mM is
useful only during vegetative stage in leaves. At 50% FC, different concentration of SA positively effect
in leaves during vegetative stage (i.e., 0.25mM SA concentration), flowering stage (i.e., 0.50mM SA
concentration) and in roots (i.e., 1mM SA concentration) found effective. And similarly, at 25% FC,
1mM concentration of SA was found best among all the concentrations during both the stages of leaves
i.e., vegetative and flowering stages as well as in roots in comparison to respective control values.
Conclusion: From the experiment it can be concluded that drought significantly reduces the
morphological and yield attributing traits. It was also be noted that the deleterious effect of increasing
drought stress can be reduced by higher concentration of SA (i.e., 1mM SA) whereas from moderate to
well-watered condition lower concentration of SA were found at par with higher concentration. Hence, it
is evident that, foliar spray of SA improves all the morphological traits in plants directly or indirectly so
that it can be helpful to overcome the hazardous effect of drought stress and improve qualitative and
quantitative yield of such a valuable medicinal plant.
Economic Analysis of Cucumber-Based Crop Rotations Under Protected Structures in

Haryana, India
Parveen Kumar Nimbrayan*, Parminder Singh, Rati Mukteshawar, Ansul, Komal Malik and
Abhilash Singh Maurya
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The present study was conducted in Haryana state to find out the economics of crop rotation in the
protected structures. In the study area, four cucumber-based crop rotations were found i.e. cucumber + cucumber
(R1), cucumber + capsicum (R2), cucumber + tomato (R3), cucumber + lilium (R4).
Methods: Sonepat, Karnal, and Hisar districts were purposively selected because of the predominance of protected
structures. The cost and returns of cultivation of vegetables crops was worked out by using various cost concepts
and income measures
Results: The results obtained in this study indicated that the R 4 cropping rotation (₹4838447) has higher cost of
cultivation followed by R2 (₹1765041), R3 (₹1760968) and R1 (₹1574530). Gross returns were higher in case of R4
cropping rotation (₹6942780) is a higher cost of cultivation followed by R 3 (₹2261224), R2 (₹2215500) and R1
(₹2126250). Net returns were highest in R4 (₹2137185) followed by R1 (₹511720), R3 (₹500255) and R2 rotations
(₹450459).
Conclusions: The present study also revealed that maximum respondents were adopting R 1 crop rotation because of
the lesser cost of cultivation and higher net returns.
Keywords: Crop rotations, economics, floral crops, protected cultivation, vegetables
Characterization of morphological, physio-chemical and fertility properties of pear

growing orchards under temperate conditions of Jammu & Kashmir, India
Sartaj A. Wania, G. R. Najar, M.A. Kuchay, Shakeel A. Mir, Neelofar Banday
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The occurrence of diverse soil types necessitates their scientific characterization in order to understand
their potential and problems in the production of crops and land resource management. For sustainable pear
production, several factors including climate, soil medium and site-characteristics as well as management are
critical. Therefore, we aim to characterize and classify the soils of pear orchards as well as evaluate their fertility
index in order to determine the soil parameters that affect the yield.
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Methodology: During a reconnaissance survey, six typical pedons located in geo-referenced pear orchards from
three different physiographic altitudes were undertaken to study the site features as well as morphological characters
during in-situ description of the exposed profile. The soil samples collected horizon-wise were analyzed as per the
standard procedures. For physico-chemical characterization, both soil and leaf samples collected from the selected
pear orchards were analyzed in laboratory as per the prescribed standard procedures.
Result: The soils studied are moderately deep to very deep, light yellowish brown to dark brown, predominantly
clay loam and silt loam to loam and occasionally sandy loam in texture. For chemical properties, slightly acidic to
slightly alkaline in pH (6.6 to 7.53); normal EC (0.18–0.48 dSm-1) and low to high in OC (0.12 to 1.28%) are
recorded. The CEC values are moderate (13.16 to 17.85 Cmol kg-1), dominated by exch. Ca2+ (74%) followed by
Mg2+, K+ and Na++ ; with percent base saturation (BS%) of 73.16–7.20% in high followed by mid (65.69–68.70%)
and low (61.30–63.32%) altitudes. Soils are high in available N, P, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn & Fe; medium in Ca and S
and low in S and B. The spatial variability (CV %) ranges from 2.75 to 30.10% in soil and 2.50 to 26.20% in leaf
with significant magnitude among micronutrients along altitude and depth factors. Significant and positive
correlation of available nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca, Cu, Mn, Fe, and B with their corresponding leaf nutrients was
recorded. Nutrients like N, P, Ca, S, Zn and Fe observed significant and positive relationship with fruit yield. A
linear regression model (R2) suggested the combined significant effect of pH and OC (R2 = 0.7634 and 0.3069) on
the yield performance.
Conclusions: The soils under study are classified as Inceptisols and Entisols in the USDA system of soil
classification. Soil properties like texture, structure, OC, pH, and nutrients are influenced by different landscape
positions. Relatively lesser amounts of clay in combination with adequate organic matter and better soil fertility
attributes demonstrate the zones in good coordination with sustainable production.
Keywords: characterization, nutrients, pear, physico-chemical properties, relationship
Characterization of Grain Size 3 (GS3) Locus for Grain Length in Basmati Rice (Oryza
sativa L.)
Chahat Chopra and R. K. Salgotra
School of Biotechnology, SKUAST-JAMMU, J&K, India-180009
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Characterization of GS3 locus for grain length in Basmati rice 54 genotypes of basmati rice were
undertaken to identify the novel SNPs within the GS3 gene, region responsible for grain length in Basmati rice.
Method: A total of 54 genotypes of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) were used in the present investigation. The
material consisted of a core set of basmati rice accessions representing landraces, farmer’s varieties, elite cultivars
and advanced breeding lines collected from different basmati growing areas of Jammu region of Jammu and
Kashmir, India. Besides, checks in the form of Pusa 1121, Basmati 370 and Basmati 564 were included to check
variation. PCR amplification was carried out to amplify promoter region of gene GS3 in 54 core set of basmati
genotypes, approximately 500 ng of 54 PCR products of basmati genotypes were cleaned by elution method. For
sequencing 50 ng of each of the above cleaned samples were directly used as template for sequencing with both the
primers i.e. forward and reverse primers.
Results:Out of 54 basmati genotypes, 29 showed the good quality sequence and among the 29 genotypes, Basmati
SJBR39 exhibits a maximum 7 SNPs while Basmati SJBR24 exhibits 5 SNPs with reference to Basmati Pusa1121
which was kept as check for study. A total of 9 SNPs w.r.t. check Pusa1121 [Forward sites {124 (G > C), 221 (G >
A), 234 (A > T/G), 427 (T > A), 488 (T > C)} and Reverse sites {138 (A > C), 154 (T > C), 182 (G > A), 251 (T >
C)}] were located in the promoter region by predicting the promoter region of the GS3 gene, thus, providing the
basis for the next step of verifying the effect of these SNP sites on transcription factor binding within the basmati
GS3 gene.
Conclusion: The identified novel SNPs within GS3 gene helps in the development of functional markers for the
improvement of grain length in basmati rice through molecular breeding involving marker-assisted selection (MAS).
This will help to increase its consumer acceptance and economic value in the national and international market, and
will increase the economy of basmati growing states as well of the country.
Keywords : GS3, SNPs, PCR , Oryza sativa L.
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Phytochemical And Antibacterial Studies Of Cordia Africana (Stem Bark Extracts)

Salaudeen, A. A., S.M.,Dangoggo, U.Z., Faruq and H.E., Mshelia
Department.Of. Applied Science, Abdu Gusau Polytechnic Talata Mafara Zamfara,Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Concern over rising health challenges regarding antibiotic resistance by different bacterial strains world
over, necessitated the need and quest for alternative medicine that can fight these bacterial hence the need to embark
on this research with the aim of determining the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of cordia africana a
commonly used medicinal plants in Africa.
Methods: The powdered sample was extracted by maceration and subjected to phytochemical screening using
standard method. The extracts was tested against four bacterial isolates.
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis , Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa using Agar well diffusion
method. TLC and Column chromatography was carried out in which the fractions obtained was pooled together to
sub -fractions (A-F). Isolate A, that appeared to be pure was subjected to both antimicrobial screening and
spectroscopic study.
Results: Isolates A shows stronger antibacterial activity with highest zone of inhibition of 22.0mm on Escherichia
coli. The spectroscopic studies revealed that isolates A consist of three compounds, Isobutyloctadecyl ester, butyl
undecyl ester, methyl-12-oxo-9-dodecanoate.
Conclusions : Phytochemical potential of the stem bark of Cordia africana has been evaluated in this research and
it revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as , Alkaloids, Carbohydrate, Saponins , Flavonoids ,Tannins and
Triterphenoids. Result obtained at various concentration of the extracts, indicated that the Ethyl acetate extract
possesses the highest antibacterial activities on tested bacterial.
Keywords: Phytochemicals, Cordia africana, Bacterial isolates, TLC, Column chromatography, Maceration.
Knowledge Level Of Tribes And Forest Dwellers On Wild Fruits And Wild Vegetables
Rajeshwari N
Dept of ECM, College of Community Science, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The northern transition zone and hill zone of Karnataka which come under the jurisdiction of University
of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad have ample area of forest which have many fruit and vegetable species. The
forest dwellers and tribes collect the fruits and vegetables from the wild and process it by value addition. There are
more than 50 wild edible fruit species in western ghats region. These belong to 25 families and 38 genera. These
plants meet culinary purposes of the people and traditional home remedial practices. The present research study
focuses on the knowledge level of tribes and forest dwellers on wild fruits and wild vegetables in general and
availability of wild fruits and vegetables in the adjacent forests as perceived by them.
Methods: The research was conducted in northern transition zone and hill zone of Karnaka state. Two villages each
from Dharwad, Sirsi, Siddapur and Khanapur talukas of Dharwad,Uttara Kannada and Belgaum district were
selected for the study. The total sample size was forty households. The data collection for the research was done
using a semi structured interview schedule and focussed group discussions.
Results: The results revealed that majority of the respondents (59.28%) had medium level of knowledge about fruits
and vegetables with 15.81 mean knowledge score. More than quarter of the respondents (22.76%) had low level of
knowledge with a mean score of 12.45 and only less percent (17.96%) had high level of knowledge with a mean
score of 22.27.The overall mean score was 17.77. Information of important wild fruits found in different talukas. It
was expressed by majority of the forest dwellers and tribes of Sirsi and Siddapur tauka that Kokum (Garcinica
indica) , Uppage (Garcinicagummi-gutta) ,Appe midi (Mangifera indica L.) Jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus
Lam.), Amla (PhyllantusemblicaL.) ,Tamarind (Tamarindus indicus L.) ,Karonda (Carissa caranda),
Jamun(SyzygiumcuminiL.) and Lemon (Citrus limon ) Indian hogplum (Spondias mangifera Wild.) Baelfruit
(Limonea elephantum L.) Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) sampige hannu (Flacoutia montana) fruit Nurukulu
(Buchanania lanzan) was Salle hannu (Aporussa lindleyana), halage hannu (Elaeagnus conferta) and
mullannu(Ziziphus oenaplia) were the wild fruits known to them . However , in case of Dharwad and Khanapur
talukas majority of the respondents expressed that only few fruits were known to them namely Jack fruit
(Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.), Amla (Phyllantusemblica L.) ,Tamarind (Tamarindus indicus L.) ,Karonda
(Carissa caranda), Jamun(Syzygiumcumini L.) and Lemon (Citrus limon ) Indian hogplum (Spondias mangifera
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Wild.) Baelfruit (Limonea elephantum L.) .In case of wild vegetables. The major wild vegetables known to forest
dwellers and tribes were Madras cucumber(moggekai) Cucumismaderaspatensis, Colocasia leaves (kesuvina
soppu) Colocasia esculenta , Colocasia root(kesuvina gadde) Colocasiaesculenta, Spine gourd(madhagalu)
Momordicadioica, Chilli pepper (gokarna menasinakai) Capsicum frutescens, chakramuni soppu
Sauropusandrogynus, insulin soppu Costus igneus, yalgurga, kardisoppu, ondelaga Centella asiatica , anne soppu
Celosia. The major indigenous value addition done was the fruits were preserved in the form of jams , syrups, juices,
butter, powder, pappad.
Conclusion: The world is moving towards natural foods to satiate hunger. Wild fruits and vegetables are collected
and consumed from the wild by the forest dwellers and tribes . The communities which reside adjacent to a forest
area collect the wild fruits and vegetables and consume them by either processing or raw. Wild fruits and vegetables
contribute to food security and nutrition security. Majority of the respondents had medium level of knowledge about
wild fruits and vegetables Hence, farmers can be encouraged to domesticate these fruits and vegetable which are on
the edge of extinction
Evaluation of Insecticides against Leaf Minor of Pea (Pisum sativm L.) at farmers fields
conditions
S. R. Singh and R. K. Prajapati
1
Scientist (Plant Protection) Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Firozabad (U.P.)
2
Scientist (Plant Protection) Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tikamgarh (M.P.)
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Pea occupies 459 thousand hectare area in India and shares 21 per cent production of the world. In Uttar
Pradesh, it ranks second in area among vegetable crops after potato and occupies an area of 31.3 thousand hectares.
The larvae miner leaves making prominent whitish tunnels resulting in the loss of green matter and also affecting
flowering and pod formation. One of the most common insects in field pea is the pea aphid. Pea aphids are small,
about c inch long and light to dark green. Pea aphids have multiple generations per year and overwinter as eggs in
alfalfa, clover or vetch. Pea leaves minor have piercing-sucking mouthparts and may vector viral diseases. The main
purpose of this study to reduce insect infestation and check the vector population from pea farmer’s fields.
Methods: The experiment was conducted in the Year 2019-20 at farmer’s field for evaluation of insecticides against
leaf minor asses the. Some bio-insecticides and insecticides neem oil @ 4 ml/liter of water and Oxydematon Methyl
a.i. @ 1.5 ml/lit.
Results: The refined technology, spray Oxydematon Methyl @ 1.5ml/lit reduced the infestation from
27 to 5 per cent and yield was increased by 21 per cent.
Conclusion: The refined technology is more beneficial and technology spreading horizontally and vertically in district
Firozabad. In coming time farmers of pea grower are adopted on large scale in district.
Keywords: Pea, leaf minor, insecticides
Situational analysis of social support available to the family caregivers of dependent elderly
Parul Kalia and Sarita Saini
Dept. of Human Development and Family Studies,College of Community Science,Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Family caregivers are the active facilitators in providing care and assistance to the functionally dependent
elderly. In the due course of fulfilling caregiving roles and responsibilities along with massive household
responsibilities it became very difficult for the family caregivers to take care of their own health and well-being.
This unconscious ignorance and awareness may lead them towards deteriorating health conditions which initially are
minor but with time could create major health issues in their lives. Therefore,
Methods: The sample for the study comprised 60 family caregivers who were solely responsible for taking care of
their dependent elderly. A self-structured personal information sheet was used to gather background information of
the respondents. Zarit Burden Interview Scale (Zarit et al 1980) was used to investigate the burden of stress upon the
caregivers and a Semi-structured Observation-cum-interview Schedule was used to assess the social support
available to the respondents. The purposive and snowball sampling technique was used to collect the data. The study
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adopted the quantitative as well as qualitative research methods approach that concurrently integrated procedures in
the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data.
Results: The situational analysis of the available social support to the family caregivers reported minimum
availability of social support and indicated dire need to establish full fledge caregiver support services for the middle
socio-economic families. As it can be understood that apart from middle economic families, high and low socio-
economic have their specific limitations but middle economic families are in between of them. Therefore, requires
social support system at least on community level.
Conclusions: The results indicated the essential and benefitting role of the available social support to family
caregivers in lessening the impact of burden of stress imposed on them. The facilities available on community level
will definitely be readily available and family caregivers can be motivated to provide care to their elderly and can
look at the bright side of caregiving.
Keywords: Caregivers, Caregiver burden, Dependent Elderly, Social Support.
Natural ennemies of Cinara maghrebica (Mimeur, 1936) (Hemiptera : Aphididae) on Pinus

halepensis ( Miller, 1768) in Algeria
Leila Bourouba and Malik Laamari
ABSTRACT
Purpose: This study was performed between 2019 and 2020 with the aim of identifying naturel enemies of Cinara
maghrebica (Mimeur, 1936) in pinaceae (especially Pinus halepensis Miller, 1768) forests.
Methods: Specimens were collected from 3 areas in khenchela Regional Forest (Algerian East) with different
average between 987-1006 m. Samples of the young branches taken twice a month and put in plastic bags were
brought to the laboratory, examined with stereomicroscope.
Results: Nineteen species of predatory insects that blong to the family of Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Syrphidae
and Braconidae especially parasitoid Pauesia silana ( Tremblay, 1969).
Conclusion: The study showed that this parasitoid (Pauesia silana Tremblay, 1969) multiplies particularly on Pinus
halepensis. The presence of abundant naturel enemies in this area could explain the low amount damge caused by
this aphid.
Keywords: Pinus halepensis, Cinara maghrebica, natural enemies, Algeria.
Tea Waste Processing For Utilization Of Livestock Feed

Kartik Tomar, Deepak Singh, Karunesh Dubey and Parmoad Kumar Madhesiya
Department of Animal Husbandry, College of Agriculture Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and
Technology, Meerut (250110) [Uttar Pradesh]
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Tea is a widely cultivated shrub (Camellia sinensis of the family Theaceae) native to China, northern
India, and south eastern Asia and having glossy green leaves and fragrant white flowers. India is 2nd largest producer
of tea and generates 25 thousands tons of tea waste per year. The chief tea producing states are Assam, Himachal
Pradesh and West Bengal. Tea may be classified according to its method of manufacture such as black tea, green
tea, oolong, white tea. Today the huge demand of milk and meat with increasing population and deficit in feed and
fodders then the use of the non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) like TEA WASTE. The animal fodder that
allows the transformation of tea waste into animal food by increasing the digestibility and the nutritional value.
Green tea extract and tea seed saponin can be used as feed additive with beneficial effects. Tea waste can prove an
efficient and economic non conventional feed source to tide over the deficiencies in nutrient availability.
Methods: Waste segregation refers to the separation of wet waste and dry waste, the purpose is to recycle dry waste
easily and to use wet waste as compost. Tea waste processing are of two ways i.e. green waste & dry waste tea
processing. Green tea extract is prepared from green tea brewed with ethanol then filtered, extract collected by
evaporating the solvent. Tea grounds refer to residue left after extraction from leaves by hot water to make tea.
Mainly includes tea seed meals (cake, pellet, powder) and tea seed saponin. After extraction of oil from seed the
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residues are collected and made to tea seed meal. Saponin content of tea seed meal vary between 13.1 and 21.1%.
Tea seed saponin are classified as dried and powdered tea seeds were defatted with hexane in a percolator at room
temperature. After concentrated under reduced pressure, the percolate was suspended in 70 % methanol.
Results: The animal fodder that allows the transformation of tea waste into animal food by increasing the
digestibility and the nutritional value. Green tea extract can be used as feed additive in very small quantity in animal
feed. Tea saponin supplementation in the diet improved growth and nutrient utilization in ruminants. The Green tea
waste (silage) can be used up to 20% in animal feed without any detrimental effects. Tea seed meals can be added
up to 5% in animal diet. Green tea extract and tea seed saponin can be used as feed additive with beneficial effects.
Tea waste can prove an efficient and economic non conventional feed source to tide over the deficiencies in nutrient
availability.
Conclusions: It is concluded that tea waste and saponin supplementation in the diet improved growth and nutrient
utilization in ruminants. So, it is beneficial to growth and development of ruminant livestock.
Keywords: Tea waste, Green & Dry waste tea processing and Livestock feed
Effect of Tillage practices and Pendimethalin on Soil Biological Properties and its
Dissipation Kinetics in an Acid Inceptisol under Subtropical Region
K. Mahanta*1, J.Deka1 D.J.Rajkhowa2, H.Verma2, S. Dutta1 And G.G.Kandali1
1
Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam – 785013, India
2
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Nagaland, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: India is the fourth largest oilseed economy in the world. Among the seven edible oilseeds cultivated in
India, Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) ranks second after soybean and contributed 23.94% and 24.65% in
country’s total oilseed acreage and production, respectively during 2014-15.The crop is mainly cultivated in poor soil
under rain fed with poor management practices. There is need for enhancing the productivity of the crop as the
productivity in India is quite low compared to many countries. The low productivity of mustard is due to several
factors of which moisture stress and weed infestation in the early stages are some of the important factors. Globally,
increased emphasis has been put on conservation agriculture in view of sustainable use of resources and as adaptive
options to climate change. Tillage practices largely influence the soil physico-chemical and biological properties.
Minimum tillage along with crop residue retention may be an option for conserving soil moisture, enhancing soil
organic carbon, higher microbial and enzyme activities which in turn may improve mustard productivity. Weed is
one of the major constraints for realizing higher productivity of mustard. Unchecked weed cause 25-45 per cent yield
reduction depending on the type of weed flora and their intensity, stage, nature and duration of crop-weed
competition. The use of herbicide is gaining popularity among the farmers as it provides economic and efficient
weed control. However, environmental impacts of herbicide used are often questioned particularly on soil enzyme
activities and dissipation pattern. Pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl) 3, 4-dimethyl-2, 6-dinitro aniline], a pre-
emergence herbicide is commonly used by the farmers for weed control in mustard. It is a non-ionic dinitro aniline
herbicide used for the selective control of grassy and broad leaf weeds in a variety of crops. However, limited
informations are available on the effect of Pendimethalin on microbial biomass carbon (MBC), soil enzyme
activities and its dissipation pattern particularly under minimum tillage. Therefore, the present study was designed to
elucidate the effects of Pendimethalin on MBC, soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass carbon in mustard
crop under rice – mustard- sesbania sequence, which can provide better understanding of the possible response of
soil microorganisms to the herbicide.
Methodology:The present study was carried out in instructional cum research farm, Assam Agricultural University,
Jorhat, Assam, India during four consecutive years from 2016-2020. The GPS location of the experimental field was
at 26o44‘N and 94o12‘E and at an altitude of 91.0 m above mean sea level. The site received average total annual
rainfall 2124 mm with subtropical climate.The soil textural class of the experimental plot was Aeric Endoaquept
with sandy clay loam texture. The soil was acidic with pH 5.41, organic carbon 6.8 g kg -1and CEC 6.18 cmol(p+)/kg
with initial MBC, soil β- glucosidase and urease activity were 231.25 μg g-1 soil, 145.22 μg p-nitrophenol g-1 soil h-1
and 210.72 μg NH4 g-1 soil 2h-1 respectively. The experiment consisted of five treatments as - [T1- Conventional
Tillage (CT) + Transplanted rice (TR) followed by (fb) Mustard (CT), T 2 – CT + TR + Pretilachlor fb Mustard,
[Minimum Tillage (MT) + Pendimethalin],T3 - CT+ DSR (Direct seeded Rice) + Pretilachlor fb mustard (CT +
Pendimethalin),T4- MT + DSR + Pretilachlor fb mustard (MT + Pendimethalin + Residue retention), T 5 - MT+ DSR
+ Pretilachlor + Residue retention (RT) fb mustard (MT + Pendimethalin + RT), was arranged in a randomized
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block design replicated thrice. The Indian mustard variety “NRCHB-101” was grownas rabi crop. The pre
emergence herbicide Pendimethalin was applied at recommended dose (750g ha -1) with spray volume of 450 l ha-1.
Observations on MBC and soil enzyme activities were made on the 5 thmustard crop during 2020. Estimation of
biological properties and Pendimethalin residue in soil was done by collecting treatment wise soil samples (0-15 cm)
at 0 (within 4 hours of herbicide application), 3, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60,75 and 90 DAA (days after application) of
Pendimethalin and finally at crop harvest. Each soil samples were divided into two parts. One part of the samples
were stored in deep freeze (-320C) for the study of microbial activities and the other part of the samples were
processed and stored in polythene bags for detection of Pendimethalin residue in soil by following standard
protocols. MBC, β- glucosidase activity and Urease activity were determined by following standard protocols.
Results: Effect on Soil Biological Properties
The study revealed that Pendimethalin application showed significant influence on soil microbial activities (Fig.A).
The microbial activities were significantly higher under MT compared to CT due to higher accumulation of organic
C and N in surface soils (Bhaduri et al. 2017). MBC, soil β- glucosidase and urease activity showed a transitory
declining trend up to 15 DAA, there after increased till 60 DAA. Significantly higher and lower MBC (384.95 µg C
g-1 dry soil and 273.36 µg C g-1 dry soil), β- glucosidase activity (123.38 µg p-nitrophenol g-1 dry soil 2hr-1 and
103.46 µg p-nitrophenol g-1 dry soil 2hr-1) and urease activity (244.54 μg NH4 g soil-1 2h-1 and 215.58 μg NH4 g soil-
1
2h-1) was observed at 60 DAA in treatment T5 (MT + Pendimethalin + residue retention) and T 3(CT +
Pendimethalin) respectively. Being biologically active compounds, pendimethalin may adversely affect soil
microorganisms and their activity (Latha and Gopal, 2010) during initial application. The recovery of the enzyme
activities and microbial biomass carbon towards harvesting might be due to the growth of microbial population and
increased adaptation to the existing environment or the increased availability of nutrients after complete degradation
of herbicides (Ismail et al., 1998). Application of organic sources was able to provide sufficient nutrition for
proliferation for microbes and their activities in terms of soil enzyme activity.
Dissipation of Pendimethalin
Half-life of Pendimethalin (Table 1) varies with the type of tillage practices. Minimum tillage resulted in shorter
half lives (12.73 – 17.52 days) compared to the conventional tillage practices (26.43days). The lowest half-life
value was recorded under MT with residue retention .The higher microbial activity under MT with residue
retention might have resulted in faster degradation of Pendimethalin. Higher half life period of Pendimethalin under CT
is attributed to the bounding of pendimethalin to soil organic matter and reduced loss from soil besides it’s
immobility in soil.
Conclusion: From the study, it can be concluded that MT along with crop residue retention enhances the enzyme
activities and microbial biomass carbon compared CT. There was transitory inhibitory effect on MBC, β-
glucosidase and urease activity with Pendimethalin application up to 15 DAA which regained and increased till 60
DAA. The dissipation of Pendimethalin was faster under MT than CT. The Pendimethalin at 750g/ha can safely be
used for weed control in Indian mustard for effective control of weeds.
130 330
Urease activity(μg NH+4 g soi-12h-1)
nitrophenol g-1 dry soil 2hr-1)
120 310
β-glucosidase activity (µg p-
110 290
T1
100 270
90 T2 250 T1
80 230 T2
70 T3 210 T3
T4
60 190
T4 T5
50 170
40 T5 150
0 DAA
3 DAA
7 DAA
14 DAA
30 DAA
45 DAA
60 DAA
0 DAA
3 DAA
7 DAA
15 DAA
30 DAA
45 DAA
60 DAA
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400
Mcrobial biomass Carbon

350 T1
300
(μg g soil-1)
T2
250
200 T3
150
100 T4
0 DAA3 DAA7 DAA 15 30 45 60
DAA DAA DAA DAA T5
Fig.A: Soil microbial activity in Mustard crop as affected by tillage and pendimethalin
Light and Pheromone traps: Their role in monitoring abundance of Holotrichia seticollis
Moser (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North Western, Indian Himalayas
Nutan, A. R. N. S. Subbanna, Amit Paschapur, Johnson Stanley, Ila Bisht
Purpose: Holotrichia seticollis Moser (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is one of the predominant and notorious white
grub species in hill agro-ecosystem of north-western Indian Himalayan region. Both, the grubs (rhizophagous) and
adults (phytophagous) cause damage to commercial crops such as potato, ginger, rice and sugarcane. Considering
the economic importance of H. seticollis, a simple and efficient means for monitoring the adult population is
necessary, as it would yield correct and perfect timing for planning an effective management strategy.
Methods: In present study, light trap (VL white grub beetle trap; IN 290170) and pheromone trap (methoxybenzene,
CH3OC6H5) were compared for their relative efficacy and importance in monitoring the populations of H. seticollis
at Experimental farm, ICAR- Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anushandhan Sansthan (29.63º N, 79.63º E and 1250 m
above mean sea level), Hawalbagh, Almora from 20 th to 33rd standard meteorological weeks of 2020-2021. A
specific synthetic attractant i.e., anisole (methoxybenzene) was used as lure to attract and trap males of H. seticollis.
The traps were operated between 7:00 pm to 6:00 am daily and catches in both the traps were recorded on daily
basis and the trap catch data were converted to log10 (n+1) and subjected to statistical analysis to evaluate the
correlation between weekly catches of H. seticollis in light trap and pheromone trap.
Results: Both light and pheromone trap catches revealed that the emergence of H. seticollis started during second
fortnight of May and continued till first fortnight of August, during both years (2020-21). However, catches in the
pheromone trap were observed 2 weeks before that of light trap catches, when the H. seticollis population in the crop
field was supposed to be very low. The second fortnight of June was recorded as the peak period for the emergence
of H. seticollis. Although, light traps have been primarily used for monitoring the diversity and abundance of scarab
beetles worldwide, because of their advantages in attracting both male and female insects, but the results from the
present study indicate that species specific pheromone traps are more effective in monitoring H. seticollis population
as 4,012 and 3,054 beetles were trapped in 2020 and 2021, respectively in pheromone traps while only 51 and 37
beetles were trapped in light trap during 2020 and 2021, respectively, thus resulting in wrong assumption. Although,
light traps can be used for monitoring the presence of H. seticollis in a location but pheromone traps suit the most
for assessing the abundance in a particular area. Moreover, the pheromone traps with synthetic attractant (anisole)
constitute an effective tool for surveillance and monitoring adult H. seticollis populations with higher specificity and
even at low pest population densities than a light trap.
Conclusion :In conclusion, pheromone traps could be used as an efficient tool for predicting the abundance of H.
seticollis in a given locality and thus assist in planning and designing timely pest control strategies.
Key words: Scarabaeidae, White grub management, Light trap, Pheromone trap, Holotrichia seticollis, Pest
abundance.
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Weed management in yellow sarson under conservation agriculture based direct seeded
rice - yellow sarsoon - greengram cropping system
1
Department of Agronomy,Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan,731236
Purpose:Conservation agriculture (CA) is a viable alternate which is suitable for today's limited natural resources
and changing climate. That's why it is becoming a common approach in rainfed areas for water and soil
conservation. In CA, problem of weeds can be controlled by both manual weeding and/or by the use of herbicide.
However, labour is becoming expensive and is rarely available at the critical time of weeding. To control weeds,
herbicides are being extensively used in CA, but there is not a single herbicide that can be applied for several types
of weeds present in agricultural fields. Hence, technique of integrated weed management is highly desirable to
enhance sustainability of CA. Integrated approaches must be considered and optimized to have proper weed control
in conservation agriculture. Keeping this in view, the present experiment was conducted to study the effect of tillage
and weed management practices on weed growth and productivity of yellow sarson under conservation agriculture
based DSR-yellow sarson- greengram cropping system.
Methods:A long term experiment on weed management in a conservation agriculture based direct seeded rice
(DSR)-yellow sarson- greengram cropping system was initiated in 2015. The present experiment was conducted as
5th year cropping cycle during 2019-20 at Agriculture Farm, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal. The
experiment was laid out in a strip plot design with three replications. Four tillage practices comprising of
conventional tillage (CT) (DSR) — CT (yellow sarson) — CT (greengram), CT (DSR) — zero tillage (ZT) (yellow
sarson) — ZT (greengram), ZT (DSR) — ZT (yellow sarson) — ZT (greengram), ZT + residue (R) (DSR) — ZT +
R (yellow sarson) — ZT + R (greengram) were allocated to the horizontal strip and three weed management
practices, viz. recommended herbicides (RH) (pendimethalin at 1.0 kg/ha followed by bispyribac-sodium at 25 g/ha
in direct-seeded rice, pendimethalin at 0.75 kg/ha each in yellow sarson and greengram), Recommended herbicides
+ hand weeding (HW) at 35 days after sowing (DAS), Unweeded control were assigned to the vertical strip.
Results: Results revealed that conservation tillage (i.e.zero tillage + residue) along with recommended herbicide
(RH) (pendimethalin at 0.75 kg/ha)+ one hand weeding (HW) recorded the lowest values of total weed density and
dry weight at 45 DAS. Conservation tillage (Zero tillage + residue) along with recommended herbicide (RH)
(pendimethalin at 0.75 kg/ha) + one hand weeding (HW) also registered the highest value of seed yield of 1687
kg/ha in 2019-20. Conservation tillage i.e zero tillage along with residue retention resulted in 76.76% increase in
yield of yellow sarson as compared to conventional tillage. It was also observed that seed yield of yellow sarson
under unweeded control with conservation tillage was significantly higher than conventional tillage with
recommended herbicide.
Conclusion :Thus, after 5th cycle of cropping it may be concluded that, conservation tillage with recommended
herbicides alone in yellow sarson may be advocated for effective weed management, higher productivity of yellow
sarson in conservation agriculture based direct seeded rice - yellow sarsoon - greengram cropping system in lateritic
belt of West Bengal.
Key words: Yellow sarson, residue, conservation agriculture, weed management and pendimethalin
Effect of polythene mulching on moisture conservation, weed control, yield and economics
of tomato
S.Sreenivasulu1, P.S.Sudhakar2, V.Divya3, T.Ramu Kumar4, J.V.Prasad5, Y.G.Prasad6 and J.V.N.S.
Prasad7
1
Rashtriya Seva Samithi – Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vanasthali, Karakambadi Post, Renigunta mandal, Chittoor dt,
517520, A.P., India
Purpose:Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is the most consumed vegetable in the world. Water is being a limited
resource, its efficient and effective utilization through viable irrigation management is essential for tomato crop to
attain sustainable yields. Weeds are one of the constraints that competes for space, light, water and nutrients with
tomato crop and causes yield reduction. Polythene mulching has been emerged as potential management approach to
maintain favorable soil moisture and to control or suppress weeds in tomato crop.
Methods:Rashtriya Seva Samithi (RASS) – Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) has conducted thirty three demonstrations
on ‘Moisture conservation and weed control in tomato using polythene mulching’ in Chittecherla and Deendarlapalli
villages of Chinnagottigallu mandal, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh under National Innovations on Climate
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Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project from 2015-16 to 2019-20 with an objective of soil moisture conservation and
weed control during crop growing period thereby to improve productivity.
Results:The five years data revealed that 26.2 irrigations were given to farmers practice (without polythene mulch),
whereas it was only 17.6 in the demonstration (with polythene mulch). Weed density was low under polythene
mulch condition (37.94 per m2) in tomato than without mulch (59.52 per m2). Polythene mulching with drip
irrigation in tomato significantly increased the number of fruits per plant (32.9) and individual fruit weight
(72.83gm) there by higher fruit yield (65676kg/ha) as compared to the farmers practice (53324 kg/ha). The gross
returns (Rs.387736/- per ha), net returns (Rs.222169/- per ha) and BC ratio (2.45) were more in the case of
polythene mulched tomato when compared to without polythene mulch.
Conclusion :It can be concluded that the use of polythene mulch along with drip irrigation was significantly
increased the growth, yield and economic parameters in tomato by conserving soil moisture, effective nutrient
uptake and suppressed weed growth.
Key words: Tomato, Polythene mulch, Weed, Drip irrigation, NICRA, Gross returns, BC Ratio
Phyto-nutritional and medicinal values of tree leaves and potentiality as alternate

roughages for dairy animalsin Mizoram, India
Rajat Buragohain
1
Department of Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry Central Agricultural
University (Imphal) Aizawl-796014, Mizoram, India
Purpose: Dairy farming,being the 2nd most preferred animal husbandry activity next to piggery, supports livelihood
to nearly 50% of the rural population in Mizoram, India. Under intensive rearing, dairy animals are fed commercial
concentrates or mixture of home-grown grains and by-products with various unconventional grasses/shrubs and tree
leaves. Tree foliages plays significant role in meeting the roughage needs of the dairy animals.
Methods: Surveys were conducted on 120 dairy farmers of three rural development blocks of Mizoram, namely
Tlangnuam, Thingsulthiah and Aibawk. Feeding practices of dairy animals were assessed and samples of tree
foliages fed to dairy animals were collected following standard procedures. Analysis of phytonutrients and anti-
oxidant properties of the tree leaves were assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively as per different standard
methods of analysis.
Results: Forty different tree foliages were identified which were fed with local grasses and concentrate mixtures to
the dairy animals. Twenty tree foliages were observed to be evergreen out of the forty identified. Study revealed
utilization of tree leaves for different common ailments of gastrointestinal tract, skin lesions, kidney disease etc. by
rural communities besides extensively utilizing as the main roughages for dairy animals throughout the year.
Screening for phytonutrients revealed presence of polyphenols (4.30±0.79 to 61.55±3.91%) in 33 species,
flavonoids (0.05±0.00 to 178.48±0.83 mg RE/g) in 25 species, all for terpenoids, 22 for saponins (10.07±0.33 to
112.50±2.15 mg DE/g), 13 for alkaloids (0.18±0.01 to 7.28±0.01 mg/g) and few treespecies for glycosides, quinone,
phlobatannins and reducing sugar. Analysis of aqueous extracts of tree leaves showed significant antioxidant
properties in terms of Fe (III) to Fe (II)reducing activity and ascorbate-Fe (III) catalysed phosphor-lipid
peroxidation.Utilization of tree leaves were observed to be based on experiences and local knowledge of Mizo
communities without any scientific basis.
Conclusion :The study created database on various aspects of tree foliages commonly fed to dairy animals in
Mizoram, India and their chemical propertiesfor optimum utilization towards meeting the forage demands of the
dairy animals and warrants scientific propagation and conservation of all the promising tree species for cost-
effective feeding in the days to come.
Key words: Tree foliage, dairy animals, phytochemicals, antioxidant, feeding value.
Assessment of genetic variation in fenugreek genotypesunder different salinity regimes.

Bhuri Singh and Vivechana Rajpoot
1
Department of Basic Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar 326 023
Purpose:Fenugreek is a grown in arid and semi-arid areas of the world. Majority of areas are facing salinity
problems and these situation remains prevalent in most of the area during crop growth season. The salinity potential
in many of the fenugreek growing areas prompted to conduct the present study which will help in understanding the
effects of salt stress on plant growth in fenugreek.
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Method:Ten genotypes of fenugreek wereevaluated in laboratory under three levels of salinity. The salinity levels
were 0.0%, 0.50% and 0.75% NaCl, created by adding 2.5 g and 3.75 g NaCl in 500 ml of double distilled water,
respectively. Hundred seeds of each genotype were sown in two petri dishes containing fifty seeds each. These petri
dishes were prepared for each genotype and replicated thrice.The temperature and humidity maintained in
germinator chamber was 20±5ºC and 90±5ºC, respectively.The experiment was terminated on the 12 th day and
observation were recorded on germination percentage, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root
and seedling vigour index. The data on dry weight of shoot and root were recorded after drying them in hot air oven
at 65ºC for 48 hours.
Result:The genotypes exhibited significant difference in all the salinity levels for all the characters under study.
Pooled analysis of variance indicated significant differences among genotypes, salinity levels as well as the
interactions between genotype × salinity levels, indicating differential response of genotypes to salinity for all the
characters.A wide range of variability was observed for all the characters. The mean values of all the characters
varied along the salinity gradient. The value was maximum in the control that is in the absence of salt stress and was
minimum at the highest salinity level for majority of characters.The reduction in mean value was more in shoot
length, root length, fresh weight of shoot and root, dry weight of shoot and root and seedling vigour index. The
reduction was less in 0.5% NaCl and was found more in 0.75% NaCl.Correlation coefficient analysis revealed that
seedling vigour index is positively correlated with seed germination, shoot length, root length, ratio of shoot length
to root length, ratio of fresh weight of shoot to fresh weight of root, dry weight of shoot, dry weight of root and ratio
of dry weight of shoot to dry weight of root.
Conclusion:Based upon the performance rank of genotypes over different salinity levels, the genotype Nagaur
Local was found to be most desirable followed by RMt-351and RMt-305.Genotypes Nagaur Local, RMt-351 and
RMt-305 could be exploited directly for seedling establishment in salt affected area with desirableyield.
Key words: Fenugreek, Genetic, NaCl, Salinity, Variability
BIOREMEDIATION OF SALT AFFECTED SOILS USING HALOPHILES

Divya Chadha1, Vikas Sharma2
*1,2
Division of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry, SKUAST-J Chatha Jammu (J&K), 180009,INDIA
Purpose: Soil health is one of the key factors for efficient agricultural production. Increased demand for agriculture
commodities generates incentives to convert forests and grasslands to farm fields and pastures which results in
increase in soil erosion. In addition to erosion, soil health and quality is affected by other aspects of agriculture.
Among the soil degradation problems, salt-affected soil is one of the serious problems under arid and semi-arid
lands. Soil degradation through salinity or sodicity is universal concern. The problem of salinity and sodicity in
India is becoming more serious and is a matter of concern because of alarming increase in the area in the country
under these soils. The reclamation of these soils requires additional agricultural inputs and practices like
amendments, water and infrastructure for drainage, which is costly and resource consuming. One of the cheapest
approach for reclaiming the salt affected soils is the use of microorganisms in the form of different formulations. A
good quality formulation promotes survival of bacteria maintaining available population that are sufficient to exude
growth promoting effects on plants. But the microbial strains available as biofertilizers for different crops do not
perform effectively under salt stress and their activity decreases when used in salt affected soils due to osmolysis.
Salt stress is responsible for obliteration of the microbial communities and carbon cycling in the soil.To overcome
this, attempts have been made to develop bioformulation based on halophiles, that can replace regular biofertilizer
applications in salt affected soils. Halophiles are salt-loving organisms that inhabit hypersaline environments.
Halophilic bacteria have the ability to produce compatible solutes, especially glycine, betaines, and ectoines, which
may be used as stress protectants against high salinity, thermal denaturation, desiccation and freezing as well as
stabilizers of enzymes, nucleic acids, membranes and whole cells. They can produce enzymes that have optimal
activity at high salinity. The use of halophilic bacteria in the recovery of saline soils is based on the hypothesis that
microbial activities in saline soil may favour the growth of plants under salt stress. The application of salt tolerant
plant growth promoting bacteria (Halophiles) include overcoming of ill effects of salt affected soils by directly
supporting the growth of vegetation thus enhancing crop yields. These bioformulations play a greater role with salt
tolerant varieties and further improve the crop produce and soil fertility.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of application of microbial formulations on soil biological properties.
Method: The experiment was conducted at the Division of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir
University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chatha, Jammu (J&K).A pot-culture study was set up with
Factorial Completely Randomized Design with three replications to test influence on soil biological properties using
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four halophilic bacterial bioformulations. Two factors were taken viz., Soil types and Biofertilizers (halophilic
bioformulations). Under soils, two types were taken i.e. normal rice growing soils and sodic soils. Five levels of 27
bioformulations were also taken. These levels were control (B0), Inoculation with Halo-Azo (B1), Inoculation with
Halo-PSB (B2), Halo-Zinc inoculation (B3) and Inoculation with consortium of bioformulations (Halo-Azo+Halo-
PSB+Halo-Zinc) (B4). There were a total of ten treatment combinations with 3 replications taking the number of
pots to 30. The experiment consists of 150 seedlings of rice variety PR 113. Twenty-one days old seedling were
selected. In each pot 5 plants are transplanted. Proper cultural practices were given to the plants during the entire
course of study.
SOIL BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS:
1.Microbial biomass carbon: Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was determined using the chloroform fumigation
extraction methods.
2 Dehydrogenase enzyme activity: Dehydrogenase activity was determined by monitoring the rate of production of
triphenyl formazan (TPF) from tri-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC).
3.Phosphatase activity (PA): The method of determination of phosphatase activity in soils involves colorimetric
estimation of the p-nitrophenol released by phosphomonoesterases activity.
4.Microbial Count: The serial dilution and plating techniques was employed for isolation and identification of
viable bacteria count.
Result: The mean microbial biomass carbon was significantly higher in normal soil (113.8 µg g-1) as compared to
sodic soil (84.8 µg g-1). The highest soil microbial biomass carbon values in normal soil may be due to the highest
counts of soil microbes and their activities, also high availability of organic carbon, nutrients, optimum moisture and
aeration (Doran et al., 2006).Both dehydrogenase activity and phosphatase activity was affected by the type of soil
and application of halophilic formulations.In normal soils, only the dehydrogenase activity was significantly
affected by application of bioformulations, while a visual rise was observed from phosphatase data which was not
statistical higher than control.Arora et al. (2016) observed that with the inoculation of halophilic consortia,
dehydrogenase activity was increased (16.8 µg TPF g -1hr-1) as compared to control (12.4 µg TPF g -1 hr-1).Microbial
count for both bacteria and fungi was significantly higher in normal soils as compared to sodic soils, as evident from
overall mean values. The reduced and/or altered microbial activities in saline and sodic soils are likely either due to
direct toxic effects of salts on microbial communities.
Conclusion:Halotolerant strains of bio-fertilizers viz. Halo-azospirillium, Halo-phosphorus solubilizing bacteria,
Halo-zinc and Halo-mix (combination of all three) were found to be effective in sodic soils.Application of multi-
strain bacterial growth consortia could be an effective approach and need to be further explored.
REFERENCES:
Arora, S., Singh, Y.P., Singh, A.P., Mishra, V.K. and Sharma, D.K. (2016). Effect of organic and inorganic
amendments in combination with Halophilic bacteria on productivity of Rice Wheat in sodic soils. ICAR-Central
Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Dilkusha, 31(3): 165-170.
Doran, J.W., Adviento-Borbe, M.A.A. and Drijber, R.A. (2006). Soil electrical conductivity and water content
affects nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions in managed soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35: 1999-
2010.
Genetic polymorphism in leptin gene and leptin gene receptor and their association to
obesity in population of Jammu, J&K
Isar Sharma, Nisha Kapoor*
1
School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K)
Purpose: Obesity has become a global threat to mankind and is contributing to many diseases. With increase in
socioeconomic development, obesity is also growing every year. Obesity is a condition that is controlled by many
factors, and genetics playing a very important role in disease outcome. So, we intend to explore the association of
SNPs in leptin gene and its receptor with obesity in population of Jammu region.
Methods: It has been observed that not all individuals suffering from obesity are prone to these comorbidities. The
Adult Treatment Panel-III (ATP-III) categorizes obesity into metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and
metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUHO). Patients falling under MUHO are predisposed to high risk of
complications like cardiovascular etc whereas MHO patients are not. Both MUHO and MHO obesity have
difference in their etiologies and treatments. We have categorized obese individuals into MUHO and MHO group.
Blood/saliva was collected for DNA isolation and DNA was subjected to SNP detection in the leptin gene and its
receptor by sanger sequencing or TaqMan assay.
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Results: Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue and regulates food intake, metabolism, and various other physiological
functions. Leptin is encoded by LEP gene and exerts its biological actions by binding to its receptor, leptin receptor.
The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in LEP (2548 G/A
(rs7799039) and 3’ UTR A/C (rs11761556) and two SNPs in LEPR rs1137101 (Gln223Arg) and rs1137100
(Arg109Lys) and their association with Leptin level and obesity. We recruited 169 non-obese (body mass index
[BMI] = 24.51-3.69 kg/m2) and 160 obese (BMI = 36-4.78 kg/m2) patients. For genotyping, we are doing sanger’s
sequencing and Leptin level was measured by ELISA. Linkage disequilibrium and possible Haplotypes for the given
SNPs and statistical analyses will be performed after getting the genotyping results.
Conclusions: In conclusion, this study is very important to determine the association of LEP and LEPR gene
polymorphism with obesity in the study population. Also, when combined in haplotypes, a synergic effect will be
observed in Leptin levels and obesity risk. It will show the role of LEP (2548 G/A (rs7799039) and 30 UTR A/C
(rs11761556) and two SNPs in LEPR rs1137101 (Gln223Arg) and rs1137100 (Arg109Lys) polymorphism to be
associated with Leptin concentration in MHO and MUHO groups of the study population.
Key words: Leptin, Leptin receptor, obesity, polymorphism
Effect of plant growth regulators and chemicals on yield and economics parameters of acid
lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) cv. Vikram.
Vikas Mandloi,
1
K.V.K. Gwalior and Devendra Vishvkarma, SRF, College of Agriculture, Indore, RVSKVV, Gwalior.
Purpose: Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) is the 3rd important fruit crop after Mango and Banana. It is
commonly called as Nimbu. It is the member of family Rutaceae and has chromosome no. 2n=18. The present study
was therefore undertaken to investigate the effect of combinations of plant growth regulators viz., GA3 and Cycocel,
chemicals viz., KNO3 and Thiourea on flowering and fruiting patterns of acid lime.
Methods:The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 11 treatments replicated thrice.
A total of 33 acid lime plants spaced at 3X3 m2 were selected for the studyThe citrus variety was used in the
experiment “Vikram”. A total of 33 acid lime plants spaced at 3X3 m 2 were selected for the study.
Results:The present investigation was carried out at Experimental area, College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.)
during 2018-19 and 2019-20. T10 (GA3 60 ppm + Cycocel 2000 ppm +Thiourea 2%) was found to be significantly
superior to rest of the treatments under study but was reported to be at par with T 9 (GA3 60 ppm + Cycocel 2000
ppm + Thiourea 1%) for all the parameters like Number of fruits per shoot (39.25, 39.91 and 39.58), Number of
fruits per tree (974.00, 970.33 and 972.17), Average fruit weight (37.92, 36.95 and 37.44 g), Yield per Plant (36.94,
35.86 and 36.40 kg), Yield per ha (410.29, 398.37 and 404.39 q) during first, second and pooled year respectively
and as well as B: C ratio of 4.86 for better yield of successive crop.
Conclusions: Yield parameters like number of fruits per shoot, per tree, average fruit weight, and yield per tree and
per hectare were affected significantly by various treatments. Among the treatments, T10 (GA3 60 ppm + Cycocel
2000 ppm +Thiourea 2%) was found to be significantly superior to rest of the treatments under study. It was
however followed closely by T9 (GA360 ppm + Cycocel 2000 ppm + Thiourea 1%). T10 (GA3 60 ppm + Cycocel
2000 ppm +Thiourea 2%) gave the maximum cost: Benefit ratio.
Keyword :- Acid lime, PGR’s, Chemicals, Yield parameters, Economics parameters, Vikram etc.
ENRICHED VERMICOMPOST PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Ajmul Hasan1Kushal Sachan2, Anshul Saxena3
1
Department of Agronomy, IARI, New Delhi, India
2
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, CSAUA&T, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India,208002
3
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology
and Sciences, Prayagraj(U.P),211007
Purpose: The enriched vermicompost production technology that means, when there is a need to increase food and
production to meet the demand of the growing populations, how we can enhance for improve the quality of the
organic manures, so that they can meet the nutrient requirement of the crop by applying it in less quantity.
Methods:For enrichment of nitrogen, we can use cakes like groundnut,mustard cakes (7.3%N) etc. Rock
phosphate,basic slag (17-20%P2O5) phosphorus. Sylvite, tobacco stem, babool wood can be added being the
composting process for potassium enrichment.Use of microorganism like Bacillus firmus for potash releasing
bacteria.
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Results:Enriched vermicompost contain high nutrient status than conventional vermicompost production.Enriched
vermicompost contains 1.4-1.5%totalN,2.9-3.5%P2O5,2.8-3.5%K,7-8%total Ca, Mg1.5-2.3% total Mg.Urease
enzyme activity and acid phosphatase also increases in enriched vermicompost.
Conclusions: By adding enrich material, nutrient content of vermicompost increases, so less amount to be needed to
apply to crops to full fill their nutrient requirement. Vermicompost help in increasing SOC, aggregates, WHC,
restore fertility. Help in waste management, crop residue management.
Keywords:Composting, Phosphatase and Vermicompost
INTEGRATED PLANT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT: TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURE
Kushal Sachan1*, RavindraSachan, Ankit Yadav
1
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, CSAUA&T, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India,208002
Purpose: Integrated plant nutrient management deals with the combined application of mineral fertilizers and
organic manures to meet the nutritional requirement of crops. The adverse effects of the long-term application of
mineral fertilizers on crop productivity and sustainability of crop production can be avoided by following integrated
plant nutrient management.
Methods:In IPNM we include the use of FYM, Fertilizer, crop residues and farm waste, green manure,
vermicompost,biofertilizer crop rotation etc. In different proportion to crop to fulfiltheirnutrient need for better
growth and yield.
Results:As a result,the organic and inorganic fertilizers in combination with biofertilizers is not only used as a
source of nutrients but also can be used as soil amendment to improve the soil organic carbon (SOC) content,
aggregate stability, and moisture-retention capacity [Garai&Datta 2014].[Brady&Weil 2005] reported that 100 kg of
dry soil that contains 1% organic matter can hold 30 kg of water, whereas soil with 5% organic matter can hold
195 kg of water. Which improves soil structure, aggregates and water use efficiency of soil.
Conclusions:Production is integrated into environmental, building, healthy landscapes. Maximum conservation for
soil water quality. Help in restore soil fertility and nutritional value of crops Also help to increase income of farmer
by applying organic source of fertilizerlike residues and farm waste as a source of nutrient for plant
Keywords:Amendment, Landscapes, Organic matter,Vermicompost.
Mutagenesis of Green pea (Pisum sativum L.) and the isolation of mutants for various
traits and earliness in Gwalior region of Madhya Pradesh
Akash Barela*, Shivangi Rahangdale, Surbhi Pachori, Sunny Thakur, Karishma Behra, Praveen
Singh
Purpose: Green pea is a legume species with recognized tolerance to several diseases and pathogen thus important
for the improvement of related major legume crops. We aim to identify unique mutant among green pea, of
quantitative character as well as morphological character.
Methods:A green pea worldwide collection of different characters for protein as well as sweetness in green pea and
those charactrs was characterized under controlled conditions for response to. It is treated with Gamma radiations
using Cobalt 60 at BARC, Mumbai to generate earliness in green pea.
Results:Pea mutants for unique characters have been obtained by treating seeds with gamma radiations followed by
2 screening procedures. In one, mutants found to high branching, or with higher number of pods were obtained,
whilst in the other 4 sickle shaped pod mutants with 5 times more pods than cv. Frisson and expressing a character
of bunchy pods were discovered. All mutations are under the control of single recessive genes also known as point
mutation.
Biochemical experiments showed the leaf pigmentation and phenotypes are associated with the pods in the
respective genotypes and that phenotype is associated with the earliness in those genotype.
Conclusions:The identified mutats here can be exploited in grass pea breeding for future prospectus, and due to pod
yield and earliness to pea, potentially contribute to pea improvement.
Key words: A contextual sentence about your motivation behind your topic, A descriptive statement about the
types of literature used in the review, Summarize your findings, Conclusion(s) based upon your findings
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Antifungal Efficacy of Ocimum-based essential oils against some important seed-borne

fungal pathogens
Priyanshu Ranjan1, Amit Yadav1, Raj Kiran2*, BR Meena2, Pardeep Kumar2, Jameel Akhtar2, A
Raina3 and V Celia Chalam2
1
Department of Plant Protection, Choudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut (UP), INDIA
2
Division of Plant Quarantine, 3Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic
Resources, New Delhi, INDIA
Purpose: In order to find out environment friendly substitute of heath hazardous fungicide, a comparative study was
conducted to determine antifungal efficacy of essential oils derived from Ocimum species.
Methods:For evaluation of antifungal activity, 10 accessions of Ocimum sp. were selected (IC589191, IC589199,
IC589222, IC599299, IC599325, IC599326, IC599334, IC599345, IC599351 and IC626384) against some
important phytopathogenic fungi, namely Bipolaris oryzae (Bo), Botryodiplodia theobromae (Bt), Colletotrichum
capsici (Cc), C. gloeosporioides (Cg), Diaporthe helianthi (Dh), D. phaseolorum (Dp), Fusarium verticillioides
(Fv), Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp) and Phoma sorghina (Ps) using disc diffusion method. The crude essential
oils were evaluated and inhibition per cent of mycelial growth of the pathogens were computed.
Results:Results revealed that all the 10 essential oils derived from Ocimum sp. were effective against only two
pathogens, B. theobromae and P. sorghina showing more than 50 per cent growth inhibition. None of the oils were
found effective against D. helianthi, F. verticillioides and M. phaseolina as growth inhibition was less than 50 per
cent. Among Ocimum accessions, IC589191 was most effective as it showed potentiality of mycelial growth
inhibition against most of the pathogens i.e. Cc (65.6%), Bo (64.4%), Bt (61.0%), Ps (60.5%), Dp (55.7%) and Cg
(52.2%) followed by IC626384, IC599345 and IC599326 which was found effective against Bo, Bt, Dp and Ps with
growth inhibition of more than 50 per cent.
Conclusions:Our observations have shown promising antifungal activity of essential oil derived from Ocimum sp.
Because of restriction or ban on use of common fungicides, Ocimum-derived essential oils could be an effective
alternative for management of seed-borne fungal pathogen by further enhancing their low fungitoxicity.
Key words: Antifungal efficacy, Essential oil, Seed borne fungal pathogen, Ocimum sp.
Promotion of microbes based technology for improved crop production among weaker
section of society
AsthaTiwari,Renu*,RajanSingh, Ashish Kumar Vishwakarma, Amit Kumar Yadav, KhanMohd.
Sarim, Awadesh Kumar Yadav, Adarsh Kumar, Pawan Kumar Sharma, & Anil K.Saxena
1
Project Assistant (DST SCSP project), ICAR-NBAIM;
Purpose: Purpose of this study todisseminate microbe–fortified compost production technology standardized in
house, among the rural and weaker section of society at Mau and Azamgarh districts.The high-value organic farm-
input production using microbial bioconversion processes and its applications in the farmers’ field for the production
of high value crops especially commercial crops like vegetables, fruits, flowers and organic crops are eco-friendly
options for farming as well as agro waste management.Microbes are better alternative for low input ecofriendly
technologies in farming system.
Methods:In these district >20 villages based on the population of weaker section (SC community) have been
selected and promotional activities were performed among the farmers.In addition to this, bioformulation singly or
in combinations already tested at ICAR-NBAIM experimental farm were popularized in several villages of Mau
through front line demonstrations (FLDs).In 2020-21 and 2021-2022 eight FLDs were conducted on wheat,
rice,brinjal demonstrating the organic practice including g application of microbial formulation with Bio-
NPK,Trichoderma as well as compost with reduced chemical fertilizer practices. Besides,this 14 scientist
representing 9 KVKs of eastern U.P were made award of fortified compost production technology for better
dissemination among farmers. Representatives from 12 NGOs from Mau, Azamgarh and Gazipur,1 SHGs,and 2
FPO representatives from Azamgarh were trained in the interventions to straighten the entire value chain the
organised efforts have resulted in adoption of composting technology by 13 SC farmers from Mau and 2 farmers
from Azamgarh
Results:Thirteen training and demonstration programs have been conducted in the Pipridhih, Kahinaur, Patila,
Kajha, Khargajepur villages of Mau, and at KVK Azamgarh for farmers of more than 12 villages. A total of 1813
farmers have been disseminated with the microbe-fortified compost production technology among rural population
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out of which 627 were women and 75 migrants. Promotion to use microbial inoculants for increasing compost
quality was done and the microbe based bioformulation were provided during the training cum demonstration
programs for free of cost along with technical bulletin in Hindi language. In microbes treated plant farmers not only
obtained the crop yield equivalent to growth in plant treated with 100% FP, but interestingly also achieved
approximately 5-8% increase in crop yield and economic outcome as well.The compost production by the farmers
till now is ranging between 5-21 quintals. The beneficiary farmers at present are using the compost produced by
them in their own field ( field size in which compost application done ranging from 0.4 to 2 acre) and have reduced
chemical fertilizer inputs gaining economic benefit ranging from Rs 1000 – Rs 8000/- per application. Besides this
till date at least 10 women SHG group have included composting as one of the activities.
Conclusions:Microbes based technology is an effective way to improved crop production and sustainable
agriculture as well. Bioforulation used in present study exhibited higher crop yield as compared to traditional
farmers practice. It helps to reduce consumption of chemical fertilizers which ultimately improves soil health.
Higher crop yield eventually strengthen the economic status of farmers.
Key words: Microbial technology;; Compost,dissemination, rural weaker sections, Eastern Uttar Pradesh
Role of traditional galactagogues on breastmilk production and infant development

Vinutha U Muktamath* ,SunandaItagi and PriyaHegde
1
Department of Human Development and family Studies, College of Community Science University of Agricultural
Sciences, Dharwad-580005, Karnataka State.
Purpose: Historically, herbs and foods have been used as galactagogues by breastfeeding women to maintain and
increase milk supply. Breast milk production is a complex physiologic process involving physical and emotional
factors and the interaction of multiple hormones, the most important of which is believed to be
prolactin.Galactagogues (or lactagogues) are medications or other substances believed to assist initiation,
maintenance, or augmentation of maternal milk production, because low milk supply is one of the most common
reasons given for discontinuing breastfeeding, (Sjolin et.al., 1977). Both mothers and physicians in recent years have
sought medicine to address this concern. Common herbs and foods used as galactagogues are numerous and varied
which include almonds, asparagus, chicken soup, coconut, coriander, cumin, fennel, fenugreek, garlic, ginger,
lettuce, millet, mushrooms, papaya, pumpkin, rice, sesame seeds and sunflower seeds(Marasco,2008 and Nice,
2011). In India, breastfeeding is culturally well accepted but inadequately practiced due to lack of knowledge,
prevailing misconceptions and cultural taboos that significantly contribute to undesirable maternal and infant
outcomes. In view of this, the study was conducted to study the breastfeeding practices and to document the
traditional galactagogues used by lactating mothers in Northern Karnataka and its influence on maternal and child
outcomes.
Methods: The study was conducted in rural and urban areas of three districts of northern Karnatakaviz., Dharwad,
Vijayapura and Bagalkot.The sample of the study consisted of 900 Mother –infant dyads in phase-I, where
theinfants were in the age group of 3 months to 24 months and their mothers from rural as well as urban area of
northern Karnataka to study the breastfeeding practices and document the galactagogues used by mother during
lactation. Later in the phase-II, 180 infants were selected to examine the association between the use of
galactagogues and breast feeding practices, mother’s health and developmental outcomes of infants. Purposive
proportionate random sampling method was used and a differential design was used to understand the difference
between the groups. The tools used for the study included a self- structured questionnaire used to collect personal
information of mother, breast feeding practices and document the galactagogues used. Bayley’s scale of infant
development- III(2006) was administered to measure the infant development outcomes andgrowth of the infant was
assessed based on WHO growth indicators utilizing child’s weight-for-age .The infants were classified by using
corresponding Z-scores ranging from-3 to + 3 according to growth indicators
Results:The age group ofmothers ranged from 18-40 yearsand infants age ranged from 3 to 24 months wherein
majority of the infants were in the age group of 12-24 months (55.33 %).With respect to birth weight, majority were
in the normal category (88.22 %), followed by low birth weight infants (11.11 %) and only 0.67 per cent were very
low birth weight children.Distribution of infants based on category of infant feeding practices which shows 42.22
per cent infants were exclusively breast fed for first six months, 34 per cent were predominantly breast fed, 22.22
per cent were complementarily breast fed for first six months and 1.56 per cent was never fed with breast milk.The
common galactagogues used by mothers were wheat semolina, broke wheat, red rice, pulses, Alvi,garlic, methy,
dryfruits, oilseeds like sesame, groundnut and green leafy vegetables specially shepu (dilleaves) andmethy
(fenugreek). The results indicated that majority of mothers who were encouraged to use galactagogues had better
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nutritional status and no anaemia(>11 Hb level and practiced exclusive breast feeding ( 62%) and in turn the infants
of these mothers reported less incidence of illness(75.26 vs. 24.74 %). Bivariate analysis of association between
consumption of galactagogues till first five months of delivery indicated better cognitive and psychomotor
development among infants. The cognitive development was found to five times higher and psychomotor
development upto 6.5 times higher in these infants when compared to the infants whose mothers did not consume
galactagogues regularly.
Conclusions: Breastfeeding is an important woman's issue, human rights issue,health issue and feminist issue.
Breastfeeding empowers women. Itprovides optimum nutrition to the infant. The study suggests that thematernal
galactagogue supplementation seemsto be useful for promoting and increasing breast milk production in early
postnatal days and lactating mothers with complaints ofinsufficient milk may be advised to take the galactagogues
like fenugreek, alvi, green leafy vegetables, dry fruits, etc., which have scientific evidence as a routine practice.
However, use of any galactagogue should never replace lactation evaluation and counselling. Close follow-up of
both mother and baby is essential even in instances of galactagogue support.
References
Marasco,L,2008., Inside track: increasing yourmilk supply with galactagogues. J HumLact.24:455-456.
Nice, J. F., 2011, Common Herbs and Foods Used as Galactagogues. Childhood.Obsesity and Nutrition .3(3):129-
132.
Sjolin,S.,Hofvander,Y., Hillervik, C., 1977., Factors Related to Early termination of Breastfeeding: A study on
breastfeeding the preterm infant: a randomized trial. J Obstet Gynecol.,105:383-389.
SCREENING OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES FOR EFFECTIVE SYMBIOSIS WITH

INDIGENOUS RHIZOBIUM Spp.
Shanti* and Diptimayee Dash
1
Department of Agricultural Microbiology Indira Gandhi KrishiVishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 492012 (C.G.), India
Purpose: Soybean has potential to combat protein malnutrition in developing countries like India. New cultivars of
soybean are being developed continuously. It is therefore important to screen these cultivars to determine their
performance in terms of yield and adaptation to different ecologies. The yield of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)
can be alleviated by developing promising genotypes for efficient symbiosis. The present experiment is being
undertaken in order to understand nodulation ability of different soybean cultivars,as well as their symbiotic
effectiveness to select excellent strains of indigenous Rhizobium for possible future use as commercial inoculants in
Chhattisgarh. A field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi KrishiVishwavidyalaya,
Raipur with the aim of screening of soybean germplasm for effective symbiotic association with indigenous
Rhizobium sp. in order to identify potential genotypes for subsequent breeding work focusing on promiscuous
effective nodulation.
Methods:Eighteen soybean varieties grown in the Research field of College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi
KrishiVishwavidyalaya were evaluated during kharif2019-20 on the basis of measured traits like biomass
accumulation; nodulation, leghaemoglobin content and symbiotic performance of soybean genotypes. This study
was conducted in College of Agriculture, Raipur located at 210 16’N latitude and 810 36’E longitude, at an average
elevation of 298.58 meters above the mean sea level (MSL). Total of eighteen (18) Soybean varieties were chosen
for screening study from the Soybean field. The replicated soybean varieties were collected randomly at 50 %
flowering stage from the Research field of College of Agriculture, Raipur and taken from the field to the laboratory
for the isolation of Rhizobium from nodules. The eighteen different soybean rhizobia isolates from 18 soybean
varieties were taken as treatments. Biochemical characterizations were carried out for different soybean rhizobia.
The soybean plant plants were carefully uprooted from each plot so that no nodules were left in the soil and tagged.
The nodules were separated from the roots for nodulation studies. The quantification of leghaemoglobin was done
by the procedure described by Wilson and Reisenauer (1963). The growth parameter study, shoot and root biomass
accumulation were recorded (Solaiman and Hossain, 2006).
Results: Biochemical studies of indigenous soybean rhizobia isolates and microbial activities in Soybean
rhizosphere soils, it is seen that SRh-1( isolated from Var. NRCSL 1) , SRh-03 (RSC 11-03) , SRh-18 (RKS 18) ,
SRh-137 (NRC 137) and SRh-136 (NRC 136 ) were promising indigenous Rhizobium isolates. This type of study
was also reported by (Deka et.al., 2006). Screening of indigenous strains as per local Chhattisgarh agro-climatic
condition is being significant and can be used as bio-inoculants in Soybean crop cultivation for enhancing the
productivity. Significant differences in the number of nodules, effective nodules, fresh and dry weight of nodules
were observed among genotypes. A highly positive correlation was shown between dry weight of nodules and
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nodule number. Ten of the 18 genotypes were highly responsive to Rhizobium sp., with over 50 nodules per plant,
over 80 mg dry weight of nodules. A highly positive correlation was shown between dry weight of nodules and
nodule number. The maximum nodule dry weight was recorded from the soybean cultivar NRCSL 1 (230mg plant -
1
) followed by RSC 11-03 (221mgplant-1). The maximum shoot dry weight was recorded from the soybean cultivar
NRCSL 1 (16.79g/plant) followed by RSC 11-03 (16.35g/plant). The highest leghaemoglobin content was recorded
in the variety NRCSL 1 (1.77mg/g fresh weight of nodules) followed by RSC 11-03 (1.64mg/g fresh weight of
nodules). Similar such reports on symbiotic performances of N2-fi xing plants was given by (Shivananda, et.al.;
2011)
Conclusions: This study proposed the five soybean genotypes NRCSL1, RSC 11-03, RKS 18, NRC 137, NRC 136
as potential genotypes over other varieties for effective symbiosis with indigenous rhizobia.
REFERENCES
1. Deka, A.K. and Azad, P., 2006. Isolation of rhizobium strains: cultural and biochemical characteristics. Legume
Research- An International Journal, 29(3), pp.209-212.
2. Shivananda T. N., Rudraswamy, P., Viswanath, R.S., Viswanath, D. P., Siddaramappa, R., Field evaluation of
soybean (Glycine max) genotypes for root nodulation, biomass accumulation and seed yield in different soils, Indian
J. Agri. Sci. (2000) 70 (8): 534-535.

(SpinaciaoleraceaL.)
Khan Mohd. Sarim1, Renu1*, Baljeet Kaur2, Upasana Sahu1, Manish S. Bhoyar3 andAnil Kumar
Saxena1
1
ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, MaunathBhanjan 275 101, India
2
3
CSRI-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P., India
Purpose: In last few decades the geogenic activities added a large quantity of arsenic in aquifer system. The prolong
intake of Arsenic (As) contaminated water may cause arsenicosis, and serious impact on skin, lung, kidney, and
even coronary heart disease. Management of arsenic through physico-chemical methods isefficient but cost
effective. On the other hand, microbial removal of arsenic is a sustainable approach. Hence, the goal of present
study was to identify arsenic-resistant bacterial strains and to assess their ability to tolerate arsenic ions from
polluted soil and water.
Methods: Polluted water samples were collected from Nag river (21’14°N longitude 79°20’E latitude),
Maharashtra, and analysed for their physico-chemical properties. Bacterial isolates obtained from samples were
tested for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against arsenite and arsenate. Highest As tolerating strain was
selected, identified and evaluated for multiple metal and antibiotic tolerance, and plant growth promoting (PGP)
attributes. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM) and Fourier-transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies were carried out with selected bacterial strains in absence and presence of As
(25ppm). Mechanism underlying for As tolerance were studied by screening using various metabolising gene
primers. Ability of As tolerating strains for the mitigation of As stress in heavy metal hyper accumulating plant,
spinach was studied in pot.
Results: A bacterium isolated from Nag River, Madhya Pradesh, India, exhibited high arsenic tolerance (1100 mg L-
1
)and even multiple metal resistance, identified as Bacillus mycoides NR5. The bacterium was also found to possess
plant growth-promoting attributes like P solubilization, siderophores, ammonia and nitrate reduction, and antibiotic
tolerance as well. SEM results indicated that under As stress the bacterial cells were swollen and large in size that
suggests the possibility of intracellular accumulation of heavy metal. It is further confirmed in TEM where NR5
cells showed surface deposition as well as accumulation of arsenic in inner membrane. In addition to this FTIR
spectra of control and As treated NR5 also strengthen the observation of surface As biosorption and described that
a strong peak at 3379.0 corresponds to amine which indicates the interaction of the metal with cell surface protein.
Upon further validation at molecular level, the amplification of arsenic tolerant genes, arsenic reductase (ars1, amlt)
in NR5 suggests that in addition to biosorption and accumulationit also possesses ability to transform As(III) to
As(V) at extracellular level. B. mycoidesNR5 ability to alleviating As stressarsenic uptake in spinach was also
evaluated and found that arsenic at 50ppm concentration in soil showed inhibitory effect and delayed germination
reduce shoot, root length and flowering in comparison to B.mycoides NR-5 treated plants showed early germination,
19.71 and 36.84% increase in shoot and root fresh weight, respectively, and enhanced flowering resulting in
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alleviation in As stress.In addition to this the elevated proline accumulation in As stressed plants was also lowered
down in bacterial inoculated plants.
Conclusions: B. mycoides NR5 exhibited high As tolerance. SEM, TEM, and FTIR studies the biosorptionrevealed
as primary mechanism of As tolerance along with the transformation of As (III) to As (V). Modulation of crop
plants with NR5 can help in alleviating effect of As stress and reduce the accumulation in plant parts. The finding
indicates that Bacillus mycoides NR5 equipped with PGP attributes, high As tolerance and antibiotic resistance can
be a good choice for As bioremediation in As polluted agricultural soil.
Key words: Arsenic, Heavy Metal, Biosorption, SEM, TEM, FTIR, Spinaciaoleracea
Efficacy of some biopesticides and synthetic insecticides against banana leaf and fruit
scarring beetle, Basileptasubcostatum Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
BirajKalita and IneeGogoi
Purpose: Banana is a wholesome fruit and is also known as “poor man’s apple”. It is the fifth most traded
agricultural commodity in the world and second most important fruit crop in India. It got introduced and infested
with an insect pest called leaf and fruit scarring beetle (Basileptasubcostatum), which has now become a key pest in
the whole North-Eastern region of India. It has also paved its way to places like Bihar and Odisha and is now a
national concern and threat to the banana export industry.We aim to decipher the best management practice, like the
banana bell injection, foliar application and central whorl application of insecticides and bio-pesticides at the critical
stages of the crop to curb the beetle infestation at initial stages so that the farmers can get a better price by increasing
the fruit cosmetic value.
Methods: Increase and decrease in beetle population were recorded at all the critical stages of the crop before and
after spraying and bell injection. Leaf scars were recorded from the photo synthetically important leaf along with the
records of fruit parameters. Laboratory bioassay was conducted with banana midrib dip method. Randomized Block
Design and Completely Randomised Design were used to carry out the research in field and laboratory, respectively.
Results: Among all the treatments,chlorpyriphos was the best in both field and laboratory in reducing the beetle
population and bringing cent percent mortality, respectively. Among the biopesticdes used, Metarhiziumanisopliae
proved to be best out of all three. Meteorological data showed their highest incidence during monsoon. The bud
injection method proved to be safer and competent preventive technique for reducing the percentage of blemished
fruits.
Conclusions: The present study may help in rational selection of novel insecticide molecules, microbial
andbotanical insecticides, which can be taken advantage for developing integrated pest management (IPM) program
for banana. To get solace from this pest and restrain its cryptic behavior, proper study of the beetle biology is
necessary.
Key words: banana leaf and fruit scarring beetle, field bio-efficacy, bell injection, bio-pesticides, banana midrib dip
method.
Identification of potential sunflower growing districts in India

BhumireddyChandhana1*, G.D.S Kumar2, R.S.Sengar3
ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030, India.
1,2
3
Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Indira GandhiKrishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh- 492012, India.
Purpose: Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) is an important oilseed crop of India. The crop has huge potential in
reducing the edible oil imports. There was phenomenal growth in sunflower area, when the crop was introduced
during 1970’s and by 2002-03, it had gone up to 1.63 million ha. There after the area continuously declined. It is
important to identify the potential districts suitable for revival of the crop in India.RYI and RSI were estimated and
16 districts were identified as most efficient, 99 as efficient, 21 as moderately efficient and 45 as inefficient. In the
second step, the current area under sunflower was superimposed with RSI and RYI values and a total of 24 districts
were identified for increasing the area and production of sunflower in India and the concerted efforts should be
made for each of the identified district either for area expansion or productivity enhancement. India is one of the
major oilseed producing country in the world, it is very alarming that India is also a major importer of vegetable oil
to the tune of nearly Rs.70,000 crores every year. India is able to cater only 40% of its domestic oil consumption and
the remaining is being imported owing to increasing demand. Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) is a versatile crop
grown globally. The share of sunflower crop to the global oilseed production is 8.87 %. In India, sunflower
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contributes to a meagre 0.7 % of total oilseed production in India. Being a short duration crop, sunflower has huge
potential for increasing area and production of oilseeds in India. The crop was introduced in India with huge hopes
during 1970’s and the area continuously increased up to 1.63 million ha during 2002-03 and the trend reversed from
2005-06 and area drastically declined thereafter. The current area is around 2.28 lakh ha area with a production of
2.12 lakh tonnes. (Indiastatagri: https://www.indiastatagri.com/, 2019-20). The important sunflower growing states
are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana and West Bengal. In order to revive the crop, it is
important to identify the potential districts suitable for its cultivation. Hence, the objective of the present paper was
to identify the potential districts for increasing the area, production and productivity of sunflower in India.
Methods:For identifying efficient districts, Relative Yield Index (RYI) and Relative Spread Index (RSI) were
estimated based on the methodology of Kanwar (1972). The district-wise secondary data related to area and
productivity and total cultivable area of sunflower in major states (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Telangana, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh) were collected for
the period, 2014-15 to 2018-19 from the respective states (Directorate of Economics and Statistics, 2014-19). The
following formulae were used for estimation of RSI and RYI values.
Area of the particular crop expressed as % of total cultivable area in the district
RSI=- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x100
Area of that crop expressed as % to the total cultivable area in the country
Mean yield of a particular crop in a district

RYI= -------------------------------------------------------------- x100
Mean yield of that particular crop in the country
The RSI and RYI values for all the districtsof 10 major sunflower growing states were estimated based on five year
data of area, production and yield. The districts were grouped into four categories based on the following
criteria.RSI and RYI values of >250 &>125 for most efficient sunflower cropping districts, <250 &>125 for
efficient sunflowercropping districts, >250 &<125 for moderately efficient sunflowercropping districts and <250
&<125 for inefficient sunflowercropping districts were considered, respectively.Ramamurthyetal., (2018) indicated
that the RSI and RYI values of 125 and Naidu et al.,(2015)had taken RSI and RYI values of 90for categorization of
efficient cropping zones.In order to have focussed and mission mode approach, RSI and RYI values of 250 and 125,
respectively were considered in our study.
Results: By estimating the RYI and RSI values, 16 districts were identified as most efficient, 99 districts as
efficient, 21 districts as moderately efficient and 45 districts as inefficient for sunflower cultivation.Based on the
area under sunflower during 2019-20, the districts were categorized into two group’sviz., districts with >5000 ha
area were identified for productivity improvement and the districts with >1000 ha were identified for area
expansion. The low efficient districts can be ignored as the possibility for area expansion and yield improvement
were very low.
Accordingly, the number of districts identified werefive, eight and two under most efficient, moderate efficient and
inefficient, respectively under districts with>1000 ha area under sunflower. Two and ninedistricts were identified as
most efficient and moderatelyefficient, respectivelyunder districts with > 5000 ha of sunflower area. The identified
districts were mutually exclusive.The districts under low efficient districts were ignored as the possibility for area
expansion and yield improvement were very low. A total of 24 districts were identified for increasing the area and
production of sunflower in India and concerted efforts should be made for each of the identified district either for
area expansion or productivity enhancement.
Districts for Productivity Enhancement

State /District RSI RYI Area (ha)
Karnataka/Bagalkot 3552 94 39917
Karnataka/Koppal 4785 70 27762
Karnataka/Gadag 3677 52 14690
Karnataka/Bellary 1785 103 13688
Maharastra/ Solapur 690 49 13610
Karnataka/Belgaum 793 100 12142
Karnataka/Bijapur 1802 77 8994
Karnataka/Gulburga 1347 75 7472
West Bengal/24 Paraganas South 591 150 6490
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Haryana /Kurukshetra 1041 361 6220
Karnataka/Chamarajanagar 2788 68 6028
Districts for Area Expansion
Andhra Pradesh/ Kadapa 1051 163 4112
Karnataka/Raichur 2206 76 3990
Karnataka/Haveri 453 113 3876
Telangana /Nizamabad 352 195 3282
Haryana /Ambala 750 251 2840
Uttar Pradesh /Kannauj 263 184 2121
Punjab / Fatehgarh sahib 571 245 2000
TamilNadu /Thoothukudi 685 69 1813
Karnataka/Chikmagalur 489 78 1716
TamilNadu /Virudhunagar 834 107 1674
Bihar /Madhepura 989 186 1330
Maharastra /Osmanabad 1178 46 1210
Karnataka/Chitradurga 1167 73 1083
Table: Districts identified for productivity enhancement and area expansion in sunflower
The strategies to be adopted for productivity enhancement in the identified districts were improving the seed
replacement ratio, promoting use of high yielding hybrids, promoting micro-irrigation, optimum use of INM, IPM
and IDM strategies, technology assemblage and its large scale demonstration.
The strategies to be adopted for area expansion in the identified districtswere intensive cluster demonstrations by the
KVKs, agricultural department and NGOs, timely access to quality seed and other inputs for the farmers by the seed
producing agencies and research institutes, promoting remunerativesunflower based intercropping systems, ensuring
assured remunerative prices by market forces and achieving convergence in transfer of technologies.
Conclusions:The study identified around 24 districts for either area expansion or productivity improvement of
sunflower in India. Convergence and concerted efforts are required based on the category of the district for
promotion of sunflower.
REFERENCES
Kanwar J.S (1972). Cropping patterns, scope and concept, In Proceedings of the Symposiumon Cropping Pattern in
India, ICAR, New Delhi, 11–38.
Naidu, L. G. K., Dharumarajan, S., Lalitha, M., Vasundhara, R., Ramammurthy, V., Reddy, O. and Varaprasad, K.
S. (2015). Identification and delineation of potential castor growing areas in different agro-eco sub regions of India.
J. Oilseeds Res., 32(1): 39-48.
Ramamurthy, V., Chattaraj, S., Singh, S.K. and Yadav, R.P. (2018). Identification of potential areas for crops.
Current science, 115(5): 955-961.
IMPROVING THE LIVELIHOOD OF RESOURCE POOR LIVESTOCK PRODUCERS

BY ALLEVIATING FODDER SCARCITY
Ahmad Fahim*, Nazim Ali, R.A. Siddiqui, Rajbir Singh and Amit Kumar
1
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Tech. – Meerut
Purpose: Continuous supply of good quality feed and fodder is essential requirement for optimum livestock
production. The three major sources of forage supply to the livestock are crop residues, cultivated fodder and fodder
from common property resources like forests, permanent pastures and grazing land. The forage production and its
utilization depend on the cropping pattern, climate, socio-economic conditions and type of livestock. At present, the
country faces a net deficit of 35.66 % green fodder, 10.95 % dry fodder and 44% concentrate feed ingredients to
feed the overall livestock population (IGFRI Vision 2050). India shares 20% of the livestock population of the world
covering 2.3% geographical area. The supply and demand situation of feed and fodder indicate that what all efforts
we make, is impossible to bring dairy development into a dairy of vision. To make a dairy more sustainable and
more profitable, this fodder deficit need to be filled in near future. Increasing productivity, utilizing untapped feed
resources, harnessing the wastelands, quality control and certification of forage seeds, strengthening the fodder
markets and active involvement of extension services are some of the possible means that could bring valuable
change in this sector. An organized effort in this direction is therefore required to enhance the availability of fodder
which could reduce dependency of farmers upon expensive concentrate feed, thus, reducing the cost of milk and
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meat production. This will also bring security and sustainability to livestock producers and keepers in dairy and
allied activities.
Key words: Crop residue, Fodder production, Livestock, Livelihood
Livestock sector plays a major role in rural livelihood and employment since centuries. The dependence
on livestock, with special reference to small and marginal farmers generates an additional income to
fulfill the house-hold needs as well as the needs of the local market. This sector provides the best
compensation for the remaining man days, when the farmers are virtually unemployed. Fact and figures
highlight that small and marginal farmers own nearly 80% of total land holdings and control more than
half of country’s cattle and buffalo population and two-thirds of small animals and poultry population.
There share has been increasing over few decades, up to a tune of about 10% in land holding and 10-25%
in different livestock species. However, we are not able to achieve the set target of production for which
our animals have been praised throughout the world in terms of performance. The reasons may be many,
but one main issue which can be focused is non-availability of adequate and quality feed and fodder in
different parts of country. Also there are regional and seasonal variations in fodder production and availability
throughout the country.
Milk production scenario of country
India has been praised as the world’s largest milk producing country with a total milk output of 187.7 million tonnes
from various organized and unorganized sectors comprising about 22% of the global milk production (GOI, 2019).
The demand of milk and milk products is likely to grow further driven by more consumers, higher incomes and
greater interest in nutrition. In urban areas, there are significant number of consumers who procure processed and
packaged milk and milk products in daily life. The existing annual growth rate in milk production in fiscal year 2019
was over 6.47 percent which has been consistent, despite dips in growth rates in fiscal years 2014 and 2015 (Statista,
2019). Ohlan, 2014 while analyzing the annual growth rate in milk production, has reported that the dairy market in
major milk producing countries is still very thin and volatile. Globally, it is predicted that future trends will fall short
in fulfilling the actual demand of the nations in the next ten years. The main reason behind this can be attributed
primarily due to increasing population pressure, reluctance of present generation to take dairy and related activities
as means of employment, increase in the purchasing power due to raised level of income, etc (Rejeshwaran et al,
2014).
Annual growth rate
6.37 6.62 6.47

6.27 6.28
5.09 5.01
3.97
3.52
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Fiscal year
Fig 1: Annual growth rate in milk production in India

In International market, some of the milk exporting countries like Australia and New Zealand are the key players in
exporting the milk in different countries. India too has potential to grab the opportunity of supplying milk and milk
products in developing countries like China, South Korea, Singapore, Srilanka and several other Asian countries.
The buoyant markets and trade liberalization will generate the necessity of another white revolution in India to
begin. However, for tapping the economic benefits of growing demand of milk and milk products in national and
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international market we need to be more quality conscious in addition to developing infrastructures for production of
hygienic value added dairy products.
Fodder production scenario of country
Fodder encompasses wide group of plant species that are raised to feed the livestock. At present, the country faces a
net deficit of 35.66 % green fodder, 10.95 % dry fodder and 44% concentrate feed ingredients to feed the overall
livestock population (IGFRI Vision 2050). India assists 20% of the livestock population of the world covering 2.3%
geographical area. The supply and demand situation of feed and fodder indicate that what all efforts we make, is
impossible to bring dairy development into a dairy of vision. To make a dairy more sustainable and more profitable,
this fodder deficit need to be filled in near future. Increasing productivity, utilizing untapped feed resources,
increasing land area (may not possible due to human pressure for food crops) or through imports may be some of the
possible means to meet the current level of livestock production and its annual growth in population. The crop
residues and availability of concentrate feed depend on the food crop production system and since the overall food
crop production in the country has shown significant improvement, the area remains addressed. However, in recent
years, with crop diversification and change in cropping pattern, there is likelihood of stagnation in traditional cereal
crop production which is estimated to be at the tune of 30 million tonnes per year. In order to meet the feed
requirements there is a need to improve productivity of these cereals. The common property resources (CPRs) is
important source of livelihood and income for poor people in all the states. CPRs contribute and allow considerable
access to all users, but not all the sections of the rural community are equally attracted by these potentials and
opportunities.
The next important issue is quality of feed and fodder. Most of the fodder crops are deficient in CP and TDN (Dutta,
2013). The under quality feed and fodder is not able to exploit the genetic worth of animals in true sense and we are
getting low productivity from the same animal which is performing tremendously in countries where they are
exported. Over the recent years, the population of indigenous cattle especially males and to some extent low
producing females have declined with a corresponding increase in crossbred and buffalo population. The production
system under such situation demands improved technical inputs which increases the demand of green forage based
rations for exploiting their genetic potential. Hence, the fodder supply needs to grow proportionately to the
increasing level of commercial dairy enterprises.
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Green fodder
Supply (million tonnes) Demand (million tonnes)
954.8 1012.7
851.3 911.6
816.8 761.7 826
687.7
525.5 590.4
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year
Dry fodder
Supply (million tonnes) Demand (million tonnes)
594.9 631
530.5 568.1 524.4 547.7
508.9 467.6 500
453.2
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year
Fig 2: Supply and demand scenario of forages and roughages till 2050 (in million tonnes)
(Source: Based on Vision document 2050, IGFRI)
Role of women
In India, animal husbandry being largely shared by the small and marginal farmers, have poor resource base.
Women, through their invisible works are helping in making this sector more viable. Although, their contributions
are not considered as part of economic activity, their role cannot be neglected. Women usually face a double work
day. Besides fulfilling the normal routine works and domestic responsibilities at home, they also take care of the
livestock in all forms like, chaffing of the fodder, timely feeding, milking, hygiene maintenance and other related
activities. Most of the women workers are found in the informal sector in the category of self employed, generally in
agriculture, animal husbandry, dairy and other low earning household based activities. Casual workers also employ a
large number of women workers. Low wages, least stability and security are the common feature of work for women
in the work place.
Strategies to meet out the deficiencies:
Always, there is a competition of land in terms of its utilization. The production of fodder and crops are mutually
antagonistic. The growing demand of human beings for food, fiber and shelter has increased the gap between supply
and demands of animal needs. Also day by day, there is depletion of ground water. Under these circumstances, to
ensure the supply of fodder round the year, it is necessary to focus on certain issues that need to be addressed based
on available resource situations. These can be discussed as under: Increasing the productivity of available land under
fodder cultivation
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Improve the efficiency of fodder utilization Fodder crops in wastelands Distribution of quality and certified forage
seeds
Developing and strengthening the fodder markets Active involvement of extension services
Increasing the productivity of available land under fodder cultivation
The share of small and marginal farmers in land holdings is 83% (Chand et al, 2011). They have a very limited
knowledge of fodder production and utilization. There may be several reasons like unawareness of suitable forage
crops to suit the local agro-climatic conditions, non-availability of good quality certified seeds, lack of knowledge
about cultivation practices, lack of opportunities for forage utilization, etc., contributing to the poor response to
forage production. In addition to it, the frequent seasonal variations over a region, problematic soils, soil fertility,
moisture level in the soil, inadequate facilities may still lead reduced fodder yield. The farmers are cultivating only
few important fodder crops like sorghum, maize, lucerne, berseem etc. to feed their livestock in limited amounts.
They are either not aware or not willing to take other forage crops, which have special advantages under adverse
agro-climatic conditions. The resource poor farmers often cultivate forage on low productive soils and have very
limited means of soil amendment. They should be prepared to boost their yield by applying low cost input measures
like compost, vermi-compost and other categories of bio-fertilizers.
Improve the efficiency of fodder utilization:
a) Plant varietal selection and demonstration: Presently, almost about 54% of the fodder needs of the Indian
livestock are met from various crop residues (Hegde, 2010). Still, no serious efforts are presently made to either
increase the yield or quality of this fodder. The plant breeders and agronomists targeted release of high yielding
varieties by reducing the plant height, leaf biomass and stalk yield. The policy although marked a new chapter in
green revolution of the country to fill every belly, it failed to address the needs of the animals. The farmers were
ready to adopt these varieties just for getting the better returns. The situation became more worse as these crop
residues were purchased at lower rates and utilized in industrial purposes or other such uses rather than feeding the
animals. However, couple of years back, with the development of dairy husbandry particularly in urban and peri-
urban areas as a commercial enterprise, crop residues are again gaining the importance. With such demand, farmers
have started shifting back to the old varieties with higher stalk yield. This has now set a new mandate in the field of
breeding and selection of plant varieties, in order to develop a variety which have higher fodder quality and yield,
without any significant reduction in the grain yield. The plant breeders as well as agronomists now focus on
popularizing the food-fodder based production system in the farmers community rather than sole cereal or millets or
pulses based production system. Various efforts have been initiated at central and state level with a joint mandate of
selection of new genotypes and varieties of food crops having high forage value without reduction in food grain
yield. This collaborative approach further needs to be popularized among the farmers demonstrating the added
benefits in farm as well as field level.
While breeding and selection of these varieties, major consideration should also be given to their ability to tolerate
drought situations, shade resistance and harsh soil conditions instead of simply judging on the basis of their yield
performance only. Seed production of elite genotypes should also be taken up on a large scale to meet the demand.
b) Timely harvest and post-harvest management: Timely harvesting of fodder crops and proper post harvest
techniques are a must to improve the efficiency of fodder utilization. In addition, proper storage conditions
maintains the quality of produce and minimize wastage. Harvesting of fodder crops at 50% flowering stage is
considered optimum for direct feeding of livestock as the nutritive value is comparatively high at this stage. Later,
the stalks may become fibrous with a poor nutritive value in addition to more generation of methane be the
ruminants
Similarly, the crop residue should undergo suitable treatments before feeding to livestock so as to improve
utilization efficiency. There are various methods of treating the crop residues to improve its nutritional value. It has
been reported that even chaffing of stalk before feeding, can reduce the emission of methane by 10% while saving
the wastage by 25-30%. Further treatment of crop residues by way of soaking in water and treating with steam
under pressure, can also improve the nutritive value and palatability. There are other methods like urea treatment in
addition to molasses and physico-chemical methods like urea ammonisation, by storing the urea treated straw in
anaerobic condition which can further improve the quality. The fodder production and utilization may become more
remunerative if we adopt certain techniques that help in reducing the bulk and keeping the quality better through
extended shelf life. Also, it will act as a buffer during the period when there is fodder scarcity. Some of the most
proven techniques include baling and densification of crop residues, making complete feed block, preparing feed
pellets, leaf meal technology, etc. Such techniques are extremely helpful in easy storage and transport of the feed
material and providing to the animals during lean periods. It is also necessary to set up fodder banks in fodder
surplus areas and process into various value added products either directly or in addition to concentrates and
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minerals. Such products can also be easily transported to different parts of the country which are facing fodder
shortage. Hence fodder banks established in fodder surplus areas need to keep a watch and look out for
opportunities to supply to regions facing seasonal shortage, which are unpredictable and not location-specific.
Fodder crops in wastelands
Facts and figures on land utilization pattern indicate that there are large stretches of wastelands, marginally
productive lands and denuded community lands present in our country. These underutilized lands are not only lying
idle but are also accelerating soil erosion, surface run off of rain water and hosting a wide range of pests and
diseases. As per land use statistics 2016-17, it is estimated that out of 328.73 million ha of countries’ geographical
area, over 100 million ha are presently underutilized. These lands include over 25-30 million ha of degraded forest
lands, 45-50 million ha of agricultural lands unsuitable of crop production, 9-10 million ha sodic wastelands while
the rest are ravines, pasture lands and revenue wastelands. Development of these lands by introducing various non-
traditional fodder crops and trees will not only ensure enhanced supply of superior quality forage but also help in
conserving the natural resources and recharging ground water, while improving the bio-diversity. Many such hardy
grasses and legumes like Stylo, Seratro, Hedge lucerne, Sehima, Cenchrus, Lasiurus etc. can be grown on
wastelands without irrigation. Such fodder and tree species can also be established on field bunds and along the farm
boundaries.
a) Utilization of community lands: Community grazing land are mostly culturable waste and part of fallow land
that are used legally for free grazing. There is dearth of information about community grazing lands in India. Also it
is not identified specifically in land use statistics published by Government of India. Pandeya, 1988 reported that
generally all the other categories of lands except the cropped areas are legally or illegally used for free grazing as
and when opportunity arises. In some states like, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Meghalaya, Nagaland,
Arunachal Pradesh, Orissa etc., forest areas are also utilized for grazing with very nominal user fees applied.
Reports from various sources confirm that primary productivity of these community lands in Asian subcontinent is
as low as 0.5 t/ha/yr in the desert area to as high as 16 t/ha/yr in warm grasslands (Pandey and Singh, 1988; Deb Roy
1995, Pathak and Roy, 1994, Katewa 1994). In addition to this low average of productivity, the unscientific,
uncontrolled grazing of these lands beyond their carrying capacity has converted the natural pastures into barren
masses. Such lands can be developed under silvi-pastoral approach involving the efforts of local people and local
bodies. The major activities include the establishment of live hedges, gully plugging, contour bunding, sowing of
forage seeds such as Cenchrus setigirus (Dhaman grass) and Stylosanthus hemata (Stylo) before the onset of
monsoon. Saplings of Lucaena, Acacia and Prosopis (Khejdi) can be planted on field bunds. The stray grazing by
the animals should be prohibited. This will result into a sufficient grass cover in few days yielding 25-40% increase
in dry matter per ha. The grasses could be harvested time to time for feeding the livestock round the year. Apart
from it, animals will avail the opportunity for judicious grazing over these lands sparing the seeds to mature. This
will also help in improving the biodiversity and microclimate of the region.
b) Developing the wastelands: The agroforestry and the agri-horti-forestry approach in developing wastelands is
another concern in alleviating the scarce situation. The poor fertile land can be rejuvenated by plantation of hardy,
drought tolerant horticultural species such as mango, cashew, custard apple, tamarind, Indian gooseberry, etc. The
bunds and borders of these plots can be used for growing fodder and fuel tree species like Subabul, Gliricidia,
Acacia, Sesbania, etc. Such species can be a potent and reliable source of fodder, particularly during summer and
monsoon, when other sources of green fodder are nearly absent. The interspace between fruit plants can be used for
either food crop production or forage production, depending on soil productivity and moisture level. In case the soil
productivity is low, farmers can prefer to grow fodder instead of growing agricultural crops and maintain some cows
or buffaloes to boost their income further.
c) Watershed development programmes: Watershed development programmes in the country can also provide an
excellent opportunity for promoting fodder production. In the watershed development programmes implemented
under various projects run by government and non-government organization in several state and districts, showed
immediate results in the form of regeneration of various native grass species on field bunds and borders. The results
were beyond anticipation both for the implementing agencies and local bodies. However, after realizing this
potential, seeds of hardy legumes were sown on field bunds, along water channels and on barren lands to enhance
forage production while promoting soil and water conservation.
4.Distribution of quality and certified forage seeds
Seed is the most critical and important input to enhance the production potential of all agricultural crops, including
fodder. The efficacy of other inputs is largely dependent on availability and timely sowing of quality seeds of
improved genetics. Therefore, an assured supply of fodder seeds of improved varieties/hybrids to farmers at a
reasonable price is crucial for enhancing fodder production. These seeds should have good germination and vigour,
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resistance to diseases and have potential to give higher yields. They should be properly treated, bagged and
labeled, should have safe levels of moisture content, be relatively free from physically damaged and
diseased seeds and also be free from seeds of other fodder varieties, crops and weeds as well as inert
material. For the commercial production of fodder crops, use of only certified and truthfully labeled seed bagged as
blue tag and opal green tag, respectively, should be used. Serious thought should also be given for developing a
forage seed distribution network, at least in selected pockets where dairy husbandry has developed as an economic
activity.
4.Developing and strengthening the fodder markets
Fodder markets are the ready markets which can supply any quantity of fodder as per the local demands. It can be a
real boon in the areas where there is frequent fodder scarcity throughout the year or even in the areas having much
of population pressure such as dairying in urban and semi-urban areas. These are particularly important for the
poorest and landless segments of communities that have very limited ability to produce their own fodder, and need
access to quality fodder at reasonable prices to be able to produce milk economically and at competitive cost. The
fodder trading can also be an important part of livelihood activity for the poor who engage in it directly or who are
employed in the fodder production chain. However, developing such markets needs a better understanding of the
various production systems, fodder demand-balance systems, the extent of impact of fodder scarcity, the status of
existing fodder market in an area, as well as other factors along the fodder market chain. Also to operationalise such
decentralised units on an economically viable scale, these can be operated by local livestock keeper groups who
have a major stake in procurement, distribution and its viability.
4.Active involvement of extension services
There should be organized set up for extension services in the country to help famers in solving the problems they
are facing. There has been a wide communication gap between the forage development programme and the farmers
who are the ultimate beneficiaries. As a result, there is no free flow of information from either side. A well
established communication network would help the forage scientists to understand the problems of the dairy farmers
and offer suitable interventions. Under existing situations, there is immediate need of extension support to
popularize farmer friendly techniques, taking due care of nutrient availability, quality and impact on animal health.
The major areas under concern are (i) improving the silage quality through improved fermentation techniques e.g.
addition of fermentable substrate, multi-species inoculants and other commercially available low cost products , (ii)
use of locally available alternate plant species and byproducts in silage making e.g., Pineapple fruit residue as
animal feed, Areca sheath for livestock feeding (iii) Complete feeds/ TMR (iv) Area specific mineral mixture
(ASMM) (v) Popularization of Azolla in farmers community (iv) Ready reckoner feed chart and technically
supported softwares for ration balancing e.g. Feed soft.
Conclusions:To match the recent population trends of India with the required trend of livestock growth, lot of work
is needed in the field of fodder production and utilization. This will have an overall impact in improving the
productivity of our animals by alleviating fodder scarcity. An organized effort is to be made to enhance the
availability of fodder utilizing scientific fodder production and linking it through proper marketing techniques. The
ultimate beneficiaries i.e. livestock producers and keepers will feel more secured in continuing the dairy and allied
activities sustainably.
References:
Chand, R., Lakshmi Prasanna, P. A. and Singh, A. 2011. Farm size and productivity: Understanding the strengths of
smallholders and improving their livelihoods, Economic and Political Weekly, 46: 26-27.
Deb Roy, R. 1995. Agroforestry – Sustainable agriculture and environment. In: Natural Resource Management for
Sustainable Agriculture and Environment (ed. B.L. Deb) Anchor Pub. (P) Ltd. New Delhi. pp. 377-386.
Dutta, D. 2013. Indian fodder management towards 2030: A case of vision or myopia. International Journal of
Management and Social Sciences Research, 2 (2): 33-41.
GOI. 2019. Department of animal husbandry, dairying and fisheries, Ministry of agriculture.
Hegde, N. G. 2010. Forage resource development in India. IGFRI Souvenir: 50-63.
Katewa, S.S. 1994. Status of grazing land of Aravalli Hills (South East Rajasthan). In: Agroforestry systems for
degraded lands (ed. Punjab Singh et al.) Oxford & IBH. Pub. Co. Ltd. New Delhi: 579-85.
Ohlan, S. 2014. Growth and instability in dairy production and trade: a global analysis. Int. J. Trade and Global
Markets, 7 (2): 145-172.
Pandey, D.D. and S.N. Singh.1988. Primary productivity of rangeland ecosystem of Bihar, India. In: Third
International Rangeland Congress (ed. Punjab Singh et al.), RMSI, Jhansi (India) 99-101.
Pandeya, S. C. 1988. Status of Indian rangeland, Presidential address.Third Intl. Rangeland Cong. 213 pp. 7-11 Nov.
New Delhi.
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Pathak, P.S. and M.M. Roy. 1994. Silvipastoral system of production. A Research Bulletin. IGFR. Inst. Jhansi, p.
55.
Rajeshwaran, S., Naik, G. and Dhas, R. A. C. 2014. Rising milk price – A cause for concern on food security. Indian
Institute of Management Bangalore, Working paper No. 472.
Statista. 2019. Annual growth rate of milk production across India from financial year 2011 to 2019. Statista
Research Department.
Mithun the lesser known animal of India

1
Manish meshram (2020-944-D) PhD Scholar
2
Dr H.M Khan profeser LPM depetment of lpm Fvsc & AH Skuast-k
3
Dr H.Hamdani Asst. profesher LPM depetment of lpm Fvsc & AH Skuast-k Division of Livestock Production &
Management SKUAST-K, Srinagar
Purpose: India at large and specifically the North-East India is the hotspot of floral and faunal biodiversity and the
habitat of a number endemic species. Of these species, Mithun (Bos frontalis) is an important one which needs
support for healthy propagation. However, due to denudation of free range along with the biotic and a biotic stress,
there is urgent need of scientific intervention for proper management as well as conservation of this beautiful hill
animal through implementing an effective conservation programme. Biotechnologies such as cryopreservation of
semen and embryos, coupled with artificial insemination and embryo transfer are important potential tools for the
preservation of animal biodiversity. Frozen semen technology offers a very potent means of in vitro conservation of
male germplasm. Mithun is a massive semi-domesticated rare ruminant species mainly reared for meat. This
strongly built hill animal of Southeast Asia plays an important role in the socio-economic and cultural life of the
local population (Simoons 1984, Mondal and Pal 1999, Mondal et al 2004, 2005a-e, 2006a-f, 2008, 2010). In India,
Mithun meat is considered to be more tender and superior over the meat of any other species. At present, Mithun
farmers rear this animal at an altitude of 1000 to 3000 meters above mean sea level under free grazing condition in
its natural habitat. Due to gradual denudation of forests (natural habitat of Mithun) and tremendous socio-economic
and cultural importance of Mithun in the life of the local tribal population, very recently initiatives are being taken
to popularise economic Mithun farming under semi-intensive condition with controlled breeding.
Scientific Classification
Chromosome No.: 29 pairs

Distribution (GLOBAL)
Mithun is believed to have originated more than 8000 years ago and considered to be descendent from wild Indian
gaur (Simoons 1984, Mondal and Pal 1999). Mithuns are found over a large area of Southeast Asia. Beside meat,
Mithuns are reared for sacrificial purposes and/or for barter trade. Their natural habitat is the forests of highlands. In
some folklore, Mithun has been said to be the descendent of the Sun. Different interesting and divergent legends are
available on the origin of Mithun among different tribes. Even today, Mithun is used as a holy sacrificial animal to
appease the Gods by the tribesman. Mithun, a unique bovine species has a limited geographical distribution. It is
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mainly found in the tropical rain forests of North Eastern hilly states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and
Mizoram of India
Status in India
Arunachal Pradesh 90.642%
Nagaland 5.986%
Manipur 2.345%
Mizoram 1.024%
J&K 0.003%
Distribution of mithun in j&k (lsc 19)
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District Population
Doda 2
Pulwama 44
Udhampur 11
Total 57
Changes in
Mithun population in major States
Strains of Mithun
As described by Verma (1996), two distinct types of Mithuns are available in India and they were named after the
name of the State where they belong (Nagami and Arunachali). These two distinctive types have also been reported
by Arora (1998). However, Bhusan et al (2000) have identified four distinct strains of Mithun and named them as
Arunachalee, Mizorami, Nagami and Manipuri strain. The names indicate their home tract in northeastern States of
India. As per the survey conducted by the National Research Centre on Mithun to identify different strains of
Mithun in North Eastern Hills of India, four different strains have been identified . Characterization of these four
different strains has been done based on 37 phenotypic characters and genetic characterization was done through
RAPD. Results were suggestive of genotypic difference among four different strains
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.
Milk composition of comparede to outher spices
Parameter (%) Mithun Cow Buffalo Goat Sheep Yak
Fat 10.2 4.4 8.0 3.5 6.0 7.2
Protein 6.7 3.4 4.5 3.1 5.4 5.3
Lactose 4.6 4.8 4.9 4.4 5.1 5.0
Total Solids 22.6 12.6 17.4 11.0 16.5 17.5
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SNF 13.4 8.2 9.4 7.5 9.5 10.3
Ash 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9
Socioeconomic importance of Mithun

This animal plays an important role in the social, cultural and economic life of the local tribal population. The
ownership of Mithun is considered to be the sign of prosperity and superiority of an individual in the society.
Farmers mainly rear Mithun for meat purpose. Besides, this animal is also used as marriage gift and sacrificial
animal for different social and cultural ceremonies. Though at present farmers do not consume its milk, this animal
produces highly nutritious milk. Being a meat animal the growth rate of Mithun is the prime concern of farmers.
With adequate feeding the growth rate of this animal varies from 300 to 600 g/ day, which is comparable with cattle
and buffalo. However, the plasma growth hormone concentration (30-90 ng/ ml) (Mondal et el 2004, 2005d,
2006a,c,d) is much higher in Mithun than in any other domesticated animals. The consumption of Mithun meat is
not a regular practice in tribal society.
These animals are sacrificed for meat only during important social ceremonies and festivals. However, there is a
great demand for Mithun meat and consumers consider this meat as more tender and superior over the meat of any
other species except pork. The dressing percentage in Mithun varies from 48 to 54 % in different age groups.
However, tom achieve an optimum dressing percentage, it is suggested to slaughter Mithuns at 4 to 5 years of age.
There is a great
scope to utilize this meat to make some value added meat products. The National Research Centre on Mithun has
already standardised the process of making some value added products of meat like meat nuggets, meat powder,
meat Patties as well as meat block. The organoleptic test conducted by the institute on these products revealed high
scoring of 6-7 in the scale of 1-8. Presently, the consumption of Mithun milk is not an accepted practice among its
rearers. Mithun produces around 1 to 1.5 kg milk per day. However, Mithun milk is nutritionally superior to any
other domesticated species as it contains high fat (8 to 13%), solid-not-fat (18 to 24%) and protein (5 to 7%). Hence,
Mithun has a scope to be promoted as moderately good milk animal for home consumption in these hilly areas. Due
to high fat and protein content in Mithun milk, it may be used for the preparation of different value added milk
products such as paneer, various sweet products, ghee, cream, curd and cheese. The National Research Center on
Mithun, the premier Institute of Indian Council of Agricultural Research, has successfully standardized the process
of making paneer, barfi, rasgulla, curd and lassi from Mithun milk.
Scientific rearing system
Currently farmers rear Mithun under free-grazing condition in the forest area without any additional housing or
feeding facilities. Occasionally, farmers bring back the female Mithun just before parturition and send it back to the
forest following parturition. However, it is suggested that even under a free-range system, a temporary housing
structure using locally available materials can be constructed in some strategic locations in the Mithun rearing area.
Mithun can also be trained to come to the shed at a particular time every day by providing little bit of concentrate
and salt. This will be helpful for farmers to supervise, provide additional feeding and medication to their animals.
Besides, farmers will also get an opportunity to look after the individual animal regularly for any kind of
discrepancy or disorder
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Feeding management
Mithun thrives on the jungle forages, tree fodders, shrubs, herbs and other natural vegetations (Das et al 2010).
Farmers do not provide any additional feeding. Though the animals are owned by the farmers, they are kept under
natural forest in a semi-wild condition. However, farmers occasionally provide common salt, especially at the time
of restraining for some purposes. Each individual owner can identify his Mithuns even though they do not bear any
identification marks and similarly each Mithun knows his owner which is reflected in the fact that the Mithun
approaches the owner periodically for salt. In other words, the owner does not have to invest anything in his Mithun
as they are simply let loose in the forest which constitutes around 50 percent of total land area of the region
Breeding management
Like cattle, Mithun is a poly-estrus animal. The healthy adult female Mithun show repeated estrus cycles at an
interval of 19 to 24 days unless it is pregnant. The Mithun breeds throughout the year and no definite breeding
season is observed in this species. The length of gestation period, service period and calving interval in Mithun
varies from 270 to 290 days, 50 to 100 days and 350 to 400 days, respectively. The age at puberty and age at first
calving varies from 27 to 36 months and 40 to 48 months, respectively. The Mithun bulls become mature to breed at
3 to 4 years of age. Under free-range system, a practical approach for selective breeding in Mithun is the
introduction of superior and tested bulls (1 bull for 10 breedable females) in the herd. Bellowing is not generally
observed in Mithuns during estrus. The genital organ of Mithun cows during estrus reveals relaxed and open os
externa of cervix, turgid uterus and ovaries having palpable follicles. However, it is suggested to use healthy Mithun
bulls to detect heat. In Mithun, ovulation occurs between 20 to 31 hour after the onset of estrus (Mondal et al 2006b,
e,f).
Conservation of Mithun
Keeping in view the dwindling population of Mithun over the years, it is of great priority for the Mithun inhabited
states to conserve and propagate quality Mithun germplasm at faster rate to stabilize its population. There are three
ways for the conservation of Mithun genetic resources: i) through cryopreservation of genetic material like living
ova, embryos or semen; ii) preservation of genetic information as DNA; and iii) conservation of live population (in
situ conservation).
The need for parallel conservation of Mithun genetic resources along with live animal conservation, as raw material
for future breeding programmes, should be recognized and has become an important issue in planning of Mithun
husbandry. Conservation is of particular concern in the Mithun inhibited regions where there is effort for agricultural
change, thereby the risk of gradual replacement of indigenous stocks and farming methods by new techniques.These
areas, where climatic extremes and particular parasitic conditions may result in genetically modified and unique
local stocks which are able to survive under extreme conditions, need to be given proper attention.
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Such conservation efforts are particularly important in the light of predicted global climate change, and the ability
of microbial and insect parasites to evolve and adapt to modern chemical control methods.
Ex situ conservation
In effect, this is the storage of animal genetic resources, which farmers are currently not interested in using. It
includes cryogenic preservation and the maintenance of breeds from domesticated species as live-animal populations
in parks, zoos and other locations away from the environment in which they are being developed. The global
programmes on ex situ conservation strategy is still being developed, but it is based on the use of live-animal
populations wherever practicable, supported by cryopreservation where technology exists or can be developed,
combining within-country gene banks with global repositories of last resort. This strategy is in keeping with the
Convention on Biological Diversity. A range of animal health issues must be overcome, however, before much
international storage of and access to such material can be effective for the domestic animal species. The technology
required for storing both male and female gametes of all species of interest is not yet developed. Of course,
interested governments, non-governmental organizations, research institutions and private enterprises will be
encouraged to maintain in vivo samples of breeds at risk, with national inventories being established and kept up to
date so that the genetic resources are readily available for use and study.
Conclusion: Mithun husbandry is an important component of the livestock production system in North Eastern hill
region of India, Mithun plays an important role in the socio-economic & cultural life of the local tribal population.
Mithun is a source of protein & extra income to the poor farmers. Mithun meat can be a good alternative for beef
across the country. Mithun husbandry in North Eastern hill region of India is an important component of the
livestock production system. Scientific rearing of this species will not only support the need of protein but also help
to generate extra income to the poor Mithun rearers for their livelihood. The need of the hour is, therefore, to
popularize scientific farming in the states where Mithun rearing is an age-old practice
Recommendations
Awareness regarding the scientific farming practices. Research for increasing the milk production. Conservation &
popularization of mithun in J&K where population is decreasing at a drastic rate. Research on performance of
mithun in J&K and other hilly states of India needs to be done. Reintroduction of mithun in Himachal Pradesh
where population has decreased to zero over the last inter-census period.Finance by banks for mithun-farming to
support the livelihood of the farming community is the need of the hour.
References
Arora C L 1998 Less used animal: Yak and Mithun- an over view. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 68 (8, special
issue): 735-742.
Baillie J and Groombridge B 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, 1996; Gland, Switzerland.
Bhusan S, Sharma D, Bujarbaruah K M and Singh R V 2000 Annual Report, National Research Centre on Mithun,
Jharnapani, Nagaland 797106: 4-10.
Brisbin I L 1985 The Ossabaw Island Pig. AMBC News Vol 2, no. 4, pp 3. America Minor Breeds Conservancy, PO
Box 477, Pittsboro, NC, USA.
Mondal M, Rajkhowa C and Prakash B S 2005a Twenty-four-hour secretion patterns of luteinizing hormone in
captive prepubertal female Mithuns (Bos frontalis). General and Comparative Endocrinology 144: 197-203.
Mondal M, Rajkhowa C and Prakash B S 2005b Diurnal Changes in Blood Metabolites and Their Relation to
Plasma Growth Hormone and Time of Feeding in Mithun Heifers (Bos frontalis). Chronobiology International 22:
807-816.
Mondal M, Rajkhowa C and Prakash B S 2005c Secretion patterns of luteinizing hormone in growing captive
Mithuns (Bos frontalis). Reproductive Biology 5: 227-235.
Mondal M, Rajkhowa C and Prakash B S 2005d Twenty-four-hour rhythmicity of growth hormone in captive adult
Mithuns (Bos frontalis). Biological Rhythm Research 36: 255-262.
Mondal M, Rajkhowa C and Prakash B S 2005e Relationship of blood growth hormone and temperament in Mithun
(Bos frontalis). Hormones and Behavior 49 (2):190-196.
Mondal M, Rajkhowa C and Prakash B S 2006a Exogenous GH-releasing hormone increases GH and LH secretion
in growing Mithuns (Bos frontalis). General and Comparative Endocrinology 149: 197-204.
Maitra ANRCM at a glance 2020
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Screening for resistance and susceptibility of some beetroot cultivars to root-knot

nematode, Meloidogyne javanica
1
Plant Pathology and Nematology, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh - 202002, India.
Purpose: The present study was conducted to identify resistance and/or susceptibility of beetroot cultivars against
root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica.
Methods: In this study, seven beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars were screened against the root-knot
nematode, Meloidogyne javanica at inoculum level of 1500 second stage juveniles (J2s) per pot. Four replications of
each cultivar of beetroot were used for screening and kept in a completely randomized design (CRD) at a
temperature of 25 ± 2 °C under greenhouse conditions. The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) using SPSS-17 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Mean values were statistically
compared and separated according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at P ≤ 0.05.
Results: The results revealed that all seven cultivars of beetroot showed varying degree of resistance and/or
susceptibility to M. javanica. Among all cultivars, three were found to be moderately resistant i.e., CG, DDR and
Red Ace with the minimum number of galls (4.0, 8.0 and 7.0) and two were moderately susceptible i.e., Atlas and
Red Queen (28 and 22) and one was susceptible i.e., Red Ruby (84) and one was highly susceptible i.e., Red
Express with the maximum number of galls (126). None of the cultivars was found highly resistant or immune.
Conclusion: All cultivars exhibit a significant decline in plant growth due to M. javanica infestation compared to
their respective controls. The maximum reduction in growth parameters was reported in cultivar Red Express while
the minimum reduction was found in CG, DDR and Red Ace. A positive and significant correlation was found
between the number of galls and per cent reduction in plant growth parameters. From the results, it can be
recommended that the use of resistant cultivars is an environment-friendly approach that can be used to manage the
nematode density below the economic threshold level.
Keywords:Beetroot, Cultivars, Meloidogyne javanica, Resistance, Screening
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE

WATER QUALITY IN AROUND KURUKSHETRA “A MULTI LOCATION STUDY”
Nisha and Anita Bhatnagar
1
Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra – 136119
Purpose :Water is one of the important natural resource useful for developmental purposes in both urban and rural
areas for the very ancient time. Most surface water resources accessible to Haryana, India are used in irrigation,
livestock, industrial area and devotional purposes. Kurukshetra district is known as land of Mahabharata. There is a
universal admiration to water in almost all of the major religions of the world. Most religious beliefs involve the use
of "holy" water. The purity of such water, the belief in its known historical and unknown mythological origins,
uplifts its importance even further. The present study is to bring into notice the importance of maintaining adequate
water quality standards of surface water bodies taking such hollowed water bodies as sample sites. Surface water
pollution is often caused by nutrients, pathogens, plastics and chemical substances that are used in holy ceremonial
activities.
Objectives:The current study was conducted to carrying the water quality tests on these surface water bodies for
finding out the suitability of water for the purpose of taking bath, drink and other rituals. That’s why we aim to test
physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis of surface water quality of the selected sites.
Methods: Surface Water samples were collected from different ponds in sterile sample bottles. The samples were
analyzed for colour, pH, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, Hardness, Alkalinity, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium, Ammonia
Nitrogen, Nitrate, Orthophosphate, faecal coli form and bacterial plate count. These water parameters were
determined by following the methodology given by Garg et.al (2002) and APHA (2005)
Results:The range of different physico-chemical parameters is important to decide the water quality of different
sites. Temperature and pH range were recorded in between the 30-40◦C, 8-9.5 respectively. The range of BOD was
lie in between the 25-50 mg L-1. Total hardness and alkalinity were recorded in between the 150-250 mg L-1, 300-
400 mg L-1 respectively. TDS and TSS were 50-100 mg L-1, 200-250 mg L-1. Chloride, calcium and magnesium
range were recorded 50-100 mg L-1, 150-200 mg L-1 and 25-50 mg L-1 respectively. During the present study
ammonia, nitrate and orthophosphate were ranging between 1.0-2.5 mg L-1, 0.5-5 mg L-1 and 0.05-0.10 mg L-1
respectively.
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The value of pH, BOD, calcium, ammonia, orthophosphate and coliform count are elevated from permissible values.
Bacteria and coliform group are considered as the primary indicators of faecal contamination. These have been
correlated with incidence of gastrointestinal disorders. Because of presence of coliform group high values of BOD
was also observed.
Conclusion: The results of current study depict that major parameters like pH, BOD, calcium, ammonia,
orthophosphate, presence of coli form and value of MPN index are beyond their permissible limits. Thus, the water
of these holy sites is observed to be injurious to human health. So, proper measures must be taken to control the
quality of water from getting deprived.
Keywords: surface water, water quality parameters, devotional water bodies, coliforms
REFERENCE
Garg, S.K., Kalla, A. and Bhatnagar, A., 2002. Evaluation of raw and hydrothermically processed leguminous seeds
as supplementary feed for the growth of two Indian major carp species. Aquaculture Research, 33(3), pp.151-163.
APHA (American Public Health Association), 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water
Efficiency of Arbitrary and Semi Arbitrary Markers for Assessing Genetic Diversity in
Natural Populations ofTecomella Undulata- AnImportant Timber Yielding Tree Species of
Rajasthan
Desha Meena1*,Tarun Kant2
1,2
Genetics and Tree Improvement Division, Arid Forest Research Institute, New Pali Road, Jodhpur, Rajasthan,
India. Pin-342005
Purpose: The present study was conducted to compare the efficiency of two different molecular marker systems
(RAPD and ISSR) for evaluating the genetic diversity of the Tecomellaundulatagrowing in Rajasthan.
Methods: The genetic variability and relationships among 120 Tecomellaundulata genotypes representing twelve
natural populations of Rajasthan were analyzed using ten RAPD and twenty two ISSR markers.
Results: RAPD markers were found to be more efficient than the ISSR assay in respect to polymorphism detection,
as they detected 96.10% polymorphism as compared to 91.02% for ISSR markers. But, multiplex ration (MR),
heterozygosity (h), marker index (MI), average PIC value, resolving power (RP), total number of genotype specific
marker loci, H, I, Ht, Hs and GST were observed more for ISSR than RAPD markers. Further, the dendrogram
constructed based on the ISSR marker were able to segregate the twelve populations much clear and distinct,
compared to RAPD markers.
Conclusion: Data obtained in the present study supports ISSR markers as robust marker system suitable for genetic
diversity studies and also equally effective for characterization of the populations of Tecomellaundulatafrom
different geographical regions.
Keywords: Genetic Variability, Molecular markers, Polymorphism, Tecomellaundulata,
Weed management strategies in transplanted paddy

Name of the authors: Shahiba Khatoon*, Anay Rawat, Badal Verma and A.K. Jha
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (MP)
482004
Purpose: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in Asia where 90% of this crop is grown
and consumed. In India contribution of rice is about 40% of total food production. Among several constraints, weeds
are the major factor responsible for yield reduction in rice. Several methods are used to manage weeds to an extent
of below ETL level but any single method is not as effective as a combination of two or more methods hence this
research is conducted to see the effect of the combination of bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha at 10 DAT and
conoweeder at 40 DAT.
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2019 at Instructional Research Farm, Krishinagar,
Adhartal, Department of Agronomy, JNKVV, Jabalpur. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block
design with six integrated weed control treatments comprising of moc 0.5 t/ha + bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha,
bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha + conoweeder, moc 0.5 t/ha, moc 0.5 t/ha + conoweeder, hand weeding twice (20 and 40
DAT) and weedy check (control) replicated four times. The rice variety Kranti sown in the nursery with a seed rate
of 30 kg/ha and transplanted at 20 cm X 20 cm spacing.
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Results The results were obtained from the experiment are that among all kinds of monocot as well as dicot weeds
Echinochloacolona was the most dominant with a mean relative density of (27.98%) followed by Cyperus iria
(22.60%), Cynodondactylon (18.79%), Cyperus defformis (18.52%), Alternanthera sessilis(12.11%). Maximum
weed control efficiency at 40 DAT was registered under hand weeding twice (95.52%) at 20 and 40 DAT followed
by bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha + conoweeder with weed control efficiency of (89.78%) followed by moc 0.5 t/ha
+ conoweeder (86.28%) at 40 DAT. Growth parameters of rice (viz. number of tillers/m, LAI, dry matter
accumulation ), as well as yield attributes (viz. panicle length, filled grains/panicle, grain yield) were higher under
hand weeded plots followed by plots receiving bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha + conoweeder. Application of
bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha + conoweeder found more remunerative as it received a higher B: C ratio (2.37)
respectively, relative to other treatments.
Conclusion From the above experiment, it was concluded that application of bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha at 10
DAT and conoweeder at 40 DAT was most effective in sense of weed control practices among all treatments and
also economically sound better.
Keywords: Bispyribac sodium, Conoweeder, Weeds
Analysis of Yield and Extension gap through Frontline Demonstration in Rapeseeds-

mustard
Dr. Niharika Shukla* and Dr.Nikhil Kumar Singh
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jabalpur 482004 (M.P.)
Purpose:In India among all the edible oilseeds crops rapeseeds - mustard immerse the foremost position reckoning
nearly millions of hectare of land under cultivation. The trails for Front line Demonstrations were conducted to
study the actual yield gap and extension gap among the small and marginal farmers of the adopted village.
Methods:Seeking this demonstration was conducted during two consecutive years i.e. 2017-18 and 2018-19 for
clear interpretation of the results. The comparisons were made between the improved practices and the farmer
practice. In principal the control practices were nothing but the farmers practice. By using the formula yield gap,
extension gap analysis, technology index and technology gap was thus calculated for interpretation of results of
study conducted
Results :The result obtained revealed that the average yield of the demonstration thus obtained was 18.37 q/ha as
compare to farmer practices which was 14.37 q/ha with an additional yield of 4.00 q/ha. with an average percentage
increase in production by 28.12 %. The average extension gap for two years was recorded to be 4.10 q/ha followed
by technology gap and technology index which was reported to be 2.37 q/ha and 14.84 % respectively.
Conclusion: The decreasing trend of extension gap and technology gap in the study clearly indicates the good
education level of the small as well as marginal farmers of the concerned village and also the satisfactory rate of
adoption of improved technologies regarding cultivation of rapeseeds - mustard crop of the district.
Keywords:- Rapeseeds-mustards, small and marginal farmers, extension gap, technology gap,technology index and
Frontline Demonstration
Study the role of structural and functional variations in Capsaicinoid biosynthesis genes
causing contrasting fruit pungency in Capsicum species
John Momo, Khushbu Islam, Ilyas Ahmad, Abdul Rawoof, NiralaRamchiary*
1
School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi-110067
Purpose:Pungency is a distinct trait in Capsicum. Capsicum chinense (Ghost chilli, California reaper etc.) are the
most pungent specieswhileC. annuum is the most widely cultivated species with zero, low, medium and high
pungent varieties. Study of the structural and functionalvariability of capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes causing
contrasting phenotypes is necessary for breeding pungency traits in Capsicum species.
Methods :Sequences of capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes from C.annuum, C.chinense and C. baccatumwere retrieved
from NCBI and the sequences were aligned to see variations in nucleotide sequences. Based on the variations,
primers were designed and genotyping was done using those primers. Different Capsicum varieties of C.annuum and
C. chinense showing contrasting pungency traits were grown in greenhouse. For expression analysis, fruits at early
green, breaker and mature stages were harvested. RNA was isolated and cDNA synthesized using kit.Relative
expression of capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes were analyzed between C.annuum and C.chinenseusingqRT-PCR.
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Results :Our analysis showed variation in pungency biosynthesis genes at structural and functional level. We
observed SNPs and Indels and their associations of pungency traits are being validated using contrasting pungency
phenotypes. Early stage of fruit development showed the highest expression of pungency genes and expression
further decreased with maturity. Furthermore, the majority of the pungency biosynthesis genes showed the highest
expression in extremely pungent Ghost chilli (C. chinense) compared to low pungent C.annuumgenotypes.
Conclusion:The findings of SNPs, Indels and expression variations indicated that while breeding for pungency traits
we need to consider structural and functional aspects of pungency biosynthesis genes. Our results present the first
step towards complete understanding and breeding pungency traits in Capsicum species.
Keywords: Capsicum, Pungency, qRT-PCR
Evaluation of the Influence of Certain Types and Doses of Organic Manures on Seed
Germination and Seedling Growth of Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.) at Temperate Hill
Ranges of Bharsar, Uttarakhand
Bhatt, N. 1, Singh, K.C. 1, Goswami, G. 1, Haobijam, J.W.2
1
College of Horticulture, VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture & Forestry, Uttarakhand – 246123, India
2
School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar – 144411, India
Purpose:Digitalisco mmonly known as foxglove, it is a biennial or perennials belongs to the family

scrophulariaceae.Uttarakhand is by default an organic state due to lack of access of farmers to chemical fertilizers.
Thereby, a good scope for cultivating Foxglove organically can clearly be seen in the state.
Methods The present investigation entitled “Effect of Different Doses of Organic Manures on Seedling Growth of
foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.)” was carried out at MAP Block of VCSG UUHF, Bharsar, Pauri-Garhwal
Uttarakhand. The experiment consists often treatments viz., T 1 (Control), T2 (FYM @ 5 t/ha), T3 (FYM @ 10 t/ha),
T4 (FYM @ 15 t/ha), T5 (Compost @ 5 t/ha), T6 (Compost @ 10 t/ha), T7 (Compost @ 15 t/ha), T8 (Vermicompost
@ 5 t/ha), T9 (Vermicompost @ 10 t/ha), T10 (Vermicompost @ 15 t/ha) and three replications.
Results: obtained in present investigation showed that the treatment T 10 (Vermicompost @ 15 t/ha) was better in
providing better seed germination and growth attributes. The minimum time taken for initial germination (4 days),
maximum mean daily germination (2.14 % seeds per day), highest germination energy per cent (24.66 %),
maximum germination per cent (77.33 %) were recorded in T10. Tallest plant height of 3.10, 5.43, 6.68, 7.62 and
8.63 cm at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS, respectively; longest leaf length measuring 3.72, 4.46, 5.30, 5.97 and 6.64 cm
at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS, respectively; maximum number of leaves per plant i.e., 5.33, 7.60, 8.73, 9.26 and 9.73
at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS, respectively were witnessed under T 10. The widest plant spread was also noticed in
T10 measuring 4.10, 6.37, 7.80, 9.26 and 11.22 cm at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS, respectively. The maximum total
fresh biomass (2.73 g/plant), highest fresh weight of shoot and root (2.37 g/plant) and (0.35 g/plant) respectively,
highest total dry biomass (0.71 g/plant), dry weight of shoot and root (0.51 g/plant) and (0.20 g/plant) respectively
were yielded from T10. Maximum leaf area (15.36 cm2), longest root length (10.80 cm) and highest root diameter
(1.67 mm) were also recorded in T10.
Conclusion:Based on present investigation, it is drawn as a conclusion that foxglove plant can derive the maximum
beneficial results in terms of germination and vegetative growth under greater dose of vermicompost @ 15t/ha, as it
witnessed superior performance so far, the germination and vegetative parameters under the study are concerned.
Hence, the present investigation recommends @ 15t/ha dose of vermicompost for cultivation of Foxglove under
temperate hillranges of Bharsar, Uttarakhand.
Key words: Foxglove, germination, FYM, compost, vermicompost
Bioassay of some aqueous plant extracts against leaf and fruit scarring beetle,
(Nodostomasubcostatum Jacoby, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Baishali Boruah, Bijon Chandra Dutta, IneeGogoi
Purpose:The diverse agro-climatic zones of Assam offer great potential for the cultivation of banana. But the
productivity of banana in Assam is far below the national average. It may be due to several reasons, out of which
attack of insect pest is a major limiting factor.Synthetic insecticides are useful tools for the control of pests, but their
excessive use has led to negative consequences such as toxicity against farmers, consumers and both wild and
domestic animals. So, plant extracts can be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides.Keeping view of the above,
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the present investigation has been undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of some aqueous plant extracts against banana
leaf and fruit scarring beetle under laboratory condition.
Methods:Matured leaves of selected plants viz., Melia azedarachL.(Ghura neem), Polygonum hydropiper
L.(Pothoruabihlongoni) andCarica papaya L. (Papaya) were collected from the natural habitat from Jorhat district,
Assam during 2018-19. Desired number of adults of the target insects were collected from the banana growing areas
of Jorhat district and nearby areas. The population of insects was higher during the morning time and it was easy to
collect as the insects were not very active during the morning period.
Preparation of aqueous plant extract
Collected plant parts were washed thoroughly with tap water, shade dried under room temperature for around 8-10
days and grinded into powder using an electric grinder and passed through a 60 fine-mesh net and then kept in an
air-tight container. The aqueous extracts of three different plant materials were prepared in the laboratory on a per
cent basis as per the method given by Gahukar (1996) and Sharma et al. (1997).Thenkept in glass bottles for further
use, which were further diluted serially to obtain desired concentrations for subsequent use in the experiment.
Effect of aqueous plant extracts against adult N. subcostatum
To determine the efficacy of aqueous extract in laboratory culture the adult mortality was recorded for which, ten
numbers of adult beetles were released onto mature banana leaf parts into each petri dishes and sprayed with plant
extracts at different desired concentrations.For the bioassay, spraying method given by Roy et al. (2014) was applied
with slight modification. A final count of them were taken after 4 hours of proper settlement. Mortality counts were
made after 24, 48 and 72 Hours after treatment. Each treatment was replicated three times.Per cent beetle mortality
in each treatment was worked out. From the observed adult mortality corrected per cent mortality was calculated
using Abbott's formula.
Results: The present study revealed that the aqueous extracts of three plants were evaluated against N. subcostatum
under laboratory condition showed the lethal effect. From the average mortality percentage we observed that the
extracts caused significant mortality on the target insect and adose – and time – dependent mortality was observed
from the bioassay with the highest mortality was recorded at 10.00% concentration at 72 hours after treatment
(HAT) for aqueous plant extracts. Among, all the aqueousplant extract P. hydropiper was found most effective
against N. subcostatumrecording lowest LC50 value (0.754) followed by M. azedarach(1.378)and highest LC50 value
recordedin C. papaya (2.801) with lowest mortality. The present study reports that among three aqueous plant
extracts,P. hydropiper has the most effective insecticidal activity to reduce the N. subcostatumfollowed by M.
azedarachand C. papaya has the least effective insecticidal activity.
Conclusion:Botanicals plants may be grown by farmers with minimum expense and extracted by indigenous
methods.Thus, Present investigation exploring efficacy of M. azedarach, P. hydropiper andCarica papaya against
N. subcostatum,which can be taken advantage for developing integrated pest management (IPM) program for
banana. Further studies, regarding isolation and purification of novel bioactive component from the plant parts can
be done which can depict the precise potential of the plants. Also, Confirmatory identification, estimation and
elucidation of the bioactive principles could lead to product formulation and commercialization. So, plant extracts
may be utilized as potential insecticides for the management of leaf and fruit scarring beetle of banana.
Key words: NodostomasubcostatumJacoby, aqueous extract, management, Melia azedarachL.(Ghura neem),
Polygonum hydropiper L.(Pothoruabihlongoni), Carica papaya L. (Papaya), LC 50
Studies on poultry egg adaptation and hatching at high altitude region of Leh-Ladakh
Yogesh Singh1,2, Nazia Parveen1,2, Mayarngam K1, Swati1, Harpreet Kaur2, V K Bharti1 and O P
Chaurasia1
1
Defence institute of high altitude research, DRDO, C/o 56 APO Leh, India
2
Dept. of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
Purpose:Harsh climatic conditions of Leh-Ladakh like hypobaric-hypoxia, cold stress, oxidative stress and dry
environmental conditions adversely affect eggs fertility and chicken growth in the non-adapted breeds of low-
altitude. Therefore, in different exotic poultry breeds and with their subsequent generations grown at high-altitude
may have imparted with adaptations in egg and affects development of embryo in these tough conditions. Therefore,
changes in eggshell microstructure, different constituent of egg and effect of microenvironment manipulation on
hatching are require to study to achieve high egg hatching rate which will help achieving successful breeding
management in the high-altitude region leading to the development of region specific broiler strain of poultry.
Methods:Eggs are collected from DIHAR poultry research unit from Red & White line breeds up to F2 generation.
Measurements of egg physical parameters and eggshell microstructure study were done using various analytical
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techniques. To evaluate egg hatchability at high altitude conventional and normobaric hatchery (novel technology
developed by DIHAR-DRDO) were used.
Results:Significant changes were found in egg adaption studies vis increase in water content and decrease in pore
numbers suggests that to cope up with the high water loss during incubation at high altitude this could be an
adaptation strategy in order to increase its reproductive fitness. Significant decrease in weight of eggshell +
membranes suggests that adaptive changes incurring in the eggs tends to increase the gas conductance across the
eggshell to maximize the respiration efficiency of embryo during incubation. As compared to hatching in natural
conditions hatching rate increased from 00% to 70% by using normobaric hatchery.
Conclusion: Egg adaptation studies revealed that with subsequent generations high altitude imparts adaptive
changes in eggs. These adaptive changes increase the reproductive fitness of the birds by increasing the hatching
rate by using normobaric hatchery. Thereby, using normobaric hatchery high altitude specific/strain can be
developed at the region of Leh-Ladakh.
Key words: Poultry, High altitude, Egg adaptation, Hatching
Prevalence of major diseases in vegetable and fruit crops and management of powdery
mildew in capsicum under polyhouse conditions
C. Ruth, K. Gopal,
1
Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. YSR Horticultural University, College of Horticulture, Anantharajupeta, YSR
District, Andhra Pradesh
During the year 2013-14, survey was conducted in vegetable and fruit crop growing areas in Kurnool district of
Andhra Pradesh. In Kurnool district,more intensity of purple leaf blotch (25.5) diseasewas observed in Kharif season
in onion crop and low intensity of disease (20.5) was recorded in Rabi-2013-14. Early blight disease (26.54) and
Bud necrosis virus (15.0%) observed in tomato crop. Fruit rot & Die back (18.0%), Wilt (5%) and Powdery mildew
(15.0) diseases were observed in chillies. Canker disease incidence (28.50) was more in acidlime. Gummosis disease
incidence was observed in sweet orange. Penconazole @ 0.5 ml/L was found to be superior in controlling the
powdery mildew in capsicum under polyhouse conditions (7.28) and more yield was (16.28 t/ha) recorded.
Key words: capsicum, powdery mildew, survey
Introduction:Vegetable crops are becoming an important alternative in diversification of agriculture and also
playing a significant role in food, nutritional and health security of ever growing population in India.Banana,
Turmeric, Mango, Citrus, Tomato, Brinjal, Bhendi, Chillies and Onion are the major Horticultural crops in
Rayalaseema Zone of Andhra Pradesh. Heavy application of fertilizers and introduction of new hybrids in larger
areas may leads to occurrence of diseases. Leaf spots, Leaf blotch, Bacterial wilt, Dieback and Fruit rot, Root rot
and wilt, early blight, yellow vein mosaic, rhizome rot, powdery mildew, anthracnose, twig blight and mosaic
complex were found to be major diseases in Horticultural crops. The intensity of these diseases may vary from
season to season and variety to variety. Some unknown diseases may also occur in addition to the common diseases.
Hence, it is necessary to carryout survey for the diseases in scarce rainfall zone to have complete knowledge on the
incidence and intensity of the diseases. Powdery mildew of capsicum caused by Erysiphe cichoracearumis a country
wide problem occurring every year in serious proportion and causes yield loss. The disease is highly air borne in
nature and the fast rate of multiplication of conidia leads to heavy inoculum load in environment during the cropping
season.
Methods:A field experiment was conducted at Horticultural Research Station, Mahanandi, Kurnool, (A. P.) to
survey and monitor the diseases occurring in important/major Horticultural crops.Roving survey in major
Horticultural crops of Rayalaseema Zone –. Diseased plant samples were collected randomly from the farmer’s
fields from different locations of the above stated districts of A.P. In each district three mandals and in each mandal,
three villages were surveyed for the wilt disease. In each field row, each 10 meters long were selected randomly.
Rating scale for assessment of Leaf spot disease byusing 0-5 scale (Sharma, 1986)
0 - No disease symptom
1 - A few spots towards tip covering 10 percent leaf area.
2 - Several purplish brown patches covering upto 20 percent of leaf area.
3 - Several patches with paler outer zone covering upto 40 percent leaf area.
4 - Leaf streaks covering upto 75 percent leaf area or breaking of the leaves from center
5 - Complete drying of the leaves or breaking of leaves from center
Rating scale for assessment of Powdery mildew disease (Mayee and Datar, 1986.)
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Grade Description of the symptoms
0 No symptoms of powdery mildew disease (PMD) on leaf

1 Less than 1% leaf area showing PMD symptoms
3 1 -10% of leaf area showing PMD colonies
5 11 – 25% area of leaf showing PMD colonies
7 26 – 50% area of leaf showing PMD and development of colonies on petiole and pedicel of
fruit
9 Above 50% area of leaf affected and yellowing and drying of leaves; Powdery growth of the
fungus covers the pedicel.
The percent disease index of powdery mildew and leaf spots were calculated using the following formula:
Sum of the individual diseases grade x 100
Percent Disease Index =
(PDI) Number of Branches or fruits observed x Maximum Disease grade
The percent disease incidence of Fruit rot and Wilt/Root rot were calculated using the following formula:
No. of plantsinfected
Percent Disease Incidence = X 100
Total No. of plants
Results:During the year 2013-14, survey was conducted in vegetable and fruit crop growing areas in Kurnool of
Andhra Pradesh. In Kurnool district, more intensity of purple leaf blotch (25.5) disease was observed in Kharif
season in onion crop. Low intensity of disease (20.5) was recorded in Rabi-2013-14. Early blight disease (26.54) and
Bud necrosis virus (15.0%) observed in tomato crop. Fruit rot & Die back (18.0%), Wilt (5%) and Powdery mildew
(15.0) diseases were observed in chillies. Canker disease incidence (28.50) was more in acid lime. Gummosis
disease incidence was observed in sweet orange.Penconazole @ 0.5 ml/L was found to be superior in controlling the
powdery mildew in capsicum under polyhouse conditions (7.28) and more yield was (16.28 t/ha) recorded.The
results were in agreement with the following reviews. Purple leaf blotch caused by Alternaria porriis one among the
serious fungal diseases that affect onion, causing heavy yield loss ranging from 2.5 to 87.8 per cent during kharif
season (Srivastava et al., 1994). This disease caused substantial loss of bulb and seed yield of onion growing
countries (Ahmed and Hossain, 1985; Meah and Khan,1987; Rahman et al, 1988). Polyhouse production has been
proven as more profitable protected technique for capsicum cultivation (Aruna and Sudagar 2010).According to
Singh Amar and Banyal (2011),on capsicum the incidence of powdery mildew was recorded in epidemic form
followed by bacterial wilt (5-40%), collar rot (10-20%) and cercospora leaf spots (5-25%). Incidence of bacterial
wilt of capsicum was high in the polyhouses having light soils. Disease severity of cercospora leaf spot of capsicum
was high during rainy season. The incidence of gray mold was also recorded in some polyhouses which were
experiencing high dew drops formation and poor ventilation. Raju et al. (2017) carried out an experiment to know
the effect of different fungicides including recommended fungicides against powdery mildew disease of capsicum
(F1 hybrid ‘Indra’) in polyhouse during 2015 in Karnataka. Among the 10 treatments, propiconazole at 0.1% proved
to be best for the management of powdery mildew with minimum per cent disease index (9.64%), which was
superior over all other treatments with maximum fruit yield of 98.00 t/ha which is followed by 0.1% of myclobutanil
(11.90 PDI), tridemefon (13.03 PDI) and hexaconazole (15.86 PDI) with fruit yield of 94.62, 92.33, and 92.15 t/ha,
respectively. Maximum per cent disease index (76.33%) was recorded in untreated control with less fruit yield
(45.83 t/ha).
REFERENCES:
Aruna, P. and Sudagar, I.P. 2010. Evaluation of capsicum varieties under polyhouse conditions. The Asian J
Hortic. 4 (2): 336-37.
Mayee, C.D. and Datar, V.V., 1986. Phytopathometry. Technical Bulletin-1 (Specialbulletin3), Marathwada Agric.
Univ, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India, p.29.
Singh Amar, K. Banyal, D.K. 2011. Resistance of pea genotypes in relation to sporulation by Erysiphe pisi.
Crop Prot. 16: 51-55.
Raju, J., Nagarajappa, A. and Jayalakshmi, K. 2017. Management of powdery mildew of capsicum under protected
cultivation. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 5(5): 1213-1215
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3rd International Conference on “Global Initiative in Agricultural, Forestry and Applied Sciences for Food Security, Environmental Safety and
Sustainable Development (GIAFAS-2021)”
Table-1: Disease incidence in different vegetable and fruit crops in different areas for the year 2013-14
S.No Village/ Crop/Variety Disease Kharif – 2013 Rabi 2013-14

Mandal Disease Incidence / Disease Incidence/
Intensity Intensity
1 Aluru Onion - (Bellary Red) 1. Purple leaf blotch PDI (0-5 scale) 25.5 20.5
Aspari Vegetative state and 2. Damping off (%) 5.0 3.0
Kurnool Bulb stage 3. Smut PDI (0-5 scale) 10.5 8.8
Nandikotkuru 4. Basal rot (%) 8.9 5.5
2 Aspari Tomato - (NP 5005) Early blight PDI (0-5 scale) 26.54 21.55
Orvakallu Fruiting stage Bud necrosis (%) 15.0 12.0
Aluru Mosaic (%) 6.0 9.0
Wilt (%) 4.0 10.0
3 Sirivella Chillies- (Super Delux) Fruit rot & Die back (%) 18.0 -
Velugodu Fruiting stage Wilt (%) 5.0 -
Allagadda Powdery mildew PDI (0-5 scale) 15.0 -
4 Gadivemula Brinjal - (Polur local) Leaf spot PDI (0-5 scale) 16.5 25.5
Nandyal Fruiting stage Wilt (%) 18.0 25.0
5 Chagalamarri Okra - (ArkaAnamica) Yellow vein mosaic virus (%) 14.0 -
Allagadda Vegetative stage
6 Mahanandi Turmeric - (Mydukur) 1. Leaf spot PDI (0-5 scale) 22.5 -
Nandyal Vegetative stage 2. Rhizome rot (%) 15.5 -
7 Atmakur Mango - (Baneshan) Anthracnose PDI (0-5 scale) - 24.5
Gadivemula Flowering stage Powdery mildew PDI (0-5 scale) - 15.0
Sooty mould (%) - 23.28
8 Marripalli Acid lime Canker PDI (0-5 scale) - 28.50
Allagadda
Atmakur
9 Orvakallu Sweet orange Phytophthora Gummosis (%) - 12.50
Komarolu Diplodia Gummosis (%) - 10.28
Allagadda
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3rd International Conference on “Global Initiative in Agricultural, Forestry and Applied Sciences for Food Security, Environmental Safety and
Sustainable Development (GIAFAS-2021)”
Table : 2 Management of powdery mildew in capsicum under polyhouse conditions 2013-14
S.No Treatment Percent Disease Yield

Index (t/ha)
T1 Triadimefon@ 2.5 g/L 08.89 (17.26) 14.82
T2 Tebuconazole @ 1.25 ml/L 10.55 (18.91) 13.95
T3 Dinocap @ 2 ml/L 07.53 (15.89) 15.85
T4 Penconazole @ 0.5 ml/L 07.28 (15.56) 16.28
T5 Difenconazole + Azoxystrobin @ 1 ml/L 09.26 (17.66) 14.15
T6 Azoxystrobin @ 1 ml/L 10.98 (19.28) 12.55
T7 Flusidazole @ 1ml/L 09.85 (18.24) 14.05
T8 Control 14.25 (22.14) 10.24
SEm 0.74
CD at 5 % 2.25
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Field visit conducted in Tomato crop in Somayajulapalli village, Kurnool dt. dt: 24-10-13
Interaction with Sweet orange farmers in Komaroluvillage,Kurnool district dt: 01-02-2014
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SCREENING OF RICE GENOTYPES AGAINST BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT
R.K. Gangwar,S.S. Thorat,M.B. Parmar and S.G. Patel
1
Rice Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Nawagam, Kheda, Gujarat-387 540, India
Purpose: Bacterialleaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzaepv. oryzae) is an important foliar disease of rice causing considerable
loss in yield under favourable weather conditions. The disease yield loss was estimated approx 81.3% in India (Prasad et
al., 2018). The Symptomatology of the disease may be
characterized in two phases i.e. leaf blight phase and Kresek phase. Under leaf blight phase the
leaf blade turned pale yellow before drying up due to the severity of the disease. While under severe conditions yellow to
white stripes appeared just inside the margins of the leaf blades which later on turned to pale yellow and become necrotic
(Ou, 1985).Where as during “Kresek” phase the leaves of rice plant become grayish green to whitish and suddenly
withered (Goto, 1992). In this phase usually, symptoms appear on foliar parts, related those on younger plants yet the
rotting of the stem also reaches the upper part of the leaf. Host plant resistance is an ecofriendly and economical alternative
for the management of the disease. Therefore it is a pressing need to develop rice varieties with desirable traits and in built
bacterial leaf blight resistance. Keeping this in views, screening programme was carried out under artificial inoculation
conditions with the promising entries selected from advance generation breeding material (LSVT, SSVT, aromatic and
other state varietal trials). These inbuilt resistant genotypes can be further used in crop improvement programme.
Methods:The screening trial was carried out with 74 rice genotypes including 2 susceptible checks (1 NC + 1 LC) found
promising against bacterial leaf blight during previous year trials. These selected genotypes were again evaluated for three
years ( Kharif-2018 to 2020) against the disease under artificial inoculation and high disease pressure conditions in the
field to find out the source of stable resistance against the disease at Main Rice Research Station, Anand Agricultural
University, Nawagam, Kheda, Gujarat, India. The field was prepared for sowing by leveling thoroughly. The nursery of all
genotypes was grown on raised beds. The recommended agronomical practices were adopted for raising the nursery of all
genotypes. The experiment was established under transplanting conditions in the spacing of 20x15 cm. The row length of
each genotype was 1.5 m along with two replications. The one row of each susceptible variety i.e. TN-1 and GR-11was
transplanted after every 5 tested genotypes. In addition to this the experimental plot was surrounded by border rows of
susceptible variety GR-11. The basal application of NPK at 40:25:00 Kg/ha was applied at the time of transplanting.
Whereas 60 kg/ha nitrogen was applied as top dressing in two splits at 25 days after transplanting and at panicle initiation
stage. Manual weeding was adopted to keep the experimental field free from weeds. Plant protection measures adopted
only to prevent insect-pests damage to the crop. The need based irrigation was applied. The observations were recorded
through screening by adopting 1–9 SES (Standard Evaluation System).
SES Scale (2013) for bacterial leaf blight
Score Description(affected lesion area)
1 1-5%
3 6 - 12 %
5 13 - 25 %
7 26 - 50 %
9 51 - 100%
Results: The results showed that out of 60 rice genotypes including 2 susceptible checks (1 NC + 1 LC), none of the
genotype was found immune towards the disease. Whereas only three genotypes wereshowed resistant reaction, ten
genotypes were showed moderately resistant reaction and forty one genotypes showed moderately susceptible reaction,
seventeen genotypes showed susceptible reaction and three genotypes including 2 susceptible checks (1 NC + 1 LC) were
showed highly susceptible reaction. The consistent resistant reactions was found in the genotypes NWGR-14035, NWGR-
14084 and NWGR-11002 against bacterial leaf blight. The genotype can be used in breeding programme for developing
bacterial leaf blight resistant varieties resistant varieties.
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Disease Response No. of entries Germplasm/ Genotypes
rating scale
0 Immune Nil Nil
1 Resistant 3 NWGR-14035, NWGR-14084 and NWGR-11002
3 Moderately 10 NWGR-12002, NWGR-11048, NWGR-13087, NWGR-
resistant 12041, NWGR-13055, NWGR-8001, IET-24426, Im. S
Masuri , GAR-14 and Mahi Sagar
5 Moderately 41 IET-23330, NWGR-9147, NWGR-12080, NWGR-10046,
susceptible NWGR-12009, NWGR-7023, NWGR-9078, NWGR-12056,
NWGR-12089, NWGR-12015, NWGR-13008, NWGR-
13010, NWGR-13052, NWGR-14005, NWGR-14059,
14072, NWGR-14031, NWGR-12016, IET-25342, IET-
25341, IET-25310, IET-24954, IET-25125, IET-26121, IET-
27281, IET-25625, IET-25970, IET-24977, IET-24985, IET-
26124, IET-24968, Krishna Kamod, Sarbati, SahiDabat, P-
203 and Gurjari
7 Susceptible 17 IET-22212, IET-24329, NWGR-12047, NWGR-14021,
14056, NWGR-14057, IET-24425, IET-24692, IET-25602,
IET-25336, NWGR-14027, Kamod-118, Hawabeen and
Naha
9 Highly 3 TN-1, GR-11 and HR-12
susceptible
Conclusion: Growing concern about the health issues due to pollution, minimized use of fungicides is being discussed,
which for some reason is not practical. Host plant resistance is most promising to combat bacterial leaf blight of rice. Based
on above findings it is concluded that the consistent resistant reactions observed in the genotypes NWGR-14035, NWGR-
14084 and NWGR-11002 against the bacterial leaf blight of rice. The genotypes can be used in breeding programme for
developing bacterial leaf blight resistant varieties. Further the study and time to time field evaluation of rice genotypes
against bacterial leaf blight is entertained.
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NWGR-14035 NWGR-14084 NWGR-11002
TN-1 GR-11 View of experimental plot
REFERENCES
Goto, M. 1992. Fundamentals of bacterial plant pathology. San Diego. Calif. USA: Acad. Press. pp. 342.
Ou, S.H. 1985. Rice diseases (2nd Edn), Common wealth Mycological Institute, New England pp. 370.
Prasad, D., Singh, R., Deep, S. 2018. In-vitro and In-vivo Efficacy of Antibacterial Compounds against Xanthomonas
oryzaepv. oryzae, A Cause of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied
Sciences., 7(5): 2960-2969.
Swati., Kumar, A., Roy, S.P., Kumari, P. 2015. studies on efficacy of different chemicals treatments against Bacterial leaf
blight of rice in Bihar. An Internatinational Quarterly Journal of Life Sciences., 2(1&2): 56-61.
Assessment of gamma irradiation-induced mutations for improvement of inflorescence traits in

lentil (Lens cullinarisMedik.)
Rafiul Amin Laskar
1
Department of Botany, Bahona College, Jorhat - 785 101, Assam, India
Purpose: Enhancing the number of pods per inflorescence appears to be an appealing strategy for increasing grain legume
yield. Lentil (Lens culinarisMedik.) is an excellent target crop for mutation breeding experiments since it is a self-
pollinated crop with a limited genetic base. The purpose of the research was to induce, identify, and characterise distinct
inflorescence mutations which have a significant effect on lentil yield and yield stability.
Methods: Lens culinarisMedik. cultivar Pant L 406 seeds were irradiated with 100, 200, 300, and 400 Gy of gamma rays
to induce desirable genetic variations. To screen for stable mutations in the lentil inflorescence architecture, the
mutagenized populations were advanced up to mutant generation fourth (M 4). In following mutant generations, the selected
mutant ‘multipod' phenotype, i.e. multiple pods per peduncle, was morphologically characterised and quantified.
Results: The morphological characterisation of the ‘multipodding' mutant indicated that gamma ray irradiation caused
significant phenotypic alterations. The yield per plant (g) difference between the mutant and parent cultivar Pant L 406 was
found to be non-significant owing to a significant reduction in seed weight.
Conclusions:The new ‘multipodding' mutant generated in this study might be useful in deciphering the genetic network
that controls legume inflorescence phenotype as well as in genomics-assisted breeding for superior lentil cultivar
improvement.
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Keywords:Induced mutagenesis; gamma irradiation; inflorescence traits, multipodding mutant; lentil (Lens
culinarisMedik.)
Evaluation of insecticidal properties of Karanj (Pongamia glabra) against banana leaf and fruit
scarring beetle (Basileptasubcostatum) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Priyanka Borbaruah and IneeGogoi
1
Deptt. of Entomology, AAU, Jorhat-13
Purpose: Banana is one of the most important fruit crops, cultivated by man from pre-historic times in India with great
socio- economic significance. Banana is attacked by more than 200 species of insect and non-insect pests Insect attack
noticed from planting to harvest at different stages of crop growth.Among the insect pests, banana leaf and fruit scarring
beetle Basileptasubcostatum(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is considered as one of the most economically important pest
Assam and some other parts of India also. Botanical plays an important role in agricultural pest management because of
their biodegradable, systemic, ecofriendly and non-toxic nature to natural enemies. Thus, the present study was carried out
to evaluate the efficacy of plant extract against the leaf and fruit scarring beetle of banana.
Methods:Collection and preparation of extract The matured leaves of Pongamia glabra were collected from different
locations of Jorhat, Assam for preparation of extract. The leaves were shade dried and powdered by using an electric
grinder and passed through a 20 mesh sieve and kept in container. Then the powder was extracted with chloroform using
Soxhlet extraction. The extract was dried with rotary vacuum evaporator and dissolved in acetone by w/v basis to make
100% stock solution.
Maintenance of B. subcostatumculture The leaf scarring beetles were collected from Experimental Farm of Assam
Agricultural University, Jorhat and the culture was maintained in the laboratory. Fresh banana leaves of 5 cm 2 were placed
on petri plates and then adults were released in the petri plates. Bioassay against adult B. subcostatum From the stock
culture, 10 number of healthy B. subcostatumwere released onto healthy detached matured banana leaves. A final count of
them were taken after 4 hours of proper settlement. Each concentration was directly sprayed on the surfaces of the leaf. The
number of live insects were counted at 24, 48 and 72 hr after treatments. Each treatment was replicated three times.
Results: The present study revealed that the chloroform extracts of Pongamia glabra evaluated against B.
subcostatumunder laboratory condition showed the lethal effect. The data revealed that the extract cause highest of 93.33%
adult mortality of B. subcostatum7% concentration after 72 hours of treatment as compared to the lowest of 6.67%
mortality at 0.5% concentration after 24 hours of treatment.
Conclusions:The present study revealed that among all the concentrations of Pongamia glabra the LC50 value was found
at 1.62% concentration after 72 hours of treatment. Thus present investigation gives a way to reduce the toxic effect of
chemical by incorporating the plant extract which are found to be less hazardous and ecofriendly.
Keywords:Insecticidal property, Pongamia glabra, Basileptasubcostatum, LC50, Chrysomelidae.
Development of multinutrient-rich maize hybrids through genomics-assisted stacking of lpa-1,

opaque2 and crtRB1 genes
Vinay Bhatt*1,2, Vignesh Muthusamy1, Shipra Jha2, Rajkumar U. Zunjare1, Shridhar Ragi1, Aanchal
Baveja1, Rashmi Chhabra1, Ravindra Kasana1, Brijesh K. Mehta3, Satish K. Guleria4 and Firoz Hossain1
1
2
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
3
ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India
4
CSK-Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Bajaura Centre, Himachal Pradesh, India
Purpose:Micronutrients like iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), vitamin-A, and essential amino acids (lysine and tryptophan) assume
great significance for nutritional security. Maize grains possess 80-90% phytic acid which acts as an anti-nutritional factor
by reducing the bioavailability of Fe and Zn. Further, traditional maize possesses low provitamin-A (1-2 ppm), lysine
(0.150-0.250%) and tryptophan (0.030-0.040%). Hence, reduction of phytic acid, and increase of provitamin-A, lysine and
tryptophan through marker-assisted selection (MAS) in maize provides sustainable and cost-effective solution to
malnutrition.
Methods:Four elite maize inbreds viz. PMI-PV5, PMI-PV6, PMI-PV7 and PMI-PV8 were targeted for introgression of
lpa1-1 allele through genomics-assisted backcross breeding. These inbreds are enriched with provitamin-A (>8 ppm),
lysine (>0.350%) and tryptophan (>0.07%) due to presence of favourable allele of opaque2 and crtRB1 genes. These
inbreds serve as the parents of four biofortified hybrids viz., APQH1, APQH4, APQH5 and APQH7 developed at IARI,
New Delhi. Markers associated with lpa1-1, crtRB1 and opaque2 genes were used for the genotyping of BC1F1, BC2F1 and
BC2F2 generation. Background selection was carried out using >100 SSRs. The selected inbreds were used to reconstitute
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the hybrids. Hybrids were evaluated at three diverse locations (Bajaura, Delhi and Jhansi) for grain yield, agronomic traits,
and quality traits such as kernel phytic acid, lysine, tryptophan and provitamin-A.
Results:SNP marker linked to lpa1-1 was successfully used in BC1F1, BC2F1 and BC2F2 generations.SSR and InDel
markers associated with crtRB1 and opaque2 genes, respectively also helped in genotyping of the populations. While lpa1-
1 and crtRB1 genes showed segregation distortion, opaque2 showed Mendelian segregation as per expectation.
Heterozygotes (lpa1+lpa1-1) were selected in backcross generations, while homozygotes (lpa1-1 lpa1-1) were selected in
selfed generation. In case of opaque2 and crtRB1 genes, homozygotes (o2o2/crtRB1crtRB1) were selected in BC1F1, and
validated their presence in homozygous condition during BC2F1 and BC2F2. Background selection led to the recovery of
>90% of the recurrent parent genome. The MAS-derived inbreds and hybrids possessed similar agronomic and DUS
characters as observed in their original version. The newly developed inbreds and reconstituted hybrids possessed >30%
reduction in phytic acid, with higher lysine (>0.350%), tryptophan (>0.070%) and provitamin-A (>8.00 ppm).
Conclusions:The newly developed maize hybrids having favourable allele of lpa1-1, opaque2 and crtRB1 possessed
significantly lower phytic acid, and enhanced level of provitamin-A, lysine and tryptophan. These novel hybrid
combinations would pave the way for alleviating malnutrition through holistic approach. This is the first report of
development of multi-nutrient rich maize hybrids that address malnutrition pertaining to Fe, Zn, protein quality and
provitamin-A.
Key words: maize, low phytate, vitamin-A, lysine, tryptophan, micronutrients, bioavailability, biofortification
Supply Chain Analytics in Agribusiness: Prospects and Challenges

Rakesh Rathore1 and Ashutosh Chaturvedi2
1
School of Business Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab-141004
2
Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences-
Purpose:Agribusiness involves a wide range of different enterprises connecting farmers, processors, traders and retailers.
It depends on inputs from different geographical locations and sources. Supply chain analytics, plays a key role in
improving the performance of supply chain by improving visibility of supply chain, handling unpredictability and reducing
variability in cost. The present paper focus on prospects and challenges of supply chain analytics in agribusiness.
Methods:The paper is based on secondary data and information, which were collected from different sources like
magazines, newspapers, books, published research papers, journals, websites etc.
Results:Supply chain analytics in various important sector of agribusiness helps in improving effectiveness and reducing
overall cost and it lead to overall maximizing profit for the organization. Moving to smarter logistics to improve supply
chain visibility, managing unpredictability through demand and management of inventory and reducing cost fluctuations
by improving sourcing and logistics activities of the supply chain are the key role of supply chain analytics. Management
of supply chain covers both the aspects of flow of information horizontal as well as vertical in organizations.
Conclusions:Supply chain analytics helps in reducing product losses in transportation and storage and provides better
information and decision making about the flow of products, market and technology. Supply chain analytics, plays a key
role in improving the performance of supply chain by improving visibility of supply chain, handling unpredictability and
reducing inconsistency in cost.
Key words Agribusiness, supply chain analytics, prospects, importance
Isolation and Screening of PHB- producing microbes from different ecological niches.
Kashish Sharma, Dandu Harikarthik and Kamla Malik
Purpose:The aim of this work was to isolate and screen potential PHB producing microorganism.Polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) are the macromolecules integrated by microorganism, are inclusion bodies which accumulate as reserve material
when the microbes face stressed conditions.
Methods:Isolation of bacteria and fungi were carried out by using Nutrient Agar and Potato Dextrose Agar respectively.
The Mineral Salt Medium for bacteria and fungus respectively were used to isolate PHB-producing microbes.Screening
was also performed through staining method with the addition of Sudan Black B and Acridine orange dye.
Results In present study, sixteen PHB producing microbes were isolated from different ecological niches using mineral salt
medium. Then, screening was performed by using Sudan Black B and Acridine orange dye. It resulted that colonies turned
into blue-black color by primary staining i.e. Sudan Black B dye and yellow-orange color by secondary staining i.e.
Acridine orange.Among these sixteen isolates, eleven bacterial and five fungal isolates were positive in respect to PHB
accumulation.
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Conclusions:We concluded that the eleven bacteria and five fungi were potent PHB-acculumating strains and these
isolates will be considered as good candidates for industrial production of PHB and further bionanocomposites will be
prepared and characterized.
Key words Polyhydroxybutyrate, Nutrient agar, Potato Dextrose Agar, Sudan Black B and Acridine orange.
Analysis of fungal biodiversity in soil samples from Orissa regions and assessment of Plant
Growth promoting traits
Kirti Srivastava, Alok K. Singh, Jagriti Yadav and Alok K. Srivastava
ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau, 275103, India
Purpose:Soil fungi represent one of the most important microbial groups that are actively involved in the enhancement of
environmental quality and plant nutrient supply. Fungi are the most different and adaptable group of living beings. In the
present study an attempt was made to study the isolation and identification of different soil fungi from various places of
Orissa.
Methods:The soil samples were collected from different agricultural land ofOrissa Region (Latitude: 19.48° N to 21.76°
N, and Longitude: 84.72° E to 86.86° E) of Kailsahi, Khandapada, Nayagarh, Navkhal, Ganjan, Daringabad, Pattamundai,
Rajkanika, Ramchandrapur, Rajendra narayanpur, Parandpu and Bhaitarkanika. The soil sample serially diluted and
spreaded on PDA (pH 5.6 ±0.2), CZA (pH 7.3±0.2), and RBA (pH 7.2±0.2) media. The purified isolates were identified
on the basis of ITS1 gene and identified isolate were submitted to NCBI. The fungal isolates was further screened for plant
growth promoting activity
Results :The population of fungus based on the culturable study ranged between 45 to 185 CFUg -1 of soil. Total 243 pure
fungi isolates were obtained from collected soil samples. The highest number of morphotypes (24) was obtained from
samples collected from Bhaitarkanika, whereas it was minimum (7) in Rajendra narayanpur soil, respectively. The
purified isolates were identified through sequencing of ITS 1 gene region and as Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium
janthinellum, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavipes, Trichoderma afroharzianum, Trichoderma
harzianum, Penicillium janthinellum, Talaromycespurpureogenus, Penicillium canescens, Aspergillus nomius, Penicillium
simplicissimum, Talaromycespinophilus, Fusarium proliferatum, Talaromycesbarcinensis, Aspergillus ustus etc. The
sequence was submitted to NCBI and isolates. Further, 42 fungal isolates were characterized for different PGP attributes
like zinc, phosphate and potassium solubilization and siderophore production. Among them 9 isolates found positive for
zinc, 10 for phosphate and 6 for potassium solubilization and 36 were found positive for siderophore production.
Conclusions:The fungal flora of the selected region have the Plant growth promoting activity.
Keywords: Fungal Diversity, Siderophore, PDA and PGP
Turmeric And Its Associated Fungal Endophytes

Dr. Verinder Virk and Himani Deepak
1
Department of Microbiology, Kanya Gurukula campus, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar
Purpose:Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric) is a member of Zingeberaceae family, belongs to one of the oldest cultivated spice,
is indigenous to the Indian sub-continent, and is one of the most powerful herbal medicinal plants. Turmeric has been
associated from wide variety of microorganisms.Turmeric rhizomes interact with a large numbers of rhizospheric-
associated fungal species, and some enter the plant tissue and act as endophytes. Generally, fungal endophytes are
recognized as the rich source of secondary metabolites of their multifold importance in medical, agriculture and
pharmaceutical fields.
Methods:The present study focuses on the isolation and morphological identification of fungal endophytes from healthy
plant parts (rhizome, roots, stem and leaf) of Curcuma longa.
Results
Results :Out of 38 isolates, most of the fungal endophyte from the turmeric plant belong to the genera of Penicillium sp.,
Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Cochliobolus sp., Cladosporium sp., Virticilliumsp., Alternaria sp. and
sterlia mycelia.
Conclusions:The fungal endophytes are known to produce an array of bioactive molecules with diverse activities. The
isolated fungal endophytes are further proceeded to check their potential for antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and
immunomodulatory activities. Currently, there is a demand for health services in developing countries due to emergence of
drug resistance by pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, endophytic fungi are the ideal targets as they are widely used for
its various biological activities. However, more work in the field of endophytic fungi can exert a profound effect in the
search of novel bioactive.
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Keywords:Curcuma longa L., Endophytic fungi, Biological activities.
A Temporal Analysis of Forest and Forest Products in Rajasthan in Post Reform period
Arvind Singh Hada1, G.L. Meena2, Hari Singh3, Latika Sharma4
1
. Research Scholar, Department ofAgricultural Economics and Management, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001.
2,3,4
. Assistant Professor, Department ofAgricultural Economics and Management, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001.
Purpose:A study was carried out to better understand the changes in Rajasthan’s forests over time. The objectives were to
look at the changes in forest area and cover over time, as well as changes in ecological sector, production pattern and
revenue from selected timber and non-timber forest products.
Methods:Simple statistical tools such as mean, percentage, compound annual growth rate, instability index (Coefficient of
variation and Cuddy Della Valle index), tabular analysis and net change in ecological sector through land use model were
used to analyse the data. From 1995 to 2019, the study was conducted over a 24-year period.
Results :The findings revealed a significant compound annual growth rate of 0.30 per cent in total forest area. The area of
reserved forest, protected forest and unclassified forest saw significant compound growth rates of 0.90 per cent, 0.80 per
cent and -5.10 per cent, respectively. Unclassified forest area had 8.57 per cent instability, followed by protected forest
area (1.55%), reserved forest area (1.24%) and total forest area (0.70%). The percentage changes in total forest cover,
dense forest, open forest and scrub forest were 25.23%, 19.82%, 27.24% and -30.92%, respectively. The desirable
ecological sector increased by 234732 hectares, while the forest and land under miscellaneous tree crops and groves
increased by 301942 hectares and 10407 hectares, respectively, whereas permanent pastures and grazing lands decreased
by 77617 hectares. Changes in undesirable ecological sector were found to be negative, as barren and unculturable land
decreased by 274121 hectares between 1995 and 2019. The average production of firewood was 3.92 lakh quintals and
timber (2.95 lakh quintals), bamboo (14.80 lakh numbers) and tendu leaves (3.64 lakh standard bags). The average revenue
from 1995 to 2019 for timber, firewood, bamboo and tendu leaves was recorded as ₹38.99, ₹1761.94, ₹235.06 and
₹1377.51, respectively. However, contribution of timber declined from 5.56 per cent to 0.43 per cent, firewood grew from
10.14 per cent to 43.70 per cent, bamboo decreased from 15.33 per cent to 4.26 per cent and tendu leaves decreased from
68.97 per cent to 51.44 per cent in revenue during the study period.
Effect of Parental Stress among Single Mothers

Lata Pujar
Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Community Science, University of
Agriculture Science, Dharwad-580005-India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The growing number of single parent families is creating the stress on the lone parent for taking the double
responsibility of the child. . A single parent family indicates that the lone parent is whole and soul responsible for running
the family and rearing the children with or without the support system. Single parenthood can bring added pressure and
stress to the job of raising children. With no one to share day-to-day responsibilities or decision-making, single parents
must provide greater support for their children while they themselves may feel alone. The demands of parenting can create
stress for almost all parents. Parenting stress and demands of being a parent occurs when the demands of parenthood
exceed the perception of available resources to meet those demands (Abidin, 1995; Deater-Deckard, 1998). In this view the
effect of parental stress on single mothers has been carried out.
Methods: A differential research design was used to know the differences in parental stress among the single mothers by
locality and correlation design was used to know the influence of age and socio-economic status on parental stress among
single mothers from rural areas of seven districts. While the target populations of the study comprised of single parent
families from rural areas of University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad (UAS) Jurisdiction namely Dharwad, Haveri,
Gadag, Belgaum, Uttar Kannada, Bagalkot and Vijayapur District of Karnataka, India. Among each district two taluks
were randomly selected and from each taluk two villages were randomly selected for the study. Among each village 15
single mothers were selected which comprised of totally 420 single parent families. The criterion for selecting the single
mothers was that they should have at least one child/ children aged from 6-25 years. Parental Stress Scale developed by
Berry and Jones (1995) was used to know the levels of stress experienced by parents which account positive and negative
aspects of parenting. The Socio Economic Status developed by (Aggarwal et al., 2005) was used to assess the SES of
respondents.
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Results: The results indicated that 74.76 per cent reported death of their spouse was one of the major reasons
for being single parent followed by separated (12.85 %) and divorce (12.38 %). Among the single parents
60.95 per cent had medium parental stress followed by 29.76 per cent single parents had high parental stress and
remaining 9.28 per cent had low parental stress and there was highly significant difference between the
localities with respect to parental stress. The reason could be that the single parents and their children have one-
to-one relationship and the children were dependent on the lone parent for love and affection which would easy
the single parents in parenting their children all alone. As the days passes the single parents have gained greater
self-confidence and sense of independence in parenting alone which in turn help the children for better
foundation for their future in respect to working hard and face the hardships in life from an early age and learn
how to deal with life on its own terms. When compared between the groups of single parents there was no
significant association found in parental stress. There was significant relationship between the age, socio
economic status with parental stress.
Conclusion: The major reason for singlehood was death of the spouse followed by separation and divorce,
while among the seven districts majority of the single parents had medium level of parental stress and there was
highly significant difference and influence of localities with respect to parental stress. When compared between
the groups of single parents there was no significant association found in parental stress. There was significant
relationship between the age, socio economic status with parental stress.
Key words: Single parents, Parental stress, Widow, Separated and Divorced
References
Abidin R. 1995. Parenting Stress Index (PSI)-Manual, Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., Odessa, pp:
210-302.
Agarwal. 2005. A new instrument (scale) for measuring socio-economic status of a family: Preliminary study.
Indian. J. Comm. Med. 34 (4): 111-114.
Berry J D and Jones W H. 1995. The Parental Stress Scale: initial psychometric evidence. Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships 12: 463-472.
Deater-Deckard K. 1998. Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions.
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 5: 314–332.
Banana pseudo stem sap: An eco-auxiliary for textile finishing

Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, College of Community Science, University of Agricultural
Sciences Dharwad
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Banana (Musa paradisiaca) is one of the most important gigantic and oldest cultivated fruit crops grown almost
everywhere in India. Banana is the second largest produced fruit contributing about 16 per cent of the world’s total fruit
production (FAO, 2009). Abundantly available banana pseudo stem has been traditionally used for fibre extraction for
products diversification and the sap is one of the most important bio agent for various applications has not been utilising
properly either by farmers or industrialist. Hence the present study is designed with the objective, extraction and
characterization of banana pseudo stem sap of local varieties and application of optimised sap on cotton fabric.
Methods: The banana pseudo stem sap of Grand Nain and Ney Poovan varieties were characterized for total phenolic
content (TPC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), antioxidant assay and bioassay test. Based on
characterization Ney Poovan varity was selected for finishing of cotton fabric. The finished cotton fabric was assessed for
physical properties viz., cloth count, cloth thickness, cloth weight, cloth stiffness and cloth crease recovery and functional
properties viz., cloth tensile strength, elongation, cloth drapeability, antimicrobial, UV property and the finished cotton
fabric is characterised by FTIR.
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Results: Results revealed that, the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity exhibited greater in Ney Poovan pseudo
stem sap than Grand Nain pseudo stem sap. The FTIR spectrum of banana pseudo stem sap (Grand Nain) exhibited
presence of C-Br stretching attributed to presence of bromine compound and Ney Poovan pseudo stem sap exhibited
presence of N-O stretching and S O stretching specifies the presence of nitro and sulfoxide compound. The optimised
BPS treated cotton fabrics became significantly thicker, heavier, softer, pliable and good drape than control fabric. The
cloth tensile strength and elongation were found to be significantly greater in BPS treated cotton fabric. The BPS treated
cotton fabric exhibited increased ultra violet protection factor with decreased UVA and UVB resulting into good to
excellent protection category and also exhibited good antimicrobial properties than control fabric. The FTIR of BPS treated
cotton fabrics exhibited additional medium peaks at varied wavelengths resulting into formation of intermolecular bonding
between fibre and BPS compounds which yields UPF properties.
Conclusion: BPS treated fabrics can be suitable for summer apparels, health care and home textiles. The processed sap can
be used as eco auxiliaries for functional finishing of textiles and optimum utilization of biowaste provides an immense help
to the farmers and entrepreneurs to creates employment opportunity among the banana growers and doubling the farmer’s
income.
Key words: Banana pseudo stem, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR), physical property, antimicrobial assay and ultra violet protection factor.
Immunomodulatory activity of asparagus racemosus with particular reference to cytokines’

induction in chicken splenocytes
Department of Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, C.B.S.H., G.B.P.U.A.&T., Pantnagar, Uttarakhand,
India
Department of Veterinary Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
G.B.P.U.A.&T., Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Several anti-inflammatory agents used for the treatment of inflammation impart side effect. This demands for the
plant derived natural immunomodulators. Asparagus racemosus (family Asparagaceae) also known as Shatavari is a well
known plant in Ayurveda. Present study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulatory potential of hydromethanolic
extract of Asparagus racemosus (ARE) in chicken lymphocytes culture system through quantitative real time PCR analysis
of IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 and iNOS.
Methods: The maximum non-cytotoxic dose (MNCD) of ARE was confirmed in the chicken lymphocytes through MTT
assay. Total Antioxidant Capacity, Reducing Power Capacity, Hydrogen peroxide Scavenging Assay, NO radical
scavenging assay were carried out to assess the antioxidative potential of ARE. Immunomodulatory potential was
evaluated through lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA) followed by antioxidant analyses (LPO, GSH, SOD and NO) in
ARE treated chicken lymphocytes. Further, expression analysis (IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 and iNOS) was conducted
through quantitative real time PCR to explore the underlying molecular mechanism behind immunomodulatory potential of
ARE in chicken lymphocytes.
Results: MNCD of ARE was found to be 300µg/ml. ARE displayed significant increase in B and T cells proliferation in
case of mitogen stimulated cells. There was substantial decrease in the percent Lipid peroxidation and NO content whereas
GSH and SOD levels were significantly increased in the chicken splenocytes treated with ARE. ARE treatment to chicken
lymphocytes down regulated the expression of IL-6 and iNOS, whereas, IL-4, IFN-γ and IL-10 expression levels were
significantly upregulated.
Conclusion: The results obtained in the study indicated that ARE treatment significantly enhanced B and T cells
proliferation and improved the antioxidant status of cells. In vitro exposure of ARE led to increased expression of anti-
inflammatory cytokines and diminished the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Taken together, these findings
ascertained that ARE boosted both cellular and humoral immunity and possessed anti-inflammatory activity.
Key words: Asparagus racemosus; Anti-inflammatory; Immunomodulatory; Cytokines; Chicken lymphocytes.

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Influence of different cultivation method on Green House Gases (GHGs) emission in rice
ecosystem
Boomiraj, K., Goveanthan, A.S. and Senthilraja K.
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Global warming due to enhanced Green House Gas (GHG) effect is the most important
environmental issue across the world. The emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is increasing at alarming rate
due to increasing population and development. The emission of GHGs is highest in the transportation sector due
to fossil fuel combustion in the world as well as in India. Among the various sources of GHGs, agriculture is
considered a major contributor primarily through the emission of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O).
Among the agriculture rice cultivation ranks second after livestock emission in India. Rice in the most
important staple food crop in India and is being grown from Kashmir to Kannyakumari by following different
cultivation methods. The growing demand for food due to increasing population urges us to increase food grain
production. At this juncture, there is need to quantify the GHGs emission in the different rice cultivation
methods so that we could able to find suitable method of cultivation with low emission without sacrificing
yield.
Methods: Estimation of methane and nitrous oxide
emissions:
Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from
paddy fields and uplands will be measured by
acrylic chamber (length 40 cm, width 40 cm and
height 100 cm). Methane and nitrous oxide
emission rates will be determined at hourly
interval for measuring the changes of methane and
nitrous oxide concentrations (the net change
between greenhouse gas emission and sink) in the
acrylic chamber. The sample were taken during
vegetative period, active tillering stage,
flowering and maturity stage. The average
emission were taken for to calculate seasonal
GHGs emission. Methane and nitrous oxide will
be analyzed by gas chromatograph using FID and
ECD, respectively. Methane and nitrous oxide
emissions from paddy fields and uplands will be
calculated from the experimental data and Fig 1. Acrylic GHGs collection chamber
estimated by the following equation at each growth stage (Rolston, 1986).
F = (V/A) (C/t)
Where F is the methane or nitrous oxide emission rate (mg m-2 h-1),
V is the volume of chamber above soil (m3),
A is the cross-section of chamber (m2),
C is the concentration difference between zero time and time t (mg m-3),
t is the time duration between two sampling period (h).
Results: The gas sample were collected from TNAU- Wetland during the year 2014-15 and the collected sample has been
analyzed in Gas Chromatography for methane and Nitrous oxide. The preliminary results shows that nitrous oxide
emission was high at SRI method (12.13 Kg/ha/Season) followed by convention method (10.04 Kg/ha/Season) and low in
Drum seeded rice (8.24 Kg/ha/Season). At the same time the methane Emission was high in Conventional method (84.27
Kg/ha/Season) followed by drum seeded paddy (57.09 Kg/ha/Season) and the low emission observed in SRI method
(24.76). The more methane emission in conventional method was due to maintaining anaerobic at field, which created
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redox state in the soil though which the high quantity of methane gas was produced. At the same time the nitrous oxide
emission is less in conventional methods due to anaerobic condition prevailed throughout the season. The nitrous oxide
emission is more in SRI method of cultivation was mainly due to aerobic conditions prevailed during alternate wetting and
drying method as well as during conoweeding and rotary weeding operation.
Fig.2. Method of cultivation on GHGs emission
In the drum seed method cultivation had emitted low amount of nitrous oxide compare to other methods of cultivation.
Conclusion: The GHGs emission in the rice field was depended on the water and nitrogen management. The methane
emission was more conventional method and nitrous oxide emission was more in SRI method of cultivation. There was
reduction in N2O emission, when ammonium chloride applied as nitrogen source and application of compost also reduces
the emission of CH4 and N2O in all cultivation method. Further studies would be on nitrifying microbes and
methanotrophs on different rice cultivation method to sustain the production and reduce the emission of GHGs.
Key words: CH4, N2O, GHGs, rice
References
Kofi K. Boateng, George Y. Obeng and Ebenezer Mensah. 2017. Rice Cultivation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A
Review and Conceptual Framework with Reference to Ghana. Agriculture 7(7): 1-14. doi:10.3390/agriculture7010007
Syed Faiz-ul Islam, Bjoern Ole Sander, James R. Quilty , Andreas de Neergaard, Jan Willem van Groenigen , Lars
Stoumann Jensen. 2020. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and reduced irrigation water use in rice production
through water-saving irrigation scheduling, reduced tillage and fertiliser application strategies. Science of the Total
Environment 739: 140215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140215
Kritee Kritee, Drishya Nair, Daniel Zavala-Araiza, Jeremy Proville, Joseph Rudek, Tapan K. Adhya,Terrance Loecke,
Tashina Esteves, Shalini Balireddygari, Obulapathi Davf, Karthik Ram, Abhilash S. R., Murugan Madasamy, Ramakrishna
V. Dokka, Daniel Anandaraj, D. Athiyaman, Malla Reddy , Richie Ahuja and Steven P. Hamburg. 2018. High nitrous
oxide fluxes from rice indicate the need to manage water for both long- and short-term climate impacts. PNAS 115 (39):
9720–9725. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1809276115.
Overcome nutritional deficiencies emplyoing food to food fortification with wild edible berries of
Kumaun Himalaya, India
Neelaxi Pandey and Satpal Singh Bisht
Department of Zoology, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Uttarakhand state is still in its infancy of development more specifically the mountain region of
Himalaya observe malnutrition, poverty and other associated nutritional deficiencies which is a big challenge to
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policy makers and people them-selves, though this region is endowed with a great floral diversity and a big
repository of medicinal plants since Vedic times. This area is popularly known for many wild fruits including
variety of less known wild edible berries.
Methods: Protein quantification was done by the BSA standard protocol; carbohydrates and mineral content
were estimated by the AAS.
Results: These underutilized berries are not only delicious and refreshing, but also a good source of nutrients
and therapeutic compounds. Apart from nutrition and therapeutics they could be a great source of
immunobooster and immunoregulators. Therefore, the use of wild edible berries for food to food fortification
could be an effective approach to address various nutritional deficiencies.
Conclusion: Investigations on such berries are suggested to be identified as candidate source to explore the
possibilities of fortification and promotion of their domestication leading to commercial scale production.
Key words: Food Fortification, Wild Edible Berries, Uttarakhand Himalaya, Malnutrition, Immunobooster
Biodegradation of carbosulfan pesticide by using novel indigenous Bacillus cereus strain T5

under subtropics
Govind Kumar*, Shatrohan Lal, Shailendra Kr. Maurya, A.K. Bhattacherjee
ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Lucknow
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The potential of root-associated rhizobacteria to grow in pesticide-contaminated sites are of great
interest; nevertheless, their ability to thrive in pesticide-contaminated agricultural soils and promote plant
growth is still unknown. In this study, we explored the degradation mechanism of carbosulfan pesticide and
plant growth promotion characteristics by rhizobacteria in minimal salt medium and soil.
Methods: Isolation of potential plant growth promoting bacteria by using enrichment culture technique and
analyse for PGPR properties and pesticide biodegradation in different medium like MSM, sterile and natural
soil.
Results: Results revealed a rhizobacterial strain Bacillus cereus T5 (NCBI accession no. MW208058) showing
luxuriant growth in pesticide contaminated medium was identified on the basis of 16S rDNA sequencing. A
microcosm study with strain T5 in MS medium, sterile soil, and natural soil showed carbosulfan degradation up
to 95%, 78% and 85% in MSM, sterile and natural soil respectively in 30 days of incubation quantified by high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The plant growth promoting characteristics such as phosphate
solubilization, potassium solubilization zinc solubilization, IAA production, HCN production, Ammonia
production by strain T5 in carbosulfan amended medium showing positive results. The quantitative estimation
of PGP characteristics showing 46.721±2µg mL-1 IAA production, 23.971±2µg mL-1 HCN production,
19.772±2µg mL-1 ammonia production, 55.219±2µg mL-1 phosphate solubilization, 54.714±2µg mL-1 potassium
solubilization, and 41.179±2µg mL-1 Zinc solubilization by strain T5 in their respective media amended with
carbosulfan.
Conclusion: Hence findings of the study clearly suggested that strain T5 could be a promising tool for reducing
the pesticide (carbosulfan) load in agriculture soils as well as a promising candidate for plant growth promotion
in pesticide contaminated soils.
Key words: Biodegradation, Pesticide, Carbosulfan, PGPR, Bacillus cereus
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Influence of different tillage on the root growth
Anamika Tomar, Dr. Sanjay Sharma
RVSKVV, Gwalior
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The aim of tillage in crop production is to produce favorable physical conditions for seed germination
and plant growth. However, intensive soil tillage can lead to degradation of soil structure, due to the gradual
loss of stable aggregates, leading to soil erosion and compaction, which will result in low moisture availability
for plants.
Methods: Two sets of root samples were collected: the first, on 65 days after planting when the crop was at pod
filling stage. A core sampler was used to extract 76.2-mm-diam soil cores 0, 10, and 20 cm from the planted
row to a depth of 60cm. Cores were subsequently sectioned in 15 cm increments. Roots were separated from
soil using a modification of the washing technique described by Ward et al. (1978). Roots were separated from
organic debris and stored in a 50% (V/V) ethanol-water solution until DM and length measurements were made.
Root length was estimated according to Newman's (1966) line intercept method. A plastic disk imprinted with a
20-mm-square grid was laid over the washed roots, which were uniformly distributed on a 150-mm-diam filter
paper. Number of intersections between gridlines and roots were counted manually. Numbers of intersections
were converted into Root Length Density (RLD):
RLD = root length (km)/sample volume (m3) = 15.7 14 X N/sample volume,
Where, N is the number of counts per sample (Tennant, 1975). After measuring root length, roots were dried at
80°C and weighed for DM.
Results: The data on root length density as influenced by different treatments have been depicted from the
figure. It is evident from the figure that at surface layer (0-10 cm) the highest RLD was obtained in case of T1-
SS (2.83 cmcm-3) followed by T3-DT (2.70 cmcm-3), T4-RT+ CR (2.50 cmcm-3) and lowest in case of T2-CT
(2.12 cmcm-3). Similarly, at 10-20 cm soil depth Highest RLD was observed in case of T1-SS (2.20 cmcm-3),
followed by T4-RT+CR (1.60 cmcm-3), T2-CT (1.50 cmcm-3) and lowest in case of T3- DT (1.10 cmcm-3). At
20-30 m depth and 30-40 cm soil depth almost similar trend were observed. RLD was the highest in case of T1-
SS i.e 2.10 cmcm-3 and 1.88 cmcm-3, at 20-30 and 30-40 cm soil depth, respectively. The average RLD up to
40 cm soil depth was 96%, 60% and 65% higher in case of T1-SS as compared to T2-CT, T3-DT and T4-
RT+CR, respectively.
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Conclusion: The use of subsoiler developed at JICA, College of Agriculture, Indore has been found effective in
braking compact layer which enhances root growth.
Key words: Tillage, Subsoiler, Root growth, Compaction.
Effect of Landuse Landcover Types on Soil Nitrogen Stock in an Entisol of Terai Region of West
Bengal
Sagardeep Sinha and Ganesh Chandra Banik*
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch
Behar, West Bengal-736165
ABSTRACT
The relative abundance of plant available NH4+ and NO3- form of nitrogen (N) in soil depends on rate of
mineralization of native and applied N which in turn depends on many factors such as soil temperature, soil
moisture content, and activity of microorganisms in soil and also on the land use landcover (LULC) type. The
LULC type is an important factor for controlling soil N levels by affecting the quantity and quality of litter
input (both below and above ground), litter decomposition rates and stabilization of organic matter containing
organic nitrogen compounds. Natural forests, forest plantation, agro-forestry, grasslands and cultivated lands are
the major ecosystems whose soil stores different amount of the total nitrogen. We aimed to examine the effect
of different land uses and landcovers on stocks of various forms of N in soil.
Methods: The research work was conducted at the Pundibari campus of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya
which is spread over 300 acres of land and it hosts four different kinds of land uses- agricultural croplands,
grasslands, plantation croplands and human interfered lands. Soil mineralizable N was estimated by the methos
proposed by Keeney and Bremer (1966). Soil N stock was calculated by following the equation given by Ellert
and Bettany (1995).
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Results: The soils were mostly acidic irrespective of LULC type and low in bulk density (1.02 - 1.27 g cc-1).
The estimation of several forms of nitrogen viz, available nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total
nitrogen, nitrogen stock, C:N ratio, etc. indicated that there were variations in these forms under different LULC
types. Significant variations were found for ammoniacal nitrogen and organic carbon content in different
LULCs. Both ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen were found to follow the order- grasslands > agricultural
croplands > plantation croplands > human interfered lands. Higher quantity of total nitrogen was noted in
plantation cropland soils than any other LULC classes. The C:N ratio was observed higher in human interfered
lands followed by plantation croplands, grasslands and agricultural croplands. Nitrogen stock was found highest
in grassland soils and lowest in the human interfered land soils.
Conclusion: he N content in soil were found to be affected by the LULC types. Conversion of plantation
croplands and grasslands into agricultural croplands could decline in the N status of the soils.
Key words: LULC, nitrogen stock, C:N ratio, resource map
References
Keeney D R and Breme J M. 1966. Characterization of mineralizable nitrogen in soils. Soil Science Society of
America Journal 30 (6): 714-719.
Ellert B H and Bettany J R. 1995. Calculation of organic matter and nutrients stored in soils under contrasting
management regimes. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 75 (4): 529–38.
Effect of fly ash on growth and survival of sulphur oxidising bacteria

Nandni, Savita Rani*, Gourav Chopra and Leela Wati
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Microbial sulphur oxidation is beneficial to soil fertility, resulting the formation of SO42-, which can
be used by the plants, while the acidity produced by process of oxidation is used to solubilize other plant
nutrients. Fly ash has great potentiality in agriculture due to its efficacy in modification of soil health and crop
performance. So, the present investigation was conducted to study the effect of different concentration (0.5-
5%) of fly ash on growth and survival of sulphur oxidizing bacterial isolate SOB3.
Methods: Nutrient broth was supplemented with fly ash at different conc. (0.5-5%) and the viable counts of
sulphur oxidizing bacterial isolate SOB3 was observed at different time intervals. Survival of bacterial isolate in
soil was studied by amending sterile soil with fly ash at different conc. (0.5-5%) inoculated with culture of
SOB3 and taking viable counts at different time of intervals by dilution and plating of soil samples.
Results: Fly ash at 3% concentration was found to better for growth and survival of bacterial isolate SOB3.
Maximum viable count of SOB3 was 8.303 log cfu/ml after 24h of incubation and eventually decreased with
further incubation. Similarly, the bacterial isolate SOB3 survived upto 3% fly ash conc. with viable count 8.249
log cfu/g after 24h of incubation that decreased thereafter.
Conclusion: Amalgamation of soil with fly ash and sulphur oxidizing bacterial isolate SOB3 could further be
exploited to study its effect on plant growth.
Keywords: Sulphur, Oxidation, Fly ash, Solubilize, Survival
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Isolation and screening of zinc solubilizing bacteria for use as biofertilizer for onion crop
Shivi Choudhary, Baljeet Singh Saharan* and Shubham Kumar
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Zinc (Zn) is an essential and prime micronutrient needed in small amounts by agricultural crops for
complete growth, development, and nutrition. It acts as an essential and key constituent of a variety of
enzymatic reactions, carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of proteins and auxin in plants and influences the
development of root, grain yield, uptake of water etc. Zinc solubilizing microbes can be utilized as prospective
alternatives to conventional less-efficient fertilizer application for enhanced Zn availability in soils. The present
study was aimed to isolate Zn solubilizing bacteria to increase the availability of native zinc for onion plant
assimilation and eventually plant growth promotion.
Methods: In present study, the bacterial cultures were isolated from onion rhizospheric soil by dilution plate
technique using zinc minimal medium containing insoluble zinc sources (ZnO and ZnCO3). The isolates were
screened on the basis of zone formation around the colonies and measured as solubilization index.
Results: A total of nineteen zinc solubilizing bacteria (ZSC1-19) were isolated from soil using zinc minimal
medium. Among these, four isolates (ZSC1, ZSC3, ZSC11, ZSC12) exhibited negligible solubilization zone on
zinc minimal medium. Maximum Zn solubilization index (SI) observed for ZSC5 and ZSC10 was 4.5 and 4.3
after 5th day of incubation at 300C using ZnO.
Conclusion: Zinc solubilization ability of these isolates will be further assessed for plant growth promoting
beneficial traits and could be explored as biofertilizer for onion crop.
Keywords: Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, Zinc Minimal Medium, Solubilization Index, Onion Crop
Effect of fly ash on growth and survival of mineral solubilising bacteria

Savita Rani, * Nandni, Gourav Chopra and Leela Wati
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Fly ash can be used for soil reclamation and enhance the crop productivity depending upon the nature
of soil and fly ash. It may improve physicochemical and biological properties of soils and enhance the
availability of macro and micronutrients for plants. Mineral solubilizing bacteria (MSB) can solubilize minerals
and convert insoluble minerals to soluble form and makes available for plant uptake. In present study, the effect of
fly ash on growth of mineral solubilizing bacteria of wheat crop was studied under in vitro conditions.
Methods: Nutrient broth was supplemented with fly ash at different conc. (0.5-5%) and viable counts of
bacterial isolate MSB2 was counted at different time intervals. Survival of MSB2 in soil was studied by sterile soil
amending with fly ash at different concentrations (0.5-5%) inoculated with bacterial culture of MSB2 and taking
viable count at different time of intervals by dilution and plating of soil samples.
Results: The viable count of bacterial isolate MSB2 increased with increase in fly ash conc. from 0.5 to 3.0%
and decreased with further increase in fly ash conc. upto five percent. Maximum viable count was observed as
7.637 log cfu/ml for MSB2 at 3% fly ash concentration after 72h of incubation. Similarly, the bacterial isolate
MSB2 survived upto 3% fly ash conc. with viable count 8.494 log cfu/g after 72h of incubation that decreased
thereafter.
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Conclusion: Application of soil with fly ash along with mineral solubilizing bacteria MSB2 could further be
exploited to study its effect on plant growth.
Keywords: fly ash, mineral, growth, survival, solubilize
Factors influencing the adoption of agroforestry practices among tribal farmers in kolli hills of
Tamilnadu
V. Keerthana1 and P. Naveen Kumar2
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur, Trichy –
621 206
2
Department of Agricultural Economics, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Deemed to be University,
Arasmpalayam, Coimbatore – 642 109
ABSTRACT
Agroforestry provides both environmental protection and socio-economic benefits. Agroforestry systems
provide a symbiotic relationship between agriculture crops, tree species, and livestock rearing on the same area
of land. Agroforestry develops as a fruitful took for upgrade the rural economy due to low investment, efficient
profit and ability to generate significant amount of income. The potential benefits of Agroforestry includes
reduced poverty through enlarged production of wood and other products, enhanced food security by
restoring soil fertility for food crops, multifunctional site use, reduced global warming and hunger risk by
growing the number of drought-resistant trees and the successive production of fruits, nuts and edible
oils, decreased deforestation and pressure on woodlands by supplying farm-grown fuel wood, reduced
need for toxic chemicals, increased human nutrition through more diversified farm outputs, etc.
Purpose: This study will give farmers a greater understanding of the level of adoption of agroforestry species
and the major factors influencing their adoption in Kolli hills of Tamil Nadu. The objectives of this study were
the following:
To determine how environmental factors such as soil erosion management, improved soil cover, and soil
fertility impact farmer’s decision to use agroforestry species.
To assess how economic aspects including household income, timber diversity, feed, and stakes influence
farmers decisions to employ agroforestry species.
Evaluate how social and cultural factors, such as education and agricultural extension, impact farmers' decision
to use agroforestry species.
To identify the challenges encountered by farmers during adoption of agroforestry tree species.
Methods: The present study was carried out in Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu state. So Namakkal district has
been administratively divided into seven taluks and fifteen blocks. Higher populations of tribes were noticed
about adoption of agroforestry in Kolli hills from these taluks and blocks. The selected Kolli Hill study area has
a total geographical area of 37961 hectares. It is at a height of 1200 meters above sea level. It stretches 29 km
from North to South and 19 km from East to West. Forests cover 44 per cent of the total surface area and
agricultural practice occupies 51.6 per cent. This study was carried out from January to March, 2020. The list of
farmers’ household from each selected village was acquired from the Gram Panchayat office and also from the
Department of Agriculture and Horticulture. Data was obtained from 240 households using simple purposive
random sampling to select the farmers of six revenue villages (Ariyurnadu, Valapurnadu, Bailnadu,
Valavanthiandu, Gundurnadu and Selurnadu) of Kolli hills. The information was acquired through the use of
structured questionnaire. The Freidman test was applied to evaluate the correlation between the factors
influencing the adoption of agroforestry species among farmers using Microsoft Office Excel and the Statistical
Package for the Social Science (SPSS).
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Results: The findings revealed that the Agroforestry species planted on farmland were Silver oak with Tapioca
(78%) and Silver oak with Minor millets (65.3%). The Freidman test showed that Silver oak with Tapioca is
more preferred by farmers with 2.46 mean rank. The most influencing factors, soil erosion reduction has a mean
rank of 5.02 followed by nitrogen fixation, waste assimilation, changing climatic conditions, increasing soil
fertility, soil cover improvement, carbon storage and then improving soil structure with mean rank of 4.27, 4.15,
4.08, 3.56, 3.27,2.65 and 2.12 respectively. Diversification of products was one of the most significant
economic factor driving farmers to adopt Agroforestry species with a mean rank of 2.94 with training and
agricultural extension with 2.57 as mean rank as the primary social factors motivating farmers to adopt
Agroforestry species. The inadequacy of seedlings was the most critical constraint experienced by farmers in
adopting Agroforestry species with 3.43 mean rank value. Agroforestry nursery establishment, training on
Agroforestry practices and availability of bank credit loan were the major suggestions given by respondents to
address the identified constraints with respective percentages of 88.23, 61.21 and 32.45.
Conclusion: The central and state governments and wood based enterprises are promoting agroforestry on a
large scale with precision silvicultural practices and constant price mechanism. These efforts not only help the
domestic and economic demands of the farmers and also produce several ecological benefits. Finally,
agroforestry techniques are required to maintain the forest resources and agrarian identity at domestic and
national level.
References
Sangeetha R and T R Shanmugam. 2014. Factors determining the adoption of agroforestry practices in North
Western parts of Tamil Nadu. Trends in Bioscience 7(24): 4161-4166.
Saravanan S and B Nanita. 2021. Agroforestry practices in Tamil Nadu, India – a boon for farmers for
livelihood security. Current Science 120(4):644-653.
The effect of root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica on Zea mays (maize) plants
Richa Panwar, Sonia Goel
Faculty of Agricultural sciences, SGT (Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University) Univeristy,
Gurugram, Haryana, 122006, India
ABSTRACT
Piriformospora indica (P.indica), a multifaceted root colonizing fungus promotes growth and enhances the
stress tolerating capacity of the plants. P.indica was prepared in Kaefer media, along with macro and micro
nutrients and then applied to roots of maize seedlings.Data was subjected to statistical analysis and non-
colonized (control) and colonized (P. indica) plants were compared for significant difference and presented as
mean±SE. Root fresh weight varied greatly from 0.48g to 0.61g and was significantly affected by air
temperature and relative humidity.The shoot length of non inoculated maize plants was 11.38± 0.39 which
increased to 29.97 ± 0.42 in treated plants.
Introduction: Piriformospora indica, a root endophyte basidomycete shows a symbiotic relationship with wide
variety of monocots and dicots. This filamentous fungus is the member of the order Sebacinales which is the
diverging branch of the Agaricomycetes. P. indica was isolated from the woody shrubs Prosopis juliflora and
Zizyphus nummularia in the Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India (Varma et al., 1998). P. indica provides resistance to
biotic and abiotic stresses in many plants. (Baltruschat et al., 2008; Sun et al., 2010; Husaini et al., 2012; Zarea
et al., 2012; Ansari et al., 2013; Unnikumar et al., 2013). Plants colonized by P. indica displays beneficial
effects like enhancing host growth, promoting adventitious roots in cuttings and enhance nitrate and phosphate
assimilation.
This symbiotic interaction has a biotrophic growth phase, in which carbon source is transported from the plant
to the fungus, whereas fungal hyphae serve as a fine link between the roots and the rhizosphere and improve the
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supply of the plant with inorganic nutrients (Harrison et al. 2002, Bucking and Heyser 2003, Karandashov et al.
2004). Piriformospora indica has its well defined roles in the protection of plants against a range of biotic stress
factors such as pathogenic fungi, bacteria and virus (Waller et al., 2005; Serfling et al., 2007; Oelmüller et al.,
2009; Camehl et al., 2010, 2013; Molitor et al., 2011; Dolatabadi et al., 2012;).
Fig.1. Mechanism of Colonization – P. indica colonizes with the plants in the following steps (Modified
from - Gill et al., 2016)
Methods: The fungus P.indica was inoculated in flasks (250 ml) having liquid Kafer medium (100 ml) . The
flasks were kept for 15 days in a rotatory shaker at 28 °C at 120 rpm. After 15 days, fungus mycelia were
harvested by filtering the culture through Whatman filter paper.Seeds of Zea mays were surface sterilized with
sodium hypochlorite (0.1% v/v) for 10 min, and then washed thoroughly (4–6 times) with double distilled water
and then grown in a seedling tray,after the proper initiation of root system took place this inoculum was added
to the seedlings to observe colonization.
Result: Following study was done to check the effect of P. indica on maize plants by determining the shoot
length, shoot weight, root length and root weight. Two types of determination are most commonly used i.e. root
fresh weight (Heijnen et al., 1993; Olivares et al., 1996; Bouillant et al, 1997) and root dry weight (Chanway
and Holl 1994; Sturz and Christie 1995; Bashan et al., 1998). The roots of P.indica inoculated maize plants
were hard, thick, brownish, and higher in number as compared with non-inoculated plants. In general, we have
observed that P. indica colonization enhanced root and shoot length as well as the fresh and dry weights of the
maize plants (Table1 and Table 2). This variation in growth promotion effects between fresh and dry weights
could be explained by the inconsistent water content in plant tissues between non-inoculated control and
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inoculated treatments (Zahed et al., 2015; Tank and Saraf., 2010).P. indica promotes growth of the inoculated
plants when compared to non- inoculated plants.
(A) (B)
Fig.2. (A) non-inoculated maize plants (B) inoculated maize plants
Root length
The colonized plants had enhanced root length and volume to higher absorption for water and nutrients as P.
indica is a root colonizing fungus. There was an increase of 55 % when inoculated plants were compared to
non- inoculated plants of maize. Root fresh weight varied greatly from 0.48g to 0.61g and was significantly
affected by air temperature and relative humidity (Table 1 and Table 2).
Shoot length
As the colonized roots would provide more minerals and nutrients to the plant parts, there was an increased
growth of shoot length. The shoot length of non inoculated maize plants at was 11.38± 0.39 which increased to
29.97 ± 0.42 (Table 1 and Table 2).
Table 1: Fresh and Dry Weight of controlled plants (without P. indica)
Shoot Root Fresh Fresh Dry Weight Dry Weight

Length Length Weight Weight (Shoot) (Root)
(S.L) (R.L) (Shoot) (Root)
Number of 15 15 15 15 15 15
Plants
Mean±Standard 11.38 9.93 0.54±0.06 0.48±0.03 0.0675±0.0039 0.06±0.0073

Error ±0.39 ±0.75
Standard 1.51 2.89 0.22 0.11 0.01534 0.2845

Deviation
Table 2: Fresh and Dry Weight of inoculated plants with P. indica
Shoot Root Fresh Fresh Dry Weight Dry Weight

Length Length Weight Weight (Shoot) (Root)
(S.L) (R.L) (Shoot) (Root)
No. of Plants 20 20 20 20 20 20
Mean±Standard 25.97±0.42 17.93±0.99 0.65±0.13 0.61±0.11 0.081±0.0028 0.07±0.0024

Error
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Standard 1.89 4.43 0.13 0.03 0.0107 0.0127
Deviation
Note: Each data set represents the Mean ± Standard Error
Biomass before and after inoculation

30
25
20
15
10
5
Shoot length Root length
Fresh weight (Shoot) Fresh weight (Root)
0
Dry weight (Shoot) Dry weight (Root)
Non-inoculated Inoculated plants
plants
Conclusion: In the present study we agreement that, P. indica promotes growth of the inoculated plants when
compared to non- inoculated plants. It was observed that the colonized plants had enhanced root length and
volume to higher absorption for water and nutrients as P. indica is a root colonizing fungus. There was an
increase of 55 % when inoculated plants were compared to non- inoculated plants of maize. Root fresh weight
varied greatly from 0.48g to 0.61g and was significantly affected by air temperature and relative humidity.The
shoot length of non inoculated maize plants was 11.38± 0.39 which increased to 29.97 ± 0.42 in treated plants.
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References
Ansari M W, Gill S S, Tuteja N. 2014. Piriformospora indica a powerful tool for crop improvement. Proc.
Indian Natl. Sci. Acad. 80: 317–324.
Das A, Kamal S, Shakil Najam A, Sherameti I, Oelmuller R, Dua M. 2012. The root endophyte fungus
Piriformospora indica leads to early flowering, higher biomass and altered secondary metabolites of the
medicinal plant, Coleus forskohlii. Plant Signal. Behav.7: 1–10.
Microwave based Seasoning of Bamboo.

Atul Kumar1, Ritesh D. Ram1, Shakti Singh Chauhan2
1
Wood Processing Division, IWST Bangalore
2
IPIRTI Bangalore
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Bamboo known as green gold & poor man’s timber is an important alternate species in terms of forest’s natural
resources. Bamboo and Bamboo derived/manufactured products hold the key to economy booster and will reduce the
pressure of already over-exploited regular timber sources. In this study we have aimed to reduce the moisture content of
bamboo with reducing the amount of time to mere hours from days.
1. The main objective of the study is to reduce the moisture of bamboo in lesser time than conventional
seasoning.
2. Few literature was used in conducting the research as not much work has been done on same.
3. Moisture of bamboo was reduced and no seasoning defects were observed
Methods: Bamboo samples converted to 1 meter length were exposed to microwave on three different intensities with
different conveyor speeds. Cyclic microwave exposure and cool down time was used to season the bamboo samples.
Moisture loss was observed after each cycle and recorded based on weight loss of bamboo.
Results: Volumetric heating in respect to dielectric effect based on moisture content was observed. Moisture loss with
consecutive cycles was found. The drying rate was found higher in high intensity and vice-versa. Bamboo didn’t bend or
change its shape and also retained its natural colour.
Conclusion: Microwave seasoning of bamboo is feasible and time saving process to enable quick manufacturing and
processing of bamboo without any adverse effect & value addition.
Key words: Microwave, Dielectric, Bamboo, Moisture loss.
Studies on Genetic Variability in Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum L.)

Manisha, Manju Verma
College of Agriculture, SKRAU, Bikaner
ABSTRACT
Purpose: India is well known as "land of spices” across the world since long back. Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum L.) also called cilantro or dhania is an annual herb, belong to the family Apiaceae, is a native of
Mediterranean region. The basic chromosome number of this genus is x=11 and Coriandrum sativum is diploid
with 2n=22. India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of seed spices in the world.
Methods: The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 24 genotypes and replicated
thrice. The total coriander plants spaced at 30 × 20 cm2 were selected for the study. The randomization of
treatments was done with the help of 24 genotypes was used in the experiment.
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Results: The present investigation was carried out at Experimental area was conducted at Horticulture Research
Center, Chauras Compus, and Department of Horticulture, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal (Uk)
during 2016-17. The analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences for all the 10 characters among
24 genotypes of coriander. Maximum day of 50% germinationwas recorded in Acr-1, whereas minimum in
Heera, JD-1, RCr-41, RCr-436, RCr-446, RCr-475, RCr-728. Maximum plant height was recorded in Acr-1
whereas minimum in Hisar Surbhi. Maximum number of branches per plant was recorded in RCr-446.
Conclusion: Yield parameters like days to initiation of germination, day of 50% germination, plant height (cm),
number of branches per plant, days to initiation of floweringday to 50 % flowering, umbel per plant, umbellates
per umbel, seed per umbel, seed yield per plant (g) and test weight (g), and biological yield. The analysis of
variance indicated highly significant differences for all the 10 characters among 24 genotypes of coriander.
Genotype Mahak produced the highest seed yield per plant followed by RCr-435, Acr-1 and Hisar Anand.
GenotypesRCr-20 followed by RCr-436, Hisar Anand, Hisar Surbhi, Azad Dhaniya1, RCr-435, RCr-446, and
RCr-728 were found to be early as they required lesser number of days to 50 % flowering.
Key words: Coriander, Yield parameters, Economics parameters,10 Characters among 24 Genotypes of
coriander
Assessment of diversity in genetic stock of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Lokendra Singh Rajput, M. Yasin
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To characterizes and classify the chickpea genetic stocks into different groups for morphological
traits
To characterize and grouping of chickpea genetic stocks into various categories for yield traits.
To determine the extent of heritable genetic variation for quantitative traits.
To know the relationship between seed yield and its contributing characters in chickpea.
To assess diversity in genetic stock.
Methods: The present investigation “Assessment of diversity in genetic stock of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
was carried out during Rabi season of 2017-2018 in the field of R.A.K. College of Agriculture, Rajmata
Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Sehore (M.P.). The experimental material for the present
investigation was comprised of 200 accessions of Desi and Kabuli chickpea. These genotypes were sown in
Randomized Complete Block Design with two replications, to observed qualitative and quantitative
observation. Observations were recorded on the basis of five random competitive plants selected from each
genotype separately for qualitative and quantitative observation were evaluated as per standard procedure.
Results: On the basis of results, the present investigation is summarized as follows:

At plant level, the expression of three morphological characters was observed to categorize the genotypes/
genetic stocks. Plant vigor, leaf colour and plant growth habit are the most stable and uniform distinguishing
characters for verification of genetic stocks of chickpea. Flower colours are the uniform characters but their
expressions are observed by the some degree of fluctuating environment. Therefore, these traits should be used
only as an indicator not as marker to verify the genetic purity.
Analysis of variance revealed highly significant variance for all the traits depicting greater variability in the
existing material. The variation was highest for pods plant-1, secondary branches plant-1, plant height and seed
index.
The PCV was higher than the GCV for all the characters. The PCV and GCV was highest for characters viz.,
secondary branches plant-1, pods plant-1 and seed index, indicating that selection can be predicted to
improvement in the chickpea for these characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance for traits
like secondary branches plant-1, followed by pods plant-1, seed index and seed yield plant-1. Suggested that the
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preponderance of additive genes. It also indicated higher response for selection of high yielding genotypes as
these characters are governed by additive gene actions.
The association studies indicated that the advantages of upgrading chickpea genotypes through simultaneous
selection for pods plant-1 and seed index.
Path coefficient analysis revealed that pods plant-1, seed index and plant height are the most important
characters contributing towards seed yield and hence purposeful and balanced selection based on these
characters would be made rewarding for improvement of chickpea. Direct selection of secondary branches
plant-1 and days to 50 per cent flowering should be avoided instead of indirect selection.
Study of genetic divergence revealed a high inter cluster distance between cluster V (ICC11266, ICC12159,
ICC1232, ICC13185, ICC14225, ICC14484, ICC153, ICC16187, ICC16201, ICC2338, ICC3458, ICC5086,
ICC5391, ICC5899, ICC6122, ICC6659, ICC9023, ICC991, ICCV10, ICCV10, IG69441, IG7432 and JG11)
and cluster VI (ICC11766, ICC11904, ICC13200, ICC14199, ICC15547, ICC15551, ICC16637, ICC16822,
ICC5504, ICC6831, ICC8923, ICC8962, IG10578, IG10633, IG5875, IG5990, IG69597, IG70413, IG70990,
IG71814, IG71941, IG71967, IG73287, IG73322, IG73341, IG9810, KAK2, KAK2 and KAK2) were identified
as genetically diverse parents, which can be utilized for future crop improvement programme may lead to
maximum diversity in the segregating population and develop high yielding varieties in chickpea.
References
Duraimurugan P, Anjani K and Vishnuvardhan Reddy A. 2020. Comparison of screening methods for
evaluating leafhopper (Empoasca flavescens) resistance in castor. Journal of Oilseeds Research 37(Special
Issue): 183-184.
Jawahar Lal J, Sudhakara Babu S N, Duraimurugan P, Santha Lkashmi Prasad M, Ramya K T, Bisen Rajani,
Sujatha M and Vishnuvardhan Reddy A. 2020. Guidelines for Quality Seed Production of Sesame. ICAR-
Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad, pp. 30.
Antixenosis and antibiosis components of resistance in castor to semilooper (Achaea janata) and
tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura)
P. Duraimurugan*, T. Manjunatha and C. Lavanya
ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Telangana, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is the most important non-edible oilseed crop of India. Its seed oil is
used in the production of a wide range of industrial products. Despite the fact that India's castor productivity is
higher than the global average, there are several production constraints. One of the major constraints that limit
castor productivity is the excessive damage caused by lepidopteran pests, the major ones being castor
semilooper, Achaea janata L. (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) and tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura F.
(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) (Duraimurugan and Lakshminarayana, 2014). The lepidopteran pests are active during
the vegetative stage and over 50% defoliation is common in certain favourable years (Lakshminarayana and
Duraimurugan, 2014). To develop insect resistant/tolerant cultivars, it is important to understand the
contributions of different components of resistance, and therefore, the antixenosis and antibiosis components of
resistance were studied in selected castor genotypes to the lepidopteran pests.
Methods: Caged pot and laboratory experiments were conducted under no-choice and multi-choice conditions
to assess mechanism of resistance in the castor genotype, ICS-295 against semilooper and tobacco caterpillar
along with six other castor genotypes having different waxy blooms.
Results: Caged pot experiment revealed that ICS-295 showed antixenosis (non-preference) mechanism of
resistance for oviposition to A. janata (23.3 and 34.7 eggs) and S. litura (1.3 and 4.3 egg-masses) as compared
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to the other castor genotype, VP-1 (114.3 and 145.3 eggs by A. janata; 14.3 and 13.3 egg-masses by S. litura)
under free-choice and no-choice tests, respectively. Studies on feeding preference of A. janata and S. litura
larvae using free-choice tests under laboratory conditions revealed lowest larval attraction in ICS-295 (5.0 and
6.7%, respectively) as compared to 23.3 to 33.3% and 20.0 to 23.3% attraction in M-574 and VP-1, respectively
at 24-hrs after release. Antibiosis mechanism of resistance was observed when the larvae of A. janata and S.
litura were reared on leaves of ICS-295 with significantly prolonged larval and pupal duration and reduced
weight of larvae. Larval growth index of A. janata and S. litura was the lowest on ICS-295 (6.21 and 5.21,
respectively) as compared to M-574 and VP-1 (7.52 to 7.58 and 6.56 to 6.76, respectively).
Conclusion: The castor genotype, ICS-295 could be utilized in breeding programmes for developing pests
resistant/tolerant cultivars to these pests.
Key words: Castor, Genotypes, Resistance mechanisms, Semilooper, Tobacco caterpillar
References
Duraimurugan P and Lakshminarayana M. 2014. Efficacy of newer insecticides against defoliators and capsule
borer in castor. Indian Journal of Plant Protection 42(4): 307-311.
Lakshminarayana M and Duraimurugan P. 2014. Assessment of avoidable yield losses due to insect pests in
castor (Ricinus communis L.). Journal of Oilseed Research 31(2): 140-144.
Role of landscape heterogeneity in conservation of avian diversity at Harike wetland

Sachin Kumar and Tejdeep Kaur Kler
Department of Zoology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Harike wetland enjoys the status of Ramsar site that attracts hundreds of migratory species every
year. Although water bird census is done every year but none of the study is available for overall avian diversity
in last one decade in and around wetland.
Methods: The present study was done from the April 2019 – March 2021 to evaluate the avian composition in
agricultural (A), riparian (R) and wetland water (W) of the Harike wetland. Monthly surveys were conducted
using point count where each sampling site consisted of 10 random points with a straight-line difference of 300
m between two sampling points. The data was compiled and divided into three seasons i.e. summer (s),
monsoon (m), and winter (w) to address species richness, species evenness, Shannon-wiener diversity index,
and simpson index using Vegan-2019 package (Oksanen et al., (2019) on statistical software R (version
1.2.5033).
Results: A total of 42,377 birds were sighted belonging to 246 species under 20 orders including 9 near
threatened, 1 vulnerable and 1 endangered species. Species richness was 152, 196, 217 in summer, monsoon
and winter respectively. Maximum of 85 migratory species were recorded in winter during the study period in
the wetland habitat. Maximum species richness was observed in riparian zone (142 in w) followed by wetland
(131 in w) and agricultural area (115 in w) adjacent to wetland. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index varied
from 3.968(A,s) to 4.604 (R,w) and Simpson Index from 0.971 (A,s) to 0.987 (R,s). The species evenness
varied between 0.877546 (A,s) and 0.931347 (R,s). Richness and abundance of water birds significantly
increases in winter due to arrival of migratory birds nevertheless the riparian zone of the river adds more species
richness to the wetland habitat.
Conclusion: Low avian diversity in agricultural fields exposes the threat to habitat specialist ornitho-fauna of
the region. In general wetlands are known for abundance and richness of water birds however present study
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provide concrete evidence that the riparian zone of wetlands also harbor rich avian diversity therefore riparian
habitat specific conservation measures should be incorporated in wetland management strategies.
Key words: Harike wetland, Riparian zone, Species richness, Species evenness, Ornitho-fauna
Studies on genetic variability in Okra (Abelmoschus sps.)

Jasti Srivarsha1, V.V. Dalvi1, S.G. Bhave2, S.S.Desai1, A.V. Mane1, M.S. Joshi3, S.V.Sawardekar1
1
Department of Agricultural Botany, DBSKKV, Dapoli, Maharashtra
2
Director of Extension, DBSKKV, Dapoli, Maharashtra
3
Department of Plant Pathology, DBSKKV, Dapoli, Maharashtra
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], is an imperial vegetable crop of the Malvaceae family
in the tropics, sub-tropics and warmer portions of the temperate region of the world on a varying scale. Low
yielding potential of current varieties due to yield plateau and reduction in yield due to frequent attacks of pests
and diseases, especially the fruit and shoot borer (FSB) and yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) has become one
of the serious problem in okra. Further, being a potentially self pollinated crop, the cultivated okra has a narrow
genetic base and concerned efforts, are therefore, required for exploring the full potential of available okra
germplasm resources in the gene bank. Hence we aim to evaluate the variability in the unexploited germplasm
of okra collected from NBPGR and use the best among them for further breeding.
Methods: Twenty six accessions were sown in a randomized block design of three replication during summer
2018 at DBSKKV, Dapoli. The data were subjected to analysis of variance as per the method described by
Fisher and Yates (1974) and Panse and Sukhatme (1985). Various variability parameters like mean, range,
coefficient of variation, PCV, GCV, genetic advance and heritability were calculated using their respective
formulae.
Results: The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for 26 genotypes of okra revealed significant differences for all the
14 traits under study. Fruit yield per plant has recorded high PCV (32.07), high GCV (28.41), high heritability
(78.48%) and high GAM (51.85).
Conclusion: Significant differences among the genotypes of okra justified the presence of variability as
depicted by ANOVA. Knowledge of nature and magnitude of variation existing in the available breeding
materials are requisite to choose characters for effective selection of desirable genotypes to undertake planned
breeding programme.
Key words: variability, heritability, genetic advance, okra
Food security among farming households: a study in coastal Odisha

C. Devadarshini1 and K. Uma Maheswari2
1
Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Community Science, OUAT
2
Dept. of Foods and Nutrition, PGRC, PJTSAU
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Farming households are the most affected in terms of food insecurity and poverty. The coastal part of
the state is vulnerable to periodic recurrence of natural calamities giving rise to a situation of chronic food
insecurity particularly among the marginal farmers, and landless labourers. Several studies have evolved the
food security status of agricultural workers to be unsatisfactory. Hence, the present study is an attempt to assess
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the poverty and food security of farming households in coastal districts of Odisha with the objective to analyze
the socio-economic status and food security status among farming households.
Methods: A total of 350 households were selected for the study from the five coastal districts which had similar
agro-climatic zone namely Puri, Khurdha, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapada and Nayagarh during 2016-17 to assess
the food security status among farming households. Married couple & who were above the age of 35 years and
the women of the house were engaged in agricultural activity. For assessment of food security status Household
Food Security/Insecurity Assessment Scale, FAO (2013) was used.
Results: Based on land holding size households were categorized as semi medium farmers (n=82) small
farmers (n=87), marginal farmers (n=94) and landless labourers (n=87). Information on socio-economic status,
food security of the respondents from each category were collected by a structured and pre tested questionnaire.
The mean land holding size of the marginal farmers was 0.34ha. The small farmers and the semi medium
farmers were having mean land of 1.40ha and 3.90 ha respectively. The mean age of the male farmers was
45.94 years and the female farmers it was 38.58years. The mean expenditure (Rs. 3219.77±182.00) was very
close to the average monthly income (Rs. 3459.74±274.00) of the households. Majority of the households were
found to be food insecure in terms of quantitative availability of foods( 59.43%), food preference (60.00%),
diversification of foods(60.57%), reduction in frequency of meal consumed (64.85%), choice of foods( 65.71
%) and reduced quantity of food consumed (68.58%). The mean score for quantitative availability of
food(2.68±0.46), food preference (2.44±0.63), diversification of foods(2.38±0.08), reduction in frequency of
meal consumed(2.00±0.10), choice of foods(2.33±0.09) and reduced quantity of food consumed (2.12±0.09)
was found to be significant higher among the landless labourers compared to other categories of farmers.
Conclusion: Majority of the respondents were food insecure both in terms of quality and quantity. It was more
prevalent among the landless labourers followed by marginal farmers.
Key words: Food security, Nutrition security, Body Mass Index, Nutritional Status
Immunomodulatory activity of Asparagus racemosus with particular reference to cytokines’

induction in chicken splenocytes
Department of Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, C.B.S.H., G.B.P.U.A.&T., Pantnagar, Uttarakhand,
India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Several anti-inflammatory agents used for the treatment of inflammation impart side effect. This
demands for the plant derived natural immunomodulators. Asparagus racemosus (family Asparagaceae) also
known as Shatavari is a well known plant in Ayurveda. Present study was conducted to investigate the
immunomodulatory potential of hydromethanolic extract of Asparagus racemosus (ARE) in chicken
lymphocytes culture system through quantitative real time PCR analysis of IL-4, IFNγ, IL-6, IL-10 and iNOS.
Methods: The maximum non-cytotoxic dose (MNCD) of ARE was confirmed in the chicken lymphocytes
through MTT assay. Total Antioxidant Capacity, Reducing Power Capacity, Hydrogen peroxide Scavenging
Assay, NO radical scavenging assay were carried out to assess the antioxidative potential of ARE.
Immunomodulatory potential was evaluated through lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA) followed by
antioxidant analyses (LPO, GSH, SOD and NO) in ARE treated chicken lymphocytes. Further, expression
analysis (IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 and iNOS) was conducted through quantitative real time PCR to explore the
underlying molecular mechanism behind immunomodulatory potential of ARE in chicken lymphocytes.
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Results: MNCD of ARE was found to be 300µg/ml. ARE displayed significant increase in B and T cells
proliferation in case of mitogen stimulated cells. There was substantial decrease in the percent Lipid
peroxidation and NO content whereas GSH and SOD levels were significantly increased in the chicken
splenocytes treated with ARE. ARE treatment to chicken lymphocytes down regulated the expression of IL-6
and iNOS, whereas, IL-4, IFN-γ and IL-10 expression levels were significantly up-regulated.
Conclusion: The results obtained in the study indicated that ARE treatment significantly enhanced B and T
cells proliferation and improved the antioxidant status of cells. In vitro exposure of ARE led to increased
expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and diminished the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Taken
together, these findings ascertained that ARE boosted both cellular and humoral immunity and possessed anti-
inflammatory activity.
Key words: Asparagus racemosus, Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory, Cytokines, Chicken lymphocytes
Immunopotentiating efficacy of Trigonella foenum-graecum l. In chicken lymphocytes through

nfat pathway
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, C.B.S.H., G.B.P.U.A.&T., Pantnagar,
Uttarakhand, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) is an annual plant belonging to the family of

Leguminosae. Seeds and leaves of this plant have been used for centuries not only as food but also as an
ingredient in traditional medicine. The plant also has a wide variety of therapeutic potential and is used as a
traditional functional food. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the immunoenhancing effects of
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seed extract in chicken lymphocytes through quantitative real time PCR analysis
of NFAT-1, IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ.
Methods: The hydromethanolic extract from dried seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum L. (TFE) was prepared
and maximum non-cytotoxic dose (MNCD) was confirmed in the chicken splenocytes through MTT assay. The
messenger (m) RNA expression of NFAT-1, IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ was analysed in chicken lymphocytes after
plant extract treatment through quantitative real time PCR.
Results: MNCD of TFE was found to be 300µg/ml Immunomodulatory markers assessment through Real time-
PCR analysis indicated a significant increase in NFAT-1, IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ expression.
Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that treatment of Trigonella foenum graecum L. extract
on chicken lymphocytes induced the transcription of NFAT-1, which plays significant role as transcription
factor in coordinating the expression of immunomodulatory cytokines in immune cells. TFE displayed in vitro
immunostimulatory activity on chicken lymphocytes by modulating immune response via IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ.
IL-2 has central role in the differentiation and survival of CD4+ T helper subsets and CD4+ T regulatory cells
and in activation of cytotoxic effector lymphocytes. Similarly, IL-4 is involved in B cell differentiation and act
as a stimulatory factor, during the immune responses IL-4 critically regulate T cell differentiation. Further in
vitro and in vivo investigation into molecular mechanisms modulated by herbal extract should be undertaken to
shed light on the development of novel immunomodulating therapeutic strategies.
Key words: Trigonella foenum-graecum, Immunomodulation, qRT-PCR, Chicken lymphocytes, Cytokines

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Assessment of biological response and semi-lethal dose of EMS for fenugreek cv. Rmt-1
Jyothsna J1, Reena Nair1*, SK Pandey1 and AK Mehta2
1
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya
Pradesh- 482 004
2
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya,
Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh- 482 004
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual legume leafy vegetable and a traditional
spice and aromatic crop that has been grown for centuries across the Indian subcontinent. It being an inbreeder
is short of genetic variability due to which the scope for improvement is also narrowed down. The induced
mutagenesis is one of the effective ways to generate genetic variability in the crop. The alkylating agent, Ethyl
Methane Sulphonate (EMS) C3H8SO3, is the most common chemical mutagen used in mutagenesis.
Methods: An experiment to ascertain the semi-lethal dose of EMS was carried out in the Department of
Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
since the overdose of mutagen would kill the seedlings while the under dose would be insignificant, the
assessment of semi-lethal dose (LD50) is highly essential to initiate a mutation breeding work on any crop.
Seeds of one of the common cultivars in Madhya Pradesh, cv. Rmt-1 were subjected to mutagenic treatments.
The mutagenic treatment comprised of 21 treatments including control of various concentrations of EMS
(0.10%, 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.25% and 0.30%) with different treatment duration (2h, 4h, 6h and 8h). The
experiment was laid on a completely randomized design.
Results: Since there is no information on the semi-lethal dose of EMS in fenugreek, the experiment was set up
to assess the same. The seed germination and the survival of seedlings (as percentage) were used to calculate
the LD50. Through this investigation, it was found that the mutagenic treatment EMS 0.15 per cent at 2 hours
produced superior results when compared to the control, indicating its potential to induce desirable
polymorphisms and point mutations. The semi-lethal dose of EMS for fenugreek cv. Rmt-1 was found to be
EMS 0.30 per cent at 8 hours.
Conclusion: A steady decrease in the germination, growth and vigor of the seedlings was observed as the dose
of the mutagen increased. The information generated through this investigation would facilitate further
mutagenesis-related research in fenugreek.
Key words: Induced mutation, EMS, Fenugreek, biological response, LD50, GR50
Comprehensive Study of Logistics Management of Mentha oil in Central Awadh Region

(Barabanki) of U.P. and Export performance of Indian Mentha oil
Ashutosh Chaturvedi, Sanjay Kumar, Rakesh Rathore
Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, U.P., India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Barabanki District having most potential district of Uttar Pradesh in context of Mentha oil Production.
Study was purposive because Barabanki district has best factors of production of mentha i.e. soil, climate,
geographical regions which gives a unique place in production of mentha oil in Uttar Pradesh and India as well
but due to less involvement of farmers in direct export, farmers cannot capitalize more income as compare to
present. Less aware about better package and practices of mentha cultivation at farmer level.
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Methods: Multistage, purposive and random sampling was adopted in Research area. Specifically, tabular
presentation was followed in the study of socio-economic profile of sampled respondents supported by
frequency, percentage, median, mean, chi-square test and other related tools. The emphasis on marketing
channels, marketing costs and margins, marketing efficiency was analysed by Acharya’s model. Growth rate
analysis of mentha oil was analysed by C.A.G.R. model using exponential method. Coefficient of determinants
and direction of India’s mentha oil export was also analysed by using Markov chain analysis. Constraints
related to production, marketing, infrastructure and trade were figure out by Garret Ranking Technique.
Results: Most of the respondents were belongs from small size of farm group having less than one hectare land.
Respondents having middle age group was found more as compare to other age group. Sampled farmers found
to be moderate having primary education. Respondents are likely with nuclear families. Agriculture is the main
source of income and provides maximum occupation to the respondents. Experienced farmers were found
which are not associated with their level of education. Processing/distillation of mint plants are being done with
water and steam distillation process. Two major marketing channels were identified in study area. Positive
C.A.G.R. (values of mentha oil) was found during the year of 2010-11 to 2019-20. In the stability of India’s
mentha oil export, U.S.A. was found most stable country in both term values and quantity. The major
constraints being faced by farmers have been reported that unstable yield of mentha, less productive
infrastructure, regulated marketing and lack of awareness in export of mentha oil.
Conclusion: Study was concluded with the statement that Mint growers have moderate level of socio-economic
characteristics. Barabanki district has few organized marketing channel of Mentha oil marketing that is less
profitable to farmers. Specific policy for mentha oil producer should be initiated. Direct involvement of farmers
in export will give better income to the farmers.
Key words: Mentha, Marketing channel, Export performance, Socio-economic, Barabanki, Processing.
Management of potato black scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn through host resistant
and chemical
Prashant Kumar Singh1, Jagdish Kumar Patidar2, Bhagyashree Singh3 and Reeti Singh2
1
School of Agriculture, ITM University Gwalior (M.P.)
2
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, R.V.S.K.V.V., Gwalior (M.P.)
3
Sai Nath University, Ranchi (Jharkhand)
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) is an annual, herbaceous and dicotyledonous plant belonging to genus
Solanum and family Solanaceae. It is a main source of starch and carbohydrates. Potato is infected by many
diseases of fungal, viral and bacterial in origin. Among them, black scurf and stem canker caused by
Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is an economically important disease of potato. The Rhizoctonia disease complex is
common and occurs in potato production areas throughout the world. The management of R. solani is difficult
due to its soil- born nature. Dependable sources of resistance to Rhizoctonia have not been stated, though
difference in disease expression of potato cultivars/varieties have been reported which encouraged screening for
varietal differences in susceptibility. presently most farmers use fungicides for the management of black scurf
disease but the use of fungicides is not safer for human health as well as soil and environment. Research is
needed on management of this disease by safer and cost-effective treatment
Methods: Eighteen potato genotypes/varieties listed in table 5 were evaluated to find out the disease reaction
against R. solani under artificial black scurf infested field. The experiment was laid out in Randomized block
design with three replications during Rabi 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Central Potato Research institute,
Maharajpura, Gwalior. The efficacy of Carbandazim + Mancozeb @ 0.1 %, Alum @1, 2, 3 and 4 %, Boric acid
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@ 1, 2 and 3 %, and potassium permagnate @ 0.5 and 1 % were assayed by poisoned food technique. The
experiment was laid out in completely random design with three replications. For determination the efficacy of
chemicals against black scurf of potato, a pot experiment was conducted in natural conditions, naturally heavely
infected tubers of potato cv. Kufri chandrmukhi showing scurfy surface were given dip and spray treatment in
different chemicals viz., Alum @ 1, 2 and 3 % dip and spray, boric acid @ 3 % dip and spray and Carbendazim
and Mancozeb @ 0.1 % spray.
Results: Out of eighteen varieties, three varieties viz., Kufri Surya, Kufri Pushkar and Kufri Anand expressed
immune response. Seven varieties namely Kufri Jawahar, Kufri Sinduri, Kufri Himsona, KufriKhyati, Kufri
Lalima, Kufri Chipsona-2 and Kufri Kanchan found resistant. Six varieties viz., Kufri Frysona, Kufri
Chipsona-3, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Chipsona-1, Kufri Lavkar and Kufri Chandrmukhi found moderately resistant.
Kufri Ashok and Kufri Pukhraj expressed moderately susceptible and highly susceptible reaction
respectively. None of the variety showed susceptible reaction. In laboratory experiment, Boric acid @
2%, Boric acid @ 3%, Alum @ 3%, Alum @ 4%, and Carbandazim +Mancozeb @ 0.1% absolutely checked
the growth of R. solani with 100 per cent inhibition. In pot experiment, the disease severity was reduced from
11.22 % in untreated (diseased) control to 0.65 % in tuber dip treatment with Carbendazim + Mancozeb @
0.1% followed by, 0.72 % in tuber dip in Boric acid @ 3%, 0.90 % in tuber dip in Alum @ 3%, 1.61 % in tuber
spray with Boric acid @ 3 % and 2.12 % in tuber dip Alum @ 2 %.
Conclusion: In screening trials, only three varieties viz., Kufri Surya, Kufri Pushkar and Kufri Anand expressed
immune response, while seven varieties were found resistant against black scurf of potato. Boric acid @
2%, Boric acid @ 3%, Alum @ 3%, Alum @ 4%, and Carbandazim +Mancozeb @ 0.1% were found effective
against R. solani under in-vitro condition. Carbendazim + Mancozeb @ 0.1% was found most effective against
the black scurf disease of potato under pot experiment followed by tuber dip in Boric acid @ 3%, tuber dip in
Alum @ 3%, tuber spray with Boric acid @ 3 % and tuber dip Alum @ 2 %.
Key words: Potato, Black scurf, varieties, Boric acid, Alum, Carbendazim + Mancozeb
Biochemical analysis of leaves of Moringa oleifera collected from five seed sources in Haryana,
India
Preeti Singh, Bimlendra kumari, Bojja Harish Babu and Jitender Singh Ranawat
SGT, University, Gurgaon, Haryana
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Moringa oleifera (Lam.), family Moringaceae is a plant that possesses high medicinal value and a rich source of
nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mineral contents in the leaves of Moringa oleifera from different seed
sources.
Methods: The leaves of Moringa oleifera were collected from trees grown in different areas of Haryana (Rewari,
Panchkula, Sirsa, Fatehabad and Hisar) and mineral contents were determined by the method described in the Practical
Manual for Soil and Plant Analysis, CCS HAU, Hisar (2002). The Zn in acid digest of plant samples was determined with
the help of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).
Results: The present study revealed that Moringa leaves contain calcium (1786.67 mg 100g-1), magnesium (2875.50 mg
100 g-1), potassium (833.33 mg 100g -1) and zinc (3.42 mg 100 g-1). Sirsa seed source was best and it was followed by
Fatehabad seed source based on nutritional contents like potassium and zinc.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that Moringa leaves are rich source of potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc, thus can be used as
feed resource for animal and human consumption.
Key words: calcium, haryana, leaves, magnesium, Moringa oleifera, zinc

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Non-Timber Forest Genetic Resources (NTFGRs) and its role in Agroforestry Systems
RP Gunaga, MS Sankanur, SK Sinha, HT Hegde, AA Mehta and TR Ahlawat
Navsari Agricultural University (NAU), Navsari, Gujarat
Introduction: Tree based land-use systems including Agroforestry play a vital role in serving the society in the
form of food, nutrition, fuel-wood and timber resources along with ecological and environmental security.
Agroforestry provide various kinds of resources to the farmers within a piece of land by growing tree species
along with agricultural and fodder crops. Incorporation of trees into agriculture system also help in increasing
farm income. The challenges to the farmers are what kind of tree species, how to incorporate these perennial
crops, how to sequencing these tree resources along with agriculture crops along with their management
practices in order to obtain higher farm income and variety of products from same of piece of land. Many
farmers have already started adopting agroforestry system in their farmland and many of those questions are
resolved by practicing agroforestry system.
On other hand, NTFPs (Non-timber forest produces) play a vital role in Indian economy and it accounts
about 68% of the export in the forestry sector. Nearly 20-40% of the annual incomes of forest dwellers are made
from NTFPs (from forest area) through collection, primary processing and sale. Many forest dwellers staying
inside or in the fringes of forests are landless communities and they highly depend on forests for food, fibre,
nutrition and medicine; therefore, their annual income is highly depends on NTFPs. Most of the NTFPs are
collected, processed and sold by women; hence, it may be a major source of income for women. Moreover, it
provide an employment opportunities among the local persons that leads to reduced poverty and increased
empowerment in the backward districts of India.
NTFPs as Food, Nutritional and environmental security

Traditionally, people living inside the forests as well as adjacent area are generally collecting many NTFPs as
food resources from surrounding forests. These wild edibles are rich in macronutrients, fats, proteins,
carbohydrates and other essential micronutrients like vitamins and minerals. Many herbaceous plants are being
used for vegetables, whereas fruits, pods as well as leaves of forest trees and shrubs are also used as edibles.
Even young shoots of some bamboo species are still used as vegetables. Minor or wild fruits are serves as
nutrition, where many of them are directly consumed as edible fruit and vegetables and some of them are used
in preparation of medicine through traditional knowledge.
Apart from these wild edibles, other NTFPs like medicinal plants, aromatic plants, Tree based spices, Gums and
Resins are commercially traded in both domestic and international market. Such commercial tree species can be
grown in farmlands along with its routine cropping system. At local market, there is a huge demand for bamboo
and rattans, even such plants can also be incorporated in the agriculture system. Among various agroforestry
systems (AFs), home-garden system provide variety of foods and other resources, which includes many NTFPs.
Apart from this, agroforestry incorporated with non-timber forest genetic resources (NTFGRs) provide
ecological security like wind break, shelterbelt, soil fertility, shelter, etc. and ecosystem services like pollination
(through apiculture), carbon sequestration (through trees), etc. There are potential multipurpose species of
NTFPs which can fulfil the ecological needs and environmental security. Agroforesty system also act as
conservation importance, since many high traded medicinal plants and other NTFPs are in endangered
condition/ threatened category and some of such plants are already cultivating/planting in the farmlands.
Many animals like insects depend on the trees for their food, forage and shelter. Such resources like honey, lac,
silk are fetching higher value; therefore, it may provide very good income to the farmers and other stakeholders.
Therefore, honey and lac are being harvested/ cultivated from cultivated area to obtain additional income.
Commercial trees and linking NTFPs to Agroforestry

Tree species like sandal wood (for sandal oil), redsanders wood (for natural red dye and as medicinal purpose),
bamboo (for furniture and agarbatti industries), Khair (for katha and cutch production), wild-fruits (Garcinia
sp., myrobalans, jackfruit, etc.,), tree spices (Cinnamon, Clove, Nutmeg, etc.,) and TBOs are major potential
NTFGR species having commercial value.
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There are tree wastes obtained from NTFP resources, which are grown under agroforestry system and those
wastes can potentially be used for production of value added products. For example, branch wood, bark and
dried leaves can be used for char-coal making and pelleting, which can be used for energy purposes. Waste
wood can also be used for making particle boards or other wood based products. One of the best example is
preparation of wooden or bamboo articles from wood and bamboo wastes. Through NAHEP-CAAST project, at
NAU, more than fifty different wooden articles are prepared and some of them fetches premium price in the
market. The farmers can also utilize these resource for making value added such products from NTFP species
during non-seasonal period and additional income can be made out from such value added products.
The study bridges the forest genetic resources into cultivated area in order to harvest potential forest resources
out-side the forest area for the purpose of crop diversification, variety of resources including food and fodder,
enhancing farm income and provide ecological and economical security among farm community and
sustainable development of existing cropping system through incorporation NTFPs into Agroforestry system.
Conclusion: Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) includes fruits, flowers, seeds, bark, leaves, roots, gums,
resins, oleoresins, bamboo, cane, medicinal plants, animal products, grasses, fodder and other resources provide
ecological, economical, nutritional and livelihood security. Major NTFPs like Gums, resins, essential oils,
medicinal plants, products of bamboo, cane, honey and lac considered as high traded resources of natural
forests. However, other NTFPs are essential for goods, foods, products and other services to mankind. Only few
of these resources are cultivated and rests of them are collected from wild. Unscientific way of collection of
these resources from natural forests lead to destruction of plant genetic resources. Hence, there is a need to take-
up essential requirement of protection and conservation of non-timber forest genetic resources. Agroforestry is
one of the possible ways for cultivation, conservation and utilization of NTFP resources, where farmers can
avail varieties of wild resources from their-own land and that provide food, fodder, timber, nutritional and
environmental security.
Identification of co-expressed genes in different fungal species used as biopesticide

Niketa Chauhan1, Prekshi Garg1, Khursheed Ahmad2, Shalini Singh Visen3, Prachi Srivastava1*
1
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, 226028
2
Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea
3
Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, 226028
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Microbes are rich in diverse chemicals. With the development of microbe biotechnology, a
considerable number of research activities are focused on bacteria and fungi-derived biopesticide. Biocontrol
agents or biopesticides are exploited in a number of ways, some meddle with the mating process, while some
other use plant extracts to trap insects. The present study deals with protocol to identify differentially expressed
genes (DEGs) in the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to study their expression pattern.
Methods: The methodology involves conversion of raw FASTA files to gene count files in order to analyse
differential gene expression. Case and control samples for Beauveria bassiana (SRR15043384, SRR15043385,
SRR15043386) and Metarhizium anisopliae (ERR3089216, ERR3089217, ERR3089218, ERR3089219) were
taken from NCBI SRA to perform transcriptome analysis. All the samples were subjected to quality check and
trimming prior to alignment on Galaxy server. Further, reference genome was provided in order to generate
count data for DEGs analysis. The DeSeq2 statistical method provided by Network Analyst tool was used for
identification of DEGs.
Results: Results lead to the identification of total 437 significant genes in Beauveria bassiana and 204 genes in
case of Metarhizium anisopliae at p-value 0.01.
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Conclusion: The results obtained from the study suggest that the significantly expressed genes in both the
above-mentioned fungi can be a probable reason for their biopesticide activity.
Keywords: Differential gene expression, Biopesticides, Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana,

Transcriptome analysis.
Improving livelihood and nutritional security of tribal communitiesthrough aquaculture and

fisheries in Dindori, Madhya Pradesh
Satendra Kumar1*, PL Ambulkar1, Shweta Masram1, Geeta Singh1, A K Patel1, Renu Pathak1, S R K
Singh2
1
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (JNKVV), Dindori- 481880, Madhya Pradesh, India,
2
ICAR-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute (ATARI), Jabalpur-482004 (M.P.)
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Inland fisheries and freshwater aquaculture having huge potential for livelihood, food and nutritional
security, especially in tropical areas and South Asian countries where poverty is much more alarming. Dindori
district of Madhya Pradesh, India is dominated by ethnic community commonly known as Adiwasi or scheduled
tribes (65%) have limited access to resources, technology, institutional finance, government or non-government
organization (NGOs) for help. But on the other side, natural resources are plenty. So this is high time to go for
not the mass production from these resources but production by masses which will really help them by
increasing production, consumption where it can take care of nutritional security, gainful employment
opportunity and they can enhance the income and live decent quality of life.
Methods: The study was conducted with the help of secondary source of informationto know the fish
production scenario and the role of different organization on livelihood improvement of tribal fishers/ fish
farmer of Dindori district, MP. The primary data were collected using a pre-tested survey schedule to
understand the levels of literacy, income and livelihood security of the farmers / fisher folk. Primary and
secondary data were utilised for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis.
Results: It was found from the study that different government organization like State Department and Krishi
Vigyan Kendra actively work on fish farming in Dindori. Farmers/ fishers were adherent to the local practices
resulted in low adoption of scientific aquaculture practices. A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
(SWOT) analysis were carried out for guiding the policymaker, researchers and different government and non-
government organization for implementation of sustainable fisheries and aquaculture development programmes
for rural livelihood, food and nutritional security.The present fish production of the Dindori with reference to
national fish productivity and aquaculture & fisheries enhancement depicts a marginalized picture of
aquaculture and fisheries development in the district with vibrant future potential for development and suggests
the technical measures to accelerate the horizontal and vertical expansion of aquaculture activities to boost the
fish production and productivity.
Conclusions: Even though fisheries and aquaculture in Dindori is lagging behind in terms of productivity and
yield per unit area compared to national scenario, but having huge potential for enhancement of livelihood, food
and nutritional security through systematic optimal utilization of resources with resilient and sustainable
fisheries development. The present paper address the issues, challenges and concerns related to fisheries,
aquaculture and environmental sustainability to enhance the decentralized production by masses especially
through small-scale fisheries. This paper will help to sensitize all the stakeholders involved in espousing the
cause of poor farming community.
Key words: Livelihood security, Nutritional security, Small scale aquaculture & fisheries, Sustainable
development, livelihood diversification, Technical support.
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Chitosan-metal nanocomposites as time temperature indicators

Sreelakshmi K. R.*, Mohan C. O., Remya S. and Ravishankar C. N.
ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri. P.O, Willigdon island, Cochin, Kerala, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The temperature abuse of products during storage and transportation is a major issue faced by food
and pharmaceutical industries. This leads to loss of quality of products and often categorised as adulteration in
food products. Hence there is a need for development of an indicator to detect the temperature abuse.
Methods: Metal nanoparticles were synthesised for development of indicators for frozen storage. Chitosan
extracted from shrimp shell was used as reducing and stabilising agent. Characterisation of nanoparticles
formed were done using UV-Vis spectral analysis and Zeta analyser. The nanoparticles were exposed to
different abusing temperature conditions and respective colour changes were recorded.
Results: Metal nanoparticles were synthesised using chitosan and the confirmation of the nanoparticle
formation was obtained using characteristic surface plasmonic resonance peak in UV-Vis spectra. The exposure
to abused temperature was studied on exposure to room temperature for different time intervals and the samples
studied were found to successfully indicate the abuse by visible colour changes. The UV-Vis spectra have
shown red shift in the SPR peaks of the nanoparticles upon exposure to room temperature.
Conclusions: The metal nanoparticles synthesised using chitosan can efficiently be used as indicators of
temperature abuse for food and pharmaceutical products
Key words: Metal nanoparticles, smart packaging, temperature abuse
Assessment of escapement pattern of Stolephorus indicus, Leiognathus dussumieri and

Metapenaeus dobsoni from 27m shrimp trawl
Renjith R K*, Paras Nath Jha, Chinnadurai S, Madhu V R
Fishing Technology Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri P.O., Cochin
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Considering the fact of conservation, trawls are designed to operate at increased speed and reduced
drag by net. This process comes at the cost of losing catch from different regions of trawl. But at optimum
conditions, desired catches can be retained without loss of fuel. The study conducted will give the amount of
catch lost from each parts of net so that modifications can be made on the design to achieve optimum catch.
Such information will help to improve trawl design in order to retain the desired catch.
Methods: Experiment was carried out onboard departmental research vessel M F B Matsyakumari-II off
Cochin with 27m shrimp trawl. Individual hauls were analysed to segregate the three species (Stolephorus
indicus, Leiognathus dussumieri, Metapenaeus dobsonii.) from codend and collections at pockets sewn to
various parts of trawl. Assuming that the coefficients of the mesh gapes are identical on the whole surface of a
given segment, the quantity of fish getting out beyond the range of the given segment and the bag (u) may be
calculated using equation of proportionality, u= (g/m) × M (Kg) ; where: g-quantity of specimen in catchers
sewn on the segment (kg), m-number of meshes on the surface of the inlet of the catchers sewn on the segment,
M- number of meshes on the whole surface of the given segment. Knowing the amount of caught fish (kg), the
amount of fish (kg) getting out to the outside of the trawl, the percentage of individuals escaping to the outside
of the trawl was calculated.
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Results: Results shown that 20-25% of the catch escaped through wing portion of net, followed by throat (0.02
to 0.11%) and codend (1.6 to 6.2%)) irrespective of the species. It has been observed that greatest quantities of
species escaped from first segment of the trawl (wing) which is also higher in mesh size. Wing is the first zone
of contact of gear with catch and maximum escapement was occurred through the same. Hence wing portion
has led to maximum escapement of M dobsoni among the species. Throat and codend portions shown highest
escapement of Leiognathus sp.
Conclusion: Mesh size gradually decreases towards codend from wing, but lowest escapement is observed
from throat denotes that accumulation of catch at codend gradually pushes smaller organisms out of the net
resulting in throat functioning as a funnel. Hence reducing mesh size of wing portion may retain the catch but
smaller meshes at wing will reduce speed of trawling. It is suggested that mesh size of wing may be increased
when fast swimming fishes are targeted and regarding shrimp trawling, reducing wing mesh size will be
beneficiary.
Key words: Trawl, escapement, selectivity, demersal trawl
Studies on economics of predominant Rabi crops followed by paddy

S. S. Thakare*, J.R. Katore, S. R. Kamdi, Beena Nair and B. K. Barudkar
AICRP on Linseed and Mustard, College of Agriculture, Nagpur-44001, Dr. PDKV, Akola.
ABSTRACT
Rice fallows offer good scope for area expansion of pulses and oilseed crops through crop intensification to
utilize the moisture still retained in the soil. Development of oilseeds suiting to rice fallows coupled with
improved agro-technology will boost production, and thus improve income and livelihood security of farming
community. Moreover, introduction of oilseed i.e. Mustard, linseed, lathyrus can provide a sustainable
production base to the continued rice mono-cropping system leading to decline in total factor productivity and
also provide much needed nutritional security. While enhancing production and productivity of food grains in
the region, equal importance should be given to sustainable use of natural resources and suitable intensification
of short duration crops like Mustard or rape seed, linseed, lathyrus etc. in rice fallows (Mangal Deep et al.
2018). The residual moisture left in the soil at the time of rice harvest is often sufficient to raise short-duration
pulses and oilseed crops, and rice fallows can be converted into productive lands. This also provides an
opportunity to increase cropping intensity through taking extra crop of mustard, lathyrus, linseed during lean
period after Kharif rice. Introduction of pulses and oilseeds in rice fallows can augment the domestic
availability pulses and oilseeds, which are in short supply and also help in restoration of the soil health (Singh
and Satapathy 2019).
Methods: An experiment was conducted at AICRP on Linseed and Mustard College of Agriculture, Nagpur
during 2020-21 in Factorial Randomized block design with three replications. The treatment details are main
plot consist of different maturity group of paddy i.e. Early variety - Sindewahi-1, Mid-late variety – PKV HMT,
Late variety – PDKV Tilak and sub plots consist of Rabi crops i.e. Mustard, Linseed, Lathyrus. Paddy was
transplanted during Kharif season, and Rabi crop sown in zero tillage after harvest of paddy in line sowing of 30
cm. Two protective irrigation is applied at critical growth stages.
Results: The plant height, number of capsule and yield per plant and per hectare of rabi crops was significantly
maximum when rabi crops sown after early paddy as compared to mod-late and late paddy. Among the different
rabi crops linseed recorded maximum crop yield which at with mustard crop in different rabi crops. The
interaction effect on plant height, number of capsule/silique/pod per plant and yield kg/ha was found significant.
Mustard crop has recorded significantly superior plant height, number of capsule and yield kg/ha grown after
early paddy. Linseed and lathyrus were also recorded maximum plant height, number of capsule and yield kg/ha
grown after early paddy.
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Sowing of rabi crops after early paddy was recorded maximum gross monetary returns. The maximum net
monetary returns were recorded in linseed crop which at par with mustard crop and highest B:C ratio was
recorded in mustard crop which is followed by linseed crop. Among the rabi crops linseed and mustard has
recorded maximum returns, this might be due to the more yield and cost of produce. The interaction effect was
found significant on net monetary returns of rabi crops. Linseed crop has observed significantly maximum net
monetary returns which at par with mustard crop grown after early paddy. But B:C ratio was highest in
interaction of mustard crop grown after paddy, this might be due to the less amount of cost of cultivation in
mustard. System yield and economic returns was significantly maximum in sowing of rabi crops after early
paddy. Among the rabi crops linseed has recorded maximum system yield and returns which at par with
mustard crop, this might be due to the more yield of linseed and mustard after paddy cultivation. The interaction
effect was found significant on system net monetary returns of rabi crops. Linseed crop has observed
significantly maximum system net monetary returns which at par with mustard crop grown after early paddy.
But B:C ratio was highest in interaction of mustard crop grown after paddy, this might be due to the less amount
of cost of cultivation in mustard.
Paddy Equivalent yield (1752 kg/ha), Production efficiency (16.98 kg ha-1 days-1) and Economic efficiency (Net
returns Rs. 212 day-1) was significantly maximum in sowing of rabi crops after early paddy. Among the rabi
crops linseed has recorded maximum Equivalent yield (1941 kg/ha), Production efficiency (14.90 kg ha-1 days-
1
) and Economic efficiency (Net returns Rs.188 day-1) which at par with mustard crop, this might be due to the
more yield of linseed. The interaction effect was found significant on Equivalent yield (kg/ha) and Economic
efficiency (Net returns Rs. day-1) of rabi crops. Treatment combination of sowing of linseed crop after early
paddy system has observed significantly maximum Equivalent yield (2147 kg/ha) at par with mustard crop
grown after early paddy and sowing of linseed crop after mid late paddy also at par with mustard crop grown
after mid late paddy. Economic efficiency (Net returns Rs. 242 day-1) was highest in interaction of sowing of
linseed crop after early paddy at par with mustard crop grown after early paddy, this might be due to the less
amount of cost of cultivation in mustard.
Conclusion: Linseed or mustard crop was found predominant rabi crop after paddy on economic return basis.
Linseed or Mustard crop was found economically viable after paddy as compare to lathyrus crop. Equivalent
yield (kg/ha), Production efficiency (kg ha-1 days-1) and Economic efficiency (Net returns Rs.day-1) was
maximum in Early paddy-linseed or Early Paddy-mustard cropping system. The interaction of Mustard crop
grown after paddy was recorded highest in B:C ratio in system economics followed by interaction of linseed
grown after paddy.
Key words: Economics, Maturity group of paddy, Mustard, Linseed, Lathyrus
References
Singh Teekam and B S Satapathy. 2019. Intensification of pulses and oilseeds Intensification of pulses and
oilseeds in rice fallows. Indian Farming 69(10): 31–34.
Mangal Deep, R. Mahender Kumar, Soumya Saha and Aarti Singh. 2018. Rice-based cropping systems for
enhancing productivity of food grains in India: decadal experience of AICRP. Indian Farming 68 (1): 27–30.
Biochemical factors responsible for resistance in tomato against fruit borer, Helicoverpa
armigera (Hubner)
Kalpana Bisht*, N.N. Singh and S.V.S. Raju
BHU, Varansi, U.P., India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the main bottle
neck as it attacks the cashable part of the plant i.e. fruits, leading to low market price and makes them unfit for
human consumption. It has been estimated that the crops worth Rs.1000 crore are lost annually by this pest.
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Present investigations were carried out during the Rabi season of the year 2017-18 and 2018-19 to find out how
biochemical contents of the plant affect the biology and behavior of tomato fruit borer feeding on the plants.
Methods: The biochemical analysis of the parameters viz., per cent titratable acidity, total soluble sugar content
(mg/g), total phenol (mg/g), pH of fruit pulp, per cent nitrogen, per cent phosphorous, total chlorophyll (mg/g)
and lycopene (mg/100 g) was done on five randomly selected plants from each row. The leaf samples for
analysis were collected from the young shoot of 30-day-old plants after transplanting, while the fruit samples
for analysis were collected on 7th day from the first appearance of fruiting. Moreover, all the parameters were
correlated with mean larval population and percent fruit weight loss respectively.
Results: The biochemical analysis of tomato leaf viz total phenol and per cent phosphorous displayed negative
correlation while total soluble sugar content, per cent nitrogen, per cent protein and total chlorophyll displayed
positive correlation with mean larval population. The biochemical analysis of tomato fruit viz., per cent
titratable acidity, total phenol and per cent phosphorous displayed negative correlation while total soluble sugar
content, pH of fruit pulp, per cent nitrogen, per cent protein and lycopene content displayed positive correlation
with per cent fruit weight loss.
Conclusions: The selected Resistant (R) varieties/germplasms viz., Pb Barkha-1, Pb Barkha-2, DVRT-1,
DVRT-2, Kashi Sharad, Pusa Rohit were found to be best over other varieties/germplasms by recording 0.1-10
per cent fruit weight loss.
Key words: Tomato fruit borer, H. armigera, variety/germplasm, biochemical analysis
Identification and development of microsatellite markers in Dendrocalamus strictus

Shivani Rohilla1*, H.S. Ginwal1, Santan Barthwal1,Vikas Rana2
1
Genetics and Tree Improvement Division, Forest Research Institute, Uttarakhand, India
2
Cellulose and Paper Discipline, Forest Product Division, Forest Research Institute, Uttarakhand, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Bamboos are woody grass species containing important economic and ecological values. In India,
Dendrocalamus strictus (solid bamboo) is the most commonly used bamboo, occupying 53 % of the total
bamboo area. It has a remarkable life history with little genetic characterization. Microsatellite markers are used
as tools for assessing genetic variation and dissecting complex traits. However, existing SSR marker resources
are not enough for various genotyping studies to draw concrete conclusions across the bamboo complex. In
view of this, the present study aims to develop robust microsatellites markers, which were not yet reported in
this bamboo specie due to lack of genome sequence information.
Methods: The genome of D. strictus was sequenced using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology and
approximately 6 GB raw data was obtained, which was further de novo assembled into contigs. Totally 39473
SSRs were identified and primers were successfully designed using Primer 3. Based on high GC %, no. of bp
and unit size, a subset of 100 SSRs was selected and synthesised for validation.
Results: Based on the experimentation carried out, the PCR amplification conditions and annealing temperature
was standardised for each primer. Out of 100 SSRs, 71 primers were successfully amplified within expected
product range. Amplified SSRs were further screened for polymorphism on 20 randomly selected D. strictus
genotype. The results showed that, 35 SSRs were polymorphic in nature.
Conclusions: The present study provides SSR resources that can be useful for dissecting complex traits in solid
bamboo. The markers can further be checked for their cross transferability in other genus or species.
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Microbiological analysis in food as raw material and finished product
Surbhi Arya and Shivi Choudhary*
Department of Microbiology, CCS, Meerut
ABSTRACT
Purpose: In order to check the growth of microbial pathogens and to ensure a pathogen free and potent food
and pharmaceutical product, it is mandatory to apply microbiological techniques for microbial analysis (from
the area of production to the finished product) so that safe food products, beverages & cosmetics products
comes in market and the customers could consume it fearlessly.
Methods: Microbial Limit Tests (M.L.T) are performed to check the microbial load in the Products
preparations.
Preservative Efficacy Test (P.E.T) was applied to finished products.
Microbial Monitoring of aseptic area by Expose Plate Media
Microbial monitoring was done to evaluate presence of total microbial count in control or uncontrolled area.
Following media were used for microbial monitoring- Soybean Casein Digest Agar, Sabouraud Dextrose Agar,
Chloramphenicol Yeast Glucose Agar, Plate Count Agar.
Culture Media Performance Test
Culture media allowed the proper growth of microorganism and media (Soybean Casein Digest Agar) had
enhancing properties to check microorganism’s performance in the laboratory.
Result: The present course of study has been done to evaluate product materials for total bacterial count, total
fungal (yeast and molds) count, and total Enterobacter count. There are huge numbers of microbial pathogens
and all of them could not be detected at same time. So we have considered only those microbes which are
commonly responsible for products contamination and are associated with humans such as E.coli, Salmonella
sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus etc.
Conclusion: Microbial contamination means presence of viable bacterial and fungal cells in the products and
associated materials. It is necessary to enumerate total microbial count in finished products as their presence
indicates the poor quality of products. The main source of bacterial and fungal contaminations in food,
pharmaceutical industries are from the unhygienic area, unprocessed water, contaminated equipment and
containers, person itself and contaminated material being used for product formation.
Keywords: Microbial techniques, pharmaceutical products, microbial limit test, colony counter etc.
Prioritization of Surana Tons watershed Doon Valley Uttarakhand

Anju Panwar1 Pratibha Naithani1, Pradeep Sharma1 and Naveen Sharma2
1
Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand
2
Govt Degree College Thanamandi Rajouri Jammu & Kashmir
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Morphometric analysis gives a quantitative description of drainage basin. The main aim of the present
study is to identify the morphometric parameters of a watershed of Surana Tons Watershed, Dehradun district
of state Uttarakahnd, India, and to prioritize the sub-Watershed. The work outlines the significance of digital
elevation model for assessment of drainage pattern and extraction of relative parameters. Basin has been divided
into 10 sub-watershed namely SW1 to SW10. The stream order of watershed ranges from first to fifth order and
have dendritic drainage pattern means homogeneity in texture and lack of structural control. Further, each
parameter has been assigned their ranks according to their value. The basin with lowest parameter value is
ranked as first. It was considered as high priority for adopting conservation measure as well. The suitable
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locations for conservation measure structures in highly prioritized sub-watersheds were also identified for the
appropriate land and water management plane. The relevance of work shows the appropriate measure structure
locations for preventing the soil from getting eroded from the highly prioritized sub-watershed.
Method: The ASTER DEM was utilized for evaluation of morphometric constraint of Surana Tons: Bifurcation
ratio (R b ), Drainage density (D d ), Stream frequency (F s ), Stream length ratio (R l ), Mean stream length
(L μ ), Form factor (F f ), Elongation ratio(R e ), Circulatory ratio (R c ),Basin relief (R r ) etc. The
comprehensive implement scheme is expressed through flowchart (Figure 1). Table 1 explains the method
utilized for quantitative resolution of morphometric constraint.
Result: The results revealed that Surana Nadi, Nun Nadi & Karwapani microwatershed constituting 45.75 % of
whole study area falls under High priority category. Biras Rao ,Rami Rao and Ramgarh, occupying 13.31 % of
the total area of all the sub-watershed have been categorised under Medium prioritized category and 4 sub-
watersheds; Jhajra ,Nimi Rao , Nanota Nadi and Bhainswala Rao covering an area about 40.87% of the entire
study area fall under the category of Low priority as for as soil management is concerned. The sub-watersheds
exhibiting high priority have high drainage density and higher bifurcation ratio with low elongation ration and
form factor that chiefly contribute to soil erosion and vice versa for low priority sub-watersheds.
Conclusion: The Surana Tons Watershed and its catchment exhibited a diverse topography. It is obvious from
DEM analysis that the area is relatively less peaked with low basin relief which is less than 150 m. Its surface
process is dominantly controlled by its altitude, slope, rainfall, soil, geography and geology. The catchment of
Surana Tons watershed is constituted of ten micro watersheds. The drainage system is dendritic type, which
exhibit 7th stream order as per the Strahler’s method. The total stream length of the entire basin is 2399 Km. the
drainage density of the study area is very coarse with average drainage density of 2.52 Km/Km2.
Key words: Prioritization, Remote sensing, Morphometric, Surana Tons, Watershed.
Grade wise yield and economics involved in potato c.v kufri chipsona-1 under different nutrient
treatments.
Richa Pyasi* and Rajkumar Deshlehra
Department of Horticulture, college of Agriculture Gwalior, RVSKVV (M.P), India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The experiment comprised of treatments combinations of inorganic fertilizers viz., (100% NPK),
(75%NPK) and (50% NPK), farm yard manure and biofertilizers (Azotobacter and PSB) tested on potato
processing cultivar Kufri Chipsona-1, for yield and economics parameters.
Methods: The present experiment was conducted at the, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture,
RVSKVV, Gwalior (M.P.) during the Rabi season of two consecutive years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The
experiment was laid out in Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications.
The tubers were sown in plots of size 3 x 3 m at a spacing distance of 60 x 20 cm. Observations for yield
parameters were grade wise yield of tubers (kg/plot), processing grade tuber yield (T/ha), marketable tuber yield
and total yield (T/ha) of potato tubers.
Results: The treatment combination I3O2B3 (100%NPK+FYM 20 t/ha + PSB2.5kg/ha+ Azotobacter 2.5kg/ha)
resulted in maximum ‘A’ grade tubers (8.2 kg/plot) and maximum ‘B’ grade tubers (7.5 kg/plot) during the
pooled mean data, of the experiment. The treatment combination I3O2B3 also resulted in maximum total yield
(22.6 t/ha). Whereas minimum total yield (15.6 t/ha) was obtained in treatment I1O1B2.
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Conclusion: The highest benefit cost ratio was recorded (2.56) with treatment I3O2B3 followed by (2.47)
treatment I3O2B1.
Key words: A’, B’, C’grade tubers, Kufri Chipsona-1
Biological Controls of Aflatoxin Contamination of Crops (Rice)

Rakhi Kumari
University Department of Botany, BNMU, Madhepura, Bihar, India
ABSTRACT
Fungi are significant destroyers of food stuffs and grains during storage, rendering them unfit for human
consumption by retarding their nutritive value. Aflatoxins produced primarily by two closely related fungi.
Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are mutagenic and carcinogenic in animals and plants. Aflatoxins
(AFs) are mycotoxins, predominantly produced by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus
nomius and Aspergillus pseudo tamarri. They are secondary metabolites produced and are organic compounds
with lower molecular weight typically produced by fungal mycelia and accumulated in conidia and sclerotia.
They contaminate a wide range of crops including corn, oil seeds, rice and nuts. Aflatoxin contamination in
cereals may occur during pre or post-harvest stages. High temperature and high humidity stimulated fungal
growth in fields and storage. Contamination by AFs is responsible for substantial commercial loses
throughout the world.
Introduction: In present time application of chemical compounds is considered as the most inexpensive and
common method in plant disease control. These methods have adverse effects on human health and
environment, forcing man to produce natural pesticides. The herbal products symbolize safety in contrast to the
synthetics that are regarded as unsafe to human and environment.
Extracts of medicinal plants are effective against fungal and bacterial pathogens meanwhile they are
biodegradable compounds which have high potential for using in integrated pest management programs (Soylu,
2006). The use of biological compounds extracted from plants to be used conventionally fungicides to control
phytopathogenic fungi, due to their being bioactive chemicals such aa s flavonoids, phenols tannins, alkaloids,
quinones, saponins and sterols (Burt, 2004). Extracts of many higher plants have been reported to exhibit anti-
bacterial, antifungal and insecticidal properties.
Materials and Methods: Rice samples were collected from Pusa (Bihar), using agar plate method. Aflatoxins
producing mycoflora were isolated from these samples. Seeds were surface sterilized with chlorax (0.1) and
washed with distilled water twice. Seeds were plated on one half strength PDA medium. The plates were
incubated at room temperature and presence of Aspergillus spp. was observed after six days. For identification
of aflatoxin, Aspergillus isolates were grown on potato dextrose broth (PDB), Yeast Extract Sucrose and
Aspergillus flavus & Aspergillus parasiticus (AFP) medium for 7 days at room temperature.
Culture filtrate were filtered through Whatman No.1 filter paper and aflatoxins were extracted with chloroform
(1:1 ratio). The extracted aflatoxins were loaded on to silica gel plates and thin layer chromatography was done
using chloroform and methanol solvent system, later spot was identified.
Examples: Plant extract of Allium sativum, bulb extract, neem (Azardiracnta indica) leaf extract, Eucalyptus
terticornis leaf extract, biocontrol agents viz., Trichoderma viride (MTCC 800), T. harzianum (MTCC 2050), T.
virens (MTCC 794), T. reseii (MTCC 2480) and T. koningi (MTCC 796), and fungicides viz., propineb 70 WP,
bitertanol 25 WP, carbendazim 50 WP and tricyclazole 75 WP, were tested for their efficacy on the growth of
Aspergilli.
Result and Discussion: Four different species of Aspergillus were identified. They are parrot green and olive
green coloured A. flavus, A. niger and A. ochraceus (Table 1).
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The contamination level of individual
species of Aspergillus is varied from 0
to 100 percent. All fungicides were
significantly effective in reducing the
growth of Aspergillus spp. over control.
Study on effect of plant extracts on
Aspergillus shows that garlic bulb at 5%
concentration was the most effective
treatment in reducing the growth of
Aspergillus spp.
So, all the plant extract used by us is
reducing the growth of all the three
Aspergillus spp.
Key words: Rice, Aspergillus spp., aflatoxin, plant extracts, Trichoderma spp., fungicides
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Residential Built Environment of Uttarkashi District of Uttarakhand
Nidhi Parmar, Promila Sharma
Department of Family Resource Management, G.B. Pant University Of Agriculture &Technology
Pantnagar- 263145 (U.S. Nagar), Uttarakhand, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Built environment has longstanding connection between the way we develop our buildings, organize
our neighbourhood, cities, and to the health status of residents and local community. The purpose of the study
was to find out the relationship between existing housing condition in terms of physical feature, housing style,
architectural features, and indoor/outdoor environment quality and the health status of the family.
Methods: Descriptive research design and purposive sampling design was used to conduct the study. Total
sample consisted of 120 family families/houses. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean and
s.d. and Chi- square test were used for testing. The entire data analysis was done on the basis of economic status
of the family, where three income groups (Low Income Group, Middle Income Group and High Income Group)
were formulated.
Results: Study revealed that maximum houses were near to national highway, site prone to landslide and near
river catchment area. More houses were located down end of the slope which may suffer slope failures such as
slide; debris flow and mud flow when material move downside and cause accidents to houses as well as people.
Large number of houses were having colony of fungus and mould on it due to this mostly the children suffered
from running nose, cold and even some were diagnosed with humidifier fever.
Conclusions: Housing of hill is one of the most important concerns for India as hills of India are very fragile
and eco sensitive. With swelling population and migration form villages to these suburban areas there is scarcity
of living space, which is resulting in overcrowding, unhygienic living, poor indoor/outdoor quality.
Key words: Slope failure, overcrowding
Seasonal Abundance of Chilli mites in Marathawada Region of Maharashtra

Nareshkumar E. Jayewar* and Balaji B. Bhosale
Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Ambajogai
ABSTRACT
Chilli, (Capsicum annuum L.) Chilli occupies a pride place among the vegetables for its delicious taste and
pleasant flavour. India is rich in maximum diversity of chilli varieties i.e. heatless and hot varieties with
different quality factors. Several sources concordantly put the origin of chilli in Bolivia or Brazil (Andrews,
1984 and Paterson, 2000). It was first introduced to India from Brazil by the Portuguese towards the end of
fifteenth century and its cultivation became popular in the Seventeenth century and since then, it has gained
importance as an important spice and vegetable crop and also become a key element in many cuisines
(Greenleaf, 1986). Reason which attributes to low productivity of chilli is infestation of insect pests and
diseases. Over 53 species of insects and mites have been reported as pests of chilli in India which includes
thrips, mites, whiteflies, fruit borers, cutworms, plant bugs, mites and other minor pests (Sorensen, 2005). Chilli
mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks) is a tiny spider like creature that is found in large numbers on the
underside of leaves, covered with fine webs. Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap and devitalize the plants
(Butani, 1976). Feeding of P. latus causes different types of physical deformities like thickening, brittleness and
shortening, twisting, downward curling and crumpling of young leaves. Midrib of young infested leaves bend in
a zigzag fashion, ventral surface becomes silvery, petiole of mature leaves elongates and the plant becomes
stunted with rosette symptoms. Infestation at flowering stage caused falling of flower bud. (Karmakar, 1997). so
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the present investigations were planned and carried out with objectives to study chilli mites status on chilli in
Marathwada region of the Maharashtra state, to provide a comprehensive picture on it’s population build up
and behavior which can help in it’s sustainable management.
Methods: For this purpose Randomly fields were sampled from each Tahsil of chilli growing areas following
survey procedure i.e. collecting data of mites infestation from five random plants from five random spots in
each field, representing all the cropped area by visiting twice in the season at same location. Data was collected
and compiled and mean population of mites in each tahasil was worked out and final figure was used for
assessing pest status in the region.
Results: Results indicated that Mites infestation on chilli was noticed in the range between 2.02 to 8.86 and
4.42 to 8.96 mites/leaf during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively during survey and least intensity of mites was
observed in 2016-17 at Bhokardan tahasil of Jalana districts and Phulambri tahasil of Aurangabad districts in
2017-18 and maximum infestation was recorded at Dharmabad and Naigaon tahasils of Nanded district.during
2016-17, the mites population first appeared during 36th SMW (5-11 Sept.) and it was gradually increased and
attained peak (6.98/leaf) during 46th SMW (14-20 Nov.) when the prevailing maximum temperature, minimum
temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity, evaporation, bright sunshine hours and wind
velocity were 30.30C, 12.10C, 76 per cent, 32 per cent, 4.1 mm, 9.6 hrs and 2.5 kmph, respectively. Then
activity of mites was declined by the end of season i.e. 4th SMW (22-29 Jan.).
During 2017-18, the activity of mites initiated during 39th SMW (26 Sept.-02 Oct.) with gradual increase in its
population and reached peak of 8.46 mites/leaf during 47th SMW (21-27 Nov.) when the prevailing maximum
temperature, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity, evaporation, bright
sunshine hours and wind velocity were 320C, 170C, 77.0 per cent, 42.0 per cent, 4.5 mm, 7.4 hrs and 2.4 kmph,
respectively. Thereafter during 48th SMW the population declined and again increased up to 5.96 mites/leaf in
49th SMW (5-11 Dec.). Afterwards, the population gradually decreased but sustained up to 3rd SMW (15-21
Jan).
Conclusion: Mites was found to be major pest of chilli and it’s presence was moderate to high during the
experimental period and it’s population was at peak during intial growth period.
Table No. 1 Status of chilli mites on chilli in Marathwada during 2016 and 2017
Sr. Districts Tahsils No. of Fields Mites/leaf Visit Period (MW)
No. visited
2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017
Scarcity zone
1 Aurangabad Gangapur 5 3 4.32 6.84 40&50 43&52
Vaijapur 4 2 4.48 8.62 40&50 43&52
Mean 5 2 4.40 7.73
Assured Rainfall zone
1. Aurangabad Phulambri 2 4 6.02 4.42 40 50 43&52
Sillod 8 5 8.42 8.18 42&51 43&52
2 Hingoli Sengaon 3 4 8.00 6.68 42&51 42&50
3 Jalna Ambad 3 2 8.06 6.18 40&50 43&52
Bhokardan 4 7 2.02 6.04 40&50 43&52
Ghasawangi 5 4 2.46 5.38 40&50 43&52
4 Latur Ahmadpur 4 3 4.84 8.44 43&52 44&51
Renapur 2 3 5.86 8.68 43&52 44&51
5 Nanded Biloli 5 8 3.38 4.48 42&51 42&50
Deglur 4 5 6.56 5.86 42&51 42&50
Dharmabad 7 5 8.86 8.12 42&51 42&50
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Naigaon 4 3 4.28 8.96 42&51 42&50
6 Parbhani Gangakhed 4 5 8.80 8.06 42&51 42&50
Parbhani 4 6 8.04 8.42 42&51 42&50
Purna 2 4 8.52 6.96 42&51 42&50
Mean 6.27 6.99
Moderate rainfall zone
1. Hingoli Basmat 3 2 8.38 6.58 42&51 42&50
2 Nanded Mudkhed 3 5 6.82 8.62 42&51 42&50
Umri 4 4 8.42 8.86 42&51 42&50
Total Visits 80 84
Mean Visits 3 4 7.87 8.02
* Average pest population are mean of two visits
References
Andrews J. 1984. Peppers: The Domesticated Capsicums. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.pp125.
Butani D K. 1976. Pest and diseases of chillies and their control, Pesticides10 (8):35-41.
Greenleaf W H. 1986. Pepper Breeding In: Breeding Vegetable Crops, Bassett, M.J. (Ed.). AVI Publ. Co.,
Connecticut, USA., pp: 67-134.
Karmakar K, Sarkar P K, Somchoudhary A K and Mukherjee A B. 1996. Effectiveness of some modern
pesticides against different stages of 4 yellow mite, infesting chilli. Annl. Ent. 14(2): 47-54.
Paterson K I. 2000. The Hot Empire of Chile. Bilingual Press, Temple, AZ.
Pedigo L P and Rice M E. 2006. Entomology and pest management. 5thed. Pearson Prentice Hall. Columbus,
OH
Sorensen K A. 2005. Vegetable insect pest management. www.ces.ncsu. edu/ depts./
ent/notes/vegetables/veg37.html-11
Gulabjamun prepared from buffalo milk with incorporating Amaranthus hypochondriacus and
soy flour
Chandrashekhar Mourya and Anita Raisagar
S.H.U.A.T.S. Prayagraj, U.P., India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Soybeans have served as a major source of all the three-macro nutrients i.e., complete protein,
carbohydrate, fat and moisture as well as vitamins and minerals. Soy protein being low in saturated fat and
cholesterol free and having all the nine essential amino acids. Fortification of food products with soy flour will
improve protein quantity as well as improve the amino acid balance in food. On the other hand, Amaranth seed
is gluten-free and may be used to prepare nutritious and suitable food products for people which have food
allergy with gluten.
Methods: Gulabjamun was prepared by following standard method of developing Gulabjamun. The major
ingredients were khoa prepared from buffalo milk, refined wheat flour, soy flour and Amaranthus
hypochondriacus. The modification in standard development procedure was done by using different ratio of
Amaranthus hypochondriacus and soy flour. After sensory evaluation of product, estimation of protein content,
fat content and texture behavior were analyzed.
Result: In the prepared Gulabjamun, texture behavior such as hardness, gumminess, chewiness, cohesiveness,
springiness was increased with the increase in the soy flour ratio. Appearance, colour, texture, flavour and
overall acceptability of the Gulabjamun was also improved by addition of soy flour. On the other hands,
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addition of Amaranthus hypochondriacus also showed improvement in sensory and rheological properties of
prepared gulabjamun. In prepared Gulabjamun, protein and fat content were significantly increased by addition
of soy flour and Amaranthus hypochondriacus in different ratio as well as it was gluten free because of the
presence of Amaranthus hypochondriacus.
Conclusion: The prepared final food product i.e., Gulabjamun prepared from buffalo milk’s khoa, soy flour and
Amaranthus hypochondriacus showed high protein content with sensory acceptability and nutritional properties.
It was a boost for people having gluten allergy.
Key words: Gulabjamun, Soy flour, Amaranthus hypochondriacus
Optimization, sensory and nutritional quality evaluation of cookies incorporating tamarind

kernel (Tamarindus indica L.) : an under-utilized legume
Priyanka Tangariya, Sarita Srivastava
Department of Foods and Nutrition, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,
Pantnagar, 263145
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Tamarind seed (Tamarindus indica L., family Fabaceae) a by-product of tamarind pulp industry is the
most underutilized and undervalued nutritious legume. Tamarind kernel, obtained after the removal of seed
coat, is a good source of nutrients specially protein with good amount of essential amino acids, minerals like:
iron, phosphorus, magnesium and significant phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Therefore, in the present
study potential of tamarind kernel powder (TKP) to be used as a food source was explored by its incorporation
into cookies.
Methods: Tamarind seeds were dried at 160°C for 35 minutes in hot air oven and were allowed to cool
followed by removal of seed coat using mortar and pestle. Tamarind kernels were then ground into powder
using electric grinder. Cookies were prepared using eight different flour blends of whole wheat flour (WWF) :
TKP : lentil powder (LP) (100:0:0, 90:5:5, 80:10:10, 70:20:10, 60:30:10, 50:30:20, 40:40:20, 30:50:20) with
ingredients viz. sugar, butter, amla candy chips, vanilla essence and water. Cookies were allowed to cool and
subjected to sensory evaluation using score card method.
Results: Results of sensory evaluation revealed that cookies prepared with WWF scored highest for all the
sensory parameters namely; color, appearance, taste, crispness, after taste and overall acceptability. A non –
significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the color, appearance and overall acceptability values for
cookies with flour blend up to WF:TKP:LP::60:30:10. However, for taste and crispness parameters, all the
cookies prepared with eight different blends were found to have non - significant difference (p<0.05) with
WWF cookies. Further, WWF cookies and cookies prepared with WWF:TKP:LP::30:50:20 blend were
evaluated for nutritional quality on calculation basis. Incorporation of 50% of TKP increased crude protein,
total ash, crude fibre, energy, iron and magnesium content of cookies in considerable amount when compared
with WWF cookies.
Conclusion: The present study revealed that TKP incorporated cookies were highly acceptable. TKP
incorporation resulted in non - significant difference in the taste and crispness values of cookies. Also, TKP
incorporation improved the nutritional quality of cookies as compared to WWF cookies.
Key words: tamarind kernel powder, flour blends, cookies, sensory evaluation, nutritional quality
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Characterization of human serum albumin's interactions with Caffeic acid and Chlorogenic acid
from Cichorrium intybus using molecular docking techniques
Abhishek Pathak, Sunita Arora, Tarannum Jahan, Gohar Taj, S.P Singh
G.B.P. U.A & T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Human serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein in human blood. It solubilizes and
transports drugs and other substances to the target tissues in the body. Caffeic acid and Chlorogenic acid are
two major phytochemical ingredients obtained from Cichorrium intybus. It has anti-inflammatory, anticancer,
antiviral, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and other pharmacological properties. Aim of this study
was to predict the predominant binding mode(s) of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid with human serum albumin
protein’s known 3D structure and the binding characteristics such as affinities, sites, forces etc for their future
development as ananticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory or hypolipidemic therapeutic agent.
Methods: Docking of human serum albumin protein with caffeic and chlorogenic acid was performed via
Mastero (schrodinger, USA) software. LigPrep module, version 2.4, 2019, was used for geometrical refining of
chemical structures of ligands and protein preparation wizard using Maestro software. Receptor grid, generated
by using in-build module and based on receptor grid, flexible docking was performed using the extra precision
(XP) feature of Glide module, version 12.1, 2019. The interaction of protein and ligand was visualized by the
ligand interaction viewer.
Results: In-silico molecular docking studies revealed that human serum albumin protein interacts with the
caffeic and chlorogenic acid with the lower energy -6.46kcal/mol and -7.42kcal/mol, respectively. Total 3
hydrogen bonds were formed by the caffeic acid at Arg117, Tyr161, Phe134 and 1 Pi-Pi stacking at Phe134 and
1 salt bridge with Arg117. Total 3 hydrogen bonds and 1Pi-Pi stacking were formed by chlorogenic acid at
Leu115, Tyr161, Arg117 and Phe134, respectively.
Conclusions: These results confirmed the formation of HSA stable complexes with caffeic acid, chlorogenic
acid and contributed to our understanding for their binding characteristics such as affinities, sites, modes, force
etc and structural changes upon interactions. It was proved that HSA can solubilize and transport both
compounds in blood to target tissues.The results are also of high importance in determining the pharmacological
properties of both compounds and for their future developments as therapeutic agents.
Key words: Cichorium intybus, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Human serum albumin, Docking
Effective practice of INM on increment of ragi yield in red soil under natural resource
management
S.Srinivasan, A.Angayarkanni, K. Dhanasekaran and D.Balu*
Dept. of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Dept. of Agrl. Extension*, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai
University, Annamalainagar- 608 002
ABSTRACT
Soil is the most precious natural resource that supports millions of households. Soil has several roles to play in
agricultural production system as it is the resource which bears the brunt of all agricultural related activities like
anchoring of roots, supplying of water and nutrients to plants, serves as a sieve for purifying polluted water and
sequestrating carbon for moderating the adverse impact of climate change. Red soils denote the third largest soil
group of India covering an area of about 3,50,000 sq.km (10.6% of India's area). Integrated Nutrient
Management (INM) refers to maintenance of soil fertility for sustaining desired crop productivity through
optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner. Finger Millet
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(ragi) is a hardy popular food and wonder grain crop next to wheat, maize and rice in India. This grain is valued
as staple food. It is also known as dry land crop cultivated in both tropical and sub tropical regions and mainly
cultivated in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Kerala.
Methods: In an experiment conducted at the pot-culture yard of Dept. of SS&AC, Annamalai University, the
objective was to explore the integrated effect of inorganic fertilizers, neemcake , pressmud compost and
chelated micronutrients on yield attributes and yield of ragi. The design adopted in the present study was
completely randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications. The surface (0-15 cm) soil was
collected from Farmers Field at Meethikudi, Chidambaram Taluk, Cuddalore District of Tamilnadu. The soil
sample was air dried, powdered and then used for pot culture experiment. The soil belongs to red colour,
Alfisols in order and the taxonomic classification of Typic haplustalfs. The treatments were control, 50% RDF,
75%RDF, 100%RDF, Neemcake, Pressmud and Chelated micronutrients and its different combinations.
Results:
Yield attributes
1. Number of productive tillers hill-1

Among the different treatments, application of 100% recommended dose of NPK fertilizers, neem cake,
pressmud and chelated multi-micro nutrients (T10) recorded significantly highest number of productive tillers
hill-1(6.17) compared to (3.16) T1 (control).
2. Number of fingers earhead-1

Significant differences in number of fingers ear head-1 was noticed due to various treatments. Application of
100% recommended dose of NPK fertilizers, neemcake, pressmud and chelated multi-micro nutrients (T10)
recorded significantly highest number of fingers ear head-1 (7.38). This was followed by T7 (7.29), T9 (7.04), T8
(6.63) and T6 (6.38).
3. Length of ear head (cm)

The highest length of ear head of 10.65 cm was found with T10 . The treatment T7 registered the second highest
length of ear head of 10.61 cm. The control (T1) registered the lowest length of ear head of 7.21 cm.
4. Weight of ear head

Weight of ear head was significantly increased due to the application of different levels of NPK fertilizers,
neemcake, pressmud and chelated multi-micronutrients as compared to control which recorded the lowest
weight of ear head (1.25 g). Treatments T10 and T7 were recorded the weight of ear head of 2.71 and 2.65 g,
respectively.
5. 1000 grain weight

1000 grain weight of ragi which ranged between 1.80 g and 2.80 g. This was followed byT 7 (2.73 g), T9 (2.62
g), T8 (2.49 g), T6 (2.42 g) and T5 (2.42 g). There was no significant difference between the treatments. The
findings of the present study was in agreement with the Subramani and Solaimalai (2000).
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Fig.1. Effect of different levels of inorganic fertilizers, neemcake, pressmud and chelated multi-micro
nutrients on yield of ragi cv. CO 13
Grain yield
The grain yield under various treatments ranged from 27.35 g pot-1 (T1) and 42.60 g pot-1(T10). There was
significant increased in grain yield due to the application of different levels (0, 50, 75 and 100%) recommended
dose of NPK fertilizers, neemcake, pressmud and chelated multi-micro nutrients. The above results are in
conformity with the findings of Krishnaprabu (2002).
Conclusion: From the present investigation, it can be concluded that application of 100% RDF+ NC+ PMC+
CMN (T10) registered the significantly highest yield parameters and grain yield of ragi in red soil. This was on
par with with T7. Hence, it is inferred that it is sufficient to apply 75% RDF+ NC+ PMC+ CMN to get
maximum yield attributes and yield of ragi in red soil.
Key words: INM, NRM, Ragi, Yield attributes and yield
References
Krishnaprabu S. 2002. Studies on the effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth and yield of ragi
cv. CO 13. MSC., (Ag.) thesis submitted to Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annmalai University,
Annamalainagar.
Subramanian A. and Solaimalai S P. 2000. Influence of plant populations and methods of nutrient application
on growth and yield of blackgram. Legume Res. 23(3): 197-198.
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Response of mustard varieties to different nitrogen levels
Mamta Kumari, R. K. Sharma, Gaurav verma and R. K. Mishra
School of Agricultural Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University- Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Mustard is the most important oil seed crop of the World, Effects of different nitrogen levels with
different varieties were measured in terms of various quantitative indices viz. Growth and development (Number
of shoots metre-1 row length, plant height and dry matter accumulation in plants can assess.
Methods: Application of different nitrogen levels treatments significantly increasing dry matter accumulation
per metre row length, yield attributes, spike length, number of spikes per metre row length, grains per spike and
test weight as well as grain and straw yield.
Results: Result is concluded that variety RH-30 fertilized with 72 kg N ha-1 produced significantly higher seed
yield under the agro-climatic conditions of Jhajjar district of Haryana. The variables involved in this study were
four rates of nitrogen (100, 110, 120 and 130% RDN 60, 66, 72 and 78 kg N ha-1).
Conclusion: Thus, in all 16 treatments combinations were compared in a “split plot design “having rates of
nitrogen in main plots and varieties in sub- plots with three replications. The soil of experimental field was
sandy loam and was well drained with a pH-8.13. The soil was low in available nitrogen (158.0 kg ha-1),
medium in available phosphorus (20.0 kg P2O5 ha-1) and rich in potash (251.6 kg K2O ha-1); only 12.4 mm rains
were received in the crop season.
Effects of different herbicides on weed and Yield of wheat ((Triticum aestivum)

Sumit Panwar, R. K. Sharma, Gaurav verma and R. K. Mishra
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important grain crop of the World, Effects of different
herbicide combinations on weed were measured in terms of various quantitative indices viz. Growth and
development (Number of shoots metre-1 row length, plant height and dry matter accumulation in plants can
assess .
Methods: The experiment was conducted in R.B.D with three replications comprising ten treatments of weed
management, clodinafop 60 g a.i ha-1, sulfosulfuron 25 g a.i ha-1, metribuzin at 105 g a.i ha-1, carfentrazone 40
g ai ha-1, clodi.+ metri 60 + 122.5 g a.i ha-1 , clodi.+ metri 60 + 105 g a.i ha-1 , sulfo.+ metri 25 + 105 g a.i ha-1,
sulfo.+ carfen. 25 + 40 g a.i ha-1 as post emergence and weed free and weedy.
Results: The results indicated that chemical methods of weed control significantly reduced the weed population
and dry weight effectively over weedy treatment. The tallest plants, maximum number of tillers/meter row
length, highest weed control efficiency and highest grain yield (55.13 q/ha-1) were recorded with the application
of sulfosulfuron. + Metribuzin 25 + 105 g a.i ha-1 as post emergence established its superiority over rest of the
herbicides. Similarly application of sulfosulfuron + metribuzin 25 + 105 g a.i. ha-1 as post emergence resulted
into higher gross return, net return and B: C ratio.
Conclusions: Concluded that application of Sulfosulfuron.+ metribuzin @ 25 + 105 g a.i ha-1 as post emergence
followed by clodinafop.+ metribuzin @ 60 + 122.5 g ai ha-1 as post emergence proved superior than other
treatment with respect to grain yield and economics of wheat.
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Compensating nitrogen fertilizer requirement of wheat (Tritticum aestivum L.) Through
vermicompost and FYM under late sown condition
Manju Punia, R. K. Sharma, R. K. Mishra and Gaurav verma
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important grain crop of the World, Effects of rates of
nitrogen with vermicompost 3 tonnes ha-1and FYM 5 tons ha-1 were measured in terms of various quantitative
indices viz. Growth and development (Number of shoots metre-1 row length, plant height and dry
matter accumulation in plants can assess.
Methods: Application of different nutrient treatments like Vermicompost, FYM and RDN at different
application rate significantly increasing dry matter accumulation per metre row length, yield attributes, spike
length, number of spikes per metre row length, grains per spike and test weight as well as grain and straw
yield.
Results: On the basis of one year results it may be concluded that application of 80% RDN (120 kg N ha-1)
with vermicompost 3 tons ha-1 may be replaced 100% RDN (150 kg ha-1), because it produced significantly
higher grain yield under late sown conditions of Jhajjar district, Haryana. Effect of rates of nitrogen with
vermicompost 3 tons ha-1and FYM 5 tons ha-1 were measured in terms of various quantitative indices viz.
Growth and development (Number of shoots metre-1 row length, plant height and dry matter accumulation in
plants of 25 cm row length, days to 75 per cent flowering and days to physiological maturity of the crop. Yield
and yield attributes (Number of spikes metre-1 row length, length of spike, number of grains spike-1, weight of
grains spike-1 and 1000 grain weight, biological, grain and straw yield ha-1 and harvest index. The salient
findings are summarized below.
Conclusion: Application of 80% RDN (120 kg N ha-1) with vermicompost 3 tons ha-1 required significantly
more days to 75 per cent flowering and also to physiological maturity than control and 60% RDN with
vermicompost 3 tons ha-1 and FYM 5 tons ha-1.
Key words: Vermicompost, FYM, RDN, yield.
Regeneration of plants via organogenesis in fungal screened callus tissues from leaf and nodal
segments of Dalbergia sissoo
Monika Chauhan, Ajay Thakur
Forest Research Institute, Dehradun
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Dalbergia sissoo is a valuable timber species in the Northern India. In the past years, a large scale decline of
Shisham trees of all age groups had been reported from India as well as from neighboring countries. Fusarium solani
(Mart.) Sacc. f.sp. dalbergiae Bakshi and Singh has been reported as one of the primary pathogenic fungi causing mortality
in D. sissoo due to vascular wilt. Considering the large scale economic loss caused by wilt pathogen (F. solani f.sp.
dalbergiae) in Shisham plantations, we aim to screen 10 genotypes of D. sissoo in vitro against F. solani f.sp. dalbergiae
and callus tissues that can withstand the selection pressure were further multiplied. A complete plant regeneration protocol
was developed from these callus tissues via organogenesis.
Methods: Ten genotypes grown at Vegetative Multiplication Garden at New Forest, Forest research Institute, Dehradun
were used as explants in the present study. Nodal segments and leaf were used as source material for micropropagation.
Various combinations of phytohormones viz., BAP, 2,4 D, IBA and NAA in MS medium were tested for their effect on
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callus induction, organogenesis and plantlet regeneration. Fusarium solani f.sp. dalbergiae strains(isolate no. 1145 and
1149) were cultured in Petri dishes (9cm) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 25±2C.
Results: An efficient protocol was developed for in vitro callus induction, organogenesis and plantlet regeneration from
fungal screened callus tissues from leaf and nodal segments of Dalbergia sissoo. Callus tissues of 10 genotypes multiplied
in vitro and inoculated with conidial suspension of two strains of Fusarium solani f.sp. dalbergiae. Callus tissues of
genotypes 14 and 66 significantly restricted the fungal mycelium growth, whereas callus tissues of remaining 8 genotypes
were completely infested with fungal mycelium. Callus tissues of genotypes 14 and 66 obtained after screening was further
multiplied on MS medium fortified with PGRs; BAP, 2, 4-D and NAA. The multiplied callus tissues exhibited shoot
organogenesis after a period of 7 months. Maximum 71% shoot induction with highest mean shoot number (2.29) and
(2.36) was observed in MS medium supplemented with 4.44 µM BAP + 2.26 µM 2, 4 D from leaf and nodal callus
respectively. Maximum number of roots (2.86) and (2.71) per shoot was observed in half strength MS medium comprising
2.46µM IBA. The well rooted plantlets were acclimatized to a mixture of soil: sand: manure (1:1:1).
Conclusion: The selected pathogen tolerant callus tissues from nodal and leaf explants of genotypes 14 and 66 were
transferred to plant regeneration medium. Regeneration of complete plants from callus still presents a big problem
particularly in woody plants. In some cases, the callus may remain undifferentiated though showing prolific growth
regardless of hormones and metabolites to which they are exposed. In the present investigation, however callus induction
and multiplication was achieved on MS medium supplemented with BAP and 2, 4-D and subsequent shoot differentiation
was achieved on the fresh medium of same combination without encountering any problem of callus undifferentiation.
Key words: Dalbergia sissoo, Fusarium solani f. sp. dalbergiae, Fusarium wilt, nodal segments, leaf segments, callus,
organogenesis, regeneration
PEG mediated destabilization of holo α-Lactalbumin Probed by in silico and in vitro Studies:
Deviation from Excluded Volume Effect
Neha Raina1, Asimul Islam2, Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan2, Faizan Ahmad and Amit Kumar Singh1
1
Sharda University, Greater Noida
2
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To understand the stability and folding behavior of non heme proteins under various physiological
conditions and assessment of effects of the crowding agents on non-heme proteins will be planned in this piece
of work. Estimation of biophysical properties under crowding environment (in the presence of different size of
PEG) will be helpful to understand the underlying mechanism and therapeutic implications in
neurodegenerative disease due to protein misfolding.
Methods: Studies were performed at different pH monitored by various techniques for structural
characterization and thermal stability.
Results: Structural characterization at different pH using Trp-fluorescence, near-UV CD and far-UV clearly
shows perturbation of tertiary and secondary structure of protein by crowder. However, the dynamic light
scattering measurement shows that the protein is homogeneous under all conditions. Further, the heat-induced
denaturation profile shows destabilization in terms of Tm and ΔGD0.
Conclusions: Current findings and many works done by other groups suggest that crowding effects were
subjected to both the excluded volume effect and non-specific protein-crowder interactions.
Key words: Macromolecular crowding; Soft interaction; Structural characterization; Thermal stability
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Effect of climatic condition, altitudinal gradient and aspects on physiological traits of Cedrus
deodara (Roxb.) G. Don in north-western Himalaya
Deepshikha Nirala* and D R Bhardwaj
Department of Silviculture and Agro-forestry, College of Forestry, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture
and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230, Himachal Pradesh
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Species performance may be affected in response to altitudinal gradient and aspects variations;
climate change can modify these variables and at the lower limit of species distributions, individuals may
become stressed and their health performance hampered. Hitherto no study has been carried out to show the
effects on physiological traits of Cedrus deodara at past. Therefore, the present study entitled with effect of
climatic condition, altitudinal gradient and aspects on physiological traits of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don in
north-western Himalaya.
Methods: The samples of needles were collected from two different climatic conditions viz., Wet temperate
(temperate areas of Shimla, Sirmour, Solan and Kullu district) and Dry temperate (Kinnaur) from four different
altitudinal ranges <1800m asl (L1), 1800-2100m asl (L2), 2100-2400m asl (L3) and >2400m asl (L4) and three
aspects western (A1), northern (A2) and northwestern aspect (A3).
Results: Variation in physiological traits was significantly influenced due to the average effect of climatic
conditions, altitudinal ranges and aspects. The highest total nitrogen (0.52%) and total carbon (0.72%) was
found at <1800 m (L1) followed by L2, L3 and L4, respectively. And maximum total phenol (2.07 mgGAE/gm)
was found at >2400 m (L4) followed by L3 (1.49 mgGAE/gm), L2 (1.34 mgGAE/gm) and L1 (1.21 mgGAE/gm).
The highest chlorophyll (2.61 µg/ml), total sugar (7.76%) and total starch (9.61%) content was found at 1800-
2100 m (L2) and the lowest content was observed in L1 (3.45%) and (5.30%), respectively. Total sugar and
starch content and chlorophyll of tree needles were found maximum in northern aspect at 1800-2100m asl. The
needles collected from the trees growing in the dry temperate climatic conditions accumulated more chlorophyll
content than wet temperate.
Conclusion: It is concluded that the physiological traits of trees of C. deodara is being reflected in the needles’
nutritional status, which are measures in the form of total sugar, starch and chlorophyll contents. The northern
and north-western aspects are in better health conditions than those appearing on the western aspect,
Key words: altitudinal gradients, aspects, physiological traits, Cedrus deodara
Quantitative analysis of DNA from human samples under temperature and incubation period
variations
Shubham Kumar, Baljeet Singh Saharan, Shivi Choudhary
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: DNA is the blueprint for life. Isolation is one of the most basic & essential techniques in study of
DNA. The extraction of DNA from cells and its purification are of primary importance to the field of research
in life sciences (mainly biotechnology, microbiology & forensics). The present study was designed to study the
quantitative effect of temperature variations and incubation period variations on the human DNA from blood,
hair and saliva samples. This study provides an idea to process forensic and valuable samples that can’t be
collected again from original sites.
Methods: DNA was extracted using different combinations of lysis buffers (LB1, LB2, LB3 & LB4) with SDS
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as the prime ingredient for sample studies. The lysis buffers consisted of varied concentrations of mainly
sodium chloride (NaCl) and ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) with 20% SDS and proteinase K
buffered at pH 8.0. The samples were pre-processed with respective lysis buffer at 37 °C & 56 °C for 1.5 hours,
4 hours and overnight incubation period. These samples were then subjected to DNA extraction using SDS
extraction method (Ballinger Crabtree et al., 1992). The quantity and quality of DNA was checked using
NanoDrop spectrophotometer and agarose gel electrophoresis.
Results: The best peak for DNA isolation from hair at 56 °C appeared when incubation period was of 4 hours
while at 37 °C, the best peak appeared when incubation period was of overnight. For DNA isolation from blood
at 56 °C, there was a slight variation among all the three incubation periods while at 37 °C, the best peak
appeared when incubation period was of 1.5 hours. Whereas for DNA isolation from saliva at 56 °C, the best
peak appeared when incubation period was of 4 hours while at 37 °C, the best peak appeared when incubation
period was of overnight.
Conclusions: From the current study it can be concluded that for DNA isolation at 56 °C, the best amount of
DNA appears at 4 hours incubation period. However, for DNA isolation at 37 °C, the best amount of DNA
appears at overnight incubation period.
Keywords: DNA, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, SDS extraction, Molecular diagnosis
Synthesis of Chitosan-TPP loaded Propyl Paraben Nanoparticles

Ritika, dolly rani and Neeraj dilbaghi
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Propyl paraben is a hydroxybenzoate used as a preservative. Propyl paraben is N-Propyl ester of p-
hydroxyl benzoic acid is found in many plants. This is an antimicrobial agent, preservative and flavoring agent.
Parabens are hydrophobic molecules whose antimicrobial activity seen in many cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
Parabens are effective preservatives in many formulas. Parabens are widely used for their fungicidal and
bactericidal activities. They are found in various cosmetics like shampoo, shaving gels and sunscreens. They are
also used as food additives to enhance the shelf life. They are cost effective as preservative and their use from
long time explains why they are so commonplace. In present study, we aim to assess the activity of
Nanoparticles formed from the Propyl Paraben coated with Chitosan-TPP.
Methods: Propyl paraben loaded chitosan-TPP nanoparticles synthesized by ionic gelation method. In this
method negatively charged TPP particles interact with positively charged chitosan nanoparticles. Synthesis
involves preparation 100 ml solution of 5% propyl paraben in ethanol. Chitosan was placed on magnetic stirrer
having a magnetic bead at 1000 rpm drug was added dropwise. After this 2.5 ml tween 80 added to solution.
Now 20 ml TPP solution added and kept on stirrer for 2 h. after completion of all this characterization of
formed nanoparticles were by PSA, ZETA SIZER, EE, FTIR and TEM were evaluated.
Results: Particle size of formed nanoparticles were found to be 280 nm and having good homogenous
dispersion in suspending medium. Zeta potential were +30.3 V which confirm that these nanoparticles can be
stable for long period of time. EE (encapsulation efficiency) was 89 % which shows that the entrapment of
propyl paraben in chitosan-TPP. TEM micrograph of these nanoparticles displayed semi-spherical in shape with
diameter ranging from 290-380 nm.
Conclusion: These nanoparticles were found to be stable and effective after characterization and suitable for
use as a better preservative due to high EE and its stability.
Key words: Nanoparticles, Chitosan, TPP, Propyl Paraben

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Onion Storage: A critical study

Priyanka Mishra*, B. R. Pandey, Nidhi Verma, Shweta Meshram
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Adhartal, Jabalpur, (M.P.), India Pin: 482004
Introduction
Onion is important spice commodity consumed in India almost every day in every kitchen. Unlike other
vegetables their requirement is daily in the kitchen and therefore, augmentation of daily supply in the market at
reasonable prices for both producers as well as consumers is highly essential. However, onion is harvested twice
or thrice in a year. Unless stored for some time, daily supply, irrespective of season is not possible. Therefore,
storage of onion becomes inevitable for regular supply to consumers as well as value addition for farmers and
exercising control over price fluctuations. The present storage capacity of onion is about 4.6 lakh tonnes.
The total production of onion is available in three different seasons. About 20% production is from monsoon
kharif crop in the month of October-November, 30% onion is available as late kharif crop during January-
February and 50% produce is available as winter (rabi) crop or main crop countrywide during April-June.
Kharif and late Kharif produce is consumed during one or two months as there is heavy demand from domestic
market as well as export and therefore, does not require storage. Further, the produce of kharif and late kharif
has no storage capacity and hence required to be marketed immediately. Rabi harvest is from April to June and
is in high quantity available countrywide. Since availability and supply is more, the rates are low from April to
July. Since, there is no next harvest till November; these bulbs need to be stored for augmenting regular supply
till November and further till February, if kharif fails due to monsoon vagaries. The farmers, if they sell during
April to July are looser as the prices are low. They need to store their produce to add value on it.
Methods: A survey of onion storage structures was conducted in major onion and garlic growing areas of
Madhya Pradesh i.e. Indore, Ujjain, Dewas, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Sagar, Rahli, Khurai, Chhindwara, Seoni,
Balaghat and nearby villages. The information received from the farmers (Primary data) was noted in the
questionnaire and the average/ mean was calculated.
Results: In Indore, Ujjain, Dewas and their nearby villages most of the structures are concrete structures with
side and top ventilation (Fig.1). In these areas storage is done on the iron wire mesh placed 20-25 cm above the
ground with the help of bricks, to provide bottom ventilation. Farmers are storing Rabi onion in these structures
for about 3-4 months. Farmers are also using exhaust fans during hot summers. Sorting of rotted bulbs will start
1 month after storage and afterward it will be done at 15 days interval. About 25-30 % losses were observed by
the farmers, when they stored onion for 3 months. After 3 months of storage there is sudden increase in rotting
and sprouting, hence farmers will sell their product within 3 months of storage.
In Ratlam and their nearby villages most of the structures are concrete structures with bottom and top
ventilation (Fig.2). In these areas storage is done in onion nylon bags and these bags are placed in specific
batches containing 100 bags followed by a blank space of 1 M for ventilation. Farmers are storing Rabi onion in
these structures for about 2-3 months. About 20-25 % losses were observed by the farmers, when they stored
onion in these structures for 3 months.
In Mandsaur and their nearby villages most of the structures are Bamboo structures with bottom and top
ventilation (Fig.3). In these structures storage of onion is done by filling in the bin shaped structures. Farmers
are storing Rabi onion in these structures for about 2-3 months. About 25-30 % losses were observed by the
farmers, when they stored onion in these structures for 3 months. The cost of construction of these structures is
low as compared to concrete structures.
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Fig.1. concrete onion storage structure with bottom veventilation and non-cemented base
Fig.2. concrete onion storage structure withtop veventilation and cemented base
Fig.3. bamboo onion storage structure withtop and bottom veventilation
Conclusion: Temperatures during April to June increase respiration and there is weight loss. During July to September due
to high humidity and warm temperature fungal diseases get activated and create rotting to the tune of 10-12 percent. During
October –November low night temperatures help releasing Gibberellic acid in bulbs which breaks dormancy of bulbs and
there is sprouting of bulbs. This is qualitative loss which accounts for 10-20%. In short, total storage losses are to the tune
of 40 to 49 percent.
Storage is a function of genotypes, cultural practices and storage environment maintained during storage time.
There are genotypic differences about storage. Certain varieties that are specifically bred for winter season have better
storage than monsoon season varieties. For higher yield and better storage varieties like Bhima Kiran, Bhima Shakti,
AFLR, Pusa Red, Arka Niketan should be used. Cultural practices like fertilizer doses and quality fertilizers along with
irrigation scheduling decide the storage behavior. Low nitrogen more of sulphur, moderate irrigation through drip,
withholding of irrigation 15-20 days before harvest, field curing of bulbs along with top, cutting of tops with long neck,
grading and shed curing for 15 days enhance the storage life. And finally the storage environment mainly decides the
storage behavior.
Refrences
Anil chopra:onion storage problems and solution in india. Onions-potatoes.com

Biswas S K, Khair A,. Sarker P K and Alom M S. 2010. Yield and storability of onion (allium cepa l.) As
affected by varying levels of irrigation. Bangladesh j. Agril. Res. 35 (2): 247-255.
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Microbiological analysis in food as raw material and finished product
Surbhi arya and Shivi choudhary*
ABSTRACT
Purpose: In order to check the growth of microbial pathogens and to ensure a pathogen free and potent food
and pharmaceutical product, it is mandatory to apply microbiological techniques for microbial analysis (from
the area of production to the finished product) so that safe food products, beverages & cosmetics products
comes in market and the customers could consume it fearlessly.
Methods:
Microbial limit tests (m.l.t) are performed to check the microbial load in the products preparations.
Preservative efficacy test (p.e.t) was applied to finished products.
Microbial monitoring of aseptic area by expose plate media
Microbial monitoring was done to evaluate presence of total microbial count in control or uncontrolled area.
Following media were used for microbial monitoring- Soybean Casein Digest Agar, Sabouraud Dextrose Agar,
Chloramphenicol Yeast Glucose Agar, Plate Count Agar.
Culture Media Performance Test
Culture media allowed the proper growth of microorganism and media (Soybean Casein Digest Agar) had
enhancing properties to check microorganism’s performance in the laboratory.
Results: The present course of study has been done to evaluate product materials for total bacterial count, total
fungal (yeast and molds) count, and total Enterobacter count. There are huge numbers of microbial pathogens
and all of them could not be detected at same time. So we have considered only those microbes which are
commonly responsible for products contamination and are associated with humans such as E.coli, Salmonella
sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus etc.
Conclusion: Microbial contamination means presence of viable bacterial and fungal cells in the products and
associated materials. It is necessary to enumerate total microbial count in finished products as their presence
indicates the poor quality of products. The main source of bacterial and fungal contaminations in food,
pharmaceutical industries are from the unhygienic area, unprocessed water, contaminated equipment and
containers, person itself and contaminated material being used for product formation.
Key words: Microbial techniques, pharmaceutical products, microbial limit test, colony counter etc.
Histopathological impact of vitamin-C on sodium fluoride exposed Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio
haematopterus)
Rajinder Kaur1,3*, Munish Batra2, Amita Saxena1
1
Department of Fisheries Resource Management, College of Fisheries, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand;
2
Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar,
Uttarakhand;
3
KVK, Barnala, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The aims of the present study were to examine the histopathological alterations induced by sodium
fluoride exposure in the various tissues of Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) and also to evaluate the
ameliorative effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin C on NaF-induced toxicity in Amur carp.
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Methods: The experiment was designed for 90 days with 150 fish divided into 5 groups of 30 which were
housed in triplicate with 10 fish per tank. The groups included
G1 (control group)
G2 (exposure to 100 ppm NaF)
G3 (fed with 100 ppm vitamin C supplemented diet)
G4 (exposure to both 100 ppm NaF and 100 ppm vitamin C supplemented diet) and
G5 (exposure to 100 ppm NaF for the first 60 days and then 200 ppm vitamin C supplemented diet for the last
30 days)
Results: Tissue samples of the gills, liver, spleen, intestine and kidney were collected after every 15-day
interval for histopathological examination. In groups G1 and G3, no histopathological changes were observed in
any of the tissues examined throughout the experimental period. G2 showed more intense microscopic lesions
compared to G4. In G5, the severity of the histological lesions was similar to group G2 from the 15th DPT (day
post treatment) to the 60th DPT (the end of the NaF exposure) whereas from the 75th to the 90th DPT the
severity of the lesions was not increased.
Conclusion: The study concluded that sodium fluoride exposure has caused adverse effects on the tissues of
Amur carp exposed to 100 ppm NaF and supplementation with 100 ppm vitamin C can be recommended in
aquaculture systems to prevent the adverse effects of NaF exposure at 100 ppm. Treatment with 200 ppm
vitamin C is not able to not reverse the damage already caused by 100 ppm NaF.
Key words: Vitamin C; Amur carp, Sodium fluoride; Histopathology; Amelioration
Assessment of the effect of compost amendment on sorption of sulphonamide antibiotics in

sandy loam soils of Delhi
Neethu Narayanan*, Suman Gupta, Tirthankar Banerjee
Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012
ABSTRACT
Antibiotics are widely used in human and veterinary therapeutic applications. The antibiotics are introduced
into the environment through animal excreta, hospital wastes, etc. The antibiotic residues are detected in
different environmental matrices like soil and water. Sulphonamide antibiotics are a group of having relatively
high polarity and water solubility. The effect of the use of compost as soil amendment on sorption behaviour of
two antibiotics namely sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole were investigated in sandy loam soil of Delhi.
Methods: Sorption study was conducted as per OECD procedures. Sandy loam soil was collected from Delhi
and was characterised. The sorption study was conducted at five different initial concentrations at a soil:
solution ratio of 1: 3. The effect of compost dosage on sorption was assessed at three levels The sorption was
also assessed by amending the soil with 10% compost.
Results: When compost was used as the sorbent, the sorption of antibiotics was found to increase with the
compost dose. The sorption of sulphonamides increased from 37 to 81% on increasing the compost dose from
150 mg to 1000 mg. Among the two antibiotics, highest adsorption was exhibited by sulfamethoxazole owing
to to its lower water solubility. At the compost dose of 1000 mg, both the antibiotics exhibited nearly 90%
sorption at lower initial concentrations. The average Kd values were also quite high when the compost dose was
increased to 1000 mg indicating stronger adsorption. The antibiotics exhibited sorption of 43-50% in compost
amended soil as compared to 21-25% in sandy loam soil. Sorption data was found to fit into non linear
Freundlich isotherm indicating heterogenous sorption of the selected antibiotics onto the compost amended soil.
The retardation factor, the resistance to movement of antibiotics through the soil, indicated that the amendment
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of soil with compost will reduce the leaching of antibiotics. Since manure also act as source for antibiotics,
proper composting of the manure need to be done before introducing them to the field.
Conclusions: The use of properly composted organic amendments can prevent the leaching of antibiotics and
prevent the ground water pollution.
Key words: Sulphonamides, sorption, sandy loam soil, compost
Reclamation of degraded lands through Melia dubia based agroforestry syestem

Krishma Nanda, Sandeep Arya
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Trees in agroforestry systems offer a great relief to farm soil by providing ample amount of nutrients,
intangible benefits and by ameliorating the environment for raising of crops. With the increase in agricultural
innovations human intensification of agriculture has increased food production to a greater extent but along
with this it has caused extreme deterioration to environment. The Physico-chemical properties of soil improve
through decomposition of leaf litter added by perennial tree species. Tree species like Melia dubia have a
significant impact on soil properties, which could help to nurture farm lands through addition of large amount of
leaf litter.
Methods: Laboratory investigations on the physico-chemical characteristic of a soil under agro forestry at three
depths (0 to 15cm, 15 to 30 cm and 30 to 45cm), were carried out in the CCSHAU, HISAR. The present study
was conducted in an already established four-year old plantation of Melia dubia plantation raised at a spacing of
3 m × 3 m at village Gillan Khera in the district of Fatehabad in western part of Haryana. Five barley varieties
were raised in four replication plots during Rabi season of 2018-19 in the interspaces of the trees.
Results: Available N, P, K content was found higher under Melia based agri-silvicultural system as compared
to control. Values of N, P, K were recorded higher at soil depth of 0-15 cm in comparison to soil depth 15-30
cm. Improvement of water permeability, water holding capacity, improvement of infiltration rate, soil fertility
and other features are characteristics of soil as influenced by tree species. Agroforestry improves soil
productivity apart from providing an assurance to the farmers against any uncertainty.
Conclusions: Melia dubia trees grown in semi-arid environment of Haryana in an agroforestry system showed
positive effects on soil health. The nutrient content increased in the intercropped system. Moisture content was
higher under trees compared to open conditions and this factor contributed to overall changes showing
improvement of soil fertility. Overall this very intercropping system could be suggested for its number of
benefits such as recycling through litterfall, improvement in soil fertility and environmental benefits.
Key words: Melia dubia, Soil nutrients, Soil moisture, Agroforestry
Effect of nitrobenzene on plant growth, yield and minerals content of tomato

Nahid Sultana, Md. Abdul Owhab Mridha, Tuhin Suvra Roy and Rajesh Chakraborty
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) belongs to the family Solanaceae is one of most popular and
nutritious vegetables of Bangladesh. The low yield of tomato in Bangladesh; however, is not an indication of
low yielding ability of this crop, but of the fact that low yielding variety, low standard crop management
practices and lack of better technologies. My aim to identify, the activity and effect of plant growth retardant
nitrobenzene in crop production to improve plant growth and yield by increasing fruit set, fruit number and
weight and their significant roles in the development of tomato fruit.
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Methods: The experiment comprised of two factors. Factor 1- Tomato varieties, V1 (BARI Tomato- 1) and V2
(BARI Tomato-2) and factor- 2- Plant Growth Retardant viz, ni t r obenzene doses (4 Doses): T1= 0 ppm,
T 2 =1.5 ppm, T3=2 ppm, T4=2.5 ppm was outlined in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four
replications and there were all together 32 plots. Application of nitrobenzene significantly influenced the
height, yield and minerals content of tomato.
Results: Regarding correlation studies, It can be easily stated that, variety V2 (BARI Tomato-2) showed
maximum leaves number, maximum branch number, days of 1st flowering from transplanting, flower per
cluster, flower per plant, fruit per cluster, fruit per plant, single fruit weight, fruit yield per plot, yield per
hectare and nutrient content. On the other hand, 2mL dose of nitrobenzene application performed excellent
among the nitro benzene treatment applied in terms of all parameters. Besides the combination, variety (BARI
Tomato-2) treated with 2mL dose of nitrobenzene performed as the best combination in case of mineral
nutrients, maximum mineral (Na, K, P) found in (T2) treatment and Ca found in (T1) where minimum found in
(T3).
Conclusions: To sum up, it can be said, combination treatment of variety BARI Tomato-2 and 2mL dose of
nitrobenzene (V2T2) was the best for growth, yield and quality attributes of tomato. These results might be
helpful for further research to establish a new growth retardant in tomato.
Key words: Growth Retardant, yield, quality, mineral content, nutrient content
Alleviation of adverse effects of salt stress in tomato by foliar application of salicylic acid
Md. Abdul Owhab Mridha, Nahid Sultana, Tuhin Suvra Roy and Rajesh Chakraborty
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) belongs to the family Solanaceae is one of the world most
important and widespread crop with adverse effects of salinity which reduced tomato yield but improved fruit
quality traits, such as total soluble solid and color I want to identify the best combinations of salinity and
salicylic acid for better yield attributes, yield and quality of tomato to reduce the soil salinity problem observed
both in coastal zone and inland is a pervasive threat to agricultural production and the environment in view of
its adverse effects on sustainable use of land and water resources.
Methods: The experiment comprised of two factors: Factor-1. Salinity levels: 0, 3, 6 and 9 dSm-1 and Factor- 2.
Rate of salicylic acid: 0 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM and 1.5 mM. BARI tomato -14 was used as the test crop. Data
were taken from different parameters. When single effect was considered, salinity adversely affected most of
the growth and yield parameters and nutrient content except Na, but application of salicylic acid elevated all the
mentioned parameters.
Results: Regarding correlation studies of this experiment, salinity levels (S0) showed maximum tallest plant
height, leaves number, maximum branch number, days to flower, flower cluster-1, flower plant-1, fruit cluster-1,
fruit plant-1, single fruit weight, fruit yield plot-1 and nutrient content. On the other hand, (SA1.5) doses of
salicylic acid application performed excellent among the salicylic acid treatment applied in terms of all
parameters.
Conclusions: This study concluded with the fruit weight of tomato gradually decreased by the increase of
salinity levels and this reduction rate was decreased by foliar application of salicylic acid and tomato showed
significant variation to salinity levels and salicylic acid doses. To sum up, it can be articulated that (S 0) was the
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most outstanding salinity levels and (SA1.5) of salicylic acid application and combination treatment (S0SA1.5)
was the best for growth, yield and quality attributes of tomato.
Key words: Salicylic acid, salinity, yield, quality, mineral content, nutrient content, foliar application
Impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra Dehradun on Women Empowerment: A Study

Kiran pant, A .K. Sharma, Pravin Kumar
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The skill development is an important agenda for empowering rural women which ultimately lead to
new small scale enterprise development. Training has been one of the important means of upgrading
professional skill of practicing farmers and rural women. This is very essential in the area of agriculture where
the technologies are changing day by day and the knowledge of the farming community including women
need to be upgraded at a comparatively quicker pace. Today, a number of organizations are focusing on
women regarding starting their own ventures by providing them skilled training and knowledge.Krishi Vigyan
Kendra (KVK) that provides vocational training to the rural women for making them self-dependent which
ultimately help to empower them. KVK Dehradun was established in the year 2004 and its functioning started
in the year 2005. Since its inception this KVKs is performing multidimensional roles, starting from core
activities such as technology backstopping, introduction of cutting-edge techniques, and up-scaling at one end,
and envisioning entrepreneurial opportunities in rural areas, providing vocational/skill training to rural youth,
women folks on the other end. Time and again, there were empirical evidences to prove that the KVK System
has positively impacted the quality of life of farming community in terms of income, yield, productivity, and
above all capacity for optimal utilization of resources etc
Methods: To study the role of KVK Dehradun in empowerment of rural women a study was undertaken by
collecting comprehensive data for the last 5 year .The primary data were collected with the help of interview
schedule from those trainees who participated in the any of the programmes conducted for the farmers, and
annual, quarterly and other reports served as the secondary source for data collection.
Results: The responses so gathered are that majority of the respondents (70 %) stated their knowledge and skill
developed after getting vocational trainings from KVKs. Majority of the members were having training
exposure (78 %) and membership of their SHG was in between 10-15 years (92%), while 36% of the members
were directly involved in income generating activities by means of dairy, craft, stitching etc.. Sixty eight per
cent stated that supplementing the family income as most important factor behind joining SHGs. They are
associated (88%) with one or other organizations for the cause of skill development, financial assistance for
income generation activities, marketing etc. to run their own micro business They are strengthen to market their
products within and outside the state by participating in different fairs. Few of them are selling their products
online also.
Conclusions: Though, the percentage of respondents reported their family income raised which lead to
upgrade their socio economic status is low (25%) ,but at the same time its very satisfactory that with the efforts
of KVK the rural women are coming forward to participate in the developmental programmes/schemes in a
larger number now.
Keywords: Self Help groups, Women Empowerment, skill Training, Krishi Vigyan Kendras
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Assessing the impact of elevated ozone and ozone protectants on yield of garlic
Gayathri J1*, Boomiraj K2 and Avudainayagam S2
1
Division of Environmental Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012
2
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore -641 003
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Tropospheric ozone is becoming censorious issue day by day, due to its escalating concentration levels that
provide route to decline in agricultural productivity. It is a short lived greenhouse gas as well as a secondary pollutant
formed via the photochemical oxidation of carbon monoxide, methane or non-methane volatile organic carbons emitted
from vehicles, solvents, industries etc. O3 at higher concentration enters in to the crops through stomata, which increased
the transpiration rate and O3 flux within the cells of foliage. This increased the ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species- peroxides
and free radicals) production and accumulation resulted in phytotoxicity in the internal leaf tissue of plants, which reduced,
growth and yield (product synthesis) as well as their quality. To keep pace with increasing global population, crop
production has to magnify by 2050, whereas the target to pull off is more challenging, which is liable with the outcome of
climate change and air pollution. Thus there is necessity in studying the increasing concentrations of surface ozone impacts
on yield of agriculture to feed the growing population.
Materials and methods

Experimental Site and Design
The experiment was conducted by growing Garlic in pots under open top chamber during September to December
of 2018 at the experimental farm of TNAU- Indian Space Research Organization- Climate Change Observatory,
Woodhouse Farm, Horticultural Research Station, Nilgiris.
Treatments
The experiment was carried out by growing garlic in pots and exposed to different levels of ozone in open top
chamber (OTC) with treatments arranged in completely randomized block design (CRD) with three replications.
Table 1. Treatment details
Experiment: Garlic Design : CRD

Replication : Three No. of Treatments : 12
T1 – Ambient ozone level T7 – Elevated ozone exposure @ 150 ppb + foliar spray
T2 – Elevated ozone exposure @ 150 ppb 3% Panchagavya
T3 – Elevated ozone exposure @ 200 ppb T8 – Elevated ozone exposure @ 150 ppb + foliar spray
T4 – Ambient Ozone level + foliar spray 3% 3% Neem oil
Panchagavya T9 – Elevated ozone exposure @ 150 ppb + foliar spray
T5 – Ambient Ozone level + foliar spray 3% Neem oil 0.1% Ascorbic acid
T6 – Ambient Ozone level + foliar spray 0.1% T10 – Elevated ozone exposure @ 200 ppb + foliar spray
Ascorbic acid 3% Panchagavya
T11 – Elevated ozone exposure @ 200 ppb + foliar spray
3% Neem oil
T12 – Elevated ozone exposure @ 200 ppb + foliar spray
0.1% Ascorbic acid
Observations were recorded on garlic plant after harvest for four characters namely, diameter of bulb (cm), average bulb
weight (g), number of cloves per bulb and yield (kg/ha).
Results: At the experimental site, monitored O3 data depicted that ambient O3 levels exceeded the AOT 40.
Accordingly, most of the yield and yield attributes were significantly affected at higher levels of ozone, where
the treatment with ambient ozone exposure with ozone protectants were superior in all parameters. Significantly
highest values of number of cloves (7.33/ bulb), diameter of garlic (3.46 cm), weight of bulb (8.15 gm) and
yield of garlic were recorded in the treatment ambient ozone exposure with 3% panchagavya (T2) followed by
ambient ozone exposure with 3% neem oil (T3) and ambient ozone exposure with 0.1% ascorbic acid (T4). With
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the elevated O3 treatments the number of cloves (6.22/bulb), diameter of bulb (2.65 cm), weight of bulb (6.75
gm) and yield of garlic, significantly recorded highest in the treatment elevated ozone exposure @ 150 ppb with
foliar spray of 3% panchagavya (T7) compared to other elevated ozone level, whereas the lowest values were
recorded in elevated ozone exposure @ 200 ppb (T6). This showed that the drastic increase in concentration of
O3 decreases the yield of garlic.
Table 2. Effects of elevated tropospheric ozone on yield attribute of garlic – Bulb diameter (cm) & Bulb weight (gm)
Treatments Diameter of bulb (cm) Weight of bulb (gm)
T1 – Ambient ozone level 2.93 ± 0.029cb 7.19 ± 0.252cb

T2 – Elevated ozone exposure @ 150 ppb 2.04 ± 0.087fe 5.94 ± 0.271ed
T3 – Elevated ozone exposure @ 200 ppb 1.99 ± 0.081f 5.72 ± 0.300e
T4 – Ambient Ozone level + foliar spray 3% Panchagavya 3.46 ± 0.128a 8.15 ± 0.119a
T5 – Ambient Ozone level + foliar spray 3% Neem oil 3.23 ± 0.059ba 7.32 ± 0.061b
T6 – Ambient Ozone level + foliar spray 0.1% Ascorbic acid 3.05 ± 0.079b 7.26 ± 0.460cb
T7 – Elevated ozone exposure @ 150 ppb + foliar spray 3%
2.65 ± 0.301dc 6.78 ± 0.616dcb
Panchagavya
2.37 ± 0.089ed 6.42 ± 0.147edc
Neem oil
T9 – Elevated ozone exposure @ 150 ppb + foliar spray 0.1%
2.16 ± 0.023fe 6.37 ± 0.030edc
Ascorbic acid
2.39 ± 0.025ed 6.13 ± 0.055ed
Panchagavya
2.25 ± 0.030fe 6.08 ± 0.182ed
Neem oil
T12 – Elevated ozone exposure @ 200 ppb + foliar spray 0.1%
2.05 ± 0.035fe 6.01 ± 0.147ed
Ascorbic acid
P value 0.000 0.000
Conclusion: The increase in concentration of tropospheric ozone in the atmosphere affects the yield and quality of crops.
From the study concludes that increase in the concentration of tropospheric ozone showed detrimental effects on yield
attributes (diameter of bulb, weight of bulb and no. of cloves per bulb) and yield of garlic whereas the ozone protectants
(panchagavya, neem oil and ascorbic acid) helped in scavenging the ozone in the apoplast of the leaves of garlic, among
them panchagavya performed well followed by neem oil and ascorbic acid. Moreover, the tropospheric ozone effects on
yield and quality of both agricultural as well as horticultural crops requires more attention to withstand productivity for
future climatic change scenarios and identification of suitable remedial measures against tropospheric ozone to sustain our
food production for ensuring food security.
Key words: Ambient Ozone, Elevated ozone, Ozone protectants, Garlic, Panchagavya
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Effect of invigoration treatment of different soaking periods on germination performance of

bottle gourd seeds
Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
ABSTRACT
Purpose: This current experiment was conducted in a Seed Testing laboratory, Department of Genetics and
Plant Breeding Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar
Pradesh during January 2021 with calabash, so as to subsume the foremost method of invigoration of priming
specific to calabash.
Methods: Method of invigoration as in priming viz., halopriming were assessed by checking a different period
of durations and chemical concentrations viz., 1st treatment– Unprimed seeds (control), 2nd treatment - 50 ppm
KNO3 for 12 hrs, 3rd treatment - 50 ppm KNO3 for 18 hrs, 4th treatment -100 ppm KNO3 for 12 hrs, 5th treatment
-100 ppm KNO3 for 18 hrs, 6th treatment -125 ppm KNO3 for 12 hrs, 7th treatment- 125 ppm KNO3 for 18 hrs.
Experiment perform by between paper method and by sand method at control condition and where, the
statistical data was done by using factorial experiment allocate by Completely Randomised Design (CRD).
Results: In this experiment it was found that, treatment 6th 125 ppm KNO3 for 18 hrs., has the noteworthy result
as compared to all the other treatments accompanying the seedling parameters, the highest germination %,
seedling length, weight and vigor index I & II. This study showed that Seed priming with KNO3 found to
increases the seed quality parameters.
Conclusions: In this study demonstrated the market high paying and most reasonable method. This study makes
possible to improve the worth and interpretation of seeds with the help of seed priming with KNO3 treatments
which have effect on market price rate and budgetary, innocuous, nature-friendly sources.
Key words: Bottle gourd, Potassium Nitrate (KNO3).
Floristic diversity, aboveground biomass and carbon stock in coffee-based agroforestry system
and adjoining natural forests of Central Western Ghats, India
B. G. Nayak1, Raju Chavan2, Devagiri G. M1. Hareesh, T S3 and Satish, B. N3
1
Department of NRM, College of Forestry, Ponnampet, 571 216, KSNUAHS Shivamogga, Karnataka, India
2
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580 005, Karnataka, India
3
Department of FPU, College of Forestry, Ponnampet, 571 216, KSNUAHS Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Kodagu is one of the greenest landscapes in India with 81% of the geographical area under tree cover
contributing to the rich biodiversity representing about 8% of India's plant wealth. The study was aimed to
assess and compare the floristic diversity, biomass and carbon between coffee-based agroforestry system and
adjoining natural forests.
Methods: We used random sampling technique for field data collection and 50 sample plots of 40 m x 40 m
(0.16 ha.) were laid, of which five in adjoining evergreen forests and 45 in coffee-based agroforestry system,
during the year 2018-19.
Results: Total of 102 tree species in coffee agroforests and 50 tree species in adjoining forests were recorded.
Shannon’s diversity was highest in coffee agroforests (3.60) compared to the natural forest (3.32). Higher tree
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density (351 ± 19.35 stems ha–1) was recorded in coffee agroforests compared to natural forests (287 ± 13.53
stems ha–1). Conversely, basal area was found to be higher in natural forests (39.53 ± 0.38 m2 ha–1) compared to
coffee agroforests (29.54 ± 1.34 m2 ha–1). Amount of carbon stored in adjoining natural forests was to the tune
of 88.84 ± 2.90 Mg ha–1 while in coffee-based agroforestry system it was found to be 77.39 ± 3.30 Mg ha–1.
Management of coffee agroforests, particularly shade tree management, plays an important role in carbon
storage and dynamics. Artocarpus integrifolia (23.11%) was the dominant tree species in coffee agroforests
whereas, Elaeocarpus tuberculatus (28.25%) was dominant in natural forests. Girth class distribution showed
the pattern of inverted J shape curve, while in agroforests it was positively skewed.
Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, we conclude that traditional coffee-based agroforests are
floristically richer than adjoining natural forests and these land-use systems offer greater opportunities for
biodiversity conservation as well for higher carbon storage in this region.
Key words: Western Ghats, Coffee based agroforestry system, Floristic diversity, Above-ground biomass,
Carbon stock.
Assessment of High Yielding Varieties of Linseed (Linum Usitatissimum L.) Through Front Line
demonstration in Dindori District
Shweta Masram1*, Nidhi Verma2, P.L. Ambulkar1, Anjum Ahmad3 and Priyanka Mishra4
1
JNKVV, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dindori
2
JNKVV, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Narsinghpur (M.P.)
3
TCBCARS, IGKVV, Raipur (C.G.)
4
Dept. of horticulture JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.)
ABSTRACT
Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a traditional oilseed crop in Dindori district that represents a valuable
alternative for cropping systems because of the high quality of the seed oil, which is being increasingly
appreciated by consumers, food, cosmetic and eco materials industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate
the influence of linseed variety and year of production in relation to weather conditions on seed yields, oil
content and its quality, with a focus on human nutrition value, through a field study carried at 3 different
locations in Dindori district viz. Russamal, Ghundisrai, Dhanras. The seed yield was significantly affected by
the year of production (523 kg/ha higher in 2020 compared to 2019), the location and the variety. The
environmental factors that negatively affect seed yield are high temperatures in summer, water shortage and wet
and cold soil in spring. The highest seed yield was reached at mid-heavy soil in the region with higher
precipitation amount, while the lowest on light soil in the region with a lower precipitation amount. JLS66
would be recommendable for Dindori environmental conditions. JLS 66 variety gave the significantly highest
oil yield.
Keywords: Linum usitatissimum L.; linseed; seed yield; nutrition quality; oil; field production; growth
conditions
Method and Material
The Front line demonstration were carried out in linseed with different location of Dindori district , Madhya
Pradesh India to evaluate the difference between demonstrated technologies vis-a-vis practices followed by the
local farmers in linseed crop at randomly selected villages of Dindori during rabi 2019 and 2020. Before
conducting FLD’s a list of farmers was prepared from group meeting and specific skill training was imparted to
the selected farmers regarding different aspects of cultivation. The selected farmers of the demonstration area
were of small and marginal in nature. Front line demonstration of linseed variety JLS 66 was conducted in 20 ha
area in each year 2019 and 2020. 50 farmers were selected from different villages in each year 2019 and 2020.
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The soil samples from each adopted farmer were analyzed. It was found to be sandy to clay-loam in texture with
pH 5.9, medium in organic C high in available nitrogen and medium in available phosphorus. No. of
capsules/plant, plant height at maturity (cm) was measured and branches (No.) were counted. The purpose of
this FLD’S was to know the yield gap between improved practice and farmers practice, to determine the
difference in their yield attributing characters, to find out the extension gap and to know reasons for low yield
and specific constraints with the practicing farmers. Finally the extension gap, technology gap along with the
benefit cost ratio were worked out. The technology gap, extension gap and technology index were calculated
using the following formula.
Extension gap = Demonstration yield - farmers practices yield.
Technology gap = Potential yield of variety – Demonstration yield.
Technology index (%) = Technology gap x 100/Potential yield.
Results and Discussion
Yield of linseed under improved practices was 6.2 and 6.7 q/ha, whereas yield under farmers practices was 3.9
and 4.7 q/ha during 2019 and 2020 respectively. The yield enhancement due to technological intervention was
58.97% and 42.96% during 2019 and 2020 respectively over farmers practice. Grain yield was found positively
correlated with yield-attributing traits. Use of improved variety, seed treatment before line sowing, soil test
based optimal supply of nutrients and other agro-techniques might have helped in better crop growth and
portioning of photosynthates. Higher gross returns (Rs. 28520 and 30820/ha), net returns (Rs. 13716 and 16510
/ha) and returns per rupee invested (1.93 and 2.15) were recorded with technological intervention during 2019
and 2020, respectively. Innovative practices increased the gross returns by 58.97 and 42.55%, net returns by
72.27 and 64.12% and B: C ratio by 7.22 and 14.9% during 2019 and 2020 respectively compared to farmer’s
practice. The higher profitability under innovative practices was attributed to higher values of yield attributes
and grain yield of linseed compared to farmers practice. Costs of cultivation were higher under innovative
practice during both the year owing to sowing by seed drill, costs of improved seed and fungicides used for seed
treatment. Higher growth and yield attributes, grain yield and economics of linseed with response to line
seeding, seed treatment, balanced fertilization and other agro-techniques has also been advocated.
Conclusion
The above results showed that the integration of improved technology along with active participation of farmers
has a positive effect in increase the seed yield and economic return of Linseed crop production. The suitable
technology for enhancing the productivity of Linseed crop and need to conduct such demonstration may lead to
the improvement and empowerment of farmers. The demonstration traits also enhance the relationship and
confidence between farmers and KVK scientists. The recipient farmers of FLD’s also play an important role as
source of information and quality seeds for wider dissemination of the improved varieties of Linseed for other
nearby farmers. It is concluded that the FLD’s programme is a successful tool in enhancing the production and
productivity of Linseed crop through changing the knowledge, attitude and skill of farmers.
Anonymous. 2018. National Food Security Mission, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India,
60-62.
Dwivedi S K. 2018. International Journal of Chemical Studies 6(6): 77-81.
Choudhary A A, Nikam R R. and Patil S S. 2016. International Journal of Life Sciences A6, 33-36.
Patel R. 2015. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur,
India,118
Thakur S, Mirjha P R. and Nag S K. 2019. International journal of agriculture Sciences 11(23): 9245-9247.
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Impact of intervention on functional ability among rural elderly
Sumangala Badami1 and Ganga V.Yenagi2
1
Dept of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Community Science, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Dharwad, India
2
College of agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Healthy ageing looks beyond physical health; it tries to get older people motivated, to be satisfied
with their life, to carry out physical activity and to have a relationship with their family and the environment of
physical, mental and emotional decline (Quiñones et.al,2020). “Aging can be defined as a series of time related
processes occurring in the adult individual that ultimately bring life to close. It is the most complex phenotype
and the only example of generalized biological dysfunction. Aging influences an organism’s entire physiology,
impacts function at all levels, and increase susceptibility to all major chronic diseases.” (Vijg, Jan 2007).
WHO (2020) defines healthy ageing as “the process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that
enables wellbeing in older age.” Functional ability is about having the capabilities that enable all people to be
and do what they have reason to value. The intervention in ageing should be aimed at promoting personal
growth and development by facilitating environments that prevent physical, psychological and social
deterioration. The promotion of active ageing is necessary to produce health benefits through physical activity.
Older people guided through active ageing not only improve their physical condition, but also improve their
quality of life as they get older, reinforcing their physical, psychological and social well-being. Hence an
attempt has been made to undertake an intervention strategies that study the elderly people of Urban and Rural
areas with a view to promote physical, psychological and functional abilities among elderly of Dharwad Taluk.
Methods: An exploratory study was conducted in urban and rural areas of Dharwad Taluka. A randomly
selected sample of 540 elderly (270 each from Rural and Urban) of both the gender, in the age group of 60-74,
75-84 and 85 & above were selected. A phenomenological and narrative analysis was used to have in depth and
holistic understanding of physical and psychological changes among rural and urban elderly. Personal
information schedule was used to elicit auxiliary information of the subjects regarding demographic variables.
To explore the functional changes of elderly, Ageing schedule developed by Badiger and Kamat (2009) was
used. Socio Economic Status Scale by (Aggarwal et al., 2005) was employed to assess the SES of the family.
On the basis of the results that indicated a large number of elderly with functional problems, an intervention
programme was conducted on a non experimental group with a designed educational training program. The
impact was assessed through a single pre and post test design.
Results: Results showed that 58.50 percent of rural elderly belonged to lower middle SES and 47.40 percent of
the urban elderly belonged to upper middle SES. With respect functional dimensions majority of the elderly in
case of physical, psychomotor and sensory, cognitive, socio-emotional and behavioural indicated very few
changes. Age is significantly associated with physical functioning and cognitive functioning. In case of
physical functioning majority of the elderly from age group young old (80.5%) showed very few changes and
82.8 per cent young old elderly had some changes in case of cognitive functioning in comparison to their old
old and oldest old counterparts, Correlation was found to be negative and significant in the physical functioning,
psycho-motor and sensory functioning and cognitive functioning levels. significant difference between the age
groups and domains of functional ability like physical functioning, psycho-motor functioning and cognitive
functioning was observed among elderly. Among rural elderly belonging to young old age group (51.8%) and
elderly from urban area with age group old old (64.2%) showed very few changes in functional abilities.
Significant difference between rural male elderly with respect to their functional abilities before and after
intervention such as cognitive (t-value, 3.86**), socio-emotional (t-value, 14.19**), behavioural (t-value,
15.96**) and overall functional abilities (t-value, 15.94**). Whereas no such significant difference was found in
the physical functioning and psychomotor and sensory functioning after intervention. Indicating, the functional
abilities like cognitive, socio-emotional, behavioural and overall functioning abilities have significantly
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improved in the rural male elderly after intervention. Whereas rural female elderly showed significant
difference in the domains of functional abilities such as physical (t-value, 4.24**), psychomotor and sensory (t-
value, 2.90**), cognitive (t-value, 4.02**), socio-emotional (t-value,15.27**), behavioral (t-value, 16.74**) and
overall functional abilities (t-value, 16.35**) after intervention. Indicating, better functional abilities of the rural
female elderly after intervention.
Conclusion: The intervention provided to the rural male and female elderly group was effective in improving
their physical, psychological health status and functional ability. Indicating that the female and male elderly
were positively benefitted by the intervention programme in enhancing their physical health status, social
participation, psychological health and functional ability through educational training programme.
Key words: Ageing, Elderly, Functional changes, Cognitive functioning, Intervention
References
Agarwal O P, Bhasin S K, Sharma A K, Chhabra P, Aggarwal K. and Rajoura O P. 2005. A new instrument for
measuring the Socio-economic status of a family. Indian J. Comm. Med.34 (4): 111-114.
Badiger and Kamath. 2008. Changes In Ageing : A Cohort Study. Department of PG Studies and Research in
Home Science Sndt Women’s University, Mumbai.
Quinones I T, Padilla J S, Díaz A E, Abad Robles M T and Robles A S. 2020, Functional Ability, Frailty and
Risk of Falls in the Elderly: Relations with Autonomy in Daily Living. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health: 1-12
Vijg J. 2007. Aging of the genome; the dual role of DNA in life and death. Oxford university press
WHO. 2020. Ageing: Healthy ageing and functional ability.
https://www.who.int/westernpacific/news/qadetail/ageinghealthyageingandfunctionalability
Effect of soil salinity on growth Parameters and antioxidant activity in Two Genotypes of Egg
Plant (Solanum melongena L.)
Bhati S, Chaudhary S, Garg G*
School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida (U.P) India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a traditional vegetable crop in many tropical, subtropical and
Mediterranean countries. Abiotic stress such as salinity of soil and water is causes it’s yield loss. Eggplant
(Solanum melongena) is moderately sensitive to salinity but more attention to salinity is required in the
agricultural production of eggplant and its varieties. Knowledge of salt tolerance in vegetable plants is
necessary to increase productivity and profitability of crops irrigated with saline wastewaters. The effects of
salinity on plant growth can vary depending on the plant species and also on different genotypes of a species.
The main aim of this study was to investigate the salt tolerance potential of selected genotypes at the early stage
(germination and seedling) of plant growth.
Methods: To identify the stable source, 30 accessions of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) were screened.
Among 30 genotypes the highest seed germination (90-100 %) was observed in two genotypes [IC354140
(GT25); IC 354562 (GT26)]. Therefore, for further study these two genotypes of the eggplant were selected. 30
days old seedlings of GT25 and 26 were treated with the different salt concentrations (0, 25mM, 50mM, 75mM,
100mM, 125mM, 150mM).
Results: The data of present study revealed that germination percentage reduced significantly. (35%) in GT26
compared to GT25 with increasing levels of salinity (EC, pH). Egg plant seedling length, dry and fresh weight
of radicle and hypocotyls, number of leaves decreased with increasing soil pH and increasing soil EC (P <
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0.001). The total chlorophyll, flavonoid contents were gradually decreased with increase the salinity. SOD and
POD antioxidant where increased with salt stress. GT26 showed highly stressful effects on the seedling growth
in 100mM NaCl application, whereas GT25 showed comparative better growth in same concentration.
Conclusion: High salt concentration (100mM) affect the germination of eggplant seeds, also retard the seedling
growth in the early phases. GT26 genotype can considered as salt sensitive genotype (SSG), while GT 25 was
found to be most tolerant genotype (STG) to salt stress among the all 30 genotypes.
Key words: Salinity stress, Egg plant, Solanum melongena, Genotypes, Germination, Chllorophyll, Flavanoid,
Chlorogenic acid, Antioxidant activity.
References
Akinci I E, Akinci S, Yilmaz K. and Dikici H. 2004. Response of eggplant varieties (Solanum melongena) to
salinity in germination and seedling stages, New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 32(2): 193-
200.
Effect of probiotic induced fermentation on the polyphenol content and bioactive properties of
Terminalia chebula (Fruits) methanolic extract.
Khalid Hussain Salaria* and Sanjay Guleria
Natural Products-cum-Nano laboratory, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir
University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Main campus Chatha, Jammu-180009, Jammu
and Kashmir, India.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To study the effect of fermentation based biotransformation on bioactive properties of Terminalia
chebula (Fruits) methanolic extract.
Methods: Different assays were performed for determining total polyphenol content and antioxidant activities
namely; total phenol content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent (Chang et al., 2001), total
flavonoid content was estimated according to the method described by Lamaison and Carnet 1996. 2,2-
diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, Reducing power assay, Chelating power on
ferrous (Fe2++) ions, Superoxide scavenging activity, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and Ferric reducing
antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were performed for evaluating antioxidant activity. α-amylase and α-
glucosidase inhibitory assays were performed for determining the anti-diabetic activity. Acetylcholinesterase
activity assay was performed for determining anti alzheimer activity.
Results: The fermentation of Terminalia chebula (Fruits) methanolic extract significantly enhanced total
polyphenol content and biological activities. Among the five different probiotics used in the above study,
Lactobacillus plantarum was found to be the best in enhancing bioactive constituents and biological activities
of Terminalia chebula (Fruits) methanolic extract followed by Saccharomyces cerevisae, Bacillus subtilis,
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei.
Conclusions: The present study concludes that probiotic induced biotransformation can be used as alternative
natural mechanism for improvement of phytochemical constituents and bioactive properties of Terminalia
chebula (Fruits) methanolic extract.
Key words: Fermentation, biotransformation, polyphenol content and antioxidant activities.
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Efficacy of liquid and carrier based biofertilizers along with chemical fertilizers on yield and
yield attributes of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum l.)
K. Lakshmikala*, B. Ramesh Babu, M. Ravindra Babu And P. Rama Devi
College of Horticulture, Dr. YSR Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari, Andhra
Pradesh, 534101, India.
ABSTRACT
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most commonly grown solanaceous vegetable crops in India
belongs to the family solanaceae and native of Peru Equador region. Tomato is considered as "protective food"
because of its nutritive value and most versatile vegetable with wide usage in Indian culinary tradition. Ripened
fruits are good source of organic acid and minerals like potassium and sodium. Tomato is also an excellent
source of vitamin A and C and called as “poor man’s orange”. Lycopene, a major component of red tomatoes,
which has strong antioxidant properties can act against human diseases such as cancer and heart problems.
Introduction
Biofertilizers (nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria) are
known to improve growth, yield as well as productivity of crops. They are low cost, renewable sources of plant
nutrients and have the ability to use freely available solar energy, atmospheric nitrogen and water. Biofertilizers
enrich soil fertility, ensure environmental safety and play a significant role in increasing crop yield. According
to Choudhury and Kennedy (2005), biofertilizers are gaining momentum recently due to increasing emphasis on
maintenance of soil health, minimization of environmental pollution and the use of chemicals in agriculture.
Research work related to carrier based biofertilizers has been conducted in India and abroad on large scale.
However, limited studies have been made on effect of liquid formulations on yield and yield attributes of
tomato in India. Liquid biofertilizers are liquid formulation containing the dormant form of desired
microorganisms and their nutrients along with the substances that encourage formation of resting spores or cysts
for longer shelf life and tolerance to adverse conditions (Verma et al., 2011).
Now-a-days farmers are using drip irrigation system, hence application of carrier based biofertilizers through
drip has become cumbersome, substituting them with liquid formulations if found efficient is beneficial to the
farmers. Keeping these points in view, the present investigation was planned with the following objectives:
Objectives
To study the influence of biofertilizers along with chemical fertilizers for gaining maximum production and
productivity of tomato
To study the effect of carrier based and liquid formulations of NSB (Azotobacter), phosphate solubilizing
bacteria (Bacillus megaterium) and potassium solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus mucilaginosus) on yield of tomato
Methodology: The experiment was laid out in Factorial RBD with three replications. The first factor consisted
of three levels of RDF (100 %, 80 % and 60 % of RDF) and the second factor consisted of three different
combinations of biofertilizers (NFB + PSB + KSB liquid biofertilizer, NFB + PSB + KSB carrier based
biofertilizer and without biofertilizers) comprising of nine treatment combinations viz., T1 (100 % RDF + NFB
+ PSB + KSB carrier based biofertilizers), T2 (100 % RDF + NFB + PSB + KSB liquid biofertilizers), T3 (100
% RDF + NFB + PSB + KSB without biofertilizers), T4 (80 % RDF + NFB + PSB + KSB carrier based
biofertilizers), T5 (80 % RDF + NFB + PSB + KSB liquid biofertilizers), T6 (80% RDF + without biofertilizers),
T7 (60 % RDF + NFB + PSB + KSB carrier based biofertilizers), T8 (60 % RDF + NFB + PSB + KSB liquid
biofertilizers), T9 (60 % RDF + without biofertilizers). The seedlings were transplanted at a spacing of 120 cm x
50 cm in a single row. The salient findings with respect to yield parameters are summarized below.
Results: Among yield parameters, the application of 80 % RDF (F2) showed significant differences in number
of flowers/cluster (7.88), number of clusters/plant (8.56), number of fruits/cluster (4.44), number of fruits/plant
(51.03), fruit length (5.40 cm), fruit width (5.01 cm), average fruit weight (88.77 g), fruit yield/plant (6.59 kg)
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and yield/hectare (109.83 t/ha) while, the application of 100 % RDF recorded significant differences in fruit set
% (88.47 %) when compared to other treatments. The tomato plants treated with all the three biofertilizers in
liquid formulations (B2) recorded significant differences in number of flowers/cluster (8.07), number of
clusters/plant (8.55), number of fruits/cluster (4.37), number of fruits/plant (54.35), fruit set % (92.02 %), fruit
length (5.34 cm), fruit width (5.09 cm), average fruit weight (89.24 g), fruit yield/plant (6.72 kg) and
yield/hectare (112.05 t/ha) over the control (B3) without biofertilizers. The interaction effect of (F2B2) 80 %
RDF + NFB + PSB + KSB (liquid biofertilizers) resulted in significant differences in number of flowers/cluster
(8.86), number of clusters/plant (9.90), number of fruits/cluster (4.90), number of fruits/plant (60.00), fruit set
% (98.34 %), fruit length (5.83 cm), fruit width (5.45 cm), average fruit weight (96.96 g), fruit yield/plant (7.27
kg) and yield/hectare (121.16 t/ha) when compared to other interactions. The results obtained might be a
reflection of the application of biofertilizers, which increased the vegetative growth by production of growth
substances and in turn promoted yield characters.
Fig.1. Effect of biofertilizers in combination with different levels of NPK on fruit yield per plant (kg) and
fruit yield/ha (t/ha) in tomato hybrid Arka Samrat
Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in the present investigation, it was concluded that the biofertilizers in
liquid formulations were more effective than the carrier based formulations in promoting plant growth and yield
and application of liquid based formulation of biofertilizers along with application of 80 % RDF recorded
maximum number of flowers/cluster, number of clusters/plant, number of fruits/cluster, number of fruits/plant,
fruit yield/plant and yield/ha.
References
Choudhury A T M and Kennedy I R. 2005. Nitrogen fertilizer losses from rice soils and control of
environmental pollution problems. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36: 1625-39.
Verma M, Sharma S. and Prasad R. 2011. Liquid biofertilizers: Advantages over carrier based biofertilizers for
sustainable crop production. International Society of Environmental Botanists. 17(2).
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Synthesis and evaluation of Benzmidazolyl chromones against Sclerotium rolfsii
Parshant Kaushik*, NA Shakil, VS Rana
Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012
ABSTRACT
The use of synthetic pesticides has undoubtedly played an important role in augmenting crop yield. However,
due to the increasing resistance in some of the currently available pesticides, efforts are being made to look for
new, alternative active compounds. Chromones and their structural analogues are important intermediates of
pharmacophores of a wide range of bioactive molecules and have evoked great interest. Numerous remarkable
biological properties of this type of compounds have been described, including cytotoxic (anticancer),
antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant activity. In the field of heterocyclics, benzimidazole derivatives are of
wide interest because of their diverse biological activity and applications. The idea behind present study was to
see the effect of combining benzimidazole and chromone moieties on fungicidal activity.
Methods: A series of 16 alkoxy / halo substituted 3-Iodochromones was synthesized by condensation of 2-

hydroxyacetophenone derivatives with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal to get enaminones which were
cyclised directly to corresponding 3-iodochromones. Conjugated addition of these synthesized 3-
Iodochromones with benzimidazole resulted in 2-(N-benzimidazolyl) chromones. All the synthesized
compounds were screened for their fungicidal activity against Sclerotium rolfsii by poison food technique using
PDA. percent inhibition in radial growth (I) was calculated using the formula I(%) = (C − T)/C × 100. ED 50
(ppm) value were calculate using Probit analysis package.
Results: The synthesized compounds were successfully characterized by IR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR and LC-
HRMS spectroscopic techniques. All benzmidazolyl chromones showed good activity, 6 chloro,7-methyl
derivative was found most active (ED50 = 5.26 ppm). Among alkoxy derivatives, methoxy derivative was found
most active and it was observed that with increase in carbon chain length there was decrease in the fungicidal
activity.
Conclusions: The introduction of benzimidazole moiety resulted in improved fungicidal activity of chromones
against S. rolfsii.
Key words: Chromones, Sclerotium rolfsii, Fungicidal, Benzimidazole
Sensivity of a fresh water teleost catla catla to some organophosphate pesticides through
bioassay studies and fish behaviour
Manju Singh
Department of Zoology Raghunath Girls PG College Meerut
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Pesticides are contributing in current agriculture to fulfil the need of raising population. Use of
pesticides is not limited to agriculture but they are also used to control over domestic pest, disease insect vectors
and home gardening. Dimethoate and malathion are widely used pesticides in India. The pesticides find their
way to aquatic ecosystem by three major routes: 1. Water column; 2. Organic substrates such as aquatic fauna;
and 3. Inorganic substrate, e.g. soil. Standing water has higher concentration than running water. Catla catla,
major south Asian carp of family cyprinidae is a fast growing major food fish having high nutritive value. It is
generally cultivated in ponds. Objective of the present study is to focus on some factors which deteriorate the
habitat of this food fish. In this study, effects of two organophosphates-dimethoate and malathion are observed
on the fish through bioassay tests and fish behaviour.
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Methods: The test chemicals- dimethoate and malathion- are soluble in water. Therefore, for bioassay tests, the
dimethoate and malathion were dissolved in water to get required concentration. Dosage mortality studies were
conducted at room temperature ranging 13.7ºCto 27.5ºC (±2.0ºC) in a static water condition as described by
Duodoroff and Katz (1950) for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The other parameters like pH of the water (7.0±o.2)
hardness (72 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (7.0± 0.5mg/l) and CO2 (4.1±0.2 mg/l) were also measured for the water
used for bioassay studies and 1/3, 2/3 and 1/5 sublethal concentrations are used for chronic exposure. Fish
behaviour observed when exposed to different concentrations of dimethoate and malathion.
Results: The results of Bioassay tests for Catla catla are as follows:
Lc50 for Malathion
24 hours – o.122ppm
Lc50 for Dimethoate

24 hours – o.o123ppm
48 hours – 0.0097 ppm
Fish Behaviour
Exposure to even lowest concentrations of dimethoate and malathion enables the fish sluggish, alteration in
swimming ability, increased in mucus secretion making them more susceptible to pathogens and secondary
infections, and vulnerable to diseases.
Interpretation of schooling behaviour of fishes was observed and it results the fish to be more susceptible and
easily preyed by other fauna present in its habitat. So we do not get desired fish production. Pesticides hamper
its growth because they reduce their ability to feed. As Catla catla is a surface feeder and sustain on the food
available on surface, the exposure of pesticides increases the movement of opercula, rapid jerk movement, and
loss of equilibrium, hyper excitability . The fish tend to sink to bottom and thus feeding of the fish affected
badly.
Conclusion: During the study it was found that Catla catla shows more sensitivity towards dimethoate than
malathion. So it is suggested that while making use of these pesticides in agriculture their concentration should
be carefully monitored so that we can save our fish food. There is a need to decrease the application of chemical
pesticides and to make use of herbal pesticides in farming which don’t have negative impact on the health of
fish.
Evaluation of Probiotic potentials of Lactobacilllus casei

Anita Raisagar, Sangeeta Shukla and Chandrashekhar Mourya
SHUATS, U.P. India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Probiotics are live gut microorganisms which provides health benefits to host body when adequate in
proper amount. The gut environments having different acidity, pH, temperature, and salt concentration etc. in
different time periods. So, a good probiotic culture should have a potential to be viable and active in different
conditions in gut to provide health benefits.
Methods: In the present study, Lactobacilllus casei culture was evaluated for probiotic potentials with different
parameters to check the resistant in culture for different concentrations of bile salt, NaCl and phenol and
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different ranges of pH and temperature. All the tests were done by following standard methods with little
modifications.
Results: The Lactobacilllus casei culture showed resistant for all tested concentration of bile salt and phenol
concentration and temperature range but in case of NaCl concentration, culture showed activity and viability in
only 1% to 7% NaCl concentrations whereas in different pH range Lactobacilllus casei showed good growth in
pH 3 to pH 8. An increment in NaCl concentration up above 8% and pH range above then 8 showed no growth.
Conclusion: The selected culture showed probiotic potentials in selected and tested parameters and it was
concluded that the selected culture is a good candidate for further in vivo studies to clarify their potential health
benefits to be used as promising probiotic bacteria. To know the stability of the strains in food manufacturing
processes additional studies will also require.
Key words: Lactobacilllus casei, Probiotic potentials, pH, Bile salt concentration, Temperature
Bio-preservation of Foods using bacteriocins

Mahi Kaushik
SHUATS, Prayagraj, U.P.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Bio -preservatives are commonly used in food products to satisfy the increasing demand of consumers
with increasing advancement in food and technology. The foods with chemical preservatives are now being
neglected by the people and they prefer products which are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Thus, as a
result food industry is using naturally produced preservatives to increase the shelf life of product without any
new technology. The most commonly used bio-preservatives are bacteriocins, essential oils, herbs and spices,
vinegar, fermentation and sugar and salt. They exhibit growth inhibition of various microorganisms when added
at different concentrations so as to preserve food products.
Methods: Inoculation of lactic acid bacteria in the food where bacteriocins are produced in situ. Here, the
ability of the starter culture to grow and conditions to produce bacteriocins in the products is very critical for its
successful application. Addition intact bacteriocins, which may be purified or semi-purified as food
preservatives. Use of a food product earlier fermented with a bacteriocins producing strain as an ingredient in
food processing.
Results: Lactic acid bacteria (starter/protective cultures), which produce organic acids and other compounds
that, in addition to antimicrobial properties, also confer unique flavors and textures to food products. Such
peptides are effective to kill only closely related microorganisms and very sensitive in nature, they are
inactivated by proteases in the GIT.
Conclusions: Bacteriocins are the antimicrobial ribosomally synthesized peptides produced by LAB and other
bacteria. The bacteriocins can effectively be used to inhibit some gram-positive bacteria, spore-forming
bacteria, and foodborne pathogens.
Key words: Bio-preservation, bacteriocins, essential oils, herbs and spices, vinegar, fermentation, salt and
sugar.
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Gender Involvement in Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sectors
Komal, Kiran Singh, Nigam Rani and Poonam Kumari
COHS, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. India’s 70 per cent of the population is involved in
agricultural sector for their livelihood. Women also play a vital role in building this economy and actively involved in
operations relating to crop and animal production, as well as in post-harvest processing and marketing also. The aim of the
study was to find out the gender roles and responsibilities in agriculture sector.
Methods: Study was planned in the Budak village under the NASF –ICAR Project as it is adopted village by the project. A
total of 600 population of male and female were selected purposively and only adult population was taken as the sample. A
well structured schedule was used to collect the information regarding the involvement of people in agricultural activities.
Results: Result show that females had negligible participation in plantation of crops, fertilizers and insecticide sprays as
well marketing of grains. Results also present that female members were involved in making dung cake (80.00%) followed
by cleaning of animal habitat (79.40%) and dung collection (78.80%).
Conclusion: It is concluded that most of the female were participated in the animal husbandry activities but role of female
was negligible in the agricultural activities.
Keywords: Agriculture, Animal husbandry, Gender, Participation, Women.
Micronutrient malnutrition in india: magnitude and consequences

Vinita Singh and Monika Thakur
Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP - 201303, India
Introduction
Micronutrients are used to signify essential vitamins and minerals required from the diet, needed in very small
quantity to maintain virtually all cellular and molecular functions of the body for attaining optimal growth,
development and physiological functions. The impact of the insufficiency of these micronutrients on human
health are critical, and, deficiency in any of them contributing to the low productivity and a vicious cycle of
malnutrition and other nutritional deficiencies which may lead severe and even life-threatening conditions of the
person. It is also referred as 'Hidden Hunger' that affects the health, learning ability as well as productivity
owing to high rates of illness and disability. In the current scenario, micronutrient deficiency is a global public
health issue that affects more than one-fourth of the world's population. Several programmes have been
instigated in India over the years for improving the nutritional and health status of the population, however, a
large section of the population is still affected by micronutrient deficiency. It is estimated that around two
billion people in the world are deficient in one or more micronutrients.
In India, various surveys have been carried out at district and national level such as - District Level Household
Survey (DLHS), Annual Health Survey (AHS), National Family Health Survey (NFHS), and, National
Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) for assessing the health and nutritional status of the population in the
country. The objective of this study focussed on the current situation of micronutrient status in the country,
based on national surveys and recent studies.
Micronutrient malnutrition
Micronutrient malnutrition is a term used to refer to diseases, caused by a dietary deficiency of vitamins or
minerals. More than 2 billion people in the world today affected by micronutrient malnutrition. In India 44% of
children under the age of 5 are underweight, 72% of infants, and, 52% of married women have anaemia.
Research has conclusively shown that malnutrition during pregnancy causes the child to have increased risk of
future diseases, physical and mental retardation and reduced cognitive abilities. The major micronutrient
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malnutrition issues affecting populations in developed and developing countries addressed in the WHO
Guidelines are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Micronutrients Deficiency Conditions and Their Worldwide Prevalence
Micronutrient Deficiency Prevalence Major Deficiency Disorders

Iodine 2 billion at risk Goiter, hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency
disorders, increased risk of stillbirth, birth
defects infant mortality, cognitive impairment
Iron 2 billion Iron deficiency, anemia, reduced learning and
work capacity, increased maternal and infant
mortality, low birth weight
Zinc Estimated high in developing Poor pregnancy outcome, impaired growth
countries (stunting), genetic disorders, decreased
resistance to infectious diseases
Vitamin A 254 million preschool children Night blindness, xerophthalmia, increased risk
of mortality in children and pregnant women
Folate (Vitamin Insufficient data Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube and other
B6) birth defects, heart disease, stroke, impaired
cognitive function, depression
Cobolamine Insufficient data Megaloblastic anemia (associated with
(Vitamin B12) Helicobacter pylori induced gastric atrophy)
Thiamine Insufficient data, estimated as Beriberi (cardiac and neurologic), Wernicke
(Viamin B1) common in developing and Korsakov syndromes (alcoholic confusion
countries and in famines, and paralysis)
displaced persons
Riboflavin Insufficient data, est. to be Non specific – fatigue, eye changes, dermatitis,
(Vitamin B2) common in developing brain dysfunction, impaired iron absorption
countries
Niacin (Vitamins Insufficient data, estimated as Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea,
B3) common in developing dementia, death)
countries and in famines,
displaced persons
Vitamin B6 Insufficient data, estimated as Dermatitis, neurological disorders, convulsions,
common in developing anemia, elevated plasma homocysteine
displaced persons
Vitamin C Common in famines, displaced Scurvy (fatigue, hemorrhages, low resistance to
persons infection, anemia)
Vitamin D Widespread in all age groups, Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, colorectal

low exposure to UV rays of cancer
sun
Calcium Insufficient data, estimated to Decreased bone mineralization, rickets,
be widespread osteoporosis
Selenium Insufficient data, common in Cardiomyopathy, increased cancer and

Asia, Scandinavia, Siberia cardiovascular risk
Fluoride Widespread Increased dental decay, affects bone health
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Source: Adapted from Allen L et al.: Table 1.2 pp 6-10.2
The reasons for nutritional micronutrient deficiencies in India may range from an improper diet to an unhealthy
lifestyle. There are many micronutrient deficiency problems exist which affect vast segments of our population.
Iron deficiency anaemia, Vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency disorders are the most widespresd forms
of micronutrient malnutrition which are common contributors to poor growth, intellectual impairments,
perinatal complications, and increased risk of morbidity and mortality.
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA (IDA): Anemia is a global public health problem which affects 1.62 billion
(24.8%) people worldwide. It is the most common form of micronutrient deficiency which affects infants,
preschool children, adolescent girls, pregnant women and lactating mothers. It can be caused due to deficiencies
of micronutrients such as iron, folic acid and vitamin B12, with iron deficiency being the most common cause of
anaemia. The latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS4) carried out by the Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare in 2015 - 16, reported the prevalence of anaemia as 58.6, 53.1, 50.4 and 22.7 percent, among children
aged 6-59 months, women aged 15-49 yr, pregnant women aged 15-49 yr and men aged 15-49 yr, respectively.
The deficiency of iron in the body occurs when iron intake is inadequate, absorption of iron is insufficient, bio-
availability of dietary iron is reduced, need of iron is increased or there is chronic blood loss. Blood loss in
childbirth is very dangerous for anaemic women and is the main cause of about 20 percent of maternal deaths.
Maternal anaemia also leads to foetal growth retardation, low infant birth weight and increased perinatal
mortality. Anaemia in infants and children is associated with retarded physical growth, reduced resistance to
infections and slow development of learning abilities. In adults it causes fatigue and reduced work capacity and
may cause reproductive impairment. Since, nutritional anemia is a serious problem, the Government of India
launched National Nutritional Anaemia Prophylaxis Programme (NNAPP) in 1970, as a part of Family
Planning Programme to prevent nutritional anaemia among children, expectant and nursing mother. The
programme was later renamed in 1991 as National Nutritional Anaemia Control Programme, targeting women
in reproductive age group, especially pregnant and lactating women and preschool children, because if
untreated, these can affect next generation child resulting in increased morbidity and mortality and decreased
productivity.
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY (VAD): Vitamin A deficiency is highly prevalent health concern, associated with
substantial morbidity and mortality, mostly affecting young children in impoverished regions throughout the
world. Insufficient intake of absorption leads to deficiency and compromise of essential physiologic processes.
VAD primarily affects children, worldwide. It causes night blindness, delayed dark adaptation, lowers
resistance to infections and, eventually, produce blindness as a permanent disability (xerophthalmia). Young
children below the age of 3 years and pregnant and lactating women are most vulnerable to VAD. It also
contributes to retarded physical growth and impaired resistance to infections, resulting in high rates of sickness
and death among young children. Regular consumption of vitamin A-rich foods such as animal products, orange
and yellow fruits and vegetables, dark green edible leaves, could prevent VAD.
The Government of India launched the National Prophylaxis Programme in 1970 against Nutritional Blindness
caused due to VAD, targeting the children in the age group of 1-6 yr with the specific aim of preventing
nutritional blindness occurred due to keratomalacia. The programme was modified in 1994, under the National
Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme, where, the target group was restricted to 9-36 months
children. The age of the target group was later modified in 2006 as 6 to 59 months.
IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS (IDD): Iodine deficiency disorders constitute the single largest cause of
preventable brain damage, affects about 2 billion people, worldwide. Majority of consequences of IDD are
invisible and irreversible but at the same time these are preventable. It is most common in developing countries
where people may lack access to enough healthy food. But it can also affect people in developed countries who
lack an adequate diet or whose bodies don’t correctly process iodine. In India, the entire population is prone to
IDD due to deficiency of iodine in the soil of the subcontinent, and, consequently the food derived from it. In
pregnancy, iodine deficiency either causes spontaneous abortions, stillbirths and infant mortality or may
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interferes with the brain development of the foetus, result in birth of iodine deficient babies who may be cretins;
characterized by mental disorder, hearing defects, squint and stunted growth. So, they require more iodine than
any other group of people, because they may experience a deficiency if they don’t make a conscious effort to
consume high-iodine foods. Realizing the magnitude of the problem, the Government of India launched
National Goitre Control Programme, which was later renamed as National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP).
Conclusion: Micronutrient insufficiency is a serious public health concern across the world, with anaemia
impacting almost half of the population, although vitamin A deficiency and IDD have improved over time. The
population's micronutrient status is projected to improve in the future years as a result of recent government
measures and the improvement of current health and agriculture systems.
Key words: micronutrient, anemia, vitamin, mineral, iodine
References
Allen L, de Benoist B, Dary O, Hurrell R. 2006. Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients. World
Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Geneva: World Health
Organization.
World Health Organization. Micronutrients. Available
from: http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/micronutrients/en/, accessed on September 10, 2018.
Laccases from Coriolus versicolor MTCC-138 and Trametes versicolor HBB-7328:

Characterization, production and immobilization
Nikita and Baljeet Singh Saharan
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Laccases have been the subject of intense research over the past decades due to their broad substrate
specificity. Immobilization of enzymes provides several advantages for enzyme-based catalysis because the
storage and operational stability of enzymes are often enhanced. Including this, the reusability of immobilized
enzymes shows a significant advantage with respect to free enzymes. In this study, we discuss the production
and characterization of laccases from unknown and known fungi Coriolus versicolor MTCC-138 and Trametes
versicolor HBB-7328. Immobilization of laccases was done on the glass beads and second time between the
poly acrylamide gel and then activity of immobilized enzymes was recorded by adding substrate in the gel.
Methods: Characterization, production and immobilization of laccases was performed by using Malt Extract
and CMC culture media. Identification of unknown fungi, effect of temperature and pH on growth of fungi and
enzyme production was also checked. Immobilization was done by using different size glass beads and poly
acrylamide gel.
Results: Immobilization of enzyme reduced its activity in comparison to free enzyme. Within the two-
immobilization system, the highest activity of the immobilized enzyme was observed in case of glass beads
(92%) and in case of polyacrylamide gel it was 86%. Fungi produced maximum enzyme in 10 days. The fungi
were found cellulase and protease positive and amylase, lipase & xylanase negative. The laccase activity was
found to be increased with increase in pH (peak at pH 3). However, further increase in pH caused rapid
inactivation of the enzyme. The enzyme activity was found to be maximum at 70 °C with rapid denaturation of
enzyme on further increase.
Key words: Laccases, immobilization, reusability, poly acrylamide gel, glass beads, activity units
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Identification of marker associated qtl for yield and its components in Rice (Oryza sativa l.)
Jayaprada M*, Srividhya A, Vemireddy LR, Sridhar S, Raja Reddy K, Sreelakshmi B, Anuradha G and
Siddiq EA
Institute of Biotechnology, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030,
INDIA.
Introduction
Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) is endowed with a rich genetic variability. In spite of such a great diversity, the
modern rice cultivars have narrow genetic base for most of the agronomically important traits. The breeders are
utilizing less than 15% as they continue to depend excessively for decades on cultivar germplasm for needed
variability. The reports on the discovery of marker associated yield QTLs in land races and wild species of rice
and of their potential to increase genetic yield level by about 18% without delaying maturity or increasing plant
height suggest that the innovative use of molecular markers can alter the way we utilize wild and exotic
germplasm (Xiao et al., 1998). The present study was undertaken keeping in view the fact that wild sp/primitive
cultivars present potential donor sources for complex traits such as yield with the following objectives.
i. Developing the mapping population using a primitive cultivar as one of the parent.
ii. Genotyping and phenotyping the mapping population ( RIL).
iii. Identification of molecular marker associated QTLs for yield and yield contributing characters in a
prospective primitive cultivar of Asian rice O. sativa.
Methods: Jaya, the popular semi-dwarf, medium duration, high yielding variety, was used as female parent
while INRC10066 a tall, lodging prone, photosensitive, medium duration traditional landrace collected from
Chattisgarh belt was chosen as male parent. Recombinant Inbred (RI) population (F7) developed by Single Seed
Descent method (fig.1) was evaluated phenotypically under field conditions at two locations viz., Agricultural
Research Institute (ARI), Hyderabad and Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Maruteru, Andhra
Pradesh under two levels of nitrogen i.e., 100 kg/ha (N1) and 150 kg/ha (N2) for yield related traits viz., plant
height, number of productive tillers/plant, panicle length, filled grains per panicle, spikelets per panicle,
percentage spikelet fertility, test grain weight, biomass, yield per plant and harvest index. Construction of
linkage map and QTL mapping: Parents were screened with 736 rice microsatellite markers and 76 were found
to be polymorphic and distributed throughout the genome. Genotyping of the mapping population was carried
out with 52 polymorphic markers and linkage map was constructed using MapDisto v 1.7. The same population
was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) relating to yield and its component traits. QTLs were identified
using both Simple Interval Mapping (SIM) and Composite Interval Mapping (CIM) methods of QTL
Cartographer v 2.5. A LOD score of 2.5 was used as the threshold for detecting QTLs.
Results: The mapping population was normally distributed for all the traits studied. The overall performance of
the population was better at Maruteru than Hyderabad except for number of productive tillers, yield per plant
and harvest index and no significant difference between the two levels of nitrogen could be observed. Strong
positive correlations were observed between the grain yield and many of the component traits like panicle
length, number of filled grains per panicle, spikelets per panicle, 1000-grain weight as expected. A total of 99
QTL were identified (fig. 2) of which, 44 QTL at Hyderabad for eight yield related traits viz., four QTL for
number of productive tillers/plant, 8 for panicle length, 2 for filled grains per panicle, 5 for spikelets per panicle,
10 for percentage spikelet fertility, 10 for test grain weight, one for biomass and 3 for yield per plant. At
Maruteru, 55 QTLs were identified for nine yield related traits viz., seven QTL for number of productive
tillers/plant, 8 for test grain weight, two for spikelets per panicle, one QTL each for panicle length, filled grains
per panicle, percentage spikelet fertility and biomass. Maximum number of QTL were identified for yield per
plant (20) followed by harvest index (14). Nine QTL were found to be common and stable at both the locations.
Analysis of QTLs detected for yield related traits revealed that 27 marker intervals on 12 chromosomes were
influencing more than one trait. Of these, seven had QTL for 4 traits, nine for 3 traits, nine for 2 traits and one
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each for five and six traits respectively. Major effect QTL explaining phenotypic variance exceeding 15% were
identified for all the yield related traits. Twenty seven QTLs at Hyderabad and 48 at Maruteru were detected
under both the nitrogen levels. Out of the 99 QTL identified, 41 QTL are reported for the first time (table 1)
Maximum number of novel QTLs were observed for harvest index (12) followed by yield per plant (8),
spikelets per panicle and number of productive tillers (5), spikelet fertility (4), 1000-grain weight (3), panicle
length (2) and filled grains per panicle and biomass (1). INRC10066 allele has contributed an increased effect at
72 QTL positions.
Conclusion: The normal distribution of the mapping population (RIL) for all the traits studied indicated the
absence of selection pressure in the development of it. The low polymorphism observed between the parents
may be because both the parents belong to the same species. More number of QTL identified at Maruteru may
be due to the positive interaction between the genotypes and environment as indicated by the mean performance
also. The common QTLs identified across locations and growing environments provide an excellent opportunity
for selecting chromosomal regions relating to yield and yield components and develop QTL introgressed lines
using them in breeding for yield enhancement. The result was in accordance with the finding of Septiningsih et
al. (2003). Analysis of QTLs detected for yield related traits revealed that 27 marker intervals on 12
chromosomes were influencing more than one trait indicating that the underlying gene(s) influencing these traits
are either closely linked or pleotropic as shown by the strong positive correlations. Sequencing and functional
analysis of such loci would alone reveal the genetic architecture of these QTL. Out of the 99 QTLs identified,
41 QTL were reported for the first time uncovering the existence of potentially novel alleles. Dissection and
functional analysis of all the major yield influencing QTL would help identify the gene(s) involved in the yield
relevant pathways and clone them for selective and collective improvement of grain yield through gene transfer
technology. INRC 10066 allele has contributed an increased effect at 72 QTL positions indicating potential of
these QTL in improving the yield related traits by using marker assisted selection/ breeding.
References
Septiningsih E M, Prastiyono J, Lubis E, Tai T H, Tjubaryat T, Moeljopawiro S, McCouch S R. 2003.

Identification of quantitative trait loci for yield and yield components in an advanced backcross population
derived from the Oryza sativa variety IR64 and the wild relative. O. rufipogon. Theoritical and Applied
Genetics 107: 1419- 1432.
Xiao J H, Li J, Grandillo S, Ahn S N, Yuan L, Tanksley S D. and M cCouch S R. 1998. Identification of trait
improving quantitative trait loci alleles from a wild rice relative, Oryza rufipogon. Genetics 150: 899-909.
Table 1: The QTL identified in the RIL population of Jaya/INRC 10066

S.No Trait No. of QTL Name of the QTL
1 NPT 5 qNPT1.1, qNPT 3.1, qNPT 6.1, qNPT 7.1, qNPT 12.1
2 PH 2 qPL1.1, qPL11.1
3 FGP 1 qFGP4.1
4 SPP 5 qSPP1.1, qSPP1.2, qSPP 2.1, qSPP 9.1, qSPP11.1
5 SF 4 qSF7.1, qSF 8.1, qSF 9.1, qSF12.1
6 TGW 3 qTGW 7.1, qTGW 10.1, qTGW 10.2
7 BM 1 qBM 10.1
qYPP1.2, qYPP2.1, qYPP4.1, qYPP 5.1, qYPP6.1, q YPP7.1,
8 YPP 8 qYPP 11.1, qYPP11.2
qHI 1.1, qHI 1.2, qHI2.1, qHI3.1, qHI 5.1, qHI 6.1, qHi 8.1,
9 HI 12 qHI10.1, q HI 10.2, qHI 11.1, qHI 11.2,q HI12.1
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An interpretation of corollary of different spacings and nitrogen levels on yield and yield
attributes of Red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata f. Rubra)
S. Manasa*, L. Mukunda Lakshmi, Syed Sadarunnisa and T. Rajasekharam
College of Horticulture, Anantharajupeta, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India
Introduction
Red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra) is a highly fancied exotic crop and is one of the
important vegetable in terms of nutrition. Red cabbage is distinguished by exceptional health-enhancing
properties and many beneficial sensory traits and has become more and more popular in recent years
(Wojciechowska et al., 2007). A foremost advantage of red cabbage is the fact that it is generally consumed
raw, which permits the preservation of vitamins sensitive to thermal processing and some polyphenolic
compounds (Ismail et al., 2004). In India, its cultivation was negligible but is now gaining popularity with the
growers from the past few years due to its high nutritive value and increased tourist influx. The study of
package of practices is a pre-requisite for any new crop assessment with respect to optimum plant density and
nitrogen levels to achieve more returns per unit area. Since this crop has been introduced recently in Andhra
Pradesh, there is a dire need to standardize the plant densities and nitrogen levels to suit the local conditions.
Although total market returns are determined primarily by crop yield, head quality is also an important factor as
it determines the marketability of the crop.
Among various factors that contribute towards the attainment of potential yield in red cabbage, spacing is of
prime consideration. Maintenance of optimum plant population per unit area influences yield. Red cabbage is a
heavy feeder of mineral elements and it removes large amount of macronutrients from the soil. Thus, a major
constraint in increasing crop yields is the supply of nutrients. Among the plant nutrients, nitrogen is one of the
most important elements for higher yield and good quality heads. Lack of nitrogen causes slow spindly growth
and poor foliage resulting in limited production. Hence adequate application of nitrogen is extremely important
to maintain optimum growth and yield.
In spite of its greater importance in terms of bringing good returns to farmers, no systematic research work has
been carried out in standardizing its agro-techniques in Andhra Pradesh. Therefore, the present investigation to
study the effect of plant spacing and nitrogen levels on yield of red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f.
rubra) was under taken with the following objectives.
Objectives:
i. To study the effect of different plant spacing on yield and yield attributes of red cabbage.
ii. To study the effect of different levels of nitrogen on yield and yield attributes of red cabbage.
iii. To study the interaction effect of plant spacing and nitrogen levels on yield and yield attributes of red
cabbage.
Methods: The study included 9 treatment combinations each replicated thrice in Factorial Randomized Block
Design. The treatment combinations included were three plant spacings viz., 45 x 45 cm (S1), 60 x 45 cm (S2)
and 60 x 60 cm (S3) and three nitrogen levels viz., 200 Kg N/ha (N1), 250 Kg N/ha (N2) and 300 Kg N/ha (N3).
The data was analyzed statistically and the results are summarized below.
Results: Significant variations were observed among plant densities with respect to yield and yield attributes.
Closely spaced plants (S1) took minimum number of days for both head initiation and days to harvest. Highest
head circumference (46.72 cm), head volume (1308.70 cc), fresh weight (1.15 kg), number of heading leaves
(19.57) and dry matter production (10.57%) were observed at wider spacing (S3). But, maximum yield per plot
(23.80 kg), marketable yield (183.69 q/ha) and highly compact heads were recorded at closer spacing (45 x 45
cm). However, low percentage of abnormal heads was recorded at wider spacing (60 x 60cm). Yield parameters
were also significantly influenced by different doses of nitrogen application. Yield and yield contributing
characters viz., head circumference, volume, and fresh weight, heading leaves, yield per plot, marketable yield
and dry matter production were found to be superior at higher dose of nitrogen (N3). Highest head
circumference (42.03 cm), head volume (1345.26 cc), fresh weight (1.16 kg), number of heading leaves (20.14),
yield per plot (23 kg), marketable yield (177.57 q/ha ) and dry matter production (11.18 %) were obtained with
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the application of 300 kg N/ha. Higher doses of nitrogen showed higher yield. However, minimum percentage
of abnormal heads and highly compact heads were recorded with low N (200 kg/ha). Yield attributes like fresh
weight (1.43 kg), head circumference (51.33 cm), head volume (1672 cc), dry matter production (12.38 %),
number of heading leaves (22.33) were found to be maximum at final harvest with the interaction of S3N3. But
in terms of total yield, the highest total yield per plot (27.73 kg) [fig.1], marketable yield (214.48 q/ha) and less
percentage of abnormal heads were recorded with the interaction effect of S1N3.
Illustration:
Fig. 1. Interaction effect of different plant densities and nitrogen levels on yield per plot in red cabbage
Conclusion: The experiment results revealed that closer spacing (S1) and higher dose of nitrogen (N3) produced
higher head yield/ha. So it was suggested that, a spacing level of S1 (45 x 45 cm) and a nitrogen level of N3 (300
kg/ha) is most profitable for the cultivation of red cabbage in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh.
References
Ismail A, Marjan Z M. and Foong Ch W. 2004. Total antioxidant activity and phenolic content in selected
vegetables. Food Chem 87: 581-586.
Wojciechowska, Rozek S. and Kołton A. 2007. The content of some nutrients in red cabbage yield depending
on the form of nitrogen fertilizer. Rocz. Akad. Rol. Pozn. Ogrodn 41: 667-671.
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Value Chain Analysis of Prominent Vegetables in Nadia District of West Bengal
Barsha Sarkar*, Debabrata Basu
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, PIN-741252
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Vegetables are the essential parts of the human diet due to their high vitamin and fibre content. India
ranks second in the production of fruits and vegetables in the World but a considerable amount of vegetables get
wasted because of their high perishability. So, the production must require proper value chain management
practices to minimize the losses at the time of transportation and marketing.
Methods: The present study was conducted in different villages under the Santipur Block and Krishanagar I
Block of Nadia district in West Bengal. Data has been collected from the randomly selected twenty primary
wholesalers, twelve secondary wholesalers, twenty-five retailers, and twenty consumers of Fulia, Majhdia, and
Kolkata market through a structured interview schedule.
Results: The study reveals that marketing efficiency and producer share in consumers' rupees are lower in the
local marketing channels than the Kolkata marketing channels due to the presence of several middlemen.
Though local markets are more profitable but because of the smallholding capacity of the local market and lack
of storage facilities producers are bound to sell their products in the Kolkata market.
Conclusions: There is no doubt that farmers are the most deprived section among all stakeholders are engaged
in the supply chain. Only proper value chain management practices can able to distribute value eventually and
make the channel efficient without minimizing the number of stakeholders.
Keywords: Value Chain, Marketing efficiency, Producer share in Consumers’ Rupees, Stakeholders,
Perishability.
Development of diversified jute products for upsurge in farmers’ income

Zeba Jamal and Nisha Arya
Deptt.of TAD, CCSHAU Hisar
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second most important after cotton. It has several
beneficial properties such as high tensile strength and modulus with good dimensional stability, moisture
absorption, heat and sound insulation. Besides its beneficial properties, it has a few drawbacks such as a harsh
rough feel, meshy structure, poor wrinkle recovery and high fibre shedding. Thus, jute finds its application in
secondary uses only and is mainly employed to create a number of fabrics such as hessian cloth, sacking, carpet
backing cloth and canvas. The aim of the study was to soften jute fabric by employing enzymes & develop
diversified products in order to bring the jute fibre to mainstream primary applications. Mainstreaming of jute
will increase its consumption which will bring on increament in the income of farmers.
Methods: Jute fabric was softened by enzyme combination. An extensive list of commonly used textile articles
under three categories of home furnishing articles, utility articles and apparel & accessories was prepared for
selection of articles to be developed from enzymatically softened jute fabric. Preferential choice index was
developed to inquire the preferences of experts regarding textile articles for development of products from
enzymatically softened jute fabric. The selected textile articles i.e. table runner and table mats (set of six) under
home furnishing category, wall pocket and handbag under the category of utility articles & ladies jacket and cap
from the category of apparel and accessories were developed. The developed products were assessed by
randomly selected fifty consumers who visited the exhibition.
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Results: The developed products were evaluated by consumers for various suitability parameters. On the basis
of overall weighted mean scores, the handbag with 2.85 WMS got I rank, followed by wall pocket with 2.70
WMS which ranked II, ladies jacket with 2.54 WMS got III rank, table runner with 2.42 WMS got rank IV.
Rank V was assigned to table mats (2.38) followed by cap with 2.32 WMS got VI rank. It is thus concluded that
all the developed products except cap were rated as highly acceptable whereas cap was rated as acceptable. The
opinion of consumers was assessed for the different products. The collected data related to opinion of
consumers regarding developed products in terms of creative use of jute fabric, usability in day to day life,
suitability of softening treatment, quality of workmanship, market potential and overall appearance.
Conclusions: Thus, it can be concluded that softening of jute and development of diversified products will lead
to an increase in its demand by modern consumers. The findings will also increase the income of farmers
engaged in production of jute, processing units in business and in trade of jute as well.
Key words: Jute, products, mainstream, farmer, income
Pesticide’s usage and health risks among farmers

Singh. K, Chahal. K P, Komal and Ahuja.S.
Department of Family Resource Management, CCSHAU Hisar
ABSTRACT
Purpose: India since earlier times has been the land of organic farming. But the green revolution in India
introduced chemical fertilizer and pesticides and after the green revolution use of fertilizers and pesticides has
increased several times. Pesticide covers a wide range of compounds including fungicides, insecticides,
rodenticides, herbicides, nematicides, molluscicides, plant growth regulators and others. On one hand, it is
helpful in increasing the yield but on other side, the consequences are such which cannot be ignored and
resulted in severe health implications to human and his environment. A study was planned to assess the impact
of pesticides on farmers’ health after using the pesticides and knowledge of farmers regarding pest controlling
methods.
Methods: A total of 200 farmers were selected purposively from two districts of Haryana state. Interview
schedule was used to collect the data on knowledge of farmers about pest controlling methods and health
hazards faced by the farmers after applying pesticides used at their farm. Data were analyzed by calculating
percentage, mean and standard deviation.
Results: Research found that near about fifty per cent (46%) farmers mentioned the dangerous effect of
pesticides on health of Jind district. Almost equal number of farmers (41%) of the Ambala reported the
dangerous and very harmful effect on their health because of pesticides usage. Headache and difficulty in
breathing were found the main problems with equal mean score i.e. =2.9±1.0 faced by farmers after use of
pesticides. It was also found that 33 per cent farmers knew about organic farming and 16 per cent farmers who
had knowledge of integrated pest management as an alternative method of pest control.
Conclusion: It is concluded that out of 43 per cent farmers, 17 per cent were found to be suffering from skin
problems followed by eyes (13%), suffocation problems (9%) and asthmatic issues (4%). So, application of
pesticides and using extremely toxic pesticides that endanger farm workers was unacceptable.
Keywords: Pesticides, knowledge, biopesticides, agriculture, farmers.
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Phenotypic study in Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] germplasm lines using yield
and yield related component traits
Jyoti Kaushik*, Dev Vart
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana agricultural university, hisar
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Pearl millet is one of the most important dual-purpose crops which is mainly grown for grain and
fodder. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is the most widely grown type of millet. As it is tolerant to difficult
growing conditions such as drought, low soil fertility and high temperature, it can be grown in areas where other
cereal crops would not survive Pearl millet contains enormous phenotypic diversity, that’s why it is an ideal
crop to study diversity. It is necessary to find the association of component characters with yield and their exact
contribution through direct and indirect effect in order to have appropriate choice of characters for selection of
desirable genotypes. The aim of present investigation is to know the correlation between yield and yield related
traits.
Methods: A field experiment was conducted using 60 genotypes of pearl millet during Kharif, 2017 (in one
environment) and Kharif, 2018 (in two environments, irrigated and unirrigated) to find out the correlation
between yield related traits and yield in different environments.
Results: The traits, i.e. panicle length, panicle girth, number of productive tillers/plant, 1000 grain weight, dry
fodder yield were found to be significantly correlated with grain yield/plant in all environments.
Yield is prime objective for a breeder. With higher yield, one can fed the increasing population
In this study, research papers have been used
Only few traits, i.e. panicle length, number of productive tillers/plant etc. are related to yield and by improving
them, yield can be increased
By studying component traits related to yield, yield can be increased easily
Conclusion: These traits can be considered as an important yield determining traits can be given due attention
during population and hybrid development.
Keywords: pearl millet, correlation, yield, yield contributing traits
Changes in eating behaviour of people who recovered from Covid-19

Neelesh Kumar Maurya1, Dr Latika Yadav2, Ena Gupta 3
1
Institute of Home Science, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.), India
2
Department of Home Science, Government Degree College, Puwarka, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh
3
Department of Family and Community Sciences, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211002
ABSTRACT
Purpose: COVID-19 epidemic had a profound impact on individuals' daily lives. Compulsory quarantines and
restrictions to protect public health were in place for a lengthy period.It has changed my dietary pattern and
food behavior. It resulted in psychiatric illnesses, a decrease in physical activity, sleep issues, and changes in
eating habits. Emotional eating can contribute to short-and long-term health concerns such as obesity, diabetes,
hypertension, and coronary artery disease.
Methods: The study was conducted online between August 25th and September 25th, 2021 with approximately
60 participants. Participants were sent a link to an electronic questionnaire created in Google Doc format. No
personal information was collected.
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Results: Respondents from Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Rajasthan participated in the survey. Food habits
and patterns were examined, including meal patterns and frequency of consumption. 71.7 percent completed 30
minutes of indoor games before the 19th pandemic, while 18.3 percent completed an hour. 70% spent 30
minutes or more on outdoor games after the pandemic. 11% were stressed, 2 (3.3%) said they were sad, 7
(11.7%) were angry, 15 (25%) were bored, and 4 (6.7) were bored. Fresh fruits 46 (76.7%), green vegetables 45
(75%), dry fruits 38 (63.3%), super foods 8 (13.3%). Water intake before COVID 19:. "2-4 litres 60%, 1-2 liters
26.7%, more than 4 liters 13.4%".
Conclusion: Do not use any herbal supplement without first consulting an expert, and consider the amount to
be taken because failure to do so can result in a variety of physical complications such as kidney disease,
ulceration, and so on.We emphasize the importance of adopting a healthy lifestyle, as the COVID-19 pandemic
nowadays is ongoing.
Key words: covid-19, food intake,lifestyle; dietry pattern , food behaviours ,emotional eating
Emotional Intelligence and Self Esteem among Residential Hearing Impaired Children
Pujar Lata and Patil Shilpa
Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Community Science, University of
Agriculture Science, Dharwad-580005-India
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Hearing is one of the most important sensory ability that increases the adaptation of human with their
environment (Demehriet al, 2015). The hearing impairment: it is the functional definition which relies on the
extent to which the degree of hearing loss affects realization and understanding the verbal language. Based on
this definition, Soliman (2007) believes that the hearing impairment means a deviation in hearing that reduces
the ability of oral and verbal communication. The emotional intelligence is a good predictor of the person’s
success in his practical life rather than the whole intelligence which is only a good predictor for the individual’s
academic success. The people who are highly emotional intelligent are too close to achieve success in their life.
Based on Goleman’s theory (1995) emotional intelligence includes knowing and managing of personal
emotions, sympathizing with others and manipulation of communications in order to be satisfied with them.
There are many factors which may exert an enhancing or detrimental influence in the ability of a child to
achieve success in the world. One such factor is self- esteem. A child's self-esteem is formed on the basis of
how others respond to the child, what the child thinks of himself, and what the child would ideally like to be.
Other studies comparing the self-concept / Self esteem of DHH children and their hearing peers have shown
inconsistent results. Some studies have established a higher incidence of low self-concept in DHH individuals
than in hearing individuals (Schlesinger, 2000).
Methods: A correlation research design was used to know the influence of selected variables on emotional
intelligence and self-esteem among residential hearing impaired children. The population for the study
comprised of hearing impaired children in the age group of 13 - 17 years. Samples were selected from Deaf
and dumb schools of Belagavi and Dharwad taluks of UAS jurisdiction. Thus, total sample comprised of 84
hearing impaired children. The hearing impaired children were assessed on emotional intelligence, self-esteem
and SES condition by using Bar-on-emotional Intelligence scale by Baron and Parker (2000), Self-esteem scale
by Heatherton and Aggarwal et.al, SES scales (2005). The collected data was analyzed using SPSS software.
The statistical test used for analysis was frequency and percentage distribution, chi square, t-test, F-test and
correlation analysis.
Results: Hearing impaired children had profound (63.10%) hearing loss and use sign language as mode of
communication and all the children are availing, disability pension, free education and poor and accommodation
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facility by Government. Majority of hearing impaired children showed low (58.33%) level of emotional
intelligence and moderate level of self esteem (72.60%). Hearing impaired children were low on performance
and social dimensions of self esteem. There was significant influence of age, ordinal position and SES on
emotional intelligence, where as self esteem did not differ on age , gender and ordinal position among hearing
impaired children.
Conclusions: Majority of hearing impaired children belong to low level of emotional intelligence and moderate
level of self esteem as they are unable to hear and communicate well. So there is a need of early detection and
intervention is crucial to minimising the impact of hearing loss on child development of self esteem.
Key words: Emotional Intelligence, Self esteem, Hearing impairment.
Effect of polythene mulching on moisture conservation, weed control, yield and economics of
tomato
S.Sreenivasulu1, P.S.Sudhakar1, V.Divya1, T.Ramu Kumar1, J.V.Prasad2, Y.G.Prasad3 and J.V.N.S.
Prasad4
1
Rashtriya Seva Samithi – Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vanasthali, Karakambadi Post, Renigunta mandal, Chittoor
dist, 517520, A.P. India
2
ICAR-ATARI, KVKs of Zone-10, CRIDA Campus, Hyderabad - 500059, Telangana, India
3
ICAR – CICR, Nagpur - 440010, Maharashtra, India
4
ICAR – CRIDA, Hyderabad - 500059, Telangana, India.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is the most consumed vegetable in the world. Water is being a
limited resource, its efficient and effective utilization through viable irrigation management is essential for
tomato crop to attain sustainable yields. Weeds are one of the constraints that competes for space, light, water
and nutrients with tomato crop and causes yield reduction. Polythene mulching has been emerged as potential
management approach to maintain favorable soil moisture and to control or suppress weeds in tomato crop.
Methods: Rashtriya Seva Samithi (RASS) – Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) has conducted thirty three
demonstrations on ‘Moisture conservation and weed control in tomato using polythene mulching’ in
Chittecherla and Deendarlapalli villages of Chinnagottigallu mandal, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh under
National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project from 2015-16 to 2019-20 with an
objective of soil moisture conservation and weed control during crop growing period thereby to improve
productivity.
Results: The five years data revealed that 26.2 irrigations were given to farmers practice (without polythene
mulch), whereas it was only 17.6 in the demonstration (with polythene mulch). Weed density was low under
polythene mulch condition (37.94 per m2) in tomato than without mulch (59.52 per m2). Polythene mulching
with drip irrigation in tomato significantly increased the number of fruits per plant (32.9) and individual fruit
weight (72.83gm) there by higher fruit yield (65676kg/ha) as compared to the farmers practice (53324 kg/ha).
The gross returns (Rs.387736/- per ha), net returns (Rs.222169/- per ha) and BC ratio (2.45) were more in the
case of polythene mulched tomato when compared to without polythene mulch.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the use of polythene mulch along with drip irrigation was significantly
increased the growth, yield and economic parameters in tomato by conserving soil moisture, effective nutrient
uptake and suppressed weed growth.
Key words: Tomato, Polythene mulch, Weed, Drip irrigation, NICRA, Gross returns, BC Ratio
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Information communication technology: - Enable Services in Agriculture sector
Mangi Lal Jat1, Kalpana Shrivastava1, Yeragorla Venkata Harikrishna2, Sanjana Shrivastava1
1
Department of extension education, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
2
Department of Agricultural Extension and Communication, BACA, AAU
Introduction
In India, agriculture is the most important sector for food security, nutritional security, long-term development,
and poverty reduction. It accounts for roughly 16 percent of GDP. The Green Revolution, Evergreen
Revolution, Blue Revolution, White Revolution, Yellow Revolution, Biotechnology Revolution, and the most
recent Information and Communication Technology Revolution are all milestones in India's agricultural
progress. It has changed the way information is communicated, and the ability to use that information to
enhance the agriculture industry has a huge beneficial impact that benefits everyone. IT has become a global
link for people from all walks of life. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an umbrella word
that encompasses all forms of transmission, such as electronic devices, networks, mobile phones, services, and
apps that employ technology to assist spread information. In recent years, information and communication
technology (ICT) has shown to be tremendously beneficial for farmers, particularly small landholders,
marginalized farmers, and disadvantaged farmers, assisting them with marketing, precision farming, and
increased profits. Farmers have been given the ability to share their thoughts, experiences, and ideas through the
use of information and communication technology (ICT). It has provided farmers with more exposure and
enabled them to employ research that considers agriculture as a whole.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an umbrella word that encompasses all forms of
transmission, such as electronic devices, networks, mobile phones, services, and apps that employ technology to
assist spread information. In recent years, information and communication technology (ICT) has shown to be
tremendously beneficial for farmers, particularly small landholders, marginalized farmers, and disadvantaged
farmers, assisting them with marketing, precision farming, and increased profits. Smallholders are economic
agents that make decisions based on all available information when farming their parcels of land. They pick
what to plant, which inputs to use and how, when to plough, sow, and harvest; how much to keep for household
consumption and how much to sell to make cash, or how much to store, based on this information. They
frequently make decisions in an unfavorable economic climate, with poorly functioning markets and insufficient
information accessible to enlighten them in time for their decisions. As a result, their decisions are frequently
less than ideal. ICTs can help close this vital information and knowledge divide.
1.1 ICT in agriculture: deveping countries.

High transaction and operating expenses also stymie services provided by governments in poor countries. In a
developing country where agriculture accounts for a significant portion of the economy, a large number of
extension agents are required to reach geographically dispersed and remote farmers, interact with them, and
advise them on innovative productive technologies that can be critical to their livelihoods.
ICTs have the ability to lower these expenses — digital technology has the power to change the world.
DrumNet, for example, used a cashless microcredit scheme to connect financial institutions, smallholder
farmers, retail suppliers, and agricultural product customers in Kenya. Some services are
Improving market access
Agricultural extension and advisory services
Climate change adoption and early warning
Food safety, traceability and certification
Financial inclusion
Insurance and risk management
1.2 ICT in agriulture: developed counties

Agriculture is one of the most visible examples of the digital gap between industrialized and underdeveloped
countries. This is due to differences in farm architecture as well as the extent to which digital technology have
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infiltrated rural areas in developed and emerging economies. ICTs are used by farmers, their cooperatives,
large, medium, and small input suppliers, merchants, processors, and retailers along the agricultural value chain,
from soil testing through food processing with 3D printers.
Precision in agriculture
While the primary motivation for using Precision Agriculture (PA) technologies is to increase profits, it may
also be used to address health and safety concerns as well as lessen the environmental impact of farming
operations. Large arable farms in Central and Northern Europe, the United States, and Australia are currently
using the method. Controlled Traffic Farming, which uses GNSS technology and decision support systems to
constrain field vehicles to the smallest area of permanent traffic lanes, lowers crop damage and soil compaction
while reducing crop damage and soil compaction. Farmers in Australia and the United Kingdom have been able
to save money on machinery and inputs while increasing crop yields.
Serious gaming
Games on the internet aren't just for fun. Serious games are interactive digital worlds that teach players how to
solve problems. They are becoming increasingly popular in a variety of fields, including public policy, defence,
corporate management, education, and training. They are simulation platforms that allow learners to interact
with a variety of scenarios and events while providing answers, improving analytical skills, learning and
remembrance abilities, problem recognition, and problem solving.
2. Role of ICT in Agriculture
3. application of information and communication technology in agriculture
3.1 Land Records Digitization
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One of the most pressing concerns facing governance today is the preservation of land records and the
availability of easily available property information. The term "land records" is a broad term that encompasses
documents such as the land registry, Records of Rights (RoRs), tenancy and crop inspection registers, mutation
registers, contested cases registers, and so on. It can also include geological information about the land's shape,
size, and soil type, as well as economic data about irrigation and crops.
3.2 Commodity Trading in Agriculture

In 2003-04, the Government of India took significant steps toward the introduction of commodity futures
trading, including the removal of the prohibition on futures trading in all commodities by issuing a notification
and the establishment of National Level Commodity Exchanges, such as the National Commodity &
Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX), Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited, and National
Agricultural Futures Exchange of India Limited (NMCE).
3.3 Information dissemination

Kisan – SMS Based Farm: m – Kisan – SMS Based Farm: A farmer can get a preferred advisory on his cell
phone through SMS using m – Kisan. At www.mkisan.gov.in, experts can register and provide advice messages
to farmers. The messages are delivered in the native tongue.
3.4 Kisan call centers (KCC)

3.5 Farm advisory through mobile
3.6 Face book for farmers and extension workers
4. ICT Iniiatives
a) Digital green
b) e-Arik
c) e-Chaupal
d) Honey Bee Network
e) ICICI Knowledge Park (IKP) center for advancement in agricultural practices
f) IFFCO Kisan Sanchar Limited
g) Intelligent advisory system for farmers
h) Life line india
i) a-AQUA
j) iKisan
k) e-sagu
l)
Table 1: Sources of agricultural information used by farmers
Source Per cent of households
Other progressive farmers 16.7

Input dealers 13.1
Radio 13.0
Television 9.3
Newspaper 7.0
Extension worker 5.7
Source: Mittal and Tripathi (2009)
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5. Advantages of ICT in agriculture
The following are some of the benefits of information and communication technologies in agriculture:
i. It will launch new agricultural and rural businesses such as e-commerce, real estate for satellite offices,
rural business, and small-scale farm virtual corporations.
ii. It will support political and analytical work on optimal farm production, disaster management, and
agro-environmental resource management, among other things, as well as exploitation tools such as
geographic information systems (GIS).
iii. It will improve farm management and farming technologies by achieving competitive and property
farming with safe products through cost-efficient farm management, risk management, and effective
data or data transfer, among other things. For instance, a farmer has the authority to make crucial
decisions such as what to sow. When is the best time to plant? Is there a way to control pests? Off-farm
considerations such as environmental consequences, market access, and trade norms are taken into
account. Their options will undoubtedly be aided by an IT-based call web.
iv. It would provide methods and instruments to ensure food traceability and reliability, which has become
a major concern for farm products after significant contamination such as chicken infectious disease
was discovered.
v. It will facilitate rural activities and provide a softer and safer rural living by providing services
comparable to those found in metropolitan regions, such as distant education, telemedicine, remote
public services, and remote diversion, among other things.
vi. Stakeholder empowerment (government officials, researchers, educators, and extension specialists,
farmers, and various service providers such as community data centres).
vii. Extension services will be strengthened by the development of information management, phone
support, and consolation systems, which will also be used for the Farmers Redressal System.
6. Opportunities
Information and communication technology (ICT) has the potential to transform the Indian agricultural sector,
benefiting all farmers, especially small-scale, marginalised, and poor farmers. To reduce losses and boost rural
livelihood and food security, strategies should be developed through provide farmers with all types of
information from seed sowing to harvesting and marketing their agricultural goods on a regular basis. Despite
the availability of farming resources in the surrounding areas, there is always a paucity of agricultural
information, including seeds, farming practises, climate, diseases and pests, harvesting processes, farm
machinery application, and post-harvest management.
7. Challenges associated with application of ICT in Agriculture growth
In developing countries accessing adequate and functional internet services and other ICT facilities are among
the major concerns to farmers both in the rural and urban areas. These challenges are discussed as follows
7.1 Inadequate ICT Facilities and Personnel

In some existing issues to include inadequate accessibility of ICT services to rural farmers, lack of basic skills
of using ICT facilities in agriculture, inability of government to deliver adequate ICT knowledge to farmers.
7.2 Infrastructure
Inadequate, and unstable power supply, cost of hardware and software are high with respect of average rural
dwellers (Kale et al., 2015). Similarly, Taragona and Gelb (2005) maintains that awareness, time, cost of
technology, system integration, and software availability are the main constraints of ICT adoption in
agriculture.
7.3 Power Supply and Farmers Perception of ICT Skills

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The use of specialized ICT devices has not been adequately recognized in agricultural activities due to low
investment of ICTs that can be used for teaching and learning modern production techniques in research
institutes.
7.4 Harmonization of Knowledge and Language

the role of ICT in Agricultural Knowledge Management (AKM) by assessing prospects and challenges for
adoption of ICTs in India. Authors urge the harmonization of the basic and scientific research knowledge
database and farmers’ knowledge database adopted biologically and socially over a period of time.
8. Recommendation
• These ICT projects are targeting a specific segment of the population, and they need to be popularized to reach
a larger audience.
• Farmers' use of mobile applications is extremely restricted. This has to be researched and widely promoted
among farmers. For this reason, e-literacy schools must be formed.
• Given the cost issue, the quantity of messages sent is quite limited. As a result, actions must be done to boost
the amount of messages transmitted.
• In places where power and internet connectivity are unavailable, alternative forms of communication must be
established.
9. Summary
With the usage of diverse ICT equipment, ICT has had a significant impact in sustaining agricultural
development in developing countries. Nonetheless, there are a slew of obstacles and roadblocks that stand in the
way of reaping the benefits of ICT use in agricultural activities. ICT can play critical role in strengthening the
capacities of not only farmers but also for the field level functionaries and intermediaries. Developing theright or
relevant content at the appropriate level has always been a challenge and more efforts are needed in this direction.
However, lack of basic ICT skills, absence of political will, in adequate and fluctuation of power supply, poor
internet infrastructure, and insufficient personnel to handle ICT infrastructure, language and harmonization of
knowledge continued to impede ICT implementation in agricultural growth.
References
Abdullah F A. and Samah B A. 2013. Factors Impinging Farmers' Use of Agriculture Technology. Asian Social
Science 9(3), p.120.
Impact of ICT on Agriculture growth and Development Case Studies from Karnataka Region Discussion Paper
9 MANAGE 2019.
Indian council of food and agriculture, ICT in Agriculture, National round Table Conference 4rth july 2017,
India International Centre , New Delhi.
Saidu A, Clarkson A M, Mohammed M and Jibo I. 2017. Application of ICT in Agriculture: Opportunities and
challenges in Developning Countries. International journal of Computer science and Mathematical theory ISSN
25-45-5699, Vol.3 12017.
www.worldbank.org
www.fao.org
www.manage.gov.in
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Effect of different drying techniques on flower dehydration
Patil U. H. S. R. Dalal and Gaidhani A.H.
College of Agriculture Sonai, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
Dried and preserved ornamental products offer a wide range of qualities like novelty, longevity, aesthetic
properties, flexibility and year round availability (Joyce 1998). Dry flowers are essential export items both in
Indian and International markets and Indian export basket composed of 71% dry flowers which are exported to
mainly USA, Japan, Australia, Russia and Europe. The demand for dry flowers is increasing at an impressive
rate of 8-10 per cent annually thus offering a lot of opportunities for the Indian entrepreneurs to enter in the
global floricultural trade (Singh 2009).
Methods: The range of dried flowers and other attractive plant parts is quite extensive, namely stems, roots,
shoots, buds, flowers, inflorescences, fruits, fruiting shoots, cones, seeds, foliage, bracts, thorns, barks, lichens,
fleshy fungi, mosses etc (Desh Raj 2001). In addition to native and naturalized- plants number of cultivated
plants especially flowering annuals Viz., Amaranthus, button daisy, celosia, dahlia, gomphrena, marigold,
pansy, paper flower, salvia, straw flower, statice, bells of Ireland, etc. and other leading flowers like carnation,
chrysanthemum, rose and lotus can be grown for dehydration (Radha Rani and Reddy 2015). Potpourri is a
major segment of dry flower industry valued at Rs. 55crores in India alone.
Results: The beauty and fresh look of flowers can be retained only for a few days even when some flower
preservatives or chemicals are used to prolong the shelf life. However, techniques like flower dehydration can
preserve certain flowers and foliage in such a way that there fresh look is maintained for several months or even
years. These dried flowers are handy and available throughout the year and score over the cut flowers. A
number of drying techniques such as air drying, sun drying, press drying, embedded drying, microwave drying,
freeze drying, molecular sieve drying and cryo-drying, preservation techniques and value addition of dry
flowers discussed in details.
Conclusion: Dehydrated flowers have long lasting. Beauty and charm of fresh flowers can be retained only for
a few days even by using some preservatives where dehydration of flower may play significant role. Export
demand of some flowers like gerbera, carnation, and rose when decreases, at this time dehydration of flowers
can be provide alternative for business.
Key words: Cryo-Preservation, Gerbera, Microwave, Silica gel, Rose, Embedded
References
Dhatt K K, Singh Kushal and Ramesh Kumar 2007. Studies on methods of dehydration of rose buds. Journal of
Ornamental Horticulture 10(4): 264-267.
Desh Raj. 2001. Making floral crafts from forestproduct of the Himalayas. Indian Horticulture,45 Oct-Dec : 26-
27.
Joyce DC 1998. Dried and preserved ornamental plant material not new, but often overlooked and underrated.
Acta Horticulturae 454: 133-145.
Singh H P. 2009. Floriculture industry in India: the bright future ahead. Indian Horticulture 54(1):3-8.
Radha Rani P and Reddy M V. 2015. Dehydration techniques in flower. International J. Applied Research
1(10): 306-311.
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Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on morpho-physiological parameters for enhancing
the productivivty in bt. Cotton
K N Pawar
Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Cotton (Gossypium spp.) popularly known as “the white gold” is an important commercial fiber crop
grown under divers agro-climatic conditions around the world. It provides fiber and raw material for textile
industry along with cotton seed and plays a vital role in economy of the country. India contributes about 25 %
of the world’s cotton production. In India, the area about 13.4 million hectares with the production of 360 lakh
bales and having productivity of 455 kg ha-1, among the cotton producing major states are Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Andrapradesh and Karnataka. In Karnataka, cotton is cultivated under area of 8.17 lakh hectare
with production of 23 lakh bales and productivity of 522 kg ha-1.
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2019-20 at Agricultural Research Station,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block
Design with three replications in 5.4 x 4.5 m plot size with spacing of 90 cm x 60 cm. The trial comprised of
nine treatments viz., FeSO4, ZnSO4, MgSO4, MnSO4, Boron and combination of MnSO4 + ZnSO4, MgSO4+
ZnSO4 and FeSO4+ ZnSO4 foliar spray of all these at 70 and 90 DAS.
Results: The data showed that the foliar application of MgSO4 1 % + ZnSO4 0.5% at 70 and 90 DAS (T7)
recorded significantly highest plant height (130.4 cm), monopodial and sympodial branches per plant (4.3 and
20.3, respectively), total dry matter production (224.5 g plant-1), leaf area index (2.75 dm2 plant-1),
photosynthetic rate (27.5 µmol co2 m-2 sec-1), chlorophyll content (3.60 mg/g/fr./wt.), cotton yield (2393 kg ha-
1
), higher number of bolls per plant, (46.0) and single boll weight (6.35 g boll-1) as compared to other
treatments.
Conclusion: Based on the experimental results, it could be concluded that, foliar application of MgSO4 1% +
ZnSO4 0.5 % significantly increased the plant, number of sympodial and monopodial branches per plant, total
dry matter production, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, number of bolls per plant, boll weight and
cotton yield.
Key words: Cotton, Foliar spray, Micro-nutrient, Yield.
Effect of azolla and flaxseed supplemented poultry excreta on fish and pond water qualities
Sahar Masud and Iqra Khursheed
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, J & K, 180009
Introduction
The feed given to poultry is voided as excretory waste which has undigested feed, metabolic excretory
products and residues resulting from microbial synthesis that contains considerable amount of nutrients for fish
production (Fashakin et al., 2002). Poultry manure can be used after processing or fresh directly from the site,
through sitting of poultry houses over ponds or after collection, storage and transport to the site for fish culture
to enhance natural food production in ponds. Available literature clearly indicates that work on Azolla and
flaxseed supplementation in poultry and other livestock is sufficiently available. However, no study is available
on the use of Azolla and flaxseed supplementation in poultry feed under poultry-fish integrated farming and use
of its excreta as fish feed supplementation. Therefore, the present study was made to find out the use of flaxseed
and Azolla supplemented poultry excreta as fish feed and its impacts on water quality and fish.
Material and methods

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The test was carried out to evaluate the effect of poultry excreta as fish feed supplemented from chicks fed with
2% and 4% of Azolla & flaxseed respectively on fish and physicochemical quality of water. 110 live specimens
of the fish Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (ranging between 44-57 g in weight and 144-166 mm in length)
acclimatized in 1000 litre capacity tank were transferred to the test tubs of 100 litre capacity. The study was
conducted for 30 days in ten plastic tubs of 100 litre capacity divided into 5 groups having two replicates in
each group with 10 specimens in each tub. Feeding of fish was started next day with 50% basal diet and 50%
sun-dried poultry excreta. Feeding was done twice daily.
Experimental design Completely Randomized Design (CRD)

Experimental fishes Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Number of treatments 5
Control (PC) 100% Basal diet
PTA1 50% Basal diet+50% excreta from 2% Azolla meal supplemented poultry
PTA2 50% Basal diet+50% excreta from 4% Azolla meal supplemented poultry
PTF1 50% Basal diet+50% excreta from 2% Flaxseed meal supplemented poultry
PTF2 50% Basal diet+50% excreta from 4% Flaxseed meal supplemented poultry
Number of replicates per treatment 2
Number of fishes per replicate 10
Total number of fishes 100
Duration of experiment 4 weeks
PTA Azolla supplemented poultry PTF Flaxseed supplemented poultry
Water from each tub was tested daily for temperature and pH, bi-weekly for dissolved oxygen (DO) free CO2
and total solids. All determinations were carried out according to the Standard Methods of American Public
Health Association (APHA, 1998). Fish weight and length were recorded initially and at the end of the
experiment. Data were tested by using one way ANOVA (analysis of variance). Significance was tested at 5%
level. All the data was statistically analysed using statistical methods described by Snecdor and Cochran (1989)
using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software [version 16.0-SPSS Inc.]
Results: The mean values of water temperature ranged from 21.18 to 25.6, 21.50 to 25.14, 21.86 to 25.75,
21.71 to 25.50 and 21.43 to 25.50 in PC, PTA1, PTA2, PTF1 and PTF2, respectively. The overall mean
temperature in different treatment groups during the experiment period was 22.78 in PC, 22.84 in PTA1, 23.35
in PTA2, 23.20 in PTF1 and 23.24 in PTF2.
The mean values of pH ranged from 9.45 to 9.58, 9.45 to 9.53, 9.47 to 9.52, 9.50 to 9.52 and 9.48 to 9.52 in PC,
PTA1, PTA2, PTF1 and PTF2 respectively. The overall mean values of pH in different treatment groups during
the complete experiment period were 9.49 in PC and 9.5 in PTA1, PTA2PTF1 and PTF2.
The mean values of DO range from 6.22 to 6.35, 6.22 to 6.32, 6.22 to 6.29 and 6.22 to 6.31and 6.23 to 6.28 in
PC, PTA1, PTA2, PTF1 and PTF2, respectively. Over all the mean value of DO in different treatment groups
during the total experimental period was 6.23 in PC, 6.24 in PTA1, 6.23 in PTA2, 6.25 in PTF1 and 6.23 in
PTF2.
The mean value of free CO2 ranged from 10.51 to 10.57, 10.48 to10.56, 10.51 to 10.55, 10.45 to 10.55 and
10.50 to 10.55 in PC, PTA1, PTA2, PTF1 and PTF2, respectively. Over all mean value of free CO2 in different
treatments throughout experiment period was recorded as 10.53 in PC, 10.53 in PTA1, 10.53 in PTA2, 10.51 in
PTF1 and 10.52 in PTF2.
The mean value of total solids ranged from 61.32 to 64.77, 61.28 to 65.00, 61.58 to 64.22, 61.13 to 64.59 and
61.22 to 65.00 in PC, PTA1, PTA2, PTF1 and PTF2, respectively. Over all mean of total solids were non-
significant among all treatments throughout the experimental period with the value 63.00 in PC, 63.17 in PTA1,
63.16 in PTA2, 62.99 in PTF1 and 63.34 in PTF2.
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There are no significant changes (P>0.05) in the Initial-final length and Initial-final weight of fishes in all the
treatments during the short period of 28 days in both experiments.
Conclusion: There was no adverse impact of the use of either source of poultry excreta on fish and water
quality in this feeding trial. Hence, it is suggested that formulated feed for carps may be replaced up to 50%
with dried poultry excreta, the level that gave an optimal fish performance and conducive water quality. The use
of chicken excreta to make the fish feed pellets can reduce the feeding cost also and form a good ecological
cycle between chicken and fish farming.
References
Fashakin E A, Falayi B A. and Eyo A A. 2002. Inclusion of poultry manure in a complete feed for tilapia (0.
Niloticus). Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology 2:51-56.
Snedecor G W and Cochran W G. 1989. Statistical Methods. 8th Edition, Iowa State University Press, Ames.
Antidiabetic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of ajuga bracteosa leaves in alloxan induced diabetic
chick model
Rekha Bisht and Dharmendra Kumar*
Dept. of Zoology, Swami Vivekanand Government Post Graduate College, Lohaghat, (Champawat), Kumaun
University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the antidiabetic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Ajuga bracteosa leaves in alloxan
induced diabetic chick model.
Hypothesis: Ajuga bracteosa has been reported for its antioxidant and antidiabetic property clinically or
preclinically. However, more scientific research is yet to be done on Ajuga bracteosa.
Methods: Alloxan (12 mg/ 100 gm body weight, i.p.) was used to induce diabetes in chicks and the blood
glucose level was estimated by using commercial kit (Span Biotech, Surat, India). After the confirmation of
diabetes in chicks, hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Ajuga bracteosa (10 mg/ 100gm body weight, orally) was
administered to the diabetic chicks for 30 days daily. The study was carried out on three group including normal
control group, diabetic control group and diabetic treated group; by assessing blood glucose level at the end of
the study period.
Results: The administration of hydroalcoholic extract of Ajuga bracteosa in diabetic chicks showed a marked
improvement in the blood glucose level as compared to the diabetic control chicks (p<0.05) and is almost or
near to the values in normal control chicks (p<0.05).
Conclusion: These results suggest the potent antidiabetic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Ajuga bracteosa
leaves in the alloxan induced diabetic chick model.
Keywords: Alloxan, diabetes, Ajuga bracteosa, antidiabetic, hydroalcoholic
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Severe infestation of root-knot nematode on tuberous Vigna vexillata (L.)
Zakaullah Khan*1, Kuldeep Tripathi2, Bharat H. Gawade1, V. Celia Chalam1 and Ashok Kumar2
1
Division of Plant Quarantine, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi
2
Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi
Introduction
Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich) an underutilized legume species belongs to the family Fabaceae. Two types of V.
vexillata have been reported i.e., seed type and tuber (storage root) type. The tuber type is reported as resistant
to several biotic and abiotic stresses. It is a pantropical herbaceous legume occurring in Africa, Asia, Australia
and America. Its fusiform roots are eaten raw or boiled in tribal pockets of Indian hills and are considered
superior to sweet potato in flavour and nutrition. Among various domesticated species of Vigna, tuber cowpea is
one of the least researched crops. Among several factors for the poor and unstable yield of food legume crops,
biotic and abiotic stresses appeared to be the most important. Although several plant-parasitic nematodes are
infesting legume crops but root-knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne spp. are considered an important
constraint in production of leguminous crops in tropical and subtropical regions. RKNs are one of the most
damaging groups of plant-parasitic nematodes capable of attacking a wide range of crop plants and many weed
species. Infestation of M. incognita in tubers of V. vexillata is reported here for the first time. Further research is
required to work out on damage potential of M. incognita on V. vexillata tubers as well as its sustainable
management.
Materials and methods: During a routine survey for nematode diseases, severe infestation of M. incognita was
noticed in V. vexillata, in October 2020, which was grown at ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic
Resources, New Delhi, India. Stunted, chlorotic and wilted plants were observed in V. vexillata growing plot.
The soil samples along with roots were randomly collected from around the rhizosphere of infested plants. A
total of 20 composite soil and root samples were collected from a depth of up to 20-cm from diseased plants.
The second stage juveniles (J2) of the RKN were isolated from 200-cc of each sample using standard methods.
The J2s were counted under the stereoscopic microscope at 40X magnification and severity of root galling on
infested plants was assessed on a 0–5 rating scale according to the percentage of galled tissue, in which 0 = 0–
10% of galled roots; 1 = 11–20%; 2 = 21–50%; 3 = 51–80%; 4 = 81–90%; and 5 = 91–100%. For identification
of RKN species perineal pattern characteristics of mature females and morphological analysis of other stages,
i.e., J2 and males were used. Nematode J2s were also used for molecular characterization of RKN species.
Results: Based on perineal pattern morphology and nucleotide sequences of ITS region, the population was
identified as M. incognita. In soil analysis, all the soil samples yielded J2 of M. incognita in variable numbers.
The average population density was 687.5±123.72 J2/200cc soil (=3.44 J2/cc soil), The entire roots of the
infected plants were heavily galled in a unique pattern with gall index (GI) of 3-5 (4.3±0.79) encompassing 70-
100% root systems. It was noticed that the infested V. vexillata growing bed had a history of cucumber
cultivation for the last three consecutive years (2017-2019). This suggests that RKN may be derived from the
previous crops known as RKN susceptible. This might have led to the buildup of the high population density of
M. incognita.
Conclusion: It is concluded that M. incognita can be a damaging pest of V. vexillata and can serve as a source
of infestation to other host crops. Therefore, proper management strategies should be taken to minimize
nematode damage in V. vexillata cultivation. Therefore, growers are advised to have the soil from the proposed
area tested for nematodes before planting. For that, take soil samples with a hand shovel in a zigzag pattern
across the selected plots from the top 15-30-cm of soil. Mix samples thoroughly and send to the nearest
Nematology laboratory for nematode analysis.
Key words: Cowpea, infestation, root-knot nematode, tuberous root
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Optimizing Tillage and Residue Retention Practices for Improving Soil Quality in Maize Wheat
Cropping System of Lower Shivalik
Sharmistha Pal1*, R.P. Yadav2, O.P.S.Khola1, P.L. Bhutia1 and S.L. Arya1
1
ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Centre, Chandigarh 160 019
2
Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi 110 012
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The study aimed to optimize the tillage and residue retention practices for improving soil quality in
degraded Shivalik.
Methods: A field experiment was conducted from 2009-10 to 2016-17, in maize (Zea mays L.) - wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) cropping sequence. Six treatments were laid out in the field in randomized block design,
which comprised of (T1) Conventional tillage; (T2) Deep tillage once in three years; (T3) Conventional tillage
with integrated nutrient management; (T4) Conventional tillage with brown manuring in maize + cowpea (1:2)
and wheat+ pea (4:1) ratio ; (T5) Conservation tillage; and (T6) Conservation tillage with brown manuring. The
treatments comprising varied combination of tillage and residue retention practices were compared with control.
Results: It was found that, 70 to 80% reduction in soil loss, 18 to 22% increase in soil organic carbon, 28%
increase in soil available nitrogen can be achieved by optimum combination of tillage and residue management,
as compared to control. The macro aggregate % varied from 28 to 46.5%. The highest percentage of
macroaggregate was recorded under CST-BM system, followed by CT, CT- BM and lowest in DT. Mean soil
available nitrogen varied from 180 to 330 Kg/ha, and the brown manuring systems significantly increased soil
available nitrogen due to incorporation of leguminous plant residues. Soil moisture varied from 2.2 to 7.5%,
highest being under treatments with residue addition i.e T4, T5 and T6. The treatment T6 (Conservation tillage
with brown manuring) have been found to be the best in terms of resource conservation and sustainable crop
production.
Conclusions: Thus, the study suggests that Conservation Tillage in conjunction with brown manuring could be
a promising practice for improving soil quality in light textured soil of Shivalik region.
Key words: Tillage, Residue, Shivalik, Soil quality
Punica granatum peel as a sustainable source for the prevention hypertension

Uroosa Noor and Ena Gupta*
Department of Home Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India-211002
ABSTRACT
Punica granatum is commonly known as pomegranate is widely cultivated in India that generates million tons
of fruit waste mainly peel and seed every year. Pomegranate peel is a rich source of phytochemicals which
contains high quantities of antioxidant and polyphenolic compounds as compared to other part of the fruit.
Major bioactive compounds present in the peels are ellagic acid, gallic acid, punicalagin, tannins and flavonoids
which mainly provides pharmacological properties i.e. antihypertensive, anti-aging, anti-cancer, anti-
inflammatory etc. Hypertension is associated with many diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2-
diabetes, anti-inflammatory, end stage renal disease, cerebrovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Finding
from several studies showed that presence of some antioxidant in the peels of pomegranate prove to reduce the
risk of hypertension by inhibiting the activity of serum angiotensin converting enzyme which eventually
decreased the systolic blood pressure. Pomegranate fruit as whole is also known as heart healthy fruit, due to its
anti-hypertensive activity which ultimately improves the heart health. Overall this review explores the
antihypertensive activity of P. granatum peel.
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Introduction
High blood pressure or hypertension is one of the major consequences of cardiovascular diseases which include
stroke, myocardial infraction and heart failure; cerebrovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, end stage renal disease
and metabolic syndrome, these diseases are the major cause of death and infirmity around the globe. Prevalence
of hypertension is about 15% throughout the world which is expected to increase up to 30% by 2025. To avoid
the occurrence of these diseases it is necessary to control the blood pressure of the patient either by lifestyle
modification, medication or both. Several controlled study indicated that 5 mmHg decline in diastolic blood
pressure, reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases up to 15 to 40% respectively. According to seventh report of
Joint National committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-7),
initiation of cardiovascular disease is due to the double increment of blood pressure of 20/10 mmHg. JNC-7
also defined prehypertension at 120 mmHg ≤ systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 140 mmHg 12 and/or 80 mmHg ≤
DBP < 90 mmHg. Prehypertension is a medical condition in which development of hypertension in future is 2
fold higher that can be a risk factor for the progression of several other diseases. It is a major public health issue
as many people are unaware because it is mostly asymptomatic at initial stage. Finding suggested that through
the intervention, progression of prehypertension can be reduced. Several anti-hypertensive drugs has been
introduced still hypertension remains the major medical problem. This is why the focus has been lies on
products from natural sources to treat the high blood pressure (Asgary et al., 2013; Stowe, 2011).
Pomegranate is one the famous edible fruit deliberated as ornamental fruit for Mediterranean people
which provide broad application in traditional medicine since ancient times. It is enduring and drought-lenient
plant, growing in arid and semiarid regions. They are extensively cultivated in Iran, India and the Mediterranean
countries like Turkey, Spain, Morocco, Egypt and Tunisia. Pomegranate is considered as berry but belonging to
its own botanical family Punicaceae, containing single genus Punica, with one main species known as P.
granatum (Zarfeshany et al., 2014). All the parts of pomegranate plant like peel, juice, seed, flower, bark, leaf
and root contains ample amount of phytochemical compounds including flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanins,
catechins, quercetin, and rutin), other types of polyphenols, ellagitannins, antioxidants, water soluble vitamins
and minerals which provides many therapeutic activities against different types of disorders. Pomegranate
contains a juicy volume but the major portion of the fruit is peel, around 50% of fruit weight, 40% arils and
10% seeds. The peel consists of two parts; outer hard structure is called pericarp and the inside soft structure is
mesocarp in which the arils are attached (Ranjha et al., 2021; Asgary et al., 2013; Viuda-Martos et al., 2010).
Peel of the pomegranate is deliberated as agro-industrial waste but it is a good source of bioactive compounds
such as tannins (punicalin, punicalagin, pedunculagin, gallic acid and casuarinin), alkaloids, flavonoids
(catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, flavan-3-ol, kaempferol, kaempferolerol-3-O-glucoside,
kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoglycoside, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, Naringin, pelargonidin, prodelphindin,
quercetin and rutin) and organic acids which possesses many health benefits. Several studies also indicated that
pomegranate peel comprises greater antioxidant activity as compared with flower leaf, seed and juice (Malviya
et al., 2014).
Bioactive compounds present in different parts of pomegranate
Bioactive compounds is also called as phytochemical compounds which are particularly found in variety of
foods and have the ability to regulate the metabolic processes, consequence in better health advancement. These
compounds are mostly found in plant sources such as whole grains, fruits and vegetables, which is when
included in the diet in considerable amount provides health benefits beyond the elementary nutrition. Bioactive
compounds present in different part of pomegranate are listed below in Table. 1.
Table 1. Principal bioactive compounds present in different parts of the pomegranate fruit
Fruit components Bioactive compounds References
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Peel Anthocyanin, Ellagic acid, Gallic acid, Catechin, Quercetin,
Rutin, Punicalin, Delphinidin, Punicalagin, Linoleic acid,
Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Coumaric acid Tannin,
Luteolin, Pelletierine alkaloids, Qunic acid, Epicatechin,
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate,
Kaempferol, Kaempferol-3-O-glycoside,
Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoglycoside, Naringin, Cyanidin,
Pelarginidin, Delphinidin, Corilagin, Casuarinin,
Gallagyldilacton, Pedunculagin, Tellimagrandin, Granatin
A, Granatin B.
Seed Anthocyanin, Ellagic acid, Gallic acid, Catechin, Quercetin,

Rutin, Punicalin, Punicalagin, Coniferyl, Sinapyl, Cinnamic Prakash et al.,
acid, Genistein, Linoleic acid, Caffeic acid, Tannin, (2011); Jacinto
Luteolin, Pelletierine alkaloids, Ellagic acid, 3,3’-Di-O- (2018);
methylellagic acid, 3,3’.4’-Tri-O-methylellagic acid, Punicic
acid, Stigmasterol, β-Sitosterol, Daucosterol, Camesterol,
17-α-Estradiol, Estrone, Testosterone, Estriol, γ-tocopherol,
Ursolic acid, Oleanolic acid, Genistein, Daidzein
Juice Anthocyanin, Ellagic acid, Gallic acid, Catechin, Quercetin,

Rutin, Kaempferol, Punicalin, Cinnamic acid, Delphinidin,
Punicalagin, Linoleic acid, Caffeic acid, Tannin, Luteolin,
Pelletierine alkaloids, Quinic acid, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic
acid, p- Coumaric acid, Catechin, Epicatechin,
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside,
Cyanidine-3,5-di-Oglucoside, Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside,
Delphinidin-3,5-di-Oglucoside, Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside,
Pelargonidin-3,5-di-Oglucoside, α-tocopherol, Corilagin,
Casuarinin, Gallagyldilacton
Anti-hypertensive activity of pomegranate
Anti-hypertensive activity of pomegranate is very effective which acts in various mechanical due to the
presence of polyphenols. In a dose dependent manner it was observed that polyphenols from juice of
pomegranate reduce the risk of hypertension through the reduction of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE) up to 36% which in turns decrease the systolic blood pressure by 5%. It was detected that juice provides
protection against vascular diseases which might correlated with the inhibition of oxidant stress and serum ACE
activity (Wang et al 2010). A study conducted on small randomized human trials indicated that 50 ml
consumption of pomegranate juice provides 1.5 mM of total polyphenols to the patient having severe carotid
artery stenosis encouraged the reduction of carotid intermediate thickness (IMT) and also decrease the systolic
blood pressure (Aviram et al. 2004). Several polyphenols like punicalagin, which is the main compound of the
peel increase the synthesis of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) that provides relaxing sensation in the endothelium
through the stimulation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) that acts as vasodilator which ultimately reduce the
blood pressure (Nigris et al., 2007). In a study consumption of pomegranate juice by hypertensive patient for
two weeks, showed the significant reduction by 36% of ACE activity due to the antioxidant property of the
juice. It was observed that antioxidant therapy use used to control the blood pressure in hypertensive patient is
because of the oxygen species that contributes to the contraction of endothelium and increase the vascular
resistance which in turns decrease the blood pressure. Additional possibility of the reduction of serum ACE
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October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2
activity by pomegranate juice is related to the effect of cytochrome P-450 enzymes which breakdowns the ACE
inhibitory drugs and lowers the activity of serum ACE, thus regulate the blood pressure (Aviram and Dornfeld,
2001). Figure 1 illustrated the effect of pomegranate on cardiovascular disease.
Fig.1. Effect of pomegranate on CVDs (Ranjha et al., 2020)
Several studies indicated that highest polyphenols was found in peel as compared to juice and seed, but there is
no study reported on anti-hypertensive activity of pomegranate peel, only the consumption of juice was detected
which prevent the hypertension in some extent. Main focus of this review is to detect the anti-hypertensive
activity of peel in future researches.
Conclusion: This review concluded that different parts of pomegranate contain various bioactive compounds
that have many beneficial health effects. It was also observed that highest polyphenolic content was found in the
peel which is considered as waste and discarded. Anti-hypertensive activity of pomegranate juice was detected
in several studies, all the antioxidants and phenolic compounds present in juice are present in the peel in greater
extent so the anti-hypertensive activity of peel may also obtained in future research.
Conflict of interest statement

All the authors declare no conflict of interest. There is no financial interest to report and all co-authors have
seen and agree with the contents of the manuscript.
References
Asgary S, Keshvari M, Sahebkar A, Hashemi and Rafieian-Kopaei M. 2013. Clinical investigation of the acute
effects of pomegranate juice on blood pressure and endothelial function in hypertensive individuals. ARYA
atherosclerosis 9(6): 326.
Aviram M and Dornfeld L. 2001. Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin converting
enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure. Atherosclerosis 158(1): 195-198.
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Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, Nitecki S, Hoffman A, Dornfeld L and Hayek T. 2004. Pomegranate juice
consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media
thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clinical nutrition 23(3): 423-433.
de Nigris F, Williams-Ignarro S, Sica V, Lerman L O, D'Armiento F P, Byrns R E and Napoli C. 2007. Effects
of a pomegranate fruit extract rich in punicalagin on oxidation-sensitive genes and eNOS activity at sites of
perturbed shear stress and atherogenesis. Cardiovascular research 73(2): 414-423.
Jacinto A M T. 2018. Review of the Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties of Punica
granatum L. (Lythraceae) Plant. Int J Food Sci Agric 2: 71-83. https:// doi. org/ 10. 26855/ jsfa. 2018. 03. 004
Malviya S, Jha A, Hettiarachchy N. 2014. Antioxidant and antibacterial potential of pomegranate peel
extracts. Journal of Food Science and Technology 51(12): 4132-4137. DOI 10.1007/s13197-013-0956-4
Prakash C V S and Prakash I. 2011) Bioactive chemical constituents from pomegranate (Punica granatum)
juice, seed and peel-a review. Int J Res Chem Environ 1(1): 1-18.
Ranjha M M A N, Shafique B, Wang L, Irfan S, Safdar M N, Murtaza M A and Nadeem H R. 2021. A
comprehensive review on phytochemistry, bioactivity and medicinal value of bioactive compounds of
pomegranate (Punica granatum). Advances in Traditional Medicine 1-21.
Stowe C B. 2011. The effects of pomegranate juice consumption on blood pressure and cardiovascular
health. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 17(2): 113-115.
Viuda‐Martos M, Fernández‐López J and Pérez‐Álvarez J A. 2010. Pomegranate and its many functional
components as related to human health: a review. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety 9(6):
635-654.
Wang R, Ding Y, Liu R, Xiang L and Du L. 2010. Pomegranate: constituents, bioactivities and
pharmacokinetics. Fruit, vegetable and cereal science and biotechnology 4(2): 77-87.
Zarfeshany A, Asgary S and Javanmard S H. 2014. Potent health effects of pomegranate. Advanced biomedical
research 3.
Comparison of Physico-Chemical properties of soils under different forest types in dry tropical
forest ecosystem in Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve, India
Harischandra Darro1, S. L. Swamy2, Rajesh Kumar3, Atul Kumar Bhardwaj3
1
College of Agriculture, Katghora-Korba, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University (C.G.), India
2
Department of Forestry, Indira Gandhi KrishiVishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)
3
Department of Forestry, Wildlife & Environmental Science, Guru Ghasidas (A Central University)
Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh)
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to assess the variations in physic-chemical properties of soils under four forest
types viz. Mixed Forest, Mixed Sal Forest, Mixed Teak Forest, and Teak Mixed Forests in a typical dry tropical
ecosystem of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (AABR), Central India. Soil samples were collected
from four types of forest and analyzed for the soil samples were taken at three soil depths i.e. at 0-20 cm, 20-
40cm and 40-60 cm and analysed for pH, EC, Organic C, soil moisture, bulk density, nitrogen (N), phosphorous
(P) and potassium (K). The pH of soil was lower (5.43) under Mixed Forest and higher (6.13) in Teak Mixed
Forest, while EC in soil was lower (0.04 dS m-1) in Mixed Sal Forest and higher (0.32 dS m-1) under Teak
Mixed Forest. Organic C varied from 11.5 Mg ha-1 to 17.8 Mg ha-1 at 0-20 cm soil depth which was highest in
soil under Mixed Sal Forest and lowest in Teak Mixed Forest. The Organic C and EC values were decreased
with an increase in soil depth, while the bulk density showed reverse trend. Soil nutrients in different depths
varied between 160.2 -196.9 kg ha-1, 10.4-17.7 kg ha-1 and 266.4-439.1 kg ha-1 for N, P and K, respectively. The
nutrient quantities in soil were higher in Mixed Sal Forest and lower under Teak Mixed Forest, which decreased
with soil depth. The paper discusses the possible variations in soil properties in relation to structure and
composition of forest type and suggests appropriate management practices for the sustainable development of
forest soils in dry tropical ecosystem.
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Key words: Biosphere Reserve, Litter, Nutrients, Soil health, Structure, Tropical Forest
Introduction
Soils provide nutrients, water and space for vegetation, thus play an important role in bio-geochemical cycling
of forest ecosystem (Goebes et al., 2019). The morphological, physical, chemical and biological properties of
soils are generally influenced by structure and composition of forest vegetation. Tropical forests are more
dynamic as population of one species get replaced by another species in succession will significantly alter the
properties of surface and subsurface soils such as pH, organic matter and exchangeable bases and nutrients at
varying spatial and temporal scales (Poudel et al., 2003). Biogeochemical cycling is regulated by vegetation
through litter production and decomposition. The bio elements affect composition and processes at all levels of
biological organization. The accessibility of bio elements not only influences plant growth but also biodiversity
but also ecosystem processes, which are intricately linked to C assimilation and its storage in soil and
vegetation. Therefore, understanding physio-chemical properties of soils become imperative for improving the
productivity and C stocking in tropical forests.
As tropical forests play an important role in global carbon cycle and levels of soil organic carbon (SOC) might
determine ecosystem functions and influence soil characteristics. Hence, the management of SOC levels is
crucial in mitigation of atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases and also the supporting diversity of life forms
(IPCC, 2018). The soil properties in tropical forests and other vegetation need to be understood for maintaining
long term health of soil and vegetation development. Only few studies have been conducted by earlier workers
and a relatively very little attention given on tropical forests of Chhattisgarh (Thakur et al., 2007; Jhariya et al.,
2012). Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the variations in physic-chemical properties of soils
under different vegetation types of tropical forest of AABR.
Materials and methods
The study was conducted in Achanakmar Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve situated in parts of Bilaspur, Annupur
and Dindori districts of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, Central India (Fig. 1). It lies between 21 0 48’35” to
220 40’30” North latitudes and 810 29’45” to 820 02’ 10” East longitudes. The area adjoining Achanakmar
forest village has a number of hillocks scattered all over the area. Dry deciduous forest, grasslands, agriculture
lands and human habitations surrounds the study area. The climate of study area is dry humid tropical. The
mean annual rainfall varies from 1200 to 1400 mm. It gradually decreases from southeast direction to northwest
direction. About more than 90% of annual rainfall received in monsoon season from June to October. The peak
rainfall occurs in July-August months. Number of rainy days varies from 71-118 days. It gradually decreases
from south east direction to North West direction. May and June are the hottest months, whereas December and
January are the coldest months of the year with minimum temperature reaches to 3-50o C. The mean
temperature in January is about 21º C and in May temperature rises between 31º C and 41º C. Soils of
Achanakmar area are grouped in to three classes viz., Inceptisols, Alfisols and Vertisols. Different types of
forest vegetation occur in the study area. The natural vegetation in the Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere
Reserve varies across the reserve. The forest area of the reserve has tropical deciduous vegetation harboring
1500 plant species represented by 151 plant families.
The survey has been conducted in biosphere and identified four types of forests viz., Mixed Forest, Mixed Sal
Forest, Mixed Teak Forest and Teak Mixed Forest. Soil samples were randomly collected from ten different
sampling quadrates in these forest types. The soil samples were taken at three soil depths i.e. at 0-20 cm, 20-40
cm and 40-60 cm from different sampling quadrates with the help of auger. In all 120 soil samples (4 types x 10
quadrates x three depths) was collected during growing season and subjected to physico-chemical analysis.
Bulk density was calculated by soil core method. The soil core was drawn from each sampling plot at different
soil depths. The following expressions were used for the estimation of soil moisture and bulk density.
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The collected soil samples were analyzed in triplicate for pH, EC, organic C, available N, P and K. Soil pH and
EC values were measured using pH and EC meters, respectively. Nitrogen was estimated by Micro- Kjeldahl
method (Jackson, 1958) the total phosphorus following spectrophotometer and vando–molybdate yellow
reagent procedure. Potassium was determined by flame-photometeric method (Jackson, 1958). The organic
carbon in soil was determined by Walkley and Black (1934) method. The amount of nutrients and carbon in soil
was determined by multiplying soil volume, bulk density and respective concentration of carbon and nutrient
values for given soil depth corresponding to each vegetation type and extrapolated on Mg ha-1.
Results & Discussion: Results on physical properties of soil in different forest types are summarized in Table 1
and depicted in Figs. 2-5. The pH values of soils are found to be slightly acidic in nature, which varied from
5.43 to 6.13. It increased with soil depth. Soil pH was highest under Teak Mixed Forest and lowest under Mixed
Forest in comparison to other vegetation types. It increased with an increase in soil depth (Fig. 2). Electrical
Conductivity (EC) of soil varied significantly, which was highest (0.32) under Teak Mixed Forest and lowest
(0.06) in Mixed Sal Forest. It also gradually decreased with an increase in soil depth (Fig. 3).
Bulk density is an important soil physical property, which varied from 1.38 to 1.51 Mg m -3 at 0-20 cm
soil depth under different vegetation types (Table 1). It was highest under Teak Mixed Forest and lowest under
Mixed Sal Forest. The bulk density increased with an increase in soil depth (Fig. 4). Soil moisture (%) content
varied from 78.24% to 89.09% at 0-20 cm soil depth under different vegetation types (Table 1). It was highest
under Mixed Sal Forest and lowest under Teak Forest. The soil moisture (%) was almost 12% higher in Mixed
Sal Forest compared to Teak Mixed Forest. The soil moisture (%) increased with soil depth (Fig. 5).
Results on chemical properties of soil in different forest types are summarized in Table 2 and depicted
in Figs. 6- 9. Soil C varied across vegetation types and also at varying soil depths (Table 2). It ranged from 7.5
to 17.8 Mg ha-1. Soil organic C was highest under Mixed Sal Forest followed by Mixed Forest and Mixed Teak
Forest. It was lowest in Teak Mixed Forest. The organic C levels decreased with an increase in soil depth (Fig.
6). Available N in soil ranged from 160.7 kg ha-1 to 196.9 kg ha-1 under different vegetation types. It decreased
with an increase in soil depth (Table 2). It was highest in Mixed Sal Forest and lowest in Teak Mixed Forest.
The available N levels were statistically at par in Mixed Sal, Mixed Teak and Mixed Forest at different depths
(Fig. 7). The available P values in soil under different vegetation types ranged from 12.1 to 17.7 kg ha-1, 11.6 kg
ha-1 to 16.6 kg ha-1 and 10.4 kg ha-1 to 13.3 kg ha-1 at 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm depths, It was highest in
Mixed Sal Forests followed by Mixed Teak Forest and Mixed Forest and lowest under Teak Mixed Forest
(Table 2). The P values were statistically at par in Mixed Sal Forest and Mixed Forests. Similarly, it was also
statistically at par in Mixed Teak Forest and Teak Mixed Forests (Fig. 8). K in the soil under different forest
types ranged from 314.4 kg ha-1 to 439.1 kg ha-1, 280.7 kg ha-1 to 423.8 kg ha-1 and 266.4 kg ha-1 to 411.2 kg ha-1
at 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm depths, respectively (Table 2). It was highest in Mixed Sal Forests and
lowest in Teak forest. The available K content decreased with an increase in soil depth (Fig. 9)
The structure and composition of forest vegetation strongly influence the soil pH, organic matter and
exchangeable bases and nutrients (Poudel et al., 2003). The results on physical properties of soil revealed that
pH, EC, moisture % and bulk densities varied significantly across vegetation types and also along soil depth.
The soil properties of this study were comparable to soil characteristics of tropical forest reported by Huston,
(1980), Singh and Singh, (1991), Thakur et al. (2007). The soil bulk density and pH levels were higher under
Mixed Sal forest and lower under Teak forest. This might be due to higher organic matter as a consequence of
more litter deposition which decreased bulk density and increased the humid acid content at the time of
decomposition of litter into humus result in a stronger acidic reaction. The supply of nutrients for vegetation
also significantly influences the soil pH as it indicates the soil fertility (Zhao et al. 2012). This could be due to
slow transformation of organic acids to humid substances in Mixed Sal Forests compared to other forest types.
The moisture (%) is also higher in Mixed Sal Forest, which might attributed to better soil texture and structure,
which corroborated with findings of earlier workers (Bhuyan and Sharma, 2015; Salve et al. 2018). They
opined that higher amount of litter crop might act as mulch which could increase infiltration rate and preventing
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the moisture loss by reducing the levels of evaporation from soil surface. The study also showed soil moisture
levels increased with an increase in soil depth, which was not an extraordinary phenomenon as the evaporation
losses decrease with soil depth. The moisture losses are usually higher in soil surface and lower in sub surface
layers and our values were comparable with other studies (Paudel and Sah, 2003).
The results revealed that organic C content, available N, P and K were higher under Mixed Sal Forest, which
might be attributed higher amount of nutrient return to soil by vegetation via litter crop. Such affects were also
reported by previous workers (Bijalwan et al. 2010; Thakur, 2014; Behera et al. 2017). Both standing litter and
litter crop were higher under Mixed Sal Forest, which were lower under Teak forest resulted in low nutrient
status in soil (Darro and Swamy, 2020). Different vegetation components contain different amounts of nutrients
and accordingly build up the soil organic matter. The amount of nutrients added through litter crop varies with
structure and composition of vegetation and environmental conditions. The decrease in nutrients and organic C
in soil with increase in depth is not uncommon as several workers also observed similar trend (Poudel and Sah,
2003; Gariola et al., 2012; Abdalmoula et al., 2019). The management of litter crop is very essential as most of
the dry tropical forests are subjected to forest fires in summer. Besides, the illegal grazing and harvesting of
firewood and small timber from Teak Mixed Forest and Mixed Teak Forests should be regulated. The
involvement of local people and community based management approach needs to be invigorated for the
addressing the problems of societies, improving status of vegetation and also soil health for sustainable
development of tropical forests of AABR.
Conclusion: The study clearly demonstrated that quite useful for characterization of physio-chemical properties
of soils under different forest types in dry tropical ecosystem. The classification accuracy was found
significantly higher for soils use and vegetation classes, which facilitated the qualitative and quantitative
analysis of soils. The nutrient quantities in soil were higher in Mixed Sal Forest and lower under Teak Mixed
Forest, which decreased with soil depth. The spatial data analysis helped in discriminating four vegetation
types. Each vegetation type was unique, showed marked soils depth in different layers. The anthropogenic
pressure was high in Teak Forests. The encroachment in Teak Mixed and Mixed Teak forests are also reduced
the soils quality and diversity levels. Therefore, there is need of closure and protection of these vulnerable types
for conservation biodiversity. Will not only affect the well being of large population of indigenous whose
livelihoods and economy is intricately linked with the forest wealth. There is need to implement suitable
policies and involve local people for community based approach and sharing the benefits to sustainable
management of forests to secure the interests of both local and global communities.
References
Abdalmoula M M, Makineci E, Özturna A G, Pehlivan S, Şahin A and Tolunay D. 2019. Soil organic carbon
accumulation and several physicochemical soil properties under stone pine and maritime pine plantations in
coastal dune, Durusu-Istanbul. Environ Monit Assess.191(5): 312.
Behera et al. 2017. Aboveground biomass and carbon stock assessment in Indian tropical deciduous forest and
relationship with stand structural attributes. Ecological Engineering 99: 513-524.
Bhuyan N and Sharma S. 2015. Physico-Chemical Analysis of Soil Status of Various Degraded Sites in an
around Dimoria Tribal Belt of Assam, India. International Journal of Science and Research 6(6): 849-852.
Bijalwan A, Swamy S L, Sharma C M, Sharma N K and Tiwari A K. 2010. Land-use, biomass and carbon
estimation in dry tropical forest of Chhattisgarh region in India using satellite remote sensing and GIS.
Journal of Forestry Research 21(2): 161−170.
Darro H and Swamy S L 2020. Standing Litter and Litterfall pattern in Dry Tropical Forests of Achanakmaar-
Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (AABR), India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 9(4): xx-xx
Gairola S, Sharma C M, Ghildiyal S K, Suyal S. 2012. Chemical properties of soils in relation to forest
composition in moist temperate valley slopes of Garhwal Himalaya, India. Environmentalist. DOI
10.1007/s10669-012-9420-7.
Goebes P et al. 2019. The strength of soil-plant interactions under forest is related to a Critical Soil Depth. Sci
Rep 9, 8635.
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Huston M. 1980. Soil nutrients and tree species richness in Costa Rican forests. J. Biogeogr. 7: 147–157.
IPCC. 2018. S Summary for Policymakers—Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts
of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in
the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and
efforts to eradicate poverty Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. p.16.
Jackson M L. 1958. Soil Chemical analysis. Englewood cliffa, N J: Prentice-Hall.
Paudel S and Sah J P. 2003. Physiochemical characteristics of soil in tropical sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.)
forests in eastern Nepal. Him J Sci. 1(2): 107-110.
Jhariya M K, Bargali S S, Swamy S L and Kittur B. 2012. Vegetational Structure, Diversity and Fuel Load in
Fire Affected Areas of Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests in Chhattisgarh. Society For Plant Research
25(1): 210-224.
Salve A, Bhardwaj D R and Thakur C L. 2018. Soil Nutrient study in different agroforestry systems in north
western Himalayas. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci. 7(2): 63-72.
Singh L and Singh J S. 1991. Species structure, dry matter dynamics and carbon flux of a dry tropical forest in
India. Annals of Botany 68: 263-273.
Thakur T K, Swamy S L, Singh L, Prajapati R K, Saxena R R. Bajpai R K. 2007. Analysis of land use,
structure, diversity, biomass production, c and nutrient storage of a dry tropical forest ecosystem using satellite
remote sensing and gis techniques. Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur.
Thakur T K. 2014. Analysis of carbon and nutrient storage of dry tropical forest of Chhattisgarh using satellite
data, The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
Volume XL-8.
Walkely A and Black I A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter
and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 34: 54-56.
Zhao X, Zhau Y et al. 2012. Nitrogen runoff dominates water nitrogen pollution from rice-wheat rotation in the
Taihu Lake region of China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 156: 1-11
Table 1. Variation in physical properties of soil at different depths (cm) under vegetation types in
Khudiya Forest Range of Mungeli Forest Division Chhattisgarh, India
pH EC (dS m-1) Bulk Density (Mg m- Moisture (%)

3
)
Vegetatio 0- 20-40 40-60 0- 20- 40- 0-20 20-40 40- 0- 20- 40-
n 20 20 40 60 60 20 40 60
Types
Mixed 5.4 0.1 88.
Forest 3 5.72 5.95 5 0.11 0.09 1.44 1.47 1.49 3 88.6 90.0
Mixed Sal 5.8 0.0 89.
Forest 7 5.86 5.85 6 0.05 0.04 1.38 1.41 1.46 1 92.7 93.9
Mixed
Teak 0.1 88.
Forest 5.8 5.8 5.79 8 0.08 0.07 1.47 1.5 1.51 1 91.8 94.2
Teak
Mixed 6.1 0.3 78.
Forest 3 6.01 5.99 2 0.32 0.29 1.51 1.52 1.54 2 85.9 88.6
CD at 5% 0.2 0.1
2 0.26 0.29 2 0.11 0.11
Table 2. Variation in available organic C, N, P and K (Kg ha-1) of soil at different depths (cm) under
vegetation types in Khudiya Forest Range of Mungeli Forest Division Chhattisgarh, India
Vegetatio Organic C (Mg ha- N (kg ha-1) P (kg ha-1) K (kg ha-1)
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1
n )
Types 0- 20- 40- 0-20 20- 40- 0- 20- 40- 0-20 20- 40-
20 40 60 40 60 20 40 60 40 60
Mixed 17. 178. 17. 409. 383.
Forest 1 16.9 14.5 183.6 1 160.2 2 15.5 14.7 7 5 296.4
Mixed 17. 184. 17. 439. 423.
Sal Forest 8 17.3 15.2 196.9 4 170.6 7 16.6 13.3 1 8 411.2
Mixed
Teak 16. 179. 16. 395. 372.
Forest 6 15.3 11.1 184.7 4 161.2 9 14.4 11.5 8 1 284.4
Teak
Mixed 11. 164. 12. 314. 280.
Forest 5 9.2 7.5 174.2 2 160.7 1 11.6 10.4 4 7 266.4
CD at 5% 1.2 2.6 3.2 11.7 11.5 6.7 2.7 1.6 1.6 18.2 14.2 16..8
Fig. 1. Study area of Khuriya Forest Range, Mungeli Forest Division Chhattisgarh, India
Fig. 2. Contribution of pH value in different vegetation types
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Fig, 3. Contribution of EC value in different vegetation types
Fig. 4. Contribution of bulk density value in different vegetation types
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Fig. 5. Contribution of moisture (%) value in different vegetation types
Fig. 6. Contribution of organic C value in different vegetation types
Fig. 7. Contribution of N value in different vegetation types
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Fig. 8. Contribution of P value in different vegetation types
Fig. 9.Contribution of K value in different vegetation types
Study on population dynamic of fruit fly, Bactrocera spp. (Tephritidae: Diptera) and species
diversity
Amit Kumar Patel, Arvind Parmar, Vishal Sarsaiya, Sundar Pal Panwar, Pradeep Kumar
ABSTACT
Purpose
Fruit fly belongs to family Tephritidae found all over the world. Nearly 5000 described spp. of tephrited fruit fly have been
categorized in almost 500 genera. Fruit flies are the most important limiting factor due to economic importance and direct
damage to the fruit crops. We aim to study and define fruit fly species diversity and population dynamics of fruit flies
trapping in pheromone baited traps, economic trap for fruit flies trapping, correlate the Fruit fly population with abiotic
factors and species diversity of FruitFlies.
Methods
The Bottle Fruit Fly Traps used in present study and fruit flies trapped in each trap were collected into plastic vials
st
measuring 6.5 x 2.5 cm² separately and brought to the laboratory at weekly interval, starting from 41 SW from 2019 to
nd
22 SW 2020. Sufficient number of transparent, white mineral water bottles of one litre capacity measuring 276 mm long,
76.4 mm wide at base and 27.4 mm at neck were purchased from market.A total of four entry holes of 22.5 mm2 size were
made at equal distance just below the curve of the shoulders with the help of a blade. Different treatments were studied viz.,
Bottle fruit fly baited with Methyl eugenol, Bottle fruit fly baited with Cuelure, McPhail fruit fly trap baited with Methyl
eugenol, McPhail fruit fly trap baited with Cuelure, Param fruit fly trap baited with Methyl eugenol and Param fruit fly trap
baited with Cuelure.
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Results
Population dynamics of fruit flies trapped in ME and CL baited traps was recorded on adult population of fruit fly,
Bactrocera spp. from 45th standard week (SW) of 2019 to 11th SW of 2020. The population range was 88.9-334.6
FFs/trap/week. The Bottle fruit fly trap baited with cue lure was most effective and economically because it has trapped a
total of 5948 adult fruit flies (FFs) and it was 23.58 per cent of totaled trapped flies in both the lures. The cost benefit was
highest with trapped 10.5 fruit flies after per rupee investment followed by McPhail Fruit fly traps (5.4 FFs/rupee) and
Param fruit fly traps (5.0 FFs/rupee) with cue lure. The correlation was recorded as significant between population of
Bactroceracucurbitae and maximum & minimum temperature ( 0C) and relative humidity (RH%) but it was non-significant
with %), rain fall (mm) and wind velocity (km/hr). Three species of fruit fly viz, Bactrocera affinis, B. dorsalis and B.
zonata were trapped in methyl eugenol baited traps and one species viz.,Bactrocera cucurbitae was trapped in cue lure
baited traps.
Conclusions
Among all the species sofruit fly species were attracted in methyl eugenol baited traps, the Bactrocera affinis population
was lower than the Bactrocera zonata population, but it was seen to be higher than the Bactrocera dorsata population.
Bottle fruit fly trap baited with methyl eugenol was most economic compression to other traps and trapped 8.4 fruit flies
after one rupee investment. Cue lure para-pheromon was most effective with good performance and trapped a total of
17422 fruit flies. Bactrocera affinis, B. dorsalis and B. zonata population trapped in methyl eugenol baite traps was
significant with minimum temperature but it was non- significant with maximum temperature, relative humidity, rainfall
and wind velocity while it was non-significant with rainfall and windvelocity.
Characterization of Morphological, Physio-Chemical and Fertility Properties of Pear Growing

Orchards under Temperate Conditions of Jammu & Kashmir, India
Sartaj A. Wania, G. R. Najar, M.A. Kuchay, Asif Mohud-din, Shakeel. A. Mir, Neelofar Banday
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture Sciences & Technology – Kashmir – 190 025, Jammu & Kashmi
ABSTARCT
Soils are vital natural resources and information on their characterization, classification, location, extent and distribution,
potential and problems is imperative for any developmental planning in a particular area (Sidhu et al., 2014). Genesis,
morphology and taxonomy of soils on scientific lines is the major source of information for precision agriculture, land-use
planning and management (Mustafa et al., 2011 and Mahapatra et al., 2019). The prevailing climatic condition of Jammu
and Kashmir offers favourable agro-ecological potential for fruit production (Dar et al., 2012). The growth and yield of
fruit trees are influenced by several factors including climate, soil, irrigation, pruning, plant protection and nutrition.
Amongst the various soil factors required for sustainable pear production of better quality fruit, the soil medium and site-
characteristics influence to a large extent the tree health and production (Najar et al., 2009). Therefore it is imperative to
characterize and classify the soils as well as evaluate their fertility index dedicated to the cultivation of pear
Methodology
A general reconnaissance survey was undertaken using the soil map of J & K state prepared by NBSS and LUP (Sehgal,
2014) during the course of traversing. Six representative soil profiles in pear orchards located in major pear growing areas
selected from three different physiographic altitudes of district Pulwama. The selected sampling sites were geo-referenced
using Global Positioning System (GPS) to establish pedon site features. The morphological properties were studied in
detail according to Filed Guide for Soil Survey Manual (Natarajan and Sarkar, 2009) during in-situ description of the
exposed profile. The composite soil samples were collected and subjected to laboratory processing before analytical
characterization of physico-chemical properties as per the prescribed standard procedures. The fruit and leaf samples
collected from the same pear orchards during the same year after due processing were analyzed for nutrient and quality
parameters as per the prescribed standard analytical procedures (Jackson, 1973). For statistical analysis of the data
generated, significant (p<0.05) differences of mean and standard error (mean±SE) were determined by one way ANOVA
and Pearson’s correlation analysis was done to study relationship pattern.
Results
The selected locations under study observed heterogeneity in site characteristic features such as altitude, topography,
aspect, natural vegetation etc. The pedon locations varied in altitude ranging from 1591 to 1836 mts. amsl. The topography
ranged from nearly level to gentle slope with slope gradient varying from 0 to 1 percent in inland valley of mid and low
altitude pedons (P3, P4 and P6) and 1 to 3 percent of high hill plateaus (P1, P2 and P5). Located between geo-coordinates of
o o
33 51.233′N latitude and 74 88.283′E longitude, the pedons have mostly northern aspect except P2 and P5 with southern
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aspect. Pedons P1 and P2 located in high altitude are developed on hill slope whereas pedons of mid and low altitiude (P 3,
P4 and P5, P6) are developed on inland valley slope. Pedons P 5 and P6 are very deep to moderately deep, and P1 & P2 on
high hill plateaus are moderately deep. Pedons P1 and P2 have structurally differentiated B (Cambic) horizon, while as P 3
and P4 have structural B (Cambic) and C horizons. All the pedons studied have a hue of 10YR, value ranging from 3 to 5
and chroma from 2 to 6. For surface pedogenic horizons of P1 and P2, the colour (moist) value and chroma varied from dark
greyish brown (10YR4/2) to brown (10YR5/3) while as P 3, P4, P5 and P6, the colour ranged from dark yellowish brown to
brown. In general the texture varied from silt loam to clay loam throughout depth. The structure varied from fine weak
granular and medium moderate / angular blocky to sub-angular blocky throughout the pedons. Lose to slightly hard /
very hard when dry, friable to slightly firm / firm when moist, slightly sticky / plastic to non-sticky when wet slightly
sticky / plastic to to non-sticky and plastic consistency was observed. For most of the profiles, clear and gradual to smooth,
wavy or irregular boundary was observed between the pedogenic horizons. A slight effervescence with dil. 10% HCl
observed for lower horizons of high and mid altitude pedons. Bulk density (BD), particle density (PD) observed significant
(p<0.05) decrease with altitude but irregular trend with depth but significantly (p<0.05) greater porosity in high and mid
altitudes pedons. In general, the soils are slightly acidic to slightly alkaline in pH and significantly (p<0.05) decreasing
tendency with increase in altitude (6.56 < 6.90 < 7.15). Although EC observed non-significant declining trend with altitude
and depth but was below unity. In general the status of OC was low to high and varied significantly (p<0.05) with altitude
and soil depths, with the values ranging from 0.30 to 1.35%. Significantly (p<0.05) lower CEC was observed in higher
altitude pedons than mid and low altitude pedons ranging from 13.16 to 15.20, 14.32 to 16.50 and 16.20 to 17.85 Cmol
(p+) kg-1 respectively. The analytical results of exch. bases reveal that Ca ++ was dominant exch. cation accounting for more
than 74% of exch. bases followed by Mg++, K+ and Na+. However, the exch. cations except Na+ recorded significant
(p<0.05) difference between altitudes but non-significant variation between pedogenic horizons. For the values of base
saturation (BS), non-significant difference between depths but significantly (p<0.05) higher BS (%) in higher
physiographic position than mid and low altitudes was recorded. Based on the field description of soil morphological and
laboratory analytical data the soils under study were classified in two orders viz: Inceptisols and Entisols according to Soil
Taxonomy.
Status and Variability of Available Soil and Leaf Nutrients By considering the critical limits, the soils are rated high in
available N and P (mean value of 372.80 and 15.03), medium in available K, Ca and Mg (264.30, 2205.83 and 252.14 kg
ha-1) status. However, S and B are found to be low in amounts. Most of the pear orchards are rated high in Zn, Cu, Mn and
Fe (1.30, 2.16, 46.75 and 52.09 ppm). An appraisal of leaf nutrients reveal that for macronutrients, marginal to adequate N
content with average value of 2.46% while adequate content of P, K, Ca, Mg and S was recorded. Furthermore, for mineral
micronutrients such as Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and B (46.62, 14.18, 101.11, 121.38, 40.1 and 0.54 ppm), adequate status was
observed. Available macronutrients such as N, P, K and Ca exhibited positive and significant (p = 0.01 & p = 0.05)
relationship with their corresponding values in leaves with correlation coefficients (r = 0.638*, r = 0.812*, r = 0.708* and r
= 0.665*). Micronutrients like Cu, Mn and Fe showed significant and positive relationship (r = 0.632*, r = 584* and r =
0.715**) with their corresponding leaf values. Available N, P and Cu detected positive and significant relationship with
fruit yield with correlation coefficient values (r = 0.859**, r = 0.590* and r = 0.714**). The linear regression analysis
showed much better and significantly strong relationship of fruit yield with soil pH and OC (R 2 = 0.7634 and 0.4369).
The present study
indicates two soil orders Inceptisols and Entisols. Most of the important soil quality indicators such as texture, structure,
OC, pH, CEC and nutrients are influenced by different landscape positions. The prevailing relatively lesser amounts of clay
at the surface permitting good porosity in combination with adequate organic matter, better soil fertility attributes as
indicated from evaluation pattern and relationship studies demonstrate the zones in good coordination with sustainable
production.
Key words: diversity, dynamic, Bactrocera spp, incidence, population, species, seasonal
Anti-AGE properties of Acesulfame potassium and its interaction with BSA

Dinesh Kumar, Ahmad Ali *,
Department of Life Sciences, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400098, INDIA.
ABSTARCT
Background and aims: The noncovalent interaction of amino groups of proteins and carbonyl group of sugars lead to
formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The rate of formation of AGEs increases during the
hyperglycaemic conditions. These products are involved in many metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. In last few
decades there has been a several fold increase in the usage of artificial sweeteners in various food products because of their
less caloric value and less dependence on sugars to prevent Diabetes. However, there are very few reports on the
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implications of these sweeteners in the process of Glycation.
Materials and methods: In the present study, the acesulfame potassium (Ace-K), an FDA-approved artificial sweetener,
was investigated for its involvement in glycation and aggregation process on the protein (BSA). The glucose-mediated
glycation was analysed spectroscopically with fructosamine content by NBT method and carbonyl content by DNPH
method. The AGEs and aggregation (Th T) of glycated products were assayed fluorometrically. Glycation-induced-
secondary structure alteration of BSA was analysed with Circular Dichroism. Further, DLS, TEM, and SDS-PAGE
analysis were performed to analyse the aggregation of proteins.
Results: Ace-K decreased the Amadori products and carbonyl content by 65.33% and 63.38% at 28 days incubation in
comparison to glucose-mediated glycation of BSA. The presence of Ace-K also caused only 41.27% AGEs and 42.87%
cross β-amyloid structures formation. TEM analysis indicated the size range of 50-300 nm of glycated BSA in presence of
Ace-K. The secondary structure of BSA shown to be like native protein in the presence of Ace-K in the glycation system.
Similarly, migration patterns of glycated BSA in the presence and absence of Ace-K indicted the antiglycating role of this
sweetener.
Conclusion: The decrease in the amount of Amadori products, carbonyl content, and total AGEs, inhibition of glycation-
induced aggregation and maintenance of secondary structure of glycated proteins in the presence of Acesulfame potassium
indicate the potential antiglycating property of this artificial sweetener.
Keywords: Acesulfame potassium, Aggregation, AGEs, BSA, Glycation, Thioflavin T
PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION POTENTIAL IN INDIA

Jeetendra Kumar*
Subject Matter Specialist (Agril. Engg.), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jehanabad (Bihar)-804432, Bihar Agricultural University,
Sabour, India
ABSTARCT
Efficient utilization of available water resources is crucial for a country like India which shares 17% of the global
population with only 2.4% of land and 4% of the water resources. Annual per capita water availability which was 5247 m3
in 1951 (presently 1453 m3) is expected to go down to 1170 m 3 by 2050 (CWC, 2015). The country is witnessing drought/
flood situations that impacted crop productivity. Agricultural sector alone consumes 80% of the ground water (Harsha,
2017). The declining trend of groundwater level in all parts of the country also indicates that the assured supply of good
quality water will become a concern for country’s development (Manivannan et al., 2017).
Utilizable water in the country
The rainfall in large parts of the cropped area is insufficient and uncertain which caters need for irrigation. In India, only
48.8 percent from 140 million hectare (mha) of agricultural land could come under irrigation and remaining 51.2 per cent is
rainfed. The mean productivity of rainfed area is about 1.1 tonne per hectare as compared to 2.8 tonne per hectare of
irrigated area. 76 percent of rainfall in India occurs between June and September due to southwest monsoon in most of the
states and more than 50 percent of precipitation takes place in about 15 rainy days in less than 100 hours. India receives an
average annual precipitation of about 4,000 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) out of which 3,000 BCM occurs during monsoon
months. Average annual flow available in rivers is around 1953 BCM during June to September but due to topographical,
hydrological and other constraints, only about 690 BCM of the available surface water can be utilized and ground water
recharge of 432 BCM thus total utilizable water in the country is assessed as 1122 BCM. The annual potential evapo-
transpiration in the country is 1775 mm.
Advancement of Cumulative Irrigation Potential during Five Year Plans:
In India, irrigation has a crucial role in agricultural and rural development (Vaidyanathan et al., 1994). Due to yield
oriented impact of irrigation, it has received high priority in the successive Five Years Plans (FYP). Ultimate irrigation
potential of India has been estimated to be 139.89 million hectare (mha), comprising 58.89 mha from major and medium
schemes, 15 mha from minor irrigation schemes and 66 mha from groundwater exploitation. India’s irrigation potential has
increased from 22.6 mha in pre Plan period to 102.8 mha during 10 th Plan. Under the Five Year Plans, the cumulative
irrigation potential has achieved a considerable progress. Table 1 shows the progress of cumulative potential and its
utilization during different plan periods. It is obvious from Table1 that the cumulative irrigation potential has increased
from 22.6 mha during the pre-plan period to 26.3 mha during the 1 st Five Year Plan and the cumulative utilization of such
potential was 25.1 mha. During 5th Plan irrigation potential has reached at 52.1 mha and then to 89.5 million hectares (mha)
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during the 8th Plan out of which the cumulative utilization was 80.7 million hectares. The target for the cumulative
irrigation potential during the 9th Plan was fixed at 106.4 million hectares and that of cumulative utilization fixed at 94.4
million hectares and the actual realization was 94.0 million hectares and 84.7 million hectares, respectively at the end of
9th Plan. Again at the end of the 10th Plan, total irrigation potential in the country has increased to 102.8 million hectares
and the cumulative utilization of this potential was only 87.2 million hectares. The potential created so far has been
estimated to be 73.5 percent of the ultimate irrigation potential of the country. The utilization of already created irrigation
potential witnessed a declining trend over the successive Five Year Plan, raising several efficiency issues in the execution
of irrigation projects.
Period Cumulative Irrigation Cumulative utilization (Million

Potential(Million hectares) hectares)
Pre Plan 22.6 22.6
1st Plan 26.3 25.1
2nd Plan 29.0 27.7
rd
3 Plan 33.6 42.2
4th Plan 44.2 48.5
5th Plan 52.1 62.2
th
6 Plan 67.9 68.6
7th Plan 76.5 68.6
th
8 Plan 89.5 80.7
9th Plan 94.0 84.7
th
10 Plan 102.8 87.2
Ultimate Potential 139.89
Table 1: Plan-wise position of Irrigation Potential Created and Utilized
Again in 1950-51, out of total irrigation potential of about 23 million hectare, 10 million hectare was under major and
medium irrigation and 13 million hectare under minor irrigation. By the end of 2006, the total irrigation potential reached
102.80 million hectare having 42.80 million hectare under the major and medium project and 60 million hectare under the
minor project.
The average annual rate of utilization remained lower than the average annual addition to the irrigation potential resulting
in the cumulative utilization rate witnessing a continuous reduction that results to inefficient use of funds and also causes
reduced income from irrigated lands.
Decade wise development of irrigation
The ultimate irrigation potential of India is 139.80 million hectares but due to lack of technology, this could not be
achieved so far. It is estimated that even after achieving the full irrigation potential, nearly 50 percent of the total cultivated
area will remain rain fed. Decadal trend of the net irrigated area (Table2) indicate that there is a considerable growth in net
irrigated area from 1950-2011. There was constant increase in net irrigated area from 1951 (20.85 million hectare) and
rapid increase from 1970-71 to 1995-2000. During year 1950-65, increase in net irrigated area was very slow with an
increase of only 9 million hectares within 15 years. 1960 was the decade of the introduction of the green revolution in India
aiming increase in net food production by boosting agriculture production with advancement in technology. Net irrigated
area reached 68.383 million hectare in 2014-15. Despite a few ups and downs, there is a noticeable increase in the irrigated
area and also in irrigation potential.
Table 2: Decade wise irrigated area of India under different sources (in million hectares)
Decade Government Private Canals Tanks Tube Other Other Total net
Canals Canals wells Wells Sources irrigated area
1950-51 7.158 1.137 8.295 3.613 NA 5.978 2.967 20.85
1960-61 9.17 1.2 10.37 4.561 0.135 7.155 2.44 24.66
1970-71 11.972 0.866 12.838 4.112 4.461 7.426 2.2661 31.1
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1980-81 14.45 0.842 15.292 3.182 9.531 8.164 2.551 38.72
1990-91 16.972 0.480 17.453 2.944 14.257 10.437 2.932 48.02
2000-01 15.762 0.203 15.965 2.455 22.569 11.26 2.885 55.13
2010-11 15.496 0.171 15.667 2.004 28.552 10.509 6.867 63.598
2011-12 15.846 0.172 16.017 1.937 29.48 10.779 7.123 65.263
2012-13 15.506 0.165 15.672 1.753 30.543 10.763 7.536 66.266
2013-14 16.115 0.163 16.278 1.842 31.126 11.312 7.542 68.100
2014-15 16.020 0.163 16.182 1.723 31.606 11.354 7.519 68.383
Sources: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture (2015)
Utilized and ultimate irrigation potential under major, medium and minor projects
Table 3 shows created and utilized irrigation potential under major & medium and minor scheme since the time of
independence to year 2207-12. Created potential increased from 22.6 mha at the time of independence to 113.53 million
hectare during 2007-12 while utilized irrigation potential (both surface and ground water) increased to 87.86 million
hectare.
Table 3: Source wise created, utilized and ultimate irrigation potential
Source Irrigation potential (million hectares)
At the time of Up to 2007-12 Ultimate
Independence
Created and utilized Created Utilized
Major & medium (Surface water) 9.7 47.97 34.95 58.5
Minor (Surface water) 6.4 - - 17.3
Minor (Surface & ground water) 12.9 56.56 52.5 81.4
Total (Major, medium and minor) 22.6 113.53 87.86 139.9
Source: CWC (2015); DES, GoI (2017)
Net Irrigated Area under various sources of irrigation
Since 1950-51, the government had given much importance to the development of command area under canals and India
has gross irrigated area of 96.46 mha, net irrigated area 68.38 mha in 2014-15. In 1950-51, the canal irrigated area was
8.295 mha (Table 2) and in 2014-15 it stands at 16.18 mha (Table 4).
Table 4: Net Irrigated area from various sources and their relative contribution
Sources Year 2009-10 Year 2014-15
Net Irrigated Area % Contribution Net Irrigated Area % Contribution
Canal 16.697 26.40 16.18 23.66
Tanks 1.638 2.59 1.72 2.52
Wells 39.042 61.72 42.96 62.82
Others 5.880 9.30 7.52 11.00
Total 63.257 100 68.38 100
Source: DES, MoA&FW, GoI (2018)
On the other hand, the well and tube well accounted for 28.7 % of total irrigated area in 1950-51 and in 2014-15 it’s share
increased to 62.82 % of the total net irrigated area. However, the relative importance of canals has come down from 39.78
% in 1950-51 to 23.66 % in 2014-15. Contribution of irrigated area under canals and tank declined since 2009-10 but area
under ground sources are on rise, which is a matter of concern. This is due to improved irrigation infrastructure that
resulted into increase in the net irrigated area (NIA). However, a structural shift has been observed in the relative
contribution of different sources of irrigation in NIA over the years. It was due to significantly higher annual growth of
groundwater irrigated area than canal irrigated area during 1950-2007. Significant growth in the groundwater irrigated area
indicated the growing importance of groundwater because of its reliability and higher irrigation efficiency of 70-80 per
cent compared to 25-45 per cent of the canal irrigation (Sharma, 2009).
CONCLUSIONS
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The area under irrigation has increased substantially during the post independence period and construction of a large
number of major, medium and minor irrigation projects have been done. Irrigation has received massive government
support in the successive Five year Plans and has witnessed significant growth during the past more than fifty years.
Improved irrigation infrastructure has resulted into increase in the net irrigated area. The potential of irrigation
development varies across geographical regions due to topographical, hydrological and other constraints. Further, the
increasing gap between irrigation potential created and its utilization over the years has raised efficiency issues in the
execution of irrigation projects. This is main challenge of irrigation sector in our country. Another challenge is uneven
distribution of water over the length of the canal system. Irrigation efficiency of the major and medium irrigation projects
is around 38 per cent which should be improved to around 50-60 per cent and that of groundwater from about 65-70 per
cent to 72-75 per cent. Minor irrigation projects have both surface and ground water source, while major and medium
projects mostly exploit surface water resources. There is need to develop and implement cost effective technological
innovations for improvement of efficiency of surface irrigation system and groundwater irrigation system. As about 88 per
cent of ultimate irrigation potential has already been developed, irrigation infrastructure can be improved further by
bridging the gap to increase cropping intensity and crop diversification of high-value crops. Water productivity can be
improved further by increasing irrigation efficiency, developing sustainable water supply system and emphasizing on
completion of the on-going irrigation projects efficiently rather starting new ones. To reduce the consumption of water and
maximize agricultural productivity, there is need to introduce advanced technologies in crop production like crop
diversification, efficient water management methods and equipments, use of treated waste water for agriculture, use of
improved irrigation infrastructure etc.
Under Long-Term Experiment, Response of Increasing Doses Phosphorus Application on Wheat

and Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Content
Mehmet IŞIK, Veysi AKŞAHİN, Feyzullah ÖZTÜRK, and İbrahim ORTAŞ
Department of Soil Science and plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Soil organic carbon (specifically organic matter) is used as an essential indicator of soil health. Soil organic carbon is
related to plant growth and the availability of mineral nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). However, still
there is limited literature about relationship between soil organic carbon and P nutrition. The aim of study is to investigate
effects of different P doses application on soil and plant C and N concentrations. In this respect since phosphorus, increase
plant biomass the hypothesis to be tested is; increasing P application contribute plant and soil C and N pool.
Methods
A Long-term field experiment was established at University of Çukurova, Research and Application field on Arıklı soil
series at 1998. Four P doses such as; 0 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P0), 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P50), 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P100) and 200 kg P2O5
ha-1 (P200) with tree replications was applied. Adana-99 species wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds were sown in
November 2018 and harvested at May 2019. After harvesting, plant sample and soil samples under different depth (0-15
and 15-30 cm in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil) were taken. Root, shoot and seed part of wheat and soil C and N
sample analyzed by Fisher 2000 model CN analyzer. The Organic Carbon (OC) and Total N (TN) pools were calculated by
Ortas and Lal, 2012. Obtained data statistically analyzed and LSD test were realize by JMP 8 computer package program.
Results
There was statistically significant different as N% and C% concentration under P200 doses application. The heights C%
and N% concentration was determined with P200 treatment. Also, there was statistically significant different as soil OC
amount in rhizosphere 0-15 soil depth in P 200 doses treatment in which the highest carbon content 46.1 Mg ha-1 was
determined. In addition soil total nitrogen was determined and the highest N was measured in 0-15 cm soil depth. Soil C:N
ratio changing from 6.1 to 10.3 and the highest C:N ratio was determined in non-rhizosphere 15-30 cm soil depth.
Conclusions
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Under long-term field conditions, depend on increasing doses P fertilizer wheat plant growth and increased plant N and C
concentration. Also soil OC and TN amount were increased. It seems that addition P dose application increased biomass
and consequently plant and soil C content. This founding is supporting our hypothesis.
Key words: Long-term experiment, Phosphorus, Wheat, Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen.
IDENTIFICATION OF TERMINAL HIGH-TEMPERATURE TOLERANT CHICKPEA

(Cicer arietinum L.) GENOTYPES THROUGH YIELD-BASED SELECTION INDICES
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda-120001, U.P., India
ABSTRACT
Purposes
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a third most important cool season grain legume crop cultivated in arid and semi arid
region of the world. Under rainfed cultivation chickpea crop faces heat stress during flowering and grain development.
Terminal heat stress during reproductive phase cause negative impact on several physiological processes results reduction
of productivity. Therefore, prime objective of this study to identify terminal heat tolerant genotypes under changing global
climate scenario.
Methods
The experiment were conducted at research farm of Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda (250 29’ N
latitude; 80° 20’E longitude, 123 m above mean sea level and soil pH 7.3) during growing season 2019-20 under two
environments, near optimal (10, November) and delayed sown (14, January) under irrigated environments. Ninety
genotypes were planted in augmented block design with four checks in plot size of two rows of 2 m length with row to row
spacing of 30 cm. One irrigation was applied in timely sown and two irrigation were applied in late sown experiment to
rescue crop from drought stress. Fifteen quantitative traits were recorded in normal and stress environment. The recorded
traits were subjected to statistical analysis using for yield-based selection indices viz., Yield reduction% (YR%), Capacity
for seed filling under heat stress (KWR%), Heat susceptibility index (HSI), Yield stability index (YSI) and Stress tolerance
index (STI), were used to identify the tolerant genotypes and/or best performing genotypes under normal and late sown
conditions in chickpea. The adjusted mean values of traits were used for estimation of selection indices.
Results
The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among the germplasm lines for studied traits in normal and
heat stress environments. The crop start flowering after 55 days of sowing where as in late sown conditions flowering start
in 40 days of sowing. Crop life cycle was reduced 41 to 65 days under terminal heat stress and plants force to mature in 84
to 95 days under late sown condition. The determinant effects of terminal heat stress were observed on each studied trait.
The mean seed yield of five plants normal environment is 88.31gm, whereas more than 39% decline (50 gm) observed is
under late sown crop. The reduction in all traits under stress environment indicates the sensitivity of the chickpea to heat
stress. The stress indices comparing of normal and late sowing have been estimated. The maximum YR% was observed in
JG 322 and C-1762(56%) followed by PUSA-1053(55%) however, lowest yield was reduced in C-1791 (19%), GNG 1854
(20%) and Vijay (25%). The lowest KWR% was recorded in C-1779 (1%), EC-556270 (2%) and ICVT-181114 (3%).
Based on selection indices contrasting heat tolerant and susceptible genotypes were identified. The genotype C1791 had
minimum YR% (19%) followed by GNG 1854 (20%), Vijay (25%), GNG 2127 (26%) and ICVT 181102 (27%). These
genotypes also show lowest HSI thereby theses genotypes considered as heat tolerant material. The genotype JG-312 and
C1762 has maximum YR% (56%), followed by PUSA 1053 (55%), ICVT 181116 and ICCV 2055 (54%) under heat stress
environment. These genotypes show highest HSI thereby considered as heat susceptible genotypes. The C 1791, GNG
1854, Vijay, GNG 2127 and ICVT 181102 show stable performance (YSI) under two diverse growing environments. The
genotype GPF 2, ICVT 181116, and IC 244263 shows high HTI 1.56, 1.51 and 1.39, respectively.
Conclusions
Among abiotic stress terminal high-temperature is main cause of significant yield loss in chickpea crop. The genetic
resource which showed tolerance to terminal heat stress can be utilised in breeding programme. In the presented study,
C1791, GNG 1854, Vijay, GNG 2127 and ICVT 181102 are identified terminal heat tolerant genotypes. The genotype JG
322, C-1762, PUSA-1053, ICVT-181116 and ICCV-205 are identified as heat susceptible genotypes. The C 1791, GNG
1854, Vijay, GNG 2127 and ICVT 181102 show stable performance. Based on the performance of germplasm lines under
both conditions, identified genotype which have ability to withstand in heat stress situation would be useful in chickpea
breeding programme.
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Keywords: Chickpea, Terminal heat stress, Selection indices, Heat susceptible index
Evaluation of some beetroot cultivars for their response of resistance and/or susceptibility to
root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica
1
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The objective of this study is to find out the resistance and/or susceptibility response of beetroot
cultivars against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica.
Methods: In the current study, seven cultivars of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) were evaluated for their reactions
to Meloidogyne javanica by inoculating with 1500 second stage juveniles per pot. The pots were arranged in a
completely randomized design (CRD) with four replication of each cultivar under greenhouse conditions. The
data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS-17 statistical software (SPSS Inc.,
Chicago, IL, USA). Mean values of each cultivar were statistically compared and separated by Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at P ≤ 0.05.
Results: The data revealed that all examined beetroot cultivars displayed varying degrees of resistance and/or
susceptibility to M. javanica. Based on the number of galls, none of the cultivars was found highly resistant or
immune. Among all cultivars, the cultivars namely, CG, DDR and Red Ace, were recorded moderately resistant
as they showed the minimum number of galls (4.0, 8.0 and 7.0). In comparison, the cultivar Red Express was
observed as highly susceptible showed a maximum number of galls (126). Similarly, the cultivars Atlas and Red
Queen were found moderately susceptible followed by the cultivar Red Ruby which was recorded susceptible.
A significant negative correlation was recorded between root-knot nematode infestation and plant growth
parameters.
Conclusion: All examined cultivars displayed a significant decline in plant growth due to infection caused
by M. javanica when compared with their controls. The highest reduction in growth parameters was recorded in
cultivar Red Express while the least reduction was observed in CG, DDR and Red Ace. A positive and
significant correlation was found between the number of galls and per cent reduction in plant growth
parameters. From the study, it can be recommended that the cultivation of resistant cultivars is an eco-friendly
tactic that can be used to manage the nematode density below the economic threshold level.
Keywords: Beetroot, Cultivars, Meloidogyne javanica, Resistance, Screening
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Under Long-Term Field Conditions, the Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on
Soil and Plant Nitrogen and Carbon Contents.
Veysi AKŞAHİN, Mehmet IŞIK, Feyzullah ÖZTÜRK, and İbrahim ORTAŞ
Department of Soil Science and plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Purpose
İncreased human population have a negative impact on soil to provide sufficient and safe food production. In order to
ensure food safety regularly, different agricultural production and operating methods are being implemented. . Soil and
crop managements such as chemical fertilizer applications have a negative impact on the soil biological quality and
productivity. Especially under long term fertilizers conditions organic carbon poor soil are being exhausted. Instead of
using such as exhaustible artificial mineral fertilization resource, organic fertilizers and mycorrhizal fungi can be used. The
most well-known organic fertilizer such as animal manure, compost and mycorrhizae fungi are significantly contributing
soil organic carbon sink and consequently, organic fertilizers have a positive effect on the soil biological diversity and
productivity. In order to increase soil carbon content, long-term organic fertilizer applications increase soil carbon budget
hypothesis was tested under field conditions.
Purpose of the study; to investigate the effects of different organic and inorganic fertilizer applications on the soil and
wheat plant carbon and nitrogen content and carbon sinks
Methods
A long-term field experiment was established in 1996 until present time. Before each production season, without fertilizer
(control), Mineral fertilizer (NPK), Animal manure (25 ton ha -1), Compost (25 ton ha-1) and Compost+Mycorrhiza (10 ton
ha-1) were applied regularly. Adana-99 varieties wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds were sown in October 2018 and
harvested in May 2019. After harvest, soil and plant samples were taken and soil-plant carbon nitrogen analyses were
made. Measured data were statistical were analyzed by JMP 8 computer package program.
Results
Results shown that; when the C % and N % contents of the plant seed, shoot and root were examined, especially organic
fertilization applied treatments have higher concentration than that of the control treatment. When the TC %, OC % and N
% contents of the soil at different depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) and in rhizosphere (R) and no rhizosphere (NR) area was
examined, compost and animal manure treatments have higher content than that of control parcels. At the rhizosphere area
0-15 cm depth the soil % OC, and % IC contents were statistically significant (P<0.05). The highest values of soil OC %,
C/N and IC % contents at Rhizosphere 0-15 cm depth were obtained in animal manure with 2.94 %, 10.06 and 3.90 %
respectively. Total soil carbon and nitrogen content were examined and it was found that animal manure have the highest
content in both soil depths, while the lowest values were obtained in the control application.
Conclusions
It has been concluded under long-term organic fertilizer application increased soil the %TC %OC, %N content as well as
contribute to the carbon and nitrogen budget. The results found support our hypothesis. Animal Manure, compost and
Compost+Mycorrhiza inoculation can be used as an eco-friendly and agro ecological fertilizer for sustainable agriculture
and safe food security.
Key words: Wheat, Carbon, Organic Carbon Nitrogen, organic mineral and fertilizer
Efficacy of some biopesticides and synthetic insecticides against banana leaf and fruit scarring
beetle, Basilepta subcostatum Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Sh. Biraj Kalita and Dr. Inee Gogoi
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Banana is a wholesome fruit and is also known as “poor man’s apple”. It is the fifth most traded agricultural commodity in
the world and second most important fruit crop in India. It got introduced and infested with an insect pest called leaf and
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fruit scarring beetle (Basilepta subcostatum), which has now become a key pest in the whole North-Eastern region of India.
It has also paved its way to places like Bihar and Odisha and is now a national concern and threat to the banana export
industry. We aim to decipher the best management practice, like the banana bud injection, foliar application and central
whorl application of insecticides and bio-pesticides at the critical stages of the crop to curb the beetle infestation at initial
stages so that the farmers can get a better price by increasing the fruit cosmetic value.
Methods
Increase and decrease in beetle population were recorded at all the critical stages of the crop before and after spraying. Bud
injection was applied at shooting stage of the crop. Leaf scars were recorded from the photo synthetically important leaf
along with the records of fruit parameters. Randomized Block Design was used to carry out the research in field.
Results
Among all the treatments, chlorpyriphos was the best treatment in field in reducing the beetle population and imidacloprid
was at par with the standard check chliorpyriphos. Among the biopesticdes used, Metarhizium anisopliae proved to be best
out of all three. Meteorological data showed their highest incidence during monsoon. The bud injection method proved to
be safer and competent preventive technique for reducing the percentage of blemished fruits.
Conclusions
The present study may help in rational selection of novel insecticide molecules, microbial and botanical insecticides, which
can be taken advantage for developing integrated pest management (IPM) program for banana. To get solace from this pest
and restrain its cryptic behavior, proper study of the beetle biology is necessary.
Key words: banana leaf and fruit scarring beetle, field bio-efficacy, bud injection, bio-pesticides.
MICRONUTRIENT MALNUTRITION IN INDIA: MAGNITUDE AND CONSEQUENCES

Vinita Singh1 and Monika Thakur2
1. Vinita Singh, PhD Research scholar, Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida,
UP - 201303, India
2. Monika Thakur, Faculty, AIFT, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP - 201303, India
Email: write2vinita1@rediffmail.com
ABSTARCT
Micronutrients are used to signify essential vitamins and minerals required from the diet, needed in very small quantity to
maintain virtually all cellular and molecular functions of the body for attaining optimal growth, development and
physiological functions. The impact of the insufficiency of these micronutrients on human health are critical, and,
deficiency in any of them contributing to the low productivity and a vicious cycle of malnutrition and other nutritional
deficiencies which may lead severe and even life-threatening conditions of the person. It is also referred as 'Hidden Hunger'
that affects the health, learning ability as well as productivity owing to high rates of illness and disability. In the current
scenario, micronutrient deficiency is a global public health issue that affects more than one-fourth of the world's
population. Several programmes have been instigated in India over the years for improving the nutritional and health status
of the population, however, a large section of the population is still affected by micronutrient deficiency. It is estimated that
around two billion people in the world are deficient in one or more micronutrients.
In India, various surveys have been carried out at district and national level such as - District Level Household Survey
(DLHS), Annual Health Survey (AHS), National Family Health Survey (NFHS), and, National Nutrition Monitoring
Bureau (NNMB) for assessing the health and nutritional status of the population in the country. The objective of this study
focussed on the current situation of micronutrient status in the country, based on national surveys and recent studies.
Micronutrient malnutrition
Micronutrient malnutrition is a term used to refer to diseases, caused by a dietary deficiency of vitamins or minerals. More
than 2 billion people in the world today affected by micronutrient malnutrition. In India 44% of children under the age of 5
are underweight, 72% of infants, and, 52% of married women have anaemia. Research has conclusively shown that
malnutrition during pregnancy causes the child to have increased risk of future diseases, physical and mental retardation
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and reduced cognitive abilities. The major micronutrient malnutrition issues affecting populations in developed and
developing countries addressed in the WHO Guidelines are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Micronutrients Deficiency Conditions and Their Worldwide Prevalence
Micronutrient Deficiency Prevalence Major Deficiency Disorders

Iodine 2 billion at risk Goiter, hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency
disorders, increased risk of stillbirth, birth defects
infant mortality, cognitive impairment
Iron 2 billion Iron deficiency, anemia, reduced learning and work
capacity, increased maternal and infant mortality,
low birth weight
Zinc Estimated high in developing Poor pregnancy outcome, impaired growth
countries (stunting), genetic disorders, decreased resistance
to infectious diseases
Vitamin A 254 million preschool children Night blindness, xerophthalmia, increased risk of
mortality in children and pregnant women
Folate (Vitamin Insufficient data Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube and other birth
B6) defects, heart disease, stroke, impaired cognitive
function, depression
Cobolamine Insufficient data Megaloblastic anemia (associated with
(Vitamin B12) Helicobacter pylori induced gastric atrophy)
Thiamine (Viamin Insufficient data, estimated as Beriberi (cardiac and neurologic), Wernicke and
B1) common in developing Korsakov syndromes (alcoholic confusion and
countries and in famines, paralysis)
displaced persons
Riboflavin Insufficient data, est. to be Non specific – fatigue, eye changes, dermatitis,
(Vitamin B2) common in developing countries brain dysfunction, impaired iron absorption
Niacin (Vitamins Insufficient data, estimated as Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death)
B3) common in developing
displaced persons
Vitamin B6 Insufficient data, estimated as Dermatitis, neurological disorders, convulsions,
common in developing anemia, elevated plasma homocysteine
displaced persons
Vitamin C Common in famines, displaced Scurvy (fatigue, hemorrhages, low resistance to
persons infection, anemia)
Vitamin D Widespread in all age groups, Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, colorectal

low exposure to UV rays of sun cancer
Calcium Insufficient data, estimated to be Decreased bone mineralization, rickets,

widespread osteoporosis
Selenium Insufficient data, common in Cardiomyopathy, increased cancer and

Asia, Scandinavia, Siberia cardiovascular risk
Fluoride Widespread Increased dental decay, affects bone health
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Source: Adapted from Allen L et al.: Table 1.2 pp 6-10.2
The reasons for nutritional micronutrient deficiencies in India may range from an improper diet to an unhealthy lifestyle.
There are many micronutrient deficiency problems exist which affect vast segments of our population. Iron deficiency
anaemia, Vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency disorders are the most widespresd forms of micronutrient
malnutrition which are common contributors to poor growth, intellectual impairments, perinatal complications, and
increased risk of morbidity and mortality..
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA (IDA)
Anemia is a global public health problem which affects 1.62 billion (24.8%) people worldwide. It is the most common
form of micronutrient deficiency which affects infants, preschool children, adolescent girls, pregnant women and lactating
mothers. It can be caused due to deficiencies of micronutrients such as iron, folic acid and vitamin B 12, with iron deficiency
being the most common cause of anaemia. The latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS4) carried out by the Ministry
of Health and Family Welfare in 2015 - 16, reported the prevalence of anaemia as 58.6, 53.1, 50.4 and 22.7 percent, among
children aged 6-59 months, women aged 15-49 yr, pregnant women aged 15-49 yr and men aged 15-49 yr, respectively.
The deficiency of iron in the body occurs when iron intake is inadequate, absorption of iron is insufficient, bio-availability
of dietary iron is reduced, need of iron is increased or there is chronic blood loss. Blood loss in childbirth is very dangerous
for anaemic women and is the main cause of about 20 percent of maternal deaths. Maternal anaemia also leads to foetal
growth retardation, low infant birth weight and increased perinatal mortality. Anaemia in infants and children is associated
with retarded physical growth, reduced resistance to infections and slow development of learning abilities. In adults it
causes fatigue and reduced work capacity and may cause reproductive impairment. Since, nutritional anemia is a serious
problem, the Government of India launched National Nutritional Anaemia Prophylaxis Programme (NNAPP) in 1970, as a
part of Family Planning Programme to prevent nutritional anaemia among children, expectant and nursing mother. The
programme was later renamed in 1991 as National Nutritional Anaemia Control Programme, targeting women in
reproductive age group, especially pregnant and lactating women and preschool children, because if untreated, these can
affect next generation child resulting in increased morbidity and mortality and decreased productivity.
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY (VAD)
Vitamin A deficiency is highly prevalent health concern, associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, mostly
affecting young children in impoverished regions throughout the world. Insufficient intake of absorption leads to
deficiency and compromise of essential physiologic processes. VAD primarily affects children, worldwide. It causes night
blindness, delayed dark adaptation, lowers resistance to infections and, eventually, produce blindness as a permanent
disability (xerophthalmia). Young children below the age of 3 years and pregnant and lactating women are most vulnerable
to VAD. It also contributes to retarded physical growth and impaired resistance to infections, resulting in high rates of
sickness and death among young children. Regular consumption of vitamin A-rich foods such as animal products, orange
and yellow fruits and vegetables, dark green edible leaves, could prevent VAD.
The Government of India launched the National Prophylaxis Programme in 1970 against Nutritional Blindness caused due
to VAD, targeting the children in the age group of 1-6 yr with the specific aim of preventing nutritional blindness occurred
due to keratomalacia. The programme was modified in 1994, under the National Child Survival and Safe Motherhood
Programme, where, the target group was restricted to 9-36 months children. The age of the target group was later modified
in 2006 as 6 to 59 months.
IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS (IDD)
Iodine deficiency disorders constitute the single largest cause of preventable brain damage, affects about 2 billion people,
worldwide. Majority of consequences of IDD are invisible and irreversible but at the same time these are preventable. It is
most common in developing countries where people may lack access to enough healthy food. But it can also affect people
in developed countries who lack an adequate diet or whose bodies don’t correctly process iodine. In India, the entire
population is prone to IDD due to deficiency of iodine in the soil of the subcontinent, and, consequently the food derived
from it. In pregnancy, iodine deficiency either causes spontaneous abortions, stillbirths and infant mortality or may
interferes with the brain development of the foetus, result in birth of iodine deficient babies who may be cretins;
characterized by mental disorder, hearing defects, squint and stunted growth. So, they require more iodine than any other
group of people, because they may experience a deficiency if they don’t make a conscious effort to consume high-iodine
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foods. Realizing the magnitude of the problem, the Government of India launched National Goitre Control Programme,
which was later renamed as National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP).
CONCLUSION
Micronutrient insufficiency is a serious public health concern across the world, with anaemia impacting almost half of the
population, although vitamin A deficiency and IDD have improved over time. The population's micronutrient status is
projected to improve in the future years as a result of recent government measures and the improvement of current health
and agriculture systems.
Key words: micronutrient, anemia, vitamin, mineral, iodine
Natural resource management for retaining diversity on EARTH

Madhu Sharan
Professor& Head of the Department
Department of Clothing and Textiles
Faculty of Family and Community Sciences
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
Biodiversity:
Biodiversity refers to every living thing, including plants, bacteria, animals, and humans on Earth. It not only includes rare,
threatened or endangered species but also every living thing for which we are less aware of. Human and human cultural
diversity is also included in bio diversity which is also called bio culture.
Human
Knowledge Ecological
and beliefs system
Fig 1. Concept of bio culture
The above relationship makes all the diversity be right which is very important to our wellbeing 1.
The unlimited use of natural resources has cause disturbance in eco system and massive loss of biodiversity. The major
problems thus caused include habitat loss, unstainable resources, pollution and global climate change. Conservation
challenges are not impossible. It can be managed by understanding threats to biodiversity and how they play out in
context2.
India is one of the 17 mega-biodiversity countries of the world. Although India has only 2.5% of land area, total of plants
and microbes here accounts for 7.8% of recorded species in the world which is quite a big number.
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Natural Resource Management (NRM)
A “natural” resource is one that is produced by nature without human intervention. The 20th century saw the importance of
optimise utilisation and was projected at a supranational level.
First major internationalization of the natural resource management was observed during World War II, when countries
came together to address the issues of damaged capacities and insufficient use of available resources. That context yielded
to tackle problems of agricultural production in developing countries.
1. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) in 1945,

2. The International Whaling Commission in 1946, and,
3. The International Fund for Agricultural Development, in 1977
Second change was shift at a global level to Earth’s resources as a whole :- the seas, the air, and biodiversity. Following
were the outcomes:
1. At international level the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was established in 1972
2. The national level environmental ministries (in Europe) or agencies (in the United States) flourished in developed
countries in the early 1970s.
Methods for natural resource management
According to Cooney, there are 4 methods to manage the precaution of biodiversity in natural resources management;
1. "Ecosystem-based management"
2. "Adaptive management"
3. "Environmental impact assessment"
4. "Protectionist approaches"3.
Approaches for natural resource management include 4:
• Top-down (command and control)

• Community-based natural resource management
• Adaptive management
• Precautionary approach
• Integrated natural resource management
• Ecosystem management
In India, Natural Resource Management Division of ICAR is conducting basic and strategic researches to
develop technologies for conservation, management and sustainable utilization of the natural resources ensuring food,
nutritional and environmental security in the country through 15 research institutes. The outcome of NRM research has
been promoted through various developmental Plan schemes of the Government and contributing towards increase in
agricultural productivity in the country.5
What Can Be Done to Strengthen India’s Natural Resource Management?
India’s government has started to shift its priorities in terms of how it manages the country’s economy and natural
resources. Among new Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s first national initiatives was changing the name of the Ministry of
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Environment and Forests to the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change. This sends a strong signal that the
government is serious in addressing climate change. Meanwhile, his Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or “Clean India,” campaign
to scrub India’s streets and countryside has the potential to evolve into a national air and water clean-up program.
The promising shift in resource management comes amid an assessment of the administration of environmental laws in
India’s economic development. The active steps proposed by the commission are two-fold6:
1. The first is to exempt some big project proposals from the citizen involvement and public hearing process
required by India’s environmental impact assessment rules.
2. The second is to replace the politically appointed and frequently corrupt national and state pollution control
boards, which review and issue permits, with professionally staffed national and state environmental management
agencies.
It has been observed that the agricultural sector has the greatest potential for energy savings. Not only this, the agro waste
has the potential for revenue generation if explored properly.
Development of innovative fabrics from agro waste
From agro waste, fibres can be explored which after modification can be used for different textile end uses ranging from
house hold articles to technical textiles.
1. Fibres from Lotus stem
2. Fibres from pineapple leaves
3. Fibres from Okra Stem (https://www.google.com/search?q=okra+stem&client=firefox-b-

d&sxsrf=AOaemvJrBNtmVLjcHy_AL_4JfYd0gk4nmg:
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4. Fibres from Sugarcane Bagasse
Exploration of the above agro waste yielded the results that fiber for the specific use in textiles can be explored.
These fibers had utility in the technical textiles and with the modification it can be used for Apparels also. Okra
fibres were suitable for house hold items because of it coarseness. Lotus fibers were as good as silk and pineapple
fibres were also suitable for textiles. Sugarcane bagasse with its inherent adsorption property was suitable for
technical textiles.
The production of fibres on large scale at the site only can help in achieving the sustainable development goals.
Dyes from agro waste:
1. From flowers: Marigold, Rose, Sunflower
2. From leaves: Almond, Eucalyptus, Bael
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3. From roots: Turmeric, Madder
4. From peel : Onion, Pomegranate, Orange
5. From husk : Coconut
Dyeing industry is classified under one of the major polluting industry with very harmful effects on marine life.
Substitution of synthetic dyes with natural dyes will play a very important role. Other than minimising the
carcinogenic impact of the synthetic dyes, it will help in reducing tons of the waste created from the after use of
the flowers.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
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Fig 2. List of sustainable development goals (source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals)
Of the above, with the proper and scientific utilisation of agro waste, we will be able to attain following SDG to some
extend
1. SDG 1 No poverty
2. SDG 8 Decent work and economic growth
3. SDG 9 Industry innovation and infrastructure
4. SDG 11 Sustainable cities and communities
5. SDG 12 Responsible consumption and production
6. SDG 17 Partnership for the goals.
With the exploration for fibres and dyes from agro waste above SDG can be achieved.
Lets take oath to make a lovely place to live in and leaving better place for the future generation.
References:
1. https://www.amnh.org/research/center-for-biodiversity-conservation/what-is-biodiversity
2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/natural-resource-management
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_management
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_management
5. https://icar.org.in/content/natural_resource_management_division
6. https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2015/03/strengthen-indias-natural-resource-management
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7. Gardetti M & Muthu S (2015). Handbook of Sustainable Luxury Textiles and Fashion Vol 1 Springer
Science+Business Media Singapore pp:10-12
8. Thangavel K., Ganesan P., et.al,(2015) Sustainable Luxury Natural fibers- Production, Properties and
Prospects . Handbook of sustainable Luxury Textiles.
9. Goel A., Sharma S., et.al,(2001) The conservation of the Diversity of Nelumbo (Lotus) at the National
Botanical Research Institute,Lucknow(India) www.bgci.org
10. Mishra, S.P. A Textbook of Fibre Science and Technology pp.4-5. New Age International Publishers London
(2018)
11. Ghosh, G.K. (2015). Non-Conventional Textiles. New Delhi, India: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation.
12. Hess, K.P. (1948). Textile Fibers and their use, Chicago: J.B. Lippincott company.
13. Kumar, M., & Padhy, P.K . (2015) Environment Perspectives of Pond Eco-systems : Global Issues, Services
and Indian Scenarios , Current World Environments 10 (3) 848-867.
14. Mishra, M.K., Panda, A., Sahu, D. (2012) . Survey of wetland plants of South Odisha. Indian Journal of
Traditional Knowledge, 11 (4) , 658-666
15. Booth, J.E. Principles of Textile Testing. pp.100- 230 CBS Publishers and distributors Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi,
India (1996)
Comparative evaluation on the intercropping and monocropping system on the vegetative

growth performance of pineapple
Raimi M. Redwan*, Nik Nur Anis Ayunee Nik Zakaria, Fatimah Kayat
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Demand for pineapple especially for fresh consumption has been increasing worldwide. In Malaysia, even though the
current production has surpassed the SSL of 100%, the country aims to increase the production to fulfil the global demands
especially for export to China. Pineapple has potential to be intercropped with various crops due to its small shrub nature
and intercropping provides various benefits both to increase diversity of area and to improve the income of farmers.
Methods
In this research, the vegetative growth stage of pineapple grown in monoculture and intercropped in between banana were
evaluated for 18 weeks. The parameter used to assess the growth were the number of leaves, length of leaves, width of
leaves and height of plant. The experiment was performed in two treatments and 15 replicates for each treatment. Data
were then analysed using Independent Variable T Test.
Results
The result indicated that there are no significant differences showed in all the parameters for both treatments except for
parameter height of plant. Moreover, from the agronomic aspects evaluation of the planting bed during the experiment, the
planting bed for pineapple intercropped in banana farm was less affected by weed in comparison to pineapple planted in
monocrop system.
Conclusions
The study highlights the potential of pineapple to be intercropped with banana to bring benefits to the crop ecosystem
without affecting its growth performance. The study can be used to advocate farmers to practice intercropping to maximise
their farm income.
Key words: Pineapple, MD2, monocropping, intercropping, banana
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Influence of Different growing media and Bio-enhancer on seed germination and seedling
growth after transplanting of papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Pusa Nanha
* Ravi Shankar Singh, A.K.Dwivedi, Akash Shukla, Manoj Kumar and Jitendra Shukla
Department of Fruit Science, C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is an important tropical commercial fruit crop of India. Belong to the family caricaceae and genus
carica. It is native to the tropical of the America. It is very rich source of vitamin A and good source of vitamin C. It is also
fairly rich in calcium, iron, vitamin B 2, nicotinic acid, protein, fat, carbohydrates and other minerals. So it’s a good choice
for cultivation for grower and consumer. The increasing germination per cent and producing more number of healthy
seedlings is a challenge for papaya growers because it have high seedling-mortality due to damping-off disease at the nursery
stage. Growing media composition influences seed germination and quality of the seedlings.
Methods
The experiment was conducted to improving the germination and seedling growth of papaya influence by media (Soil, Sand,
FYM) and bioenhancer (Cow pat pits, Jiva-amrit, Amritpani, Vermivash) at Experiment Station, Department of Horticulture,
Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya with five treatment and replicate
four in R.B.D. in papaya after transplanting stage. Results
The present study showed that the maximum value of plant height was found with the treatment of (Amritpani) stem
diameter (vermivash), leaf width and length (jeeva amrit). Whereas the minimum was found in control.Whereas after
transplanting all the bio-enhancer which was found at par in all the influence of observation.
Conclusion
Therefore, It may be concluded from the results obtained in present investigation for the growth of papaya any bio-
enhancer can be utilized as per the availability in indo-gangetic plains of eastern Uttar Pradesh due to less economy.
Keyword: Papaya, Media, Bio-enhancer, Germination, Seedling growth.
Impact of foliar application of Nutrients and PGR’s on Physico- Chemical Property of Guava
(Psidium guajava) fruit cv. Lalit
*Akash Shukla, A.K.Dwivedi, Ravi Shankar Singh, Manoj Kumar and Jitendra Shukla
ABSTRACT
Purpose
The Guava is fourth most important fruit after mango, banana and citrus fruit in India it’s also known as ‘Poor man’s Apple’.
It is a rich source of vitamins especially vitamin-C (300 mg/100g) and minerals like calcium, phosphorus, Iron etc. and anti-
oxidant. In guava different fruiting seasons commonly known as bahar. Among all the bahars, higher economic yield are
obtained from mrigbahar. However, mrigbahar faces different abiotic stresses due to poor nutritional condition. So, foliar
application of nutrients and plant growth regulators reduce the poor nutritional factor and improved physico-chemical
property of guava fruits.
Methods
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The experiment was conducted to improve the physico-chemical property through foliar application of nutrients and PGR’s
on eleven year old guava plants in the month of first week of August and second week of September during 2017-18 at
Horticulture Research Farm, BBAU, Lucknow. The experiment was laid out in R.B.D. with three replication and ten
treatments single or in combination of T0(control), T1(Urea 1%), T2(Potassium sulphate 1%), T3(Zinc sulphate 1%), T4(GA3
50ppm), T5(NAA 50ppm), T6(Urea 1%+ NAA 50ppm), T7(Urea 1%+ GA3 50ppm), T8(Urea 1%+ Zinc sulphate 1%),
T9(Urea 1%+ Potassium sulphate 1%).
Results
Results showed that the foliar application of Urea 1% + NAA50ppm was the best treatment combination among the all
treatment for improving physico-chemical property of guava fruits (viz, T.S.S 7.66 -12.09 0Brix, total sugar 5.87 - 7.20%,
ascorbic acid 158.45 - 172.07 mg/100g and reduce the acidity 0.68 -0.51 %), where as the minimum result was found in
control.
Conclusion
Therefore, combined spray of Urea 1% + NAA 50ppm can be advocated to guava growers for the better quality of guava
fruits.
Keyword: Guava, Plant Growth Regulator, Nutrients and Physio- Chemical Property.
Effect of organic manures on quality and physico-chemical characteristics of winter season

guava (Psidium guajava L.) in cv. L-49
Anand Singh Rawat, Dr. Bhanu Pratap, Dr. Prithvi Pal and Manoj Kumar
ABSTARCT
Purpose
Guava (Psidium guajava L.), is one of the most important tropical and subtropical fruit crops of India, which belongs to
the family Myrtaceae. Integration of organic substrates can have significant effect on the physical, microbiological and
chemical properties of soil, which are indirectly responsible for supporting plant growth and fruit quality. We aim to
identify, the best sources of organic manure for the production of improved quality of guava.
Methods
The experiment was conducted in Simple Random Block Design with three replications in guava cv. L-49. The experiment
was laid out in open field condition with seven treatments viz. T1 (control), T2 (FYM), T3 (vermicompost), T4 (poultry
manure), T5 (FYM + vermicompost), T6 (vermicompost + poultry manure) and T7 (FYM + poultry manure). The different
levels of organic manureswere applied in soil at a distance of 1-2 ft. away from the tree trunk.
Results
The observations revealed that the use of organic manures improved the physical and chemical characteristics as well as
yield attributes in the guava plant. Among the different organic manures evaluated in the present study, vermicompost +
poultry manure combination emerged as the best choice of organic manures, closely followed by FYM + poultry manure
in improving the fruiting characteristics and fruit quality.
Conclusions
The organic manures can be implemented for organic guava production, and due to the application of vermicompost +
poultry manure combination to guava field, potentially contribute to improved quality guava fruits.
Key words: Organic farming, FYM, vermicompost, poultry manure, healthy fruits.
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Study the nutrition level on sesamum varieties under rainfed condition
Janki Prasad
Department of Crop Physiology, C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.) is the oldest indigenous oilseed crop, with longest history of cultivation in India. Sesame
or gingelly is commonly known as til (Hindi, Punjabi, Assamese, Bengali, Marathi), tal (Gujarati), nuvvulu, manchi
nuvvulu (Telugu), ellu (Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada), tila/pitratarpana (Sanskrit) and rasi (Odia ) in different parts of India.
Methods
The experiment was carried out in the Department of Crop Physiology, C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and
Technology, Kanpur during the year 2016-2018. Complete Randomized Block Design was used in trial.
Results
Aimed with to study the effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium Sulphur, and Farm Yard Manure used in the
experiment were 40:20:20:20 and 2.5 t/ha. Significantly increased growth yield and quality of Sesamum varieties Shekhar
(V1), Pragati (V2), and Tarun (V3) and treatment as control(NPK) T1, NPK+S (T2), NPK+FYM(T3) and NPK+S+FYM@
40:20:20:20kg /ha and 2.5 t/ha. (T4). Result revealed that the applicationof T4(Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulphur
and Farm Yard Manure) and variety Tarun over all best response in all observation like as used in the experiment were
Significantly increased seed yield (q/ha.), Chlorophyll intensity (%), RWC (%), plant height (cm), Branches/plant were
significantly enhanced in comparison to control (NPK).
Conclusion
Result revealed that the applicationof T4(Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulphur and Farm Yard Manure) and variety
Tarun over all best response in all observation like as used in the experiment were Significantly increased seed yield
(q/ha.), Chlorophyll intensity (%), RWC (%), plant height (cm), Branches/plant were significantly enhanced in
comparison to control (NPK).
Key words: Sesamum, Farm Yard Manure, Chlorophyll intensity, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulphur.
Impact of alternative cheap gelling agents for shoot multiplication and rooting of strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) under in vitro condition
Manoj Kumar*, A.K.Dwivedi, Ravi Shankar Singh, Akash Shukla, Vivekanand
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Strawberry is one of the most important fruits which contain vitamin B complex, vitamin C, lots of antioxidant and mineral
matters. So its cultivation in this region will be helpful for growers as well as consumers for energy as well as better health
benefits. The conventional propagation method is vegetative means but commercial and large scale production of plantlets
has been not possible and the chance of yield reduction due to the infestation of biotic stresses. Therefore, the availability
of quality planting material is of urgent need. Recently, tissue culture has been a promising approach for strawberry
multiplication at large scales. In the tissue culture techniques, gelling agent agar is costly compound so there is need of
search out cheap compound as gelling agent for large scale production of plantlets through tissue culture to meet out the
demand of needy growers.
Methods
The experiment was carried out in the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, SVPUA&T, Meerut under
in vitro condition during the year 2017-2019. The experiment was laid out in C.R.D with three replication (10 containers or
pots/treatment).
Results
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Result showed that the earliest shoot initiation (14.21 days) was noted under BAP 4.00 mgl-1 + Sago@20 gl-1. The
minimum days taken for shoot development (24.28 days) was noted under Half MS Media +Tapioca (sago) 10 gl-1
+BAP@2.0 mgl-1. After, 40 and 60 days Maximum number of shoots obtained (5.78) were noted under the same treatment
of Half MS medium +BAP 4.00 mgl-1 + Sago@20 gl-1. Maximum percentage of developed shoots obtained (83.16%) was
noted under the same treatment of BAP and Sago. Maximum shoot length obtained (2.86 cm) under the treatment of Half
MS medium + BAP 4.00 mgl-1 + Sago@ 20 mgl-1.where as the maximum day taken for shoot development maximum
(34.58 days) was noted under the treatment combination of Half MS Medium with Corn flour@ 30 gl -1+BAP @ 2.0 mgl-1.
Highest proliferated rooting was reported in strawberry shoots on Half MS media supplemented with Sago@ 20 gl -1+ IBA
2.50 mgl-1. The minimum days taken for root initiation (12.67 days) were found under Half MS Media +Tapioca (sago) 20
gl-1 +IBA @2.0 mgl-1. The maximum number of roots per plantlet was recorded (4.22) under the same treatment of IBA
and Sago@20 gl-1. Where as the maximum (15.00 days) for root initiation was noted under treatment combination MS
Media + Corn flour 30 gl-1 +IBA @3.0mgl-1.
Conclusion
In this way sago@ 20 gl-1 + BAP@ 2 mg/l for shoot development and sago@ 20 gl -1 + IBA @2.5 mgl-1 for root
development. So it’s proved that sago starch could be used as a substitute to agar in culture medium to substantially reduce
the medium cost.
Key words: Explant (runner), strawberry, Micropropagation, Sterilization, gelling agent (sago, corn flour, agar), Callus.
Genetic diversity study in species of three important genera- Arachis, Cicer and Oryza using seed
storage proteins
Manisha Sharma, Soom Nath Raina and Apekshita Singh*
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201313, U.P., India
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Seeds are reservoirs of nutrients which are utilized by the developing seedlings and humans for dietary intake and food
security. A seed storage protein defines the nutritional value of the grains. In our study, we aim to highlight the importance
of seed storage proteins in diversity analysis and phylogeny in three plant systems Arachis, Cicer and Oryza, which can be
further utilized in determining and improving the nutritional quality of seeds.
Methods
Seed storage proteins are extracted for the isolation of total soluble proteins by using extraction buffer under controlled
conditions and the extracted total protein sample is subjected to SDS-PAGE for the analysis of banding pattern obtained.
The banding profiles are then analyzed with the help of bioinformatics tools.
Results
Intraspecific variation seen among different varieties of plant systems. The cluster analysis studies and polymorphism in
the banding pattern of seed protein profiles among varieties of Arachis, Cicer and Oryza helps in studying genetic diversity
intraspecifically.
Conclusion
Seed storage protein analysis is molecular biology tool for determining genetic diversity, nutritional value, genetic
relatedness among species or varieties which might be helpful in developing high yield and nutritious varieties (nutritional
improvement/biofortification).
Key words: seed storage proteins, diversity, intraspecific variation, nutritional improvement/biofortification.
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Influence of liquid and carrier based biofertilizers on quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv.
Taiwan White
Bharathi Nirujogi, M. Madhavi, L. Naram Naidu, P. Vinaya Kumar Reddy, D.R Salomi Suneetha and
P. Rama Devi
Bharathi Nirujogi, Dept. Of Fruit Science, COH, V.R.Gudem, Dr. Y.S.R.H.U, A.P.
Horticulture, COH, V.R.Gudem, Dr. Y.S.R.H.U, A.P.
ABSTARCT
Purpose
In the present scenario, farmers are opting fertigation which ensures precise timing and uniform distribution of nutrients
and is an efficient and agronomically sound method of providing soluble plant nutrients directly to the active plant root
zone. Biofertigation with liquid biofertilizers is the efficient and precise use of beneficial microorganisms through a
microirrigation system over carrier based biofertilizers. However, limited attempts have been made to study the influence
of liquid formulations on the growth, yield and quality of fruits in India and there is need to validate the relative advantage
of liquid formulations over carrier based biofertilizers.
Methods
The present investigation “-Influence of liquid and carrier based biofertilizers on quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.)
cv.Taiwan White” was carried out for two fruiting years (Mrig Bahar) viz., 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 at College of
Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem, Dr.YSRHU. The experiment was laid out in Factorial RBD with two factors and
three replications. The first factor consisted of three levels of RDF (100 %, 80 % and 60 % of RDF) and the second factor
with three levels of different combinations of biofertilizers (NFB + PSB + KSB liquid biofertilizers, NFB + PSB + KSB
carrier based biofertilizers and without biofertilizers) comprising nine treatment combinations.
Results
Guava trees applied with 100% RDF + liquid biofertilizers was found significantly superior over other treatments in
respect of TSS (9.47 0Brix), total sugars (8.19%), reducing sugars (4.76%), ascorbic acid content (233.52 mg/100 g pulp),
pectin content (1.16%), calcium content (23.67 mg/100 g pulp) and phosphorous content (36.33 mg/100 g pulp) in fruits.
Application of 100 % RDF + liquid biofertilizers was on par with 80 % RDF + liquid biofertilizers for TSS (9.38 0Brix)
and total sugars (8.19%).
Conclusions
The conjoint use of 100% RDF with liquid biofertilizers (NFB + PSB + KSB) recorded maximum increase in quality
parameters in guava cv. Taiwan White besides maintaining the soil fertility.
Key words: Guava, liquid biofertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, quality parameters
Eco friendly dyeing with extracts of henna on cotton

Dr Jyoti Vastrad, Mrs Suvarnagouri Y
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Growing consciousness about organic value of ecofriendly products has generated renewed interest of consumers towards
use of textiles dyed with ecofriendly natural dyes. Henna (Lawsonia inermis) extract is harmless dye extensively used in
natural healing science. Colouring content gradually percolates into the substrate. We aimed to standardize natural dyeing
conditions, optimize the mordanting methods, evaluate the colour strength value and fastness properties.
Methods
Optimization of pre-treatment with Myrobolan, mordanting and dyeing concentration for 2/64s cotton yarn experimented.
Assessment of quality parameters for colour fastness using standard test procedures and colour strength using
spectrophotometer with interface Colour Premiere Software for change in colour.
Results
The colour strength of samples mordanted with ferrous sulphate was the maximum followed by potassium dichromate and
copper sulphate. The samples mordanted with potassium dichromate, potash alum, copper sulphate and aluminum acetate
were towards the greener tinge. Light fastness of the samples mordanted with stannous chloride and Aluminum acetate was
moderate. Perspiration fastness for acidic media of the samples mordanted with salts was good. Change in colour of the
samples mordanted with Aluminum acetate and zinc chloride for wash fastness was good to excellent.
Conclusions
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Standardized protocol for dyeing and the types of mordant used, a variety of colours can be produced for cotton for better
performance. So, extraction and purification of natural dyes and their application can be of great significance in the future.
Key words: Henna, Mordants and Cotton Yarn
IDENTIFICATION OF TERMINAL HIGH-TEMPERATURE TOLERANT CHICKPEA

(Cicer arietinum L.) GENOTYPES THROUGH YIELD-BASED SELECTION INDICES
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda-120001, U.P., India
ABSTRACT
Purposes
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a third most important cool season grain legume crop cultivated in arid and semi arid
region of the world. Under rainfed cultivation chickpea crop faces heat stress during flowering and grain development.
Terminal heat stress during reproductive phase cause negative impact on several physiological processes results reduction
of productivity. Therefore, prime objective of this study to identify terminal heat tolerant genotypes under changing global
climate scenario.
Methods
The experiment were conducted at research farm of Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda (250 29’ N
latitude; 80° 20’E longitude, 123 m above mean sea level and soil pH 7.3) during growing season 2019-20 under two
environments, near optimal (10, November) and delayed sown (14, January) under irrigated environments. Ninety
genotypes were planted in augmented block design with four checks in plot size of two rows of 2 m length with row to row
spacing of 30 cm. One irrigation was applied in timely sown and two irrigation were applied in late sown experiment to
rescue crop from drought stress. Fifteen quantitative traits were recorded in normal and stress environment. The recorded
traits were subjected to statistical analysis using for yield-based selection indices viz., Yield reduction% (YR%), Capacity
for seed filling under heat stress (KWR%), Heat susceptibility index (HSI), Yield stability index (YSI) and Stress tolerance
index (STI), were used to identify the tolerant genotypes and/or best performing genotypes under normal and late sown
conditions in chickpea. The adjusted mean values of traits were used for estimation of selection indices.
Results
The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among the germplasm lines for studied traits in normal and
heat stress environments. The crop start flowering after 55 days of sowing where as in late sown conditions flowering start
in 40 days of sowing. Crop life cycle was reduced 41 to 65 days under terminal heat stress and plants force to mature in 84
to 95 days under late sown condition. The determinant effects of terminal heat stress were observed on each studied trait.
The mean seed yield of five plants normal environment is 88.31gm, whereas more than 39% decline (50 gm) observed is
under late sown crop. The reduction in all traits under stress environment indicates the sensitivity of the chickpea to heat
stress. The stress indices comparing of normal and late sowing have been estimated. The maximum YR% was observed in
JG 322 and C-1762(56%) followed by PUSA-1053(55%) however, lowest yield was reduced in C-1791 (19%), GNG 1854
(20%) and Vijay (25%). The lowest KWR% was recorded in C-1779 (1%), EC-556270 (2%) and ICVT-181114 (3%).
Based on selection indices contrasting heat tolerant and susceptible genotypes were identified. The genotype C1791 had
minimum YR% (19%) followed by GNG 1854 (20%), Vijay (25%), GNG 2127 (26%) and ICVT 181102 (27%). These
genotypes also show lowest HSI thereby theses genotypes considered as heat tolerant material. The genotype JG-312 and
C1762 has maximum YR% (56%), followed by PUSA 1053 (55%), ICVT 181116 and ICCV 2055 (54%) under heat stress
environment. These genotypes show highest HSI thereby considered as heat susceptible genotypes. The C 1791, GNG
1854, Vijay, GNG 2127 and ICVT 181102 show stable performance (YSI) under two diverse growing environments. The
genotype GPF 2, ICVT 181116, and IC 244263 shows high HTI 1.56, 1.51 and 1.39, respectively.
Conclusions
Among abiotic stress terminal high-temperature is main cause of significant yield loss in chickpea crop. The genetic
resource which showed tolerance to terminal heat stress can be utilised in breeding programme. In the presented study,
C1791, GNG 1854, Vijay, GNG 2127 and ICVT 181102 are identified terminal heat tolerant genotypes. The genotype JG
322, C-1762, PUSA-1053, ICVT-181116 and ICCV-205 are identified as heat susceptible genotypes. The C 1791, GNG
1854, Vijay, GNG 2127 and ICVT 181102 show stable performance. Based on the performance of germplasm lines under
both conditions, identified genotype which have ability to withstand in heat stress situation would be useful in chickpea
breeding programme.
Keywords: Chickpea, Terminal heat stress, Selection indices, Heat susceptible index
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ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF POPLAR FARMING TO RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN
KASHMIR HIMALAYA, INDIA
M.A. Islam*1, T.H. Masoodi1, S.A. Gangoo2, A.A. Wani1, G.M. Bhat3, P.A. Sofi2, A.A. Gatoo1, A.R.
Malik2, Murtaza Shah1 and Ummar Atta1
1
Division of Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K, Benhama, Ganderbal-191201, J&K, (India)
2
Division of Wood Products and Utilization, Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K, Benhama, Ganderbal-191201 (J&K), India
3
Division of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K, Benhama, Ganderbal-191201 (J&K), India
ABSTRACT
Poplar farming constitutes a major source of livelihood among rural people in Kashmir playing a vital role in
economy, rural development, employment and occupation, forest-industries, growth and survival, social,
economic and cultural conditions and poverty alleviation (Islam et al., 2016). The poplars resources are used by
the rural communities to meet their daily livelihood needs besides satisfying their social, economic, cultural,
religious, ethical, traditional, spiritual, ecological and political aspirations (Islam et al., 2012). The study
investigated the tree resource production, subsistence consumption, economic contribution and socioeconomic
determinants of poplar farming in Ganderbal district of Kashmir.
Methodology
Multistage random sampling technique was employed to select the 191 households from the 10 sample villages.
Secondary data were collected from all possible sources and primary data were gathered through field survey
administering structured interviews, non-participant observations and focus group discussions. The data were
analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical regression model.
Results
Results revealed that total production (p) and consumption (c) of poplar resources were; fuel wood (p=105.58
t/year, c=105.58 t/year), tree browse (p=74.90 t/year, c=74.90 t/year), timber (p=2730.54 m 3/year, c=223.08
m3/year) and leaf litter (p=49.93 t/year, c=49.93 t/year). Poplar resources generated total income of ₹
2207903.72/year (subsistence=₹ 1250180.18/year, cash=₹ 1880589.10/year) @ ₹ 16391.45/household/year.
Timber contributed largest share (65.41%) to the total poplar income followed by fuel wood (20.23%), tree
browse (14.36%) and leaf litter (0.00%). The average gross annual income was 111256.17/household which is
differentiated as agriculture (35.68%), business (20.06%), livestock (18.24%), poplar farming (8.85%), willow
farming (7.20%), service (6.94%) and wage labour (3.03%). Nonetheless, the poplar farming is the 4 th major
contributor of household economy. Regression analysis showed that the socioeconomic factors namely, family
size, family labour, land holding, herd size, main occupation, annual income, proximity to forest and forest
visits are the key determinants influencing significantly the poplar resources based income.
Conclusion
The findings suggested that the poplar farming is the key alternative for poverty alleviation, socioeconomic
development and livelihood security; hence, policy must be implicated towards the livelihood diversification
through sustainable production, value addition and commercialization of poplar resources.
Keywords: Poplar faming, tree resource, socioeconomic factors, livelihoods, income, Kashmir, Himalaya.
References
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Islam, M.A., Banyal, R., Rai, R. and Singh, P.K. 2012. Determinant factors of agroforestry adoption in north
Kashmir. Indian Journal of Social Research, 53(2): 123-129.
Islam, M.A., Sofi, P.A., Bhat, G.M., Wani, A.A., Gatoo, A.A., Singh, A. and Malik, A.R. 2016. Prediction of
agroforestry adoption among farming communities of Kashmir valley, India: a logistic regression
approach. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(4): 2133-2140. DOI: 10.31018/jans.v8i4.1103
Assessing the impact and management of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) and a
look to the future in Bangladesh
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-
1207, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
Purpose
A field survey study was carried out to assess the socio-economic effects of a highly invasive plant species,
parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) during 2020-21 across the Jashore Hub and Greater Rajshahi
regions of Bangladesh. We also investigated the performance of the chemical control of P. hysterophorus using
four herbicides under field conditions.
Methods
Primary data were collected using semi-structured interview questions and through direct observation on the
field. Butachlor (25.00 kg ha-1), Bispyribac Sodium (150 L ha-1), Quizalofop-p-Ethyl (2.5 L ha-1), and
Carfentrazone Ethyl (5%) + Glyphosate (36%) (2.00 L ha-1) were used for the chemical control of P.
hysterophorus.
Results
Farmers were well aware of parthenium weed presence, its biology, habitat, and mode of dispersal across the
landscape. Vehicles and flood water are the major agents, which proliferate the seeds of the weed. Most of the
respondents (76%) indicated that the weed first appeared on the roadside and spread to other habitats. Summer
is the most favorable growing season and April is the most dominant month of infestation. All the major crops
cultivated were infested by varying degrees of weed densities. Farmers (52%) found they have 10 to 20% crop
yield reduction due to the parthenium infestation. Serious impacts upon the health of livestock in parthenium-
infested areas have been reported from respondents (47%), found to cause clinical signs in animals. Farmers
reported parthenium weed as a very difficult-to-manage weed and unsurprisingly, manual weeding or herbicides
were the major weed control methods across the regions which is consistent with the overall management
practices in the country. Carfentrazone Ethyl (5%) + Glyphosate (36%) and Quizalofop-p-Ethyl resulted in a
100% and 90% mortality rate on 21 DAS in the field study. No mortality was seen in another two herbicides.
Conclusions
The agricultural communities described significant effects of parthenium weed on their crop and livestock
production and social well-being. Therefore, a comprehensive management strategy is urgently needed to
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address the looming crisis of parthenium weed invasion across the regions and a similar approach must be
implemented at the national and international levels.
Key words: Parthenium weed; Socio-economic impacts; Weed management; Animal health; Herbicide;
Bangladesh
“TEFF- A SUPER MILLET CROP”

Ashoka P, Mahantesh B. Nagangoudar,Sunitha N H and Priya
ICAR-KVK, (University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad)- Haveri -581 115, Ranebennur (Tq), Haveri (Dist),
Karnataka state, India, Cell :9482071182,
ABSTRACT
Major cereals viz., rice, maize, wheat, etc., though capable of meeting food demands, require major concern in
their production with high demand for external inputs. Continuous consumption of these crops is inviting many
health issues as they are capable of supplying limited nutrition. Though, minor millets are being cultivated since
ages in India as integral part of sustainable farming for their high nutritiousness, yet the value they fetch in the
market is too low for a grower to lead a comfortable life. This is creating a wider socio-economic gap between
the poor farmers and commercial farmers. Hence, there is an urgent need for a crop that not only suffice the
hunger with high nutritional quality but, must have a higher demand in the market. Teff is one such minor millet
native of Ethiopia where it is cultivated and consumed as staple food for about 50 percent population of the
country. It is an intriguing grain, rich in nutrition compared to other cereals and is free of gluten and capable of
yielding potentially even on marginal soils. Teff was introduced to India by CFTRI, Mysore. The promotion
and cultivation of Teff in India is still in infant stage as less is known about the crop and lack of any
standard/improved practices available for its cultivation. The present article is a brief review of the importance
and agronomic practices of teff crop in a view to promote the cultivation and consumption of teff in India.
Key words: Teff, tiny seeds, nutrition, agrotechniques, lodging
INTRODUCTION
Teff (Eragrostis tef [Zucc.) Trotter), commonly known as “Williums love grass, teffa and annual bunch grass”
in different parts of the world is originated and diversified from Ethiopia (Vavilov, 1951). Being minor millet, it
belongs to the Poaceae family, sub-family Eragrostoidae, tribe Eragrosteae and genus Eragrostis.The word
“teff” is derived from the Amharic word “teffa” which means "lost", due to small size of the grain and how
easily it is lost if dropped (Ketema, 1991), while some say it was derived from Arabic word “tahf” a name given
to similar wild plant (Constanza, 1974; Tadesse, 1975; Endeshaw, 1978).Domestication of teff started at the
time of food scarcity due to famines (Tadesse, 1975; Endeshaw, 1978) and now is the major indigenous cereal
cultivated and consumed as a staple food for more than 85 per cent of the 85 million people of Ethiopia (Lee,
2018). In Ethiopia, teff ranks first in acreage (cultivated on 7.85 lakh hectares of land out of 1.12 m hectares of
total land size) and second in production (1,117.24 m tonnes) next to maize among the cereals (Tamirat and
Tilahum, 2020). Simultaneously, benefits of teff cultivation are dispersing to various parts of the world viz.,
Australia, Canada, Cameroon, China, India, South Africa, The Netherlands, UK, Uganda and USA. However,
complete statistics with respect to teff production, consumption and trade are least accessible from those
countries.
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PLANT BIOLOGY
Teff is a sexually propagated, self-pollinating annual grass species (Dejene and Lemlem, 2012). It is tetraploid
with a chromosome number of 2n = 40 (Tareke, 1975; Endeshaw, 1978) and an allopolyploid (Tareke, 1981).
Teff is a warm seasonal annual grass in which all the plant biomass below the ground is called root and all that
is seen above is called shoot. It has thin, slender stem made of longer internodes at the base and shorter at the
apex, which opens into succulent and very thin leaves.On an average a teff plant produces ten panicles
(inflorescence), each panicle consisting around 1000 seeds. The plant phenology in detail is presented below in
Table 1.
Table 1. Phenological characters of teff
Phenological trait Min. Max.
Days to panicle emergence 25 81
Days to mature 60 140
Plant height (cm) 20 156
Culm length (cm) 11 82
First culm internode length (cm) 2.68 8.05
Second culm internode length (cm) 4.15 11.45
First and second culm internode diameter (cm) 1.2 4.5
Panicle length (cm) 10 65
Peduncle length (cm) 5.85 42.3
Number of primary panicle branches 10 40
Number of spikelets per panicle 30 1070
Number of florets per spikelet 3 17
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Grain yield per panicle (g) 0.11 2.5
-1
Number of tillers plant (total) 4 22
-1
Number of tillers plant (fertile) 1 17
Grain yield per plant (g) 0.54 21.9
Total phytomass per plant (g) 4 105
Source: Assefa et al., 2016
Teff seeds are the smallest seeds in the world, varying in 1-1.7 mm long and 0.6-1 mm diameter and l000 seed
weight measuring around 0.3-0.4 grams(weight of 150 teff grains = 1 wheat grain) (Miller, 2007). The seeds are
mucilaginous with various seed coatcolour viz., ivory, light tan to deep brown or dark reddish-brown purple,
depending on the variety (upper class consumed the lighter grains while, the dark grain was the food of soldiers
and servants). Majorly three types of seeds are available viz.,
White teff: Grows only in highlands, when used increases shelf life of injera, chestnut-like flavor and mostly
preferred by the higher-class people.
Red/Brown teff: More adoptability, earthier and taste more like hazelnuts and mostly preferred by poor and
working community.
Mixed: Has intermediate traits of white and brown type.
NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF TEFF
Teff is an intriguing grain, ancient and minute in size packed with nutrition. Inspite of its tiny size, it holds
enormous nutritional factors in its seeds. Even teff straw got higher palatability due to its high nutrient
composition and high succulent nature of the stem which makes teff straw much preferred by the cattle than any
other cereal straw.
Nutritional composition of teff grain and straw
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Table 2: Teff grains composition Table 3: Teff hay composition
Quality Parameters Composition (%)
Component 100 g-1
Water (g) 10.0 Crude Protein 9-14
Energy (kJ) 1468 Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) 32 – 38
Protein (g) 12.3 Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) 53 – 65
Fat (g) 2.1 Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) 55 - 64
Starch (g) 59.8 Relative Feed Value (RFV) 80-120
Fibers (g) 7.9
Calcium (mg) 167
Iron (mg) 5.7
Magnesium (mg) 194 Source:
Table 2: Akanksha et al., 2018
Potassium (mg) 477 Table 3: Miller, 2007
Table 4: Comparison
between types of teff
Minerals (mg/100 g) White teff Red teff Mixed teff
grains
Iron 9.5-37.7 11.6 – 150 11.5 - 150
Zinc 2.4-6.8 2.3-6.7 3.8-3.9
Calcium 17-124 18-178 78.8-147 Source: Akanksha et

al., 2018
Copper 2.5-5.3 1.1-3.6 1.6
USES OF TEFF:
• Teff flour is primarily used to make a fermented, sourdough type, flat bread called Injera.
• Teff is also eaten as porridge and also used for making traditional alcoholic drinks like tella (local opaque beer)
and katikalla (local spirit), kitta (sweet dry unleavened bread) and muk (gruel) (Gebremariamet al., 2012).
• Cooked teff can be mixed with herbs, seeds, beans or tofu, garlic, and onions to make grain burgers.
• The seeds can also be sprouted and the sprouts used in salads and on sandwiches.
• Good thickener for soups, stews, gravies, and puddings and can also be used in stir-fry dishes, and casserole
dishes.
• Best forage crop that is capable of yielding higher biomass coupled with high quality fodder for cattle (Miller,
2008).
• Straw incorporated with mud to reinforce it and used in plastering the house walls.
Teff products:Teff flour can be used as a substitute for part of the flour in baked goods, or the grains added
uncooked or substituted for part of the seeds. Appetizers Baked goods, Biscuits and scones Breads, Breakfast
and desserts bars, Breakfast dishes (to be eaten with fruits and milk, hot or cold), Brownies, Cakes and cupcakes
Casserole dishes Cookies, Crackers Desserts, Dips, sauces and gravy Granolas (muesli) Muffins, Pancakes &
waffles Pastas, Pie crusts Pizza crusts Rolls & buns Soups & stews, Tortillas and flat breads and Weaning food.
SOIL AND CLIMATE
Teff is a tropical low risk cereal that grows in a wider ecology and can tolerate harsh environmental
conditions where most other cereals are less viable (Gebremariamet al., 2012). Teff is a warm season annual
grass that requires a frost-free growing season. It is cultivated from sea level up to 2800 m on soils with varying
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physical and chemical properties, in waterlogged and in well drained soils, in moisture stress areas having less
than 300 mm of rainfall as well as in areas having 1000 mm seasonal rainfall. This gives an idea of the
tremendous ecological diversity under which the crop can be grown (Ketema, 1991). Soil temperatures at
planting should be at least 65º F. Teff comes up well in light sandy loam to medium deep black soils. Teff seeds
sown in clay loam soil recorded significantly higher plant height (8.7 cm) than sown in sandy loam soil (7.6 cm)
due to finer clay particles with higher surface area can easily come in contact with small seeds and supports
early and better establishment of the seedlings than sandy loam soils (Debelo, 1992).
SEED BED PREPARATION
Teff requires a firm and compact seedbed (Miller, 2007). Two ploughings prior to sowing were
optimum to attain significantly higher grain yield (816 kg ha-1), while no ploughing and more than two number
of ploughing resulted in lower yields (Debelo, 1992). This is due to better contact between the seeds and soil
under ploughed land than unploughed land, that resulted in better establishment of the crop. As the number of
ploughings increased, the soil became more porous and seeds were placed at greater depth resulting in poor
germination and crop density, resulting in lower yields.Results also revealed that sub-soiling practice as water
conservation technique on vertisol ensured more porosity of the soil that enhanced infiltration rate and available
soil moisture which was sufficient to meet the water requirement of the crop ultimately resulting in higher yield
levels as compared to teff grown under conventional and minimum tillage systems (Melesse, 2007).
SEED SELECTION (Variety, seed treatment, seed rate)

Teff seeds are the smallest seeds in the world. Though there is much lack of genetic improvement in
teff varieties, few local varieties are promising yielders to the farmer. Seed variety chosen should be well
adopted to the prevailing, soil and climatic conditions in order to achieve the higher yields. Between the
machere and quncho varieties, machere produced significantly higher number of tillers m -2 (165.9), effective
tillers m-1 (128.9) and grain yield (2344 kg ha-1), while, higher plant height (124.6 cm) and shoot biomass (7467
kg ha-1) were noticed in quncho variety (Aleminew and Legas, 2015). This is mainly attributed to genetic
potentiality of the varieties. Similarly, Cross 387 gave higher grain yield than Cross 37 (Anon, 2008).
Since, seeds are tinythe rate of planting is very less. Broadcasting the teff seeds at the rate of 25 kg ha -1
is the most common practice in Ethiopia (Aleminew and Legas, 2015). Aleminew and Legas (2015) reported
that seed rate of 5 kg ha-1 recorded significantly higher plant height (126.9 cm), number of tillers m-2 (201.8)
effective tillers m-2 (160.5) and grain yield (2527 kg ha-1) compared to higher seed rates (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30
kgs ha-1). Similarly, Tesfay and Gebresamuel (2016) noted 74.19 to 78.54 per cent higher yield can be achieved
with 5 kg ha-1 under line sowing than broadcasting 25 kg ha-1of seeds.Results also revealed that grain yield
increases with increasing seed rate from 2.5 to 10 kg ha-1 and then declined with further increase in seedrate
(Fekremariam et al., 2020). Arefaineet al. (2020) and Biya (2020) concluded that 10 kg ha-1seeds were
sufficient to attain significantly higher magnitudes of growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of teff. This
is due to lack of inter and intra-competition between the plants that resulted in better growth and development
of the crop.Seeds sown at lower densities results in higher yield levels than compared to higher seed rates. An
average of 1.5 kg raw or 3.0 kg coated seeds per acre are sufficient to attain optimum forage yield in summer
(Miller, 2007).
Seed treatment had least effect on enhanced germination of the seeds. Seeds treated with water (0.0
MPa) showed 99.0 per cent germination within two days which was on par with 0.3 MPa NaCl treatment
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(Debelo, 1992). This is due to increased water potential of solutions at higher concentrations caused exo-
osmosis that badly affected physiological processes of seed germination.
PLANTING (time, method, spacing and depth)
Teff can be grown as both Kharif (June-July) and Rabi (October-November) for
grain purpose or as summer forage (Miller, 2007).Sowing on 2nd week of July recorded
significantly higher plant height (74.55 cm), panicle length (32.00 cm) and grain yield
(2876.4 kg ha-1) than delayed sowing (i.e., on 3rd and 4th week of July). The reductions in
teff yield due to delay in sowing by 7 and 15 days was very high about 60 and 68 per cent,
respectively. This is mainly attributed to the inter-specific competition by weeds that was
severe under late sown crop (Juraimiet al., 2009).
Method of planting has greater effect on growth and development of the crop (Ariogluet al., 2004).
Broadcasting method was commonly practiced by the farmers producing minor millets. Row planting with seed
drills has become popular for its own advantages, while, transplanting under limited water supply condition is
gaining higher importance for its ease in better establishment and management of the crop (Abraham et al.,
2014). Tesfay and Gabresamuel (2016) reported that higher plant height (144.93 cm), panicle length (55.57 cm),
tillers per plant (13.83), grain (3.66 t ha-1) and straw yield (9.5 t ha-1) were obtained under row planting of teff
crop over broadcasting method. Similar results were also concluded by Arefaineet al. (2020). Row planting of
teff lead to 38.20 to 90.67 per cent higher net returns than under broadcasting method (Tesfay and Gebresamuel,
2016). Oumer (2017) concluded that mean technical efficiency of row planting in teff was 90.93 per cent and
efficient utilization of the available resources and inputs can increase this technical efficiency by 9.07 per cent.
Results of system of teff intensification revealed that, a four-fold increase in yield was obtained under
transplanting (5109 and 4385 kg ha-1) over broadcasting (1014 and 1181 kg ha-1) in two varieties (Cross 37 and
Cross 387, respectively) of teff crop (Anon, 2008). Similarly, an increase of about 17.47 and 24.33 per cent of
grain and straw yields, respectively, were attained under transplanting over line sowing method (Mahantesh,
2020). Transplanting gave 34 and 75 per cent higher grain yield over line sowing and broadcasting methods,
respectively (Fekremariamet al., 2020). The variation in yield levels under different planting methods is mainly
because of early establishment of the seedlings coupled with greater availability of all the resources viz., space,
light, nutrients and moisture that lead to enhanced physiological processes reflected in higher growth and
development of the crop.Transplanting or sowing in rows gave three-to-four-fold higher grain yield coupled
with reduced lodging and ease in weed management than broadcasting method (Behreet al., 2011 and Fufaet al.,
2011, Alematet al., 2016).
Solid lines with closer spacing in between the rows are recommended for the teff. Row spacing of 15-
30 cm and intra row spacing upto 15 cm gave higher grain yield levels than increased inter and intra-row
spacing under line sowing method (Amare and Legas, 2015; Fekremariamet al., 2020).Though narrow planting
enhanced the competitive ability of teff grain yields were lower due to more lodging of the crop while, lower
yield under wider spacing was mainly due to lesser plant population. Hence, 20 cm inter row spacing is
optimum to attain maximum grain yield levels (Ali et al., 2011; Tamirat, 2019; Wubanteet al., 2017; Biya,
2020). However, studies showed that spacing had least significant effect on biological yield (Fikere Mariam et
al., 2014). Significantly higher grain yield was obtained by transplanting the teff seedlings at 15 cm between the
rows. Shorter crop duration (early panicle emergence and physiological maturity) under narrow spacing was
because of severe intra-specific competition between the neighboring plants for the available resources (Bekalu
and Tenaw, 2015). Jebesa and Abraham (2016) noted that higher grain yield and net returns can be achieved
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even with inter-row spacing of 10 cm provided with higher fertilizer supply. However, some improved varieties
of teff showed wider elasticity to yield optimally over a range of plant densities (Daniel et al., 2016).
Depth of planting matters much in teff cultivation due to tiny size of the seeds. Debelo (1992) observed
that 5 mm depth was optimum and recorded significantly highest per cent germination (about 79-86 % on 4thday
after sowing) in both Dabbi and DZ-01-354 cultivars of teff. Seed placement should not exceed 1/4 inch in
depth (Miller, 2007). Seeds placed at lesser depth/near surface were subjected to desiccation of seeds exposed to
sunlight. At higher depths of sowing delayed the germination hindering the plant emergence, this is due to
insufficient energy in the smaller seeds to emerge vigorously through the soil surface. Similarly, the plant height
at 14 DAS was maximum (9.5-9.6 cm), when seeds placed at a depth between 5-10 mm than placed at greater
depths.
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
Teff respond well to applied fertilizers. Increased application of nutrients higher grain yield levels
(Temesegen Kebede, 2012; Mahantesh, 2020). Application of 150 kg NPS (63:25:10.5) + 34.5 kg N ha-1
recorded significantly higher grain yield (1946.3 kg ha-1), which was on par with supply of 150 kg NPKSB
(64:18:18:7.1:0.75) + 43.24kg N ha-1 (1542.5 kg ha-1) which indicates that teff is a nitro positive crop and
responds much to increased nitrogen levels than supply of multinutrientsand was economically feasible with
B:C ratio of 12.4(Habte and Boke, 2017).Jebesa and Abraham (2016) noted that supply of 80:80 kg N:P2O5 ha-1
recorded significantly higher number of effective tillers, grain yield and harvest index than lower rates. The
lower yield level with supply of multinutrients is mainly because of increased concentration of one element had
antagonistically affected the availability of another nutrient ultimately reflecting lower physiological activity
associated with the deficient element.Tamirat (2019) also noted that increased supply of sole nitrogen recorded
higher grain and biomass yield. Application of zinc at 8 kg Zn ha-1 found to enhance grain and straw yields to
the tune of 14 and 15 per cent on Vertisols (Haileselassieet al., 2011). However, Ayalew and Habte (2017)
noted that balanced nutrient supply (64 kg N + 30 kg P + 25 kg K + 13 kg S + 2.4 kg Zn + 1 kg B ha-1) recorded
20.92 and 35.90 per cent higher grain yield (1502 kg ha-1) and net returns(20958.7 Birr ha-1) over supply of only
recommended dose of N and P (64 kg N + 30 Kg P ha-1). These were supported by the findings of (Asefaet al.,
2014).
Weeredeet al. (2018) found that 67 per cent recommended N and P in inorganic fertilizer and 33 per
cent recommended N in organic fertilizerwas optimum proportion and recorded significantly higher plant height
(68 cm), grain yield (900 kg ha-1) gross returns (US $ 650 ha-1) and net returns (US $ 540 ha-1) than other
proportions of organic and inorganic fertilizers. This is mainly because of supply of organic and inorganic
fertilizers in appropriate proportions ensures availability of all the essential nutrients coupled with improved soil
properties sustains soil productivity inturnstabilizing yield levels.
Regardless of the fertilizer type, the time, rate and method of fertilizer application greatly determines
plant growth and development. Though, fertilizers are applied at the time of sowing in cereals recent studies
showed that split application of fertilizers gave significant results. Nitrogen applied prior to onset of stem
elongation stimulated enhanced leaf area in turn resulting in higher photosynthetic and assimilation rates
(Kebedewet al., 2013). Band application of fertilizers (placing along the teff rows) gave 78.54 per cent higher
grain yield besides saving loss of fertilizer and helps in controlling weed growththan simply broadcasting
throughout the field (Tesfay and Gebresamuel, 2016).
LODGING IN TEFF
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Lodging is the bending over or displacement of the stem and roots of grain crops from their proper and
vertical placement (Seema et al., 2018). It causes difficulty in harvesting and results in reduced grain yield. The
causes for lodging of plants are legion viz., seed type, stem nature, over population, sowing date, disease, soil
density, high nitrogen levels, storm damage, etc., which weakens the supportive system of the plant to upright
(Rawson and Macpherson, 2000). Lodging is referred as ‘an abundance disease’ that is restricting the
exploitation of yield promoting factor in major and nutri-cereals. Lodging is of much significance in cultivation
of teff crop, because of its very thin nature of the stem that is incapable of supporting higher shoot biomass
above the ground. Lodging in teff ranges between20-100 per cent (Assefa et al., 2013) and on an average11-12
per cent yield loss in teff is attributed to lodging (Vandeldenet al., 2010). Lodging increased with increased
application of fertilizers to the tune of 20 to 90 per cent (Assefa et al., 2016 and Mahantesh, 2020). Among the
supplied fertilizers, nitrogen has profound influence on lodging as it stimulated the higher shoot biomassand
making stem more succulent that is incapable of supporting the greater biomass (Habtegebrial and Singh, 2006,
Tamirat, 2019).However, lodging was less under row planting than broadcasting method and under wider
spacing than narrow planting (Tamirat, 2019).
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
Teff can grow well under extreme moisture regimes of both drought and waterlogged conditions (Teklu
and Tefera 2005; Roseberget al., 2006; Mintenet al., 2013). The crop coefficient (Kc) values for teff at initial,
vegetative, mid and late stages are 0.8-1.0, 0.95-1.0, 0.95-1.1 and 0.4-0.5, respectively (Araya et al.,2010).
Deficit of moisture by 75 per cent (supplying only 25 % of FC) throughout the crop growth period recorded
significantly lowest grain yield (0.66 t ha-1) with relative yield reduction of about 80.0 per cent than supplying
optimum water (Yihunet al., 2013). However, among the different crop stages, 75 per cent deficit in water
supply during mid stage recorded 30 per cent reduction in grain yield with lowest crop water productivity (0.73
kg m-3).Severe stress (supply of 25 % of field capacity) at grain filling stage caused 69.89, 93.90 and 96.79 per
cent reduction in CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance coupled with higher leaf
rolling index (80 %) over severe stress (supply of 25 % of field capacity) at establishment stage (Mengistu,
2009).Hence, teff is much sensitive to water stress during mid stage and any stress during this stage causes
drastic yield reduction. Reducing 50 % of the irrigation water caused 36 and 69 % decreased biomass and grain
yield (Hilemicael and Alamirew, 2017). However significantly highest water productivity (2.0 kg m -3) and
harvest index (25 %) were observed in teff when irrigated at 0.5 ETc over 1.25 ETc (Hilemicael and Alamirew,
2017).
WEED MANAGEMENT
Weeds greatly suppress teff growth at initial stages and requires several weeding (Assefa et al., 2014). Teff
showed allelopathic effect on many weeds coupled with early emergence and crop biomass production making
it a much competitive against weeds during later stages of the crop growth (Haftamuet al., 2020). This was
much observed in local landraces than the improved varieties. Weed control either through hand weeding as and
when required or through hand weeding or herbicide application at tillering stage gave on par grain yield levels,
yet 24.92 to 34.85 per cent higher than no weeding (Debelo,1992). Similarly, weeding once recorded 18.31,
24.33 and 37.21 per cent higher panicle length, grain yield and biomass in teff than no weeding in local variety
sown after single ploughing (Dawit et al., 2020). This mainly owes to the reduced inter-specific competition
between the weed and the crop led to luxury availability of the resources. Herbicides recommended for other
minor millets can be freely used in teff at any stage of the crop growth as it found to be tolerant to herbicide
application. Application of premix of 2.5 g ai ha-1florasulam+ 99 g ai ha-1fluroxypyr + 15 g ai ha-1pyroxsulam
gave acceptable control of barnyard grass and resulted in significantly higher straw yield (7200 kg ha-1) while
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application of either of the herbicides (viz., carfentrazone, dicamba, florasulam, fluroxypyr, pyroxsulam or 2,4-
D amine) gave more than 91 per cent control of broadleaved weeds when applied at four-leaf stage of teff
(Norberg and Felix, 2014). However, some level of injury was observed when herbicides (2,4-D amine) applied
at tillering stage (Hinds-Cook et al., 2015). Herbicides for broad leaved weeds must be applied at least at 5-7
leaves stage of teff (Miller, 2008).
PESTS AND DISEASES

Teff is least vulnerable to attacked by the pests and diseases making it a low-risk crop for the marginal
farmers (Fufaet al., 2011 and Mintenet al., 2013). However, at high humidity areas head smuts and rusts are
observed (Stallknechtet al., 1993).
TEFF BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS

Teff is a short duration crop hence, fit well as component crop into multiple cropping systems as
intercrop with B. Carinata, safflower and sunflower and as relay crop in maize and sorghum (Ketema, 1991).
Mixed cropping of teff + faba bean (at the proportion of 100:62.5 % seeds) recorded significantly higher teff
equivalent yield (1697 kg ha-1) and total land equivalent ratio(LER=1.32) than sole cropping of teff and faba
bean separately (Agegnehuet al., 2011).Mixed cropping of teff + 50 % seed rate of sunflower recorded
significantly higher LER (1.39), net income (Rs. 17,588 ha-1) and net benefit (Rs. 7,777 ha-1) over sole cropping
of teff alone (Bayuet al., 2007). This is due to increased total grain yield per unit land and high market price of
sunflower.
Teff sown in maize (as relay crop) recorded higher teff yield ranging from 0.91 to 1.06 t
ha-1 and land equivalent ratio ranging from 1.29 to 1.45 (pooled data of two years) under different planting
patterns and spacing (Worku, 2004).
HARVESTING, THRESHING, YIELD AND STORAGE

Manual harvesting with the help of sickle is the usual practice since ages and is predominately practiced
till today. Because of higher feed value the crop is harvested very close to ground (TamiratWato and
TilahunNegash, 2020). Threshing is done by beating the plants against hard surface or trampling by the cattle.
Utmost care should be taken to avoid loss of seeds as the seeds are minute in nature and this necessitates that
threshing yard should be clean and free of mud and any other smaller particles to get pure teff seeds. Grain and
biomass yield ranges between 1058-4599 and 6355-19630 kg ha-1 in Ethiopia (Assefa et al., 2013). In India, 159
to 294 kg ha-1 grain yield and 249-474 kg ha-1 straw yield is achieved (Mahantesh, 2020).Storage of seeds
doesn’t require any special maintenance as it attracts no weevils and other storage pests, hence, reduced
postharvest loss (Abel, 2005; Yihun, 2015). Care should be taken to restrict the movement of rodents. Teff
seeds have longer shelf durability and can be stored upto two years without loss of viability.
TEFF IN INDIA
The Central Food and Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore introduced teff crop to India-
an effort to promote it as a “super food” as well as a means of easy earnings for farmers and make it more
accessible and less expensive to the consumers. Presently teff is cultivated on a few hundred hectares in
Karnataka around Mysore, Sirsi (Uttar Kannada), Haveri, Gadag and Raichur districts. CFTRI, Mysore and
Kadamba Foundation, Sirsi are the premier organizations for promotion and cultivation of teff in South and
North Karnataka, respectively.
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SCOPE FOR TEFF IN INDIA…!
• 52 % area under cultivation in India is dryland and yield levels of major crops are sub-optimal, yet teff can yield
better even in such harsh conditions.
• In India, 1/3rd of children are malnourished and 72 % infants and 52 % of married woman have anemia. Teff
promotion and cultivation helps in overcoming these issues as it is nutria-packed.
• Teff is an export oriented crop hence, fetches high market value than other minor millets
• A reliable and low-risk crop with least or no pest and diseases which requires minimum costs for production
• A new opportunity crop for innovative farmers in dryland agriculture in India
Limitations in teff cultivation:

Lack of awareness, availability of quality seeds, standard agrotechniques coupled with labour scarcity and
market facilities are major stepback to teff cultivation. Tiny seeds coupled with lodging (thin and weak stem)
causes severe losses during harvesting and threshing.
CONCLUSION
Teff (Eragrostis tef) is a warm season annual grass native to Ethiopia. Teff is an intriguing grain,
ancient, minute in size and packed with nutrition. It requires warm climate and comes up well on sandy to
medium deep black soils with fine seedbed.Line sowing with 5-10 kg seeds ha-1at shallow depth (<5mm)is
better over broadcasting. Though, it comes up well throughout the year, summer crop gives pure seeds and
fetches higher price.Responds well to fertilizers on areas of poor fertility, however, nitrogen should be
cautiously applied to reduce extent of lodging as it is inevitable in teff. Irrigation at critical stage (mid
stage) during drought periods results in maximum grain yield. Teff is much competitive than weeds
because of its rapid growth and hardy nature, yet during severe weed menace few weedicides can be freely
used before crop starts tillering. Few or no pests are observed in teff crop during on and off the field. Teff
fits well as component crop in multiple cropping systems as intercrop/mixed and sequence crop because of
its short duration and lesser competition for growth resources. Harvesting is of great concern in teff as the
seeds are tiny and are much prone to losses. Manual harvesting at 85-90 DAS ensures least grain loss.
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of teff varieties and effect on weed growth. Agronomy, 10(6): 854-880.
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Agronomic and economic evaluations of compound fertilizer

Tesfay, T. and Gebresamuel, G., 2016,
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Vandelden, S. H., Vos, J., Ennos, A. R. and Stomph, T. J., 2010, Analysing lodging of the panicle bearing
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removal in Southern Ethiopia. African Crop Sci. J., 12(4); 359-367.
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Components of Teff [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Varieties in GonjiKolela District, North Western Ethiopia.
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Predicting tuber yield losses of exportable potato varieties under saline condition in Bangladesh
Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Presently in Bangladesh we producing potato in some selected areas but, southern belt is the most important
areas of agricultural production. So, the potato production is facing great hindrance from salinity intrusion in
crop field of southern region which may create an export market in Bangladesh with superior quality along with
better yield. From these perspectives, the study was conducted to evaluate the effect of applied salt on the
performance of tuber where the people want to grow potato in their field.
Key words: Yield reduction, salt application, potato.
Methods
The experiment consisted four salt application doses (N0= non-saline, N1= 5, N2= 15 and N3= 25 g NaCl pot-1,
respectively) and three varieties (V1= Granula, V2= Lady Rosetta and V3= Asterix). The pot was arranged
following completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 times repetition of treatment. Data on yield was
collected and analysed using WASP statistical program following AVONA techniques. The means were
adjusted with least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% level of significance.
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Results
Result revealed that salinity has much impact on different exportable traits of potato (data not shown). The tuber
yield was also significantly influenced by salt treatment. For getting the maximum return from this study, the
results demonstrated that non-saline (control) condition of pot soil is most favourable for tuber yield. Granula
exhibited the highest yield (428.04 g/plant) which was statistically similar to Lady Rosetta (416.11 g/plant)
under non-saline condition. Thereafter with the increasing of salinity levels the yield has been decreased and so,
a yield reduction trend was found. The yield reduction was (0.21%, 1.87% and 14.21%, respectively; 11.48%,
11.73% and 20.41%, respectively; 18.14%, 19.14% and 25.66%, respectively) found in Granula, Lady Rosetta
and Asterix, respectively with N1, N2 and N3, respectively.
Conclusions
In conclusion, it may be said that potato has sensitivity to salinity for its performances. So, the salt tolerance/salt
avoidance varieties should be introduced/developed in our country and the further research should be carried
out with how much amount of EC of salinity can be tolerated by exportable potato varieties in field condition.
Yield of mungbean as influenced by boron with other source of fertilizers

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207,

Bangladesh.
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Mungbean contributes 10-12% total pulse production in Bangladesh. This means the shortage is almost 80% of
the total requirement. The balance use of organic and inorganic fertilizer increases the growth and yield of
mungbean. Proper management of cowdung may reduce the need for chemical fertilizer, allowing the small
farmers to reduce cost of the production. On the other hand foliar application of B at vegetative stage may
important role in mungbean growth, flowering and pod filling. Considering the above facts we aim to evaluate
the organic and inorganic fertilizer with boron splitting on the yield of mungbean.
Key words: Foliar application, Splitting, Boron, Fertilizer, mungbean.
Methods
The experiment consisted of three level of fertilizer viz., F1 : Recommended dose (RD) of NPK fertilizer, F2 :
RD of Cowdung, F3: 1/2 RD of NPK and cowdung and Boron was applied by four levels viz., B1: 100% RD as
basal, B2: 80% RD as basal +20% as foliar spray (FS) at pre flowering, B3: 60% RD as basal + rest 40 % as FS
at pre flowering, B4:40% RD as basal + 60 % as FS at pre flowering stage. The experiment was set up in a
split-plot design with three replications. The mean values of all the characters were calculated and analysis of
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variance (ANOVA) was performed with the help of a computer package program MSTAT –C and the mean
differences were adjusted by Least Significance Difference (LSD) test at 5% level of probability.
Results
Different fertilizer management and Boron application showed significant effect on seed yield (kg ha -1) of
mungbean. From the experiment result exhibited that the maximum seed yield (1177.80 kg ha-1) was observed
from F1 treatment whereas minimum seed yield (861.70 kg ha-1) was observed from F2 treatment. In case of
Boron, the seed yield (1125.60 kg ha-1) was observed from B3 which was statistically similar (1103.30 kg ha-1)
with B4 treatment. On the other hand result showed that the maximum seed yield (1356.70 kg ha-1) was
observed from F1B3 treatment which was statistically similar (1310.00 kg ha-1) with F1B4 treatment
combination whereas minimum seed yield weight (756.70 kg ha-1) was observed from F2B1 treatment
combination.
Conclusions
Foliar application of boron combines with chemical fertilizer gave the best performance. It can be concluded
from the discussion that the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer and boron levels had greatly influenced
the yield of mungbean.
Modified single cross for developing high yielding field corn hybrids
Sumaiya Haque Omy*, M. Amiruzzaman, Mohammad Golam Hossain and Md. Motiar Rohman
Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh
Introduction
Hybrid development program of maize involves identification of outstanding cross combination having high
heterotic effect. Among the hybrid development techniques, modified single cross (MSC) method is a special
technique where a single cross(SC) between closely related lines is used as female parent instead of a inbred
line to develop MSC hybrid in maize (Lee et al., 2006). The main usefulness of this hybrid is the benefits from
seed production. Cost of hybrid seed production from single cross is high and risky. Because, in single cross
hybrid only two inbred lines are involved. The female parent here is a inbred line and yield ability of inbred line
is always lower. On the other hand, female parent of modified single cross is a single cross and seed production
ability from this type of single cross female parent is higher than inbred line. Moreover, adaptability of
modified single cross hybrid is much higher than single cross hybrid. Therefore, the experiment was conducted
for developing high yielding good quality field corn hybrids. costs.
Materials and Methods
Twenty-two locally developed modified single cross hybrids of field corn and one check BHM 9 were evaluated
at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute field, Gazipur during rabi 2014-15. Seeds were sown on 10
November, 2014. The experimental design was Randomized complete block design with three replications.
Spacing was 60 x 20 cm between rows and hills, respectively. After seedling emergence one healthy plant per
hill was kept. Fertilizers were applied @ 250, 55, 110, 40, 5 and 1.5 kg/ha of N, P, K, S, Zn and B respectively.
All intercultural operations were done according to the necessity. Data on yield, days to tasseling and silking
were recorded on whole plot basis. For convenience, plot yield was converted to ton/ha. Data on plant and ear
height (cm), ear length (cm), ear diameter (cm), kernel/ear and 1000-seed weight (g) were recorded from ten
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plants randomly. After harvesting, shelling and drying data was recorded for yield and 1000 seed weight and
was subjected to analyze. Analysis was performed through PBtools software.
Results and Discussion
Mean performance of all the crosses along with checks are presented in the Table 1. Only four characters; plant
height, ear length, ear diameter and yield showed significant variations among the entries where maximum
variation was observed in number of cob per row. The cross MSC-1 was found as significant short statured (161
cm) but was lower yielder, where plant height ranged from 161 to 200 cm. Ear diameter ranged from 53 to 82
cm. The cross MSC-7 exhibited highest ear diameter and the check variety has the lowest following MSC-22
(69 cm). All most all the entries showed significantly higher ear diameter over the check. None of the yield
contributing traits such as; number of kernel/ear and 1000 seed weight showed significant variations. Though
kernel per ear and 1000 seed weight were not significant but seven crosses demonstrated higher number kernel
per row and all the crosses resulted higher 1000 seed weight than the check. Yield showed significant variations
among the entries, which was ranged from 2.26 to 10.29 t/ha. None of the entries showed significantly higher
yield over the check. Among the crosses, the highest (10.29 t/ha) yielder entry was MSC-3 followed by MSC-
13 (9.84 t/ha) which was also a dwarf type genotype (table 1). Considering the yield advantage over the check
MSC-2 (5%), MSC-3(13%), MSC-6 (2%), and MSC-13 (8%), were found promising (Fig.1).
Conclusion
From the overall performance the hybrid MSC-3 and MSC-13 were found promising for grain yield as well as
medium tall lines.
Table 1. Performance of modified single cross field corn hybrids evaluated at Gazipur, Bangladesh during rabi
2014-2015
Modified single DT DP D PH EH NC/ EL ED NK/E TS Y

cross hybrids S S R W
(cm (cm) (cm (cm (t/ha
) ) ) (g) )
MSC1 81 88 86 161 74 16 15 14 437 525 6.78
MSC2 87 90 94 183 90 22 16 15 455 500 9.57
85 87 89 188 74 17 17 15 496 460 10.2

MSC3 9
MSC4 88 90 95 185 94 13 15 14 458 500 6.56
MSC5 87 90 93 178 73 18 16 15 491 450 6.86
MSC6 85 89 93 191 79 17 16 16 521 510 9.29
MSC7 87 90 93 186 90 15 16 16 470 500 8.86
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Modified single DT DP D PH EH NC/ EL ED NK/E TS Y
cross hybrids S S R W
(cm (cm) (cm (cm (t/ha
) ) ) (g) )
MSC8 89 92 95 184 89 16 16 15 500 480 7.92
MSC9 87 90 92 188 78 18 16 15 502 480 8.58
MSC10 84 87 89 198 84 16 15 15 449 525 9
MSC11 86 89 92 195 94 16 16 16 427 450 8.19
MSC12 86 88 92 190 93 17 16 15 483 480 7.37
MSC13 84 87 89 175 97 18 16 16 515 470 9.84
MSC14 87 90 93 183 86 18 16 16 506 425 8.65
MSC15 85 88 90 162 81 15 16 15 458 540 7.25
MSC16 73 76 78 191 82 15 16 15 445 490 7.75
MSC17 72 75 78 194 83 19 16 16 496 440 9.72
MSC18 73 76 79 181 83 18 17 14 448 510 8.09
MSC19 72 75 77 185 81 18 15 14 430 485 5.53
MSC20 75 78 81 184 86 8 14 15 457 490 2.26
MSC21 74 76 80 182 85 12 15 14 490 425 3.3
MSC22 73 77 79 184 90 10 15 14 471 415 3.24
BHM 9 86 10 91 200 88 12 19 11 478 385 9.1

(Check) 1
Grand Mean 82 85 87 185 85 16 16 15 473 475 8
Range 17 27 18 39 24 14 4 6 94 155 9
Sd 8.8 9.4 8. 13.1 8.11 3.96 1.00 1.62 46.4 47.4 2.47
9 9 4
F-test * ** ** **
LSD(0.05) 14. 13 18.7 81.1

14.4 15.36 7.38 1.45 1.54 79.6 2.60
28 .8 3 5
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*, ** indicate significant at 5% and 1% respectively; DT= Days to 50% Tasseling, DPS= Days to Pollen
Shedding, DS= Days to 50% Silking, PH=Plant Height, EH= Ear Height, EL= Ear Length, ED= Ear Diameter,
NC/R= Number of Cob per Row, NK/E=Kernel Number per Ear, TSW= Thousand Seed Weight, Y= Yield
20
Yield advantage (%)
-20
-40
-60
-80
Genotypes
Fig.
1. Yield advantage than check(%)
References
Lee, E. A., Singh, A., Ash, M. J., & Good, B. (2006). Use of sister‐lines and the performance of modified
single‐cross maize hybrids. Crop science, 46(1), 312-320.
Role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for all round development of farm women
1
KVK, Jehanabad, BAU, SABOUR,
2
CAE, DRPCAU,Pusa,Bihar
Women are an integral part of society. All-round development and harmonious growth of a nation would be
possible only when women are given their desired place and position in the society and are treated as equal
partners of progress with men. However, in most of the regions, women have a low social and economic status.
In such areas, effective empowerment of women is essential to harness the women in the main stream of
economic development.
The role of women and the need to empower them are central to human development programmes, including
poverty alleviation programmes. In spite of safeguards provided in many of the poverty alleviation programmes,
it has been observed that women in rural areas, especially from poor families, are not benefited.
Women are a vital parts of the Indian economy, constituting one-third of the national labor force. In Agriculture
and allied sector too,women play a major role. Emancipation of farm women is a pre-requisite for nation’s
economic development and social upliftment..
"Empowerment of women" is the central issue that has been pervading the development debate after the 80s.
Women empowerment is always considered as the key aspect of social development throughout the world. In
India more attractive schemes have been introduced , to eradicate women unemployment, one of which with
less effort is Self Help Group( SHG).Self Help Group is one of the most important approaches for socio-
economic transformation of rural women in India.
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SHG is a group of rural poor females who have volunteered to organize themselves into a group for eradication
of poverty of the members. They agree to save regularly and convert their savings into a Common Fund known
as the Group corpus. The members of the group agree to use this common fund as a group through a common
management. The members of an SHG face similar problems. They help each other, to solve their problems.
SHGs promote small savings among their members. The savings are kept with the bank.The SHG collects the
minimum voluntary saving amount from all the members. The group devises a code of conduct to bind itself.
This is in the form of regular meetings (weekly or fortnightly), functioning in a democratic manner, allowing
free exchange of views, participation by the members in the decision making process.The SHG corpus fund is
used to give advance to the members in the form of loans. The group develops the financial management
norms covering the loan sanction procedure, repayment schedule and interest rates.
The Self Help Group (SHG) is a viable organized setup to disburse micro credit to the rural women for the
purpose of making them enterprising and encouraging them to enter into entrepreneurial activities. The
formation of SHG is not solely a micro-credit project but it aims to empower women.
SHG addresses various dimensions of empowerment – political, material, cognitive, perceptual and relational
The origin of self-help group can be traced from Grameen bank of Bangladesh, which was founded by
Mohamed Yunus. SGHs were started and formed in 1975. In India NABARD initiated in 1986-1987. The
absence of institutional credits available in the rural area has led to the establishment of SHGs.Formation and
functioning of SHGs is based upon the concept of group approach to decision making and programme
implementation.Most of the successful functioning organisations be it at micro level ( a single firm ) or at macro
level ( parliament, as for instance ) reinforce the significance of group approach to problem solving.. Access to
credit can help in expansion of material base of women by enabling them to start and expand small businesses,
often accompanied by market access.
Many governmental and non-governmental organizations have been trying to organize women into
groups integrate them into the development process by actively involving them in Group Farming, transfer of
technology, production and marketing, agriculture and allied sector development, natural resource management,
etc.
The women members feel empowered as a result of the following characteristics of self-help groups.
REGULAR ATTENDANCE INCREASES SELF-EFFICACY
Self-efficacy is the belief that people have in their own ability to achieve goals. The higher this level is, the
more confident a person is that he or she will be able to succeed at something
PROVIDES PARTICIPANTS WITH SOCIAL CONTACT
Spending time in a room with people who are going through similar issues helps participants to feel as though
they are not alone. They can also see that others understand exactly what they’re going through. This is a much
healthier form of social contact.
DECREASES THE ODDS OF A RELAPSE
Attending group meetings, getting support from other members, and seeing for themselves that a sober lifestyle
can be achieved over a long-term in spite of life stresses is inspiring to members. They know exactly what it
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feels like to commit to the lifestyle change involved in getting help and keep following through even when life
throws a curve ball at them.
OPEN TO EVERYONE
No special preparation or knowledge is required to attend a self-help group. They welcome anyone who is
suffering and is in need of help. It doesn’t matter if a participant in the group has had a setback or relapse.
Group members can come back and start again.
SELF – HELP GROUPS IN INDIAN MOVEMENT
India has adopted the Bangladesh’s model in a modified form. To alleviate the poverty and to empower the
women, the micro-finance has emerged as a powerful instrument in the new economy. With availability of
micro-finance, self-help groups (SHGs) and credit management groups have also started in India. And thus the
movement of SHG has spread out in India.
Impact of Self-Help Groups on Women Empowerment
1) Micro- Financing benefit for rural poor households
Self-help has aimed at enhancing profitability for rural people. The low economic growth of this country was
perceived to be due to lack of capital resources, especially in rural areas. A vicious cycle of low capital, low
productivity, low incomes, low savings and weak capital base was perceived to be operating perpetuating a
permanent poverty syndrome. Therefore, cheap rural credit policies like micro financing SHGs were designed
to provide rural poor with access to adequate capital. Microfinance through SHG has become a ladder for the
poor to bring them up not only economically but also socially, mentally and attitudinally and above all help
them break through the stronghold of exploitative money lenders.
2) Bank – SHG linkage
In this type of linkage banks provided financial support to SHGs which had grown almost spontaneously
without any intervention of any SHPI. The SHGs were initially on the basis of a common activity, Problem and
took up thrift and credit activities. The case of such linkages is not very common. In this model, the SHPI have
taken the role of a financial intermediary between the banks and a number of SHGs.
3) Economic empowerment
According to the report by National Commission for Women (NCW) - (Status of women 2011), in India,
women work for longer hours than men do. The proportion of unpaid activities to the total activities is 51% for
females as compared to only 33% for males. Over and above this unpaid work, they have the responsibilities of
caring for household which involves cooking, cleaning, fetching water and fuel, collecting fodder for the cattle,
protecting the environment and providing voluntary assistance to vulnerable and disadvantaged individuals in
the family. This shows that though there is still a long journey ahead towards women empowerment. Women’s
can save small amount of money regularly and mutually agree to contribute a common fund.
4) Social empowerment
The social empowerment means that the woman should get an important place in her family and society, and
should have a right to enable her to make use of available resources. It has resulted in developing self-
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confidence, self-esteem and self-respect also.. As the woman has now increased presence in banks, Gram
Panchayats, various Government committees etc., her social status is seen somewhat elevated. The social
impact of the SHG program increased involvement in Decision-making, awareness about various programs and
organizations, increased access to such organizations, increased expenditure on Health and Marriage events,
there is a Change in the attitude of male members of the families, now they are convinced about the concept of
SHG and encourage women to participate in the meetings and women reported that they have savings in their
name and it gives them confidence and increased self-respect.
5) Saving and Financial Decision Making
One of the primary benefits of participation in a SHG is the opportunity to save regularly, access formal savings
institutions and participate in the management of these savings. They save regularly, have their own bank
accounts and make deposits into these accounts. SHG is having a good impact on members, in their ability to
save their hard earned money.
6) Access to credit
SHGs results into an improvement in woman’s access to credit. The financial mobility due to participation in
the SHG leads to an improvement in the quality of life, according to some of the successful groups. Overall,
many families were able to address their basic needs better than before. Some of NGOs reports have shown that
the record on the repayment of loans by women was often better than that of men, and that women were also
more likely to spend the income earned, on their families, leading to improved health and nutrition of the poor
population and for improving the quality of their lives.
7) Employment
The implementation of SHG has generated Self-employment opportunities for the rural poor. This has been
shown by many SHGs formed by JEEVIKA in Bihar.
In a case study on impact of SHG on women empowerment in Patna district ,Kumar Amresh (2018)
concluded that 25 per cent of the respondents) had no occupation in the pre-SHG stage whereas cent per cent is
occupied at the post-SHG stage. The occupation chosen by the SHG members depends on the availability of
skill and resources. He also observed that the income of the members of the SHG had increased substantially
Further, Kumar Amresh revealed that SHGs have the power to create a socio-economic revolution in
the rural areas of our country. SHGs have not only produced tangible assets and improved living conditions of
the members, but also helped in changing much of their social outlook and attitudes. In the study area SHGs
have served the cause of women empowerment, social solidarity and socio-economic betterment of the poor.
According to Bihar State Women Development Corporation (BSWDC) managing director N Vijaya Lakshmi
“Bihar has the potential to get about a million self-help groups (SHGs) engaged in real productive activities in
the next few years”as reported in newspaper TNNTimes of India on 18-07-2009.The objective can be achieved
by maintaining a synergy between state-level working group and action plan," she added. According to her,
three agencies Rural development department, JEEVIKA Project and Women Development Corporation
(WDC) are engaged in SHG formation in Bihar under their separate book keeping method, processes and action
plan.Lakshmi said the new approach would require one process, similar bookkeeping method and a common
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action plan so that the SHGs of he three agencies are able to work together in tandem with banks, which give
loans to the SHGs to make their activities a massive social movement.
CONCLUSION:
SHG is an important approach focusing the empowerment of individual woman as well as of the groups
themselves for becoming self reliant not only by farming but by opting some economic activities in allied
sectors also. But, to be more effective, the groups need some technological support.
SHGs of all types have an important role in development. They provide space for participation, which
contributes to group member's ownership of the issue at hand as well as any solutions. This in turn builds group
cohesiveness, solidarity and promoters mutual support. They can be the platform for building a sense of
community a social support system, increasing self-confidence, learning together and providing a sense of
equality.
SHGs will however become sustainable, only if they have backward linkages with technology, credit and
forward linkages with processing and marketing organization, Steps will have to be taken to convert micro-
finance into livelihood finance through appropriate support system.
There is also need for establishing SHG Capacity Building and Mentoring Centers. Further, scaling up of bank
linkages and increased SHG activities would require a large force of trainers. Besides, there has to be common
training approach, common book keeping approach, and common rating system It will be useful to promote
SHGs at the production end of the farming enterprise involving men. This will be particularly helpful in the
case of integrated pest management, integrated nutrient supply, scientific water management and improved
post-harvest technology, marketing etc.
REFERENCES
Government of Bihar, DRDA, Patna.
Government of India, MoRD, Guidelines of SGSY.
Kumar Amresh,2018, Impact of Self-help Group on Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Patna District, International
Journal of Social Science,7(1),New Delhi Publishers
M. Saravanan, The impact of Self Help Groups on the socio-economic development of rural household women
in Tamilnadu- A study, International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah, Vol. 4, No. 7: SE (2016): 22-31
Mop Fan in controlled environment greenhouse

Abdeen Mustafa Omer
Energy Research Institute (ERI), Forest Road West, Nottingham NG7 4EU, UK
ABSTRACT
A greenhouse is essentially an enclosed structure, which traps the short wavelength solar radiation and stores the long
wavelength thermal radiation to create a favourable microclimate for higher productivity. The sun’s radiation incident on
the greenhouse has two parts: direct radiation and an associated diffuse sky radiation. The diffuse part is not focused by the
lenses and goes right through Frensel lenses onto the surface of the absorbers. This energy is absorbed and transformed into
heat, which is then transported via the liquid medium in copper pipes to the water (heat) storage tanks or, if used, open fish
tanks. In this way, an optimal temperature for both plant cultivation and fish production can be maintained. Stable plant
growth conditions are light, temperature and air humidity. Light for the photosynthesis of plants comes from the diffuse
radiation, which is without substantial fluctuations and variation throughout most of the day. The air temperature inside the
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greenhouse is one of the factors that have an influence on the precocity of production. The selective collector acts in a more
perceptible way on extreme air temperatures inside the greenhouse. Hence, the system makes it possible to avoid the
excessive deviation of the temperature inside the greenhouse and provides a favourable microclimate for the precocity of
the culture. Sediment and some associated water from the sediment traps are used as organic fertiliser for the plant
cultivation. The present trend in greenhouse cultivation is to extend the crop production season in order to maximise use of
the equipment and increase annual productivity and profitability. However, in many Mediterranean greenhouses, such
practices are limited because the improper cooling methods (mainly natural or forced ventilation) used do not provide the
desired micro-climatic condition during the summer of a composite climate. Also, some of these greenhouses have been
built where the meteorological conditions require some heating during the winter, particularly at night. The worst scenario
is during the winter months when relatively large difference in temperature between day and night occurs. However,
overheating of the greenhouse during the day is common, even in winter, requiring ventilation of the structure. Hence,
several techniques have been proposed for the storage of the solar energy received by the greenhouse during the day and its
use to heat the structure at night. Reviews of such techniques are presented in this chapter. Air or water can be used for
heat transport. The circulating water is heated during the day via two processes. The water absorbs part of the infrared
radiation of the solar spectrum. Since the water is transparent in the visible region, they do not compete with the plants that
need it. Alternatively, the water exchanges heat with the greenhouse air through the walls. At night, if the greenhouse
temperature goes down below a specified value, the water begins to circulate acting as heat transfer surfaces heating the air
in the greenhouse. This chapter describes various designs of low energy greenhouses. It also, outlines the effect of dense
urban building nature on energy consumption, and its contribution to climate change. Measures, which would help to save
energy in greenhouses, are also presented. It also enabled the minimisation of temperature variation and, hence avoided the
hazard of any sudden climatic change inside the greenhouse.
Keywords: Greenhouse environment; energy efficient comfort; ventilation; humidity: sustainable environmental impact.
1. Introduction
Globally, buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of the total world annual energy consumption [1].
Most of this energy is for the provision of lighting, heating, cooling, and air conditioning. Increasing awareness
of the environmental impact of CO2 and NOx emissions and CFCs triggered a renewed interest in
environmentally friendly cooling, and heating technologies. Under the 1997 Montreal Protocol, governments
agreed to phase out chemicals used as refrigerants that have the potential to destroy stratospheric ozone. It was
therefore considered desirable to reduce energy consumption and decrease the rate of depletion of world energy
reserves and pollution of the environment.
One way of reducing building energy consumption is to design building, which is more economical in their use
of energy for heating, lighting, cooling, ventilation and hot water supply. Passive measures, particularly natural
or hybrid ventilation rather than air-conditioning, can dramatically reduce primary energy consumption [2].
However, exploitation of renewable energy in buildings and agricultural greenhouses can, also, significantly
contribute towards reducing dependency on fossil fuels. Therefore, promoting innovative renewable
applications and reinforcing the renewable energy market will contribute to preservation of the ecosystem by
reducing emissions at local and global levels. This will also contribute to the amelioration of environmental
conditions by replacing conventional fuels with renewable energies that produce no air pollution or greenhouse
gases.
The provision of good indoor environmental quality while achieving energy and cost efficient operation of the
heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) plants in buildings represents a multi variant problem. The
comfort of building occupants is dependent on many environmental parameters including air speed,
temperature, relative humidity and quality in addition to lighting and noise. The overall objective is to provide a
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high level of building performance (BP), which can be defined as indoor environmental quality (IEQ), energy
efficiency (EE) and cost efficiency (CE).
▪ Indoor environmental quality is the perceived condition of comfort that building occupants experience due to
the physical and psychological conditions to which they are exposed by their surroundings. The main physical
parameters affecting IEQ are air speed, temperature, relative humidity and quality.
▪ Energy efficiency is related to the provision of the desired environmental conditions while consuming the
minimal quantity of energy.
▪ Cost efficiency is the financial expenditure on energy relative to the level of environmental comfort and
productivity that the building occupants attained. The overall cost efficiency can be improved by improving the
indoor environmental quality and the energy efficiency of a building.
An approach is needed to integrate renewable energies in a way to meet high building performance. However,
because renewable energy sources are stochastic and geographically diffuse, their ability to match demand is
determined by adoption of one of the following two approaches [2]: the utilisation of a capture area greater than
that occupied by the community to be supplied, or the reduction of the community’s energy demands to a level
commensurate with the locally available renewable resources.
For a northern European climate, which is characterised by an average annual solar irradiance of 150 Wm -2, the
mean power production from a photovoltaic component of 13% conversion efficiency is approximately 20 Wm-
2
. For an average wind speed of 5 ms-1, the power produced by a micro wind turbine will be of a similar order of
magnitude, though with a different profile shape. In the UK, for example, a typical office building will have a
demand in the order of 300 kWhm-2yr-1. This translates into approximately 50 Wm-2 of façade, which is twice as
much as the available renewable energies [3]. Thus, the aim is to utilise energy efficiency measures in order to
reduce the overall energy consumption and adjust the demand profiles to be met by renewable energies. For
instance, this approach can be applied to greenhouses, which use solar energy to provide indoor environmental
quality. The greenhouse effect is one result of the differing properties of heat radiation when it is generated at
different temperatures. Objects inside the greenhouse, or any other building, such as plants, re-radiate the heat
or absorb it. Because the objects inside the greenhouse are at a lower temperature than the sun, the re-radiated
heat is of longer wavelengths, and cannot penetrate the glass. This re-radiated heat is trapped and causes the
temperature inside the greenhouse to rise. Note that the atmosphere surrounding the earth, also, behaves as a
large greenhouse around the world. Changes to the gases in the atmosphere, such as increased carbon dioxide
content from the burning of fossil fuels, can act like a layer of glass and reduce the quantity of heat that the
planet earth would otherwise radiate back into space. This particular greenhouse effect, therefore, contributes to
global warming. The application of greenhouses for plants growth can be considered one of the measures in the
success of solving this problem. Maximising the efficiency gained from a greenhouse can be achieved using
various approaches, employing different techniques that could be applied at the design, construction and
operational stages. The development of greenhouses could be a solution to farming industry and food security.
The move towards a de-carbonised world, driven partly by climate science and partly by the business
opportunities it offers, will need the promotion of environmentally friendly alternatives, if an acceptable
stabilisation level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is to be achieved. This requires the harnessing and use of
natural resources that produce no air pollution or greenhouse gases and provides comfortable coexistence of
human, livestock, and plants. This study reviews the energy-using technologies based on natural resources,
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which are available to and applicable in the farming industry. Integral concept for buildings with both excellent
indoor environment control and sustainable environmental impact are reported in the present communication.
Techniques considered are hybrid (controlled natural and mechanical) ventilation including night ventilation,
thermo-active building mass systems with free cooling in a cooling tower, and air intake via ground heat
exchangers. Special emphasis is put on ventilation concepts utilising ambient energy from air ground and other
renewable energy sources, and on the interaction with heating and cooling. It has been observed that for both
residential and office buildings, the electricity demand of ventilation systems is related to the overall demand of
the building and the potential of photovoltaic systems and advanced co-generation units. The focus of the
world’s attention on environmental issues in recent years has stimulated response in many countries, which
have led to a closer examination of energy conservation strategies for conventional fossil fuels. One way of
reducing building energy consumption is to design buildings, which are more economical in their use of energy
for heating, lighting, cooling, ventilation and hot water supply. Passive measures, particularly natural or hybrid
ventilation rather than air-conditioning, can dramatically reduce primary energy consumption. However,
exploitation of renewable energy in buildings and agricultural greenhouses can, also, significantly contribute
towards reducing dependency on fossil fuels.
The main advantages of solar greenhouse are summarised as follows:
▪ In the climatic conditions of Europe, the collector system equipped with linear raster lenses is able to absorb, on
average, 12% of the total incoming global solar energy on the collector and convert this energy into heat at a
temperature of between 30 to 50oC. The system, therefore, consumes approximately 50% less energy for
heating purposes than would a traditional normal greenhouse.
▪ The system provides suitable, perhaps ideal, conditions for the cultivation of high quality vegetables, and even
during periods of maximum solar energy absorption on the collectors, there still remains sufficient light for
good vegetable growth under the area of the collectors.
▪ Due to the almost continuous high humidity levels and to the applied nutrient solution being rich in organic
matter and microorganisms, organic matter is hardly mineralising in the soil, hence, does not degrade in
patches. On the contrary, organic matter content in the soil increased during cultivation.
▪ In comparison with a traditional greenhouse, the system does not overheat inside. Therefore, less ventilation is
necessary, which brings the benefits of smaller losses of water. Furthermore, the system saves energy, allows
the efficient recycling of water and nutrients, and provides suitable growth conditions with a smaller range of
extreme humidity, temperature and light allowing the cultivated plants to face less stress and have a higher
quality.
▪ Due to the relatively low temperature in the greenhouse, additional heating might be required. Therefore,
vegetables will adapt to low radiation levels, and low temperatures and, consequently, quality is preserved even
during failure of control system.
This study describes various designs of low energy buildings. It also, outline the effect of dense urban building
nature on energy consumption, the problems related to inadequate ventilation in buildings, and its contribution
to climate change. Measures, which would help to save energy in buildings, are also presented.
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2. Air Pollutants and Transmutation
Controlling the pollution of the present civilisation is an increasing concern. More importance is given to
control global carbon dioxide, which is considered to be the main factor of green house effect. Though the
complete experimental result on the fact is yet to be debated, the immense heat, temperature and turbulence of
nuclear explosion oxidising the atmospheric nitrogen into nitric oxide, are considered to be similarly
responsible for depletion of ozone layer [4]. At present, more importance is given for plantation to reduce the
level of global carbon dioxide. The plantation over the whole earth surface may control only 50% of carbon
dioxide disposed to atmosphere and its greenhouse effect. There are, also, explosions in the ozone layer time to
time to add to the problem. Irrespective of the relative importance of each factor, the ozone layer protects us
from harmful cosmic radiations and it is believed that the depletion of ozone layer increases the threat of outer
radiations to human habitation if environmental pollution is not controlled or there is no possibility of self-
sustainable stability in nature [5].
The presence of ionosphere in the outer-sphere is most probably for ionic dissociation of the gases of the outer-
sphere in the presence of low pressure and cosmic radiation [6]. Moreover the ionosphere contains charged
helium ions (alpha particle). Therefore, it may be concluded that the explosion in the ozone and transmission of
radiations through it are the possible effects of transmutation of pollutants with exothermic reaction (emission
of radiations) [7]. The existence of a black hole in the space, which is found in the photo camera of astrologist,
is still unexplored. This black hole may be an effect of transmutation process with absorption of heat energy
(endothermic reaction). The idea of transmutation of pollutants has been proposed for one or more of the
following reasons:
▪ The experimental results support the transmutation of materials.

▪ To search the sinks of the remaining carbon dioxide not absorbed by plants or seawater.
▪ To find out the possible causes of explosion in the ozone layer other than the depletion of ozone layer.
▪ To investigate the possibilities of the self-sustaining stability of global environment.
To prove the portable of transmutation of pollutants, experimental investigations may be conducted to bombard
C or CO2 or CH4 or other air pollutants by accelerated alpha particles in a low-pressure vacuum tube in a similar
condition of ionosphere. Heating them with gamma radiation can accelerate the alpha particles. The results of
such experimental investigation may prove the probable transmutation of pollutants and self-sustaining
equilibrium of the global environment.
3. Greenhouses
Population growth and less availability of food material have become global concerns. The world population
increases exponentially whereas food production has increased only arithmetically, meaning that the availability
of food per capita has decreased. This is more pronounced in the cases of oils, vegetables, fruits and milk,
whereas it is marginal, rather than minimum, in cereals. The increase in population has also resulted in the use
of more urban areas for habitation, less land available for cultivation and, hence, more food requirements. The
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resultant need is, therefore, to increase productivity and year round cultivation. To maximise production and
meet the global demand on food, vegetables, flowers and horticultural crops, it is necessary to increase the
effective production span of crops. The sun is the source of energy for plants and animals. This energy is
converted into food (i.e., carbohydrates) by plants through a process called photosynthesis. This process is
accomplished at suitable atmospheric conditions. These conditions are provided by nature in different seasons
and artificially by a greenhouse. The primary objective of greenhouses is to produce agricultural products
outside the cultivation season. They offer a suitable microclimate for plants and make possible growth and
fruiting, where it is not possible in open fields. This is why a greenhouse is also known as a “controlled
environment greenhouse”. Through a controlled environment, greenhouse production is advanced and can be
continued for longer duration, and finally, production is increased [8]. The off-season production of flowers and
vegetables is the unique feature of the controlled environment greenhouse. Hence, greenhouse technology has
evolved to create the favourable environment, or maintaining the climate, in order to cultivate the desirable crop
the year round. The use of “maintaining the climate” concept may be extended for crop drying, distillation,
biogas plant heating and space conditioning. The use of greenhouses is widespread. During the last 10 years, the
amount of greenhouses has increased considerably to cover up to several hundred hectares at present. Most of
the production is commercialised locally or exported. In India, about 300 ha of land are under greenhouse
cultivation. On the higher side, however, it is 98600 ha in Netherlands, 48000 ha in China and 40000 ha in
Japan [9]. This shows that there is a large scope to extend greenhouse technology for various climates.
However, the effective utilisation of greenhouses has to deal with some specific climate problems like frost,
during winter and overheating in summer days. These problems show the necessity of having a tool capable of
predicting the thermal behaviour of a greenhouse under specific exterior conditions. Also, greenhouse industry
has to deal with some problems related to a poor design of a great number of greenhouses. Such problems are
mostly related to, on the one hand, its incapacity to deal with the problem of frost, which in the cold clear sky
days of winter can destroy the whole work of a season, and, on the other hand, the question of overheating in
the summer days.
4. Greenhouse Environment
The comfort in a greenhouse depends on many environmental parameters. These include temperature, relative
humidity, air quality and lighting. Although greenhouse and conservatory originally both meant a place to house
or conserve greens (variegated hollies, cirrus, myrtles and oleanders), a greenhouse today implies a place in
which plants are raised while conservatory usually describes a glazed room where plants may or may not play a
significant role. Indeed, a greenhouse can be used for so many different purposes. It is, therefore, difficult to
decide how to group the information about the plants that can be grown inside it. Whereas heat loss in winter a
problem, it can be a positive advantage when greenhouse temperatures soar considerably above outside
temperatures in summer. Indoor relative humidity control is one of the most effective long-term mite control
measures. There are many ways in which the internal relative humidity can be controlled including the use of
appropriate ventilation, the reduction of internal moisture production and maintenance of adequate internal
temperatures through the use of efficient heating and insulation.
The introduction of a reflecting wall at the back of a greenhouse considerably enhances the solar radiation that
reaches the ground level at any particular time of the day. The energy yield of the greenhouse with any type of
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reflecting wall was also significantly increased. The increase in energy efficiency was obtained by calculating
the ratio between the total energy received during the day in greenhouse with a reflecting wall, compared to that
in a classical greenhouse. Hence, the energy balance was significantly shifted towards conservation of classical
energy for heating or lighting. The four-fold greater amount of energy that can be captured by virtue of using a
reflecting wall with an adjustable inclination and louvers during winter attracts special attention. When sky
(diffuse) radiation that was received by the ground in amounts shown in Figure 1, were taken into account, the
values of the enhancement coefficients were reduced to some extent: this was due to the fact that they added up
to the direct radiation from the sun in both new and classical greenhouses. However, this is a useful effect as
further increases overall energy gain. There is also an ironing out effect expressed in terms of the ratios between
peak and average insolations [10].
Finally, the presented theory can be used to calculate the expected effects of the reflecting wall at any particular
latitude, under different weather conditions, and when the average numbers of clear days are taken into account.
Thereby an assessment of the cost of a particular setup can be obtained. Under circumstances of a few clear
days, it may still be worthwhile from a financial point of view to turn a classical greenhouse into one with a
reflecting wall by simply covering the glass wall on the north-facing side with aluminum foil with virtually
negligible expenditure.
4.1. Relative Humidity
Air humidity is measured as a percentage of water vapour in the air on a scale from 0% to 100%, where 0%
being dry and 100% being full saturation level. The main environmental control factor for dust mites is relative
humidity. The followings are the practical methods of controlling measures available for reducing dust mite
populations:
▪ Chemical control.
▪ Cleaning and vacuuming.
▪ Use of electric blankets, and
▪ Indoor humidity.
Figure 1.Ground irradiance from diffuse (sky) radiation from a clear sky at the shortest winter day and at equinox.
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5. Conclusions
Thermal comfort is an important aspect of human life. Buildings where people work require more light than
buildings where people live. In buildings where people live the energy is used for maintaining both the
temperature and lighting. Hence, natural ventilation is rapidly becoming a significant part in the design strategy
for non-domestic buildings because of its potential to reduce the environmental impact of building operation,
due to lower energy demand for cooling. A traditional, naturally ventilated building can readily provide a high
ventilation rate. On the other hand, the mechanical ventilation systems are very expensive. However, a
comprehensive ecological concept can be developed to achieve a reduction of electrical and heating energy
consumption, optimise natural air condition and ventilation, improve the use of daylight and choose
environmentally adequate building materials. Plants, like human beings, need tender loving care in the form of
optimum settings of light, sunshine, nourishment, and water. Hence, the control of sunlight, air humidity and
temperatures in greenhouses are the key to successful greenhouse gardening. The mop fan is a simple and novel
air humidifier; which is capable of removing particulate and gaseous pollutants while providing ventilation. It is
a device ideally suited to greenhouse applications, which require robustness, low cost, minimum maintenance
and high efficiency. A device meeting these requirements is not yet available to the farming community. Hence,
implementing mop fans aids sustainable development through using a clean, environmentally friendly device
that decreases load in the greenhouse and reduces energy consumption.
References
[1] Jeremy, L. The energy crisis, global warming and the role of renewables. Renewable Energy World 2005; 8 (2).
[2] Omer, A. Low energy building materials: an overview. In: Proceedings of the Environment 2010: Situation and
Perspectives for the European Union. p. 16-21. Porto: Portugal. 6-10 May 2003.
[3] UNEP. Handbook for the International Treaties for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. United Nations Environment
Programme. Nairobi: Kenya. 2003.
[4] Viktor, D. Ventilation concepts for sustainable buildings. In: Proceedings of the World Renewable Energy Congress VII, p.
551, Cologne: Germany. 29 June – 5 July 2002.
[5] Lam, J.C. Shading effects due to nearby buildings and energy implications. Energy Conservation and Management 2000;
47 (7): 647-59.
[6] Raja, J., Nichol, F., and McCartney, K. Natural ventilated buildings use of controls for changing indoor climate. In:
Proceedings of the 5th World Renewable Energy Congress V. p. 391-394. Florence: Italy. 20-25 September 1998.
[7] Limb, M.J. Air intake positioning to avoid contamination of ventilation. AIVC. 1995.
[8] Miller, G. Resource conservation and management. Wadsworth Publishers. California: USA, p.51-62. 1990.
[9] Erlich, P. Forward Facing up to Climate Change, in Global Climate Change and Life on Earth. R.C. Wyman (ed),
Chapman and Hall, London. 1991.
[10] ASHRAE. Energy efficient design of new building except new low-rise residential buildings. BSRIASHRAE proposed
standards 90-2P-1993, alternative GA. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers Inc.,
USA. 1993.
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ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF POPLAR FARMING TO RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN
KASHMIR HIMALAYA, INDIA
M.A. Islam*1, T.H. Masoodi1, S.A. Gangoo2, A.A. Wani1, G.M. Bhat3, P.A. Sofi2, A.A. Gatoo1, A.R.
Malik2, Murtaza Shah1 and Ummar Atta1
1
2
Division of Wood Products and Utilization, Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K, Benhama, Ganderbal-191201 (J&K), India
3
Division of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K, Benhama, Ganderbal-191201 (J&K), India
ABSTRACT
Poplar farming constitutes a major source of livelihood among rural people in Kashmir playing a vital role in
economy, rural development, employment and occupation, forest-industries, growth and survival, social,
economic and cultural conditions and poverty alleviation (Islam et al., 2016). The poplars resources are used by
the rural communities to meet their daily livelihood needs besides satisfying their social, economic, cultural,
religious, ethical, traditional, spiritual, ecological and political aspirations (Islam et al., 2012). The study
investigated the tree resource production, subsistence consumption, economic contribution and socioeconomic
determinants of poplar farming in Ganderbal district of Kashmir.
Methodology
Multistage random sampling technique was employed to select the 191 households from the 10 sample villages.
Secondary data were collected from all possible sources and primary data were gathered through field survey
administering structured interviews, non-participant observations and focus group discussions. The data were
analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical regression model.
Results
Results revealed that total production (p) and consumption (c) of poplar resources were; fuel wood (p=105.58
t/year, c=105.58 t/year), tree browse (p=74.90 t/year, c=74.90 t/year), timber (p=2730.54 m3/year, c=223.08
m3/year) and leaf litter (p=49.93 t/year, c=49.93 t/year). Poplar resources generated total income of ₹
2207903.72/year (subsistence=₹ 1250180.18/year, cash=₹ 1880589.10/year) @ ₹ 16391.45/household/year.
Timber contributed largest share (65.41%) to the total poplar income followed by fuel wood (20.23%), tree
browse (14.36%) and leaf litter (0.00%). The average gross annual income was 111256.17/household which is
differentiated as agriculture (35.68%), business (20.06%), livestock (18.24%), poplar farming (8.85%), willow
farming (7.20%), service (6.94%) and wage labour (3.03%). Nonetheless, the poplar farming is the 4 th major
contributor of household economy. Regression analysis showed that the socioeconomic factors namely, family
size, family labour, land holding, herd size, main occupation, annual income, proximity to forest and forest
visits are the key determinants influencing significantly the poplar resources based income.
Conclusion
The findings suggested that the poplar farming is the key alternative for poverty alleviation, socioeconomic
development and livelihood security; hence, policy must be implicated towards the livelihood diversification
through sustainable production, value addition and commercialization of poplar resources.
Keywords: Poplar faming, tree resource, socioeconomic factors, livelihoods, income, Kashmir, Himalaya.
References
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Islam, M.A., Banyal, R., Rai, R. and Singh, P.K. 2012. Determinant factors of agroforestry adoption in north
Kashmir. Indian Journal of Social Research, 53(2): 123-129.
Islam, M.A., Sofi, P.A., Bhat, G.M., Wani, A.A., Gatoo, A.A., Singh, A. and Malik, A.R. 2016. Prediction of
agroforestry adoption among farming communities of Kashmir valley, India: a logistic regression
approach. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(4): 2133-2140. DOI: 10.31018/jans.v8i4.1103
Assessing the impact and management of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) and a
look to the future in Bangladesh
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-
1207, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
Purpose
A field survey study was carried out to assess the socio-economic effects of a highly invasive plant species,
parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) during 2020-21 across the Jashore Hub and Greater Rajshahi
regions of Bangladesh. We also investigated the performance of the chemical control of P. hysterophorus using
four herbicides under field conditions.
Methods
Primary data were collected using semi-structured interview questions and through direct observation on the
field. Butachlor (25.00 kg ha-1), Bispyribac Sodium (150 L ha-1), Quizalofop-p-Ethyl (2.5 L ha-1), and
Carfentrazone Ethyl (5%) + Glyphosate (36%) (2.00 L ha-1) were used for the chemical control of P.
hysterophorus.
Results
Farmers were well aware of parthenium weed presence, its biology, habitat, and mode of dispersal across the
landscape. Vehicles and flood water are the major agents, which proliferate the seeds of the weed. Most of the
respondents (76%) indicated that the weed first appeared on the roadside and spread to other habitats. Summer
is the most favorable growing season and April is the most dominant month of infestation. All the major crops
cultivated were infested by varying degrees of weed densities. Farmers (52%) found they have 10 to 20% crop
yield reduction due to the parthenium infestation. Serious impacts upon the health of livestock in parthenium-
infested areas have been reported from respondents (47%), found to cause clinical signs in animals. Farmers
reported parthenium weed as a very difficult-to-manage weed and unsurprisingly, manual weeding or herbicides
were the major weed control methods across the regions which is consistent with the overall management
practices in the country. Carfentrazone Ethyl (5%) + Glyphosate (36%) and Quizalofop-p-Ethyl resulted in a
100% and 90% mortality rate on 21 DAS in the field study. No mortality was seen in another two herbicides.
Conclusions
The agricultural communities described significant effects of parthenium weed on their crop and livestock
production and social well-being. Therefore, a comprehensive management strategy is urgently needed to
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address the looming crisis of parthenium weed invasion across the regions and a similar approach must be
implemented at the national and international levels.
Key words: Parthenium weed; Socio-economic impacts; Weed management; Animal health; Herbicide;
Bangladesh
Predicting tuber yield losses of exportable potato varieties under saline condition in Bangladesh
Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Presently in Bangladesh we producing potato in some selected areas but, southern belt is the most important
areas of agricultural production. So, the potato production is facing great hindrance from salinity intrusion in
crop field of southern region which may create an export market in Bangladesh with superior quality along with
better yield. From these perspectives, the study was conducted to evaluate the effect of applied salt on the
performance of tuber where the people want to grow potato in their field.
Key words: Yield reduction, salt application, potato.
Methods
The experiment consisted four salt application doses (N0= non-saline, N1= 5, N2= 15 and N3= 25 g NaCl pot-1,
respectively) and three varieties (V1= Granula, V2= Lady Rosetta and V3= Asterix). The pot was arranged
following completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 times repetition of treatment. Data on yield was
collected and analysed using WASP statistical program following AVONA techniques. The means were
adjusted with least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% level of significance.
Results
Result revealed that salinity has much impact on different exportable traits of potato (data not shown). The tuber
yield was also significantly influenced by salt treatment. For getting the maximum return from this study, the
results demonstrated that non-saline (control) condition of pot soil is most favourable for tuber yield. Granula
exhibited the highest yield (428.04 g/plant) which was statistically similar to Lady Rosetta (416.11 g/plant)
under non-saline condition. Thereafter with the increasing of salinity levels the yield has been decreased and so,
a yield reduction trend was found. The yield reduction was (0.21%, 1.87% and 14.21%, respectively; 11.48%,
11.73% and 20.41%, respectively; 18.14%, 19.14% and 25.66%, respectively) found in Granula, Lady Rosetta
and Asterix, respectively with N1, N2 and N3, respectively.
Conclusions
In conclusion, it may be said that potato has sensitivity to salinity for its performances. So, the salt tolerance/salt
avoidance varieties should be introduced/developed in our country and the further research should be carried
out with how much amount of EC of salinity can be tolerated by exportable potato varieties in field condition.
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Yield of mungbean as influenced by boron with other source of fertilizers

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207,
Bangladesh.
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Mungbean contributes 10-12% total pulse production in Bangladesh. This means the shortage is almost 80% of
the total requirement. The balance use of organic and inorganic fertilizer increases the growth and yield of
mungbean. Proper management of cowdung may reduce the need for chemical fertilizer, allowing the small
farmers to reduce cost of the production. On the other hand foliar application of B at vegetative stage may
important role in mungbean growth, flowering and pod filling. Considering the above facts we aim to evaluate
the organic and inorganic fertilizer with boron splitting on the yield of mungbean.
Methods
The experiment consisted of three level of fertilizer viz., F1 : Recommended dose (RD) of NPK fertilizer, F2 :
RD of Cowdung, F3: 1/2 RD of NPK and cowdung and Boron was applied by four levels viz., B1: 100% RD as
basal, B2: 80% RD as basal +20% as foliar spray (FS) at pre flowering, B3: 60% RD as basal + rest 40 % as FS
at pre flowering, B4:40% RD as basal + 60 % as FS at pre flowering stage. The experiment was set up in a
split-plot design with three replications. The mean values of all the characters were calculated and analysis of
variance (ANOVA) was performed with the help of a computer package program MSTAT –C and the mean
differences were adjusted by Least Significance Difference (LSD) test at 5% level of probability.
Results
Different fertilizer management and Boron application showed significant effect on seed yield (kg ha-1) of
mungbean. From the experiment result exhibited that the maximum seed yield (1177.80 kg ha-1) was observed
from F1 treatment whereas minimum seed yield (861.70 kg ha-1) was observed from F2 treatment. In case of
Boron, the seed yield (1125.60 kg ha-1) was observed from B3 which was statistically similar (1103.30 kg ha-1)
with B4 treatment. On the other hand result showed that the maximum seed yield (1356.70 kg ha-1) was
observed from F1B3 treatment which was statistically similar (1310.00 kg ha-1) with F1B4 treatment
combination whereas minimum seed yield weight (756.70 kg ha-1) was observed from F2B1 treatment
combination.
Conclusions
Foliar application of boron combines with chemical fertilizer gave the best performance. It can be concluded
from the discussion that the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer and boron levels had greatly influenced
the yield of mungbean.
Key words: Foliar application, Splitting, Boron, Fertilizer, mungbean.
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Marketing Analysis of Bangalore Red Rose Onion in Chikkaballapura District of Karnataka

ABSTRACT
Methods: The study was conducted by using a random sample of sixty cultivators and twenty market intermediaries from
Chikkaballapura and Chennai export markets. The primary data was collected by personal interview method with help of
pretested and structured schedule during 2019-20 crop season.
(Producer→ Village level trader → Commission agent → Exporter → Foreign importer → Consumers), about 15.00 per
cent in channel-II (Producer→ Contract trader → Exporter → Foreign importer → Consumers) and about 6.60 per cent in
channel-III (Producer→ Trader in APMC → Exporter → Foreign importer → Consumers). The price spread was higher in
Channel-I (Rs. 9,600) compared to Channel-II (Rs. 8,800) and channel-III (Rs. 9,150) due to a greater number of
intermediaries.
Conclusion: With a marketing efficiency index of 3.15, channel-IIwas the most efficient channel followed by channel-III
(2.78) and channel-I (2.59) according to Shepherd’s method.
Key words: Price spread, Marketing channels, marketing efficiency, chikkaballapura
Influence of soil oil and foliar application of zinc sulphate and ferrous sulphate on growth and
yield of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)
R. S. Gawande, P. N. Karanjikar and M. J. Patange
College of Agriculture, Latur- 413 512 (MS), VNMKV, Parbhani- India
ABSTARCT
Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) is an important oilseed and an ornamental crop largely cultivated in India. It is one of the
most popular oilseed crop of Asteraceae family and important source of vegetable oil. It is photo and thermo-insensitive
crop, short duration and wide range adaptability to different cropping patterns and also for soil and climatic condition,
drought tolerance, lower seed rate, higher seed multiplication ratio and good quality of edible oil (45-50 %). Micronutrients
are of large important in crop nutrition for obtaining higher yield. The foliar application of fertilizer is an effective and
economic practices. The purpose behind that is not to replace soil fertilizer application, but to supply plant nutrient need in
critical growth stage of the plant. Zinc, iron as well as sulphur plays an important role in obtaining high quality seed and oil
yield. For wide spread adoption and exploitation of high yield of the sunflower crop, the experiment entitled “Influence of
soil oil and foliar application of zinc sulphate and ferrous sulphate on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annus
L.)” was carried out.
METHODOLOGY
A field experiment was conducted during rabi season, 2020-2021 at Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy,
College of Agriculture, Latur, to study the “Influence of soil and foliar application of zinc sulphate and ferrous sulphate on
growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)”. The soil of experimental plot was clayey in texture, low in available
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nitrogen (231.00 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorous (15.90 kg ha -1) and very high in available potassium (475.27
kg ha-1). Available Zn and Fe in soil was 0.53 ppm and 3.94 ppm respectively. The soil was slightly alkaline in reaction
having pH (7.45). A field experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with ten treatments replicated
three times. The treatments were T1 -RDF, T2 -RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1, T3 -T2 + ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 soil application, T4 -T2
+ FeSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 soil application, T5 -T2 + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% foliar spray, T6 -T2 + FeSO4 @ 0.5% foliar spray, T7 -T2 +
FeSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1+ ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 soil application, T8 -T2 + FeSO4 + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% foliar spray, T9 -T2 + ZnSO4 @
20 kg ha-1 soil application+ FeSO4 @ 0.5% foliar spray and T10 -T2 + FeSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 soil application + ZnSO4 @ 0.5%
foliar spray. The gross plot size of each experimental unit was 5.4 m x 4.5 m and net plot size was 4.2 m x 3.9 m. The
recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) was 90:45:45 NPK kg ha-1 given as per treatment.
RESULTS
Growth attributing characters viz., plant height (cm), dry matter accumulation plant -1 (g), stem girth (cm) and head diameter
(cm) as well as yield attributes viz., number of filled seeds head-1, test weight (g), seed yield (kg ha-1) and stalk yield (kg ha-
1
) were significantly higher with application of T2 + ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 soil application + FeSO4 @ 0.5% foliar spray (T9)
recorded significantly higher plant height at all growth stages of crop which was at par with application of T 2 + FeSO4 @
20 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 soil application (T7) and T2 + ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 soil application + FeSO4 @ 0.5 %
foliar spray (T10) and also found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Zinc and iron fertilization increased the
synthesis of enzyme like auxin biosynthesis, IAA production and protein synthesis which helped in promoting vegetative
growth of sunflower crop. These results are in accordance with those obtained by Raghavendra et al., (2020) and Torabian
et al., (2017).
Conclusion
The application of RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 soil application and of FeSO4 @ 0.5 % foliar
spray (T9) was found beneficial in recording higher seed yield (1768 kg ha -1) and stalk yield (3499 kg ha-1) of sunflower.
References
Raghavendra, M. A., Bellakki, Shreenivas, B. V. & Satyanarayana Rao (2020). Effect of soil and foliar
applications of zinc and iron on yield and economics of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) under
irrigation. International Journal of Current Micorbiogy and Applied Sciences. 9(01), 928-937.
Torabian, S., Zahedi, M. & Khoshgoftar, A. H. (2017). Effect of foliar spray of nano particles of FeSO 4 on the growth and
ion content of sunflower under saline condition. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 40(5), 615-623.
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INTANGIBLE BENEFITS OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM- AN ANALYSIS ON
WILLINGNESS TO PAY BY FARMERS IN THE AGRO CLIMATIC ZONE OF TAMIL
NADU
P. Naveen Kumar2, R. Minithra3, K. Thomas Felix4
1
Nadu, India
1
1
, Tamil Nadu National Law University, Trichy- 620009, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
Agricultural pollution consists a serious concern for environmental protection managers. Among the pollutants, nitrates,
phosphoric compounds and organic pesticides from agricultural activities are the most common and hazardous to the
environment and human health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has defined the maximum nitrate level of a
contaminant in drinking water as 50 mg/L. Nitrate is one of the dangerous for human health as well as plant. Nitrate
contamination in groundwater is due to overuse of nitrogenous fertilizer that lead to accumulation of nitrates in the soil.
Leaching of nitrates into the soil will directly affect the purity of groundwater. Groundwater is one of the source of
irrigation and drinking purpose. In order to reduce the nitrate contamination in groundwater some mitigation techniques
have been proposed to control these pollutants. Agroforestry is vital technique which provides numerous ecosystem
services. Agroforestry, the intentional integration of trees and shrubs into crop and animal production systems, is being
deployed to enhance productivity, profitability, and environmental stewardship of agricultural operations and lands.
National Forest policy (NFP) states that each state in India has to achieve the target of 33 percentage of green cover by
promoting tress outside forest. Tamil Nadu has achieved the green cover of about 20.27 percentage remaining 12.63
percent need to cover as forest cover through the adoption of various agroforestry systems by the farmers. Agroforestry not
only has potential to increase the net income of the farmers but also for upliftment of environmental stability. Different
types of agroforestry systems such as agrisilviculture, agrihorticulture, silvipasture, hortisilviculture and boundary
plantations are commonly practised in Tamil Nadu.
METHODOLOGY
Study area:
Multistage random sampling method was adopted for the study. From Central ground water board (2018-2019) data was
collected for Tamil Nadu. According to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) nitrate <45g/l there is no effect on groundwater
but more than 45 mg/l there is more negative effect on groundwater. For Tamil Nadu, the nitrate content is less than
45mg/l in about 51 per cent of the sample analysed and nearly 49 % of sample gives more than 45 mg/l spread all over the
state. District wise data were collected and each districts were pooled based on seven agro climatic zones. Based on nitrate
level, the western zone was found to high. Hence western zone was selected for the study. In western zone, Coimbatore
district was randomly selected. Under this district, two blocks and in each block three villages were selected. In each
village 25 farmers were randomly selected. Finally 150 sample farmers were selected for the study. With this background
2
Nadu, India
3
4
Tamil Nadu National Law University, Trichy- 620009, Tamil Nadu, India
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the present study attempts to estimate the level of willingness to pay by farmers to intangible benefits offered by
agroforestry system in order to reduce nitrogenous pollutants.
Data were collected from 150 randomly selected farmers through a contingent valuation survey. Contingent Valuation
Method (CVM) was applied to assess farmers willingness to pay (WTP) for raising plantations and its maintenance for
mitigating the impact of nitrate contaminations.
CVM: Contingent valuation method is based on interviewing of WTP (Willingness to Pay) by the demanders, who reveal
their preferences based on their income and other considerations. Contingent valuation method is applied essentially asking
people what they are WTP for the benefit. Regression model in which the dependent variable or regress and evokes ‘Yes’
or ‘No’ or present or absent response are known as dichotomous or dummy dependent variable regression models. Among
the methods that are used to estimate such models, four methods considered are LPM (Linear Probability Model), Logit,
Probit and Tobit regression. If the dependent variable takes two values i.e., zero or one, then we can use either Logit or
Probit regression. But in the Tobit model the dependent variable also takes two values i.e., zero and some value greater
than zero. In Tobit model we can measure both intensity and amount spent to tackle externalities.
RESULTS
Among the sample respondents, majority of the farmers (55 per cent) were willing to pay for agroforestry system.
Remaining 45 per cent of farmers were not willing to pay for agroforestry system. Socioeconomic variable like age of the
respondents, Household heads education, household income, depth of the well, land holding size index were positively
related to the willingness to pay (WTP).
REFERENCES
Otter, V., & Langenberg, J. (2020). Willingness to pay for environmental effects of agroforestry systems: a PLS-model of
the contingent evaluation from German taxpayers’ perspective. Agroforestry Systems, 94(3), 811-829.
Dhakal, A., & Rai, R. K. (2020). Who Adopts Agroforestry in a Subsistence Economy?—Lessons from the Terai of
Nepal. Forests, 11(5), 565.
Genetic Variability Study in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) For Root Yield under Mid-Hills of
Uttarakhand
Riya Jakhwal, Gargi Goswami*, S. C. Pant, K.C. Singh and Arunima Paliwal1
College of Horticulture, VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal,
Uttarakhand, India
1
College of Forestry, VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal,
Uttarakhand, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) which belongs to the family Brassicaceae is a prominent vegetable crop grown worldwide. It
is commonly known as Muli or Mula which grows in every part of India. The genetic parameters such as heritability,
genetic advance, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability are effective for the breeders to select a genotype
having the most desirable traits for yield. The study was undertaken to study the relative magnitude of genetic variability,
heritability and genetic advance for root yield and quality traits of horticultural importance in radish.
Methods
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The study was conducted during rabi season at College of Horticulture, VCSG, UUHF, Bharsar. The experiment was laid
out in RCBD method with three replications at spacing of 45 cm × 20 cm. The observations were recorded on five random
competitive plants per replication for each genotype of twelve important characters.
Results
The analysis of variance indicated that differences among the genotypes were highly significant for all the twelve
characters studied. The magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was significantly higher than the
corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters under the study, indicating a considerable
influence of environment on their expression. The phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were found high gain for root
weight without leaves (g), leaves weight (g), root weight with leaves (g), root yield per plot (kg) and root diameter (cm).
Conclusion
It is concluded that four genotypes viz Gol Mooli, Mino Early White, Hill Queen and Radish Roshni recorded higher root
yield and also performed better than all other genotypes
Key words: Genetic variability, root yield, quality traits, raddish
Analysis of Secretion system in Bacillus subtilis RC 25

Alok K. Singh*, Ruchi Srivastava, Jagriti Yadav, Alok K. Srivastava and Anil K. Saxena
ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, Mau-275103
ABSTARCT
Purpose
Bacterial secretion systems are sophisticated molecular machines that fulfil a wide range of important functions, which
reach from export/secretion of essential proteins or virulence factors to the implication in conjugation processes.There are
two major pathways exist to secrete proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. The general Secretion route, termed Sec-
pathway, catalyzes the transmembrane translocation of proteins in their unfolded conformation, whereupon they fold into
their native structure at the trans-side of the membrane. The Twin-arginine translocation pathway, termed Tat-pathway,
catalyses the translocation of secretory proteins in their folded state. In this study we analyzed the bacterial secretory
system of potential Bacillus subtilis RC25.
Methods
Functional annotation of potential Bacillus subtilis RC25 genome for analysis of their secretory system was performed by
using RAST and BlastKoala server.
Results
Bacillus subtilis RC25 has various plant growth promoting activities such as synthesis of IAA, ACC-deaminase,
siderophores and HCN and the capacity of solubilizing phosphate, in addition to strong hydrolytic activity in vitro by
production of extracellular enzymes like protease, amylase, cellulase lipase and gelatinase. Genome annotation was
performed using Rapid Annotation using Subsystems Technology (RAST) v.2.0 and BlastKoala. The 3.9 Mb genome of
Bacillus subtilis RC25 has 4115 genes and 1082 genes participated in different pathways. Sec and Tat (Twin arginine
targeting) secretion systemwere predicted in the genome, total 11genes were identified secretion among them 9 vizSecD/F,
SecE, SecG, SecY, YajC,YidC, SecA, FtsY and ffh were participated in sec system and 2vizTatA and TatC in Tat system.
Conclusions
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Nine important genes contributing to Secretary System and two genes to Twin arginine targeting system were deciphered
in B. subtilis RC 25.
Keywords: Bacillus subtilis, BlastKoala, RAST and Twin-agrinine
Phytochemical screening of medicinal plants against Streptococcus mutans targeting Putative

deoxycytidylate deaminase
Hemlata Pundir1, Tanuja Joshi2, Subhash Chandra2*, Sushma Tamta1
1. Department of Botany, D.S.B Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 263001, Uttarakhand, India
2.Computational Biology & Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Soban Singh Jeena University, SSJ
Campus, Almora 263601, Uttarakhand, India
ABSTARCT
Purpose
Oral hygiene plays a consequential role in maintaining the overall health of a human being. Streptococcus mutans is well-
recognized as the main causative factor of dental caries. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is one of the most common antimicrobial
agents. Besides, CHX can cause taste confusions, tooth staining, and drug resistance. In this regard, the phytochemicals of
medicinal plants could be explored to prevent this disease.
Methods
Therefore, we constructed a library of 1399 phytochemicals from 23 medicinal plants and filtered it through the
SwissADME web tool. Screening of 357 phytochemicals by Virtual Screening and Molecular dynamics Simulation and
MMPBSA resulted in four potential phytochemicals. Further, molecular docking studies of filtered phytochemicals were
performed with Putative deoxycytidylate deaminase(dCD) enzyme to investigate the binding interactions.
Results
Based on the binding energy score of the top 4 phytochemicals, the results indicate that Cyclocurcumin, Androsta-1,4,6-
triene-3,17-dione , Sesamin and 3,4-Dichloroatropine has the highest and equal binding affinity (-7.5 kcal mol-1, -7.5 kcal
mol-1, -7.9 kcal mol-1, -8.3 kcal mol-1) as compared to the reference molecule (-7.5 kcal mol-1). Further, 100 ns
molecular dynamics simulation of the top four phytochemicals showed that Cyclocurcumin, Androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-
dione , Sesamin and 3,4-Dichloroatropine have good stability with dCD. These four phytochemicals were then subjected
for MMPBSA (last 10 ns) calculation to analyze the protein-ligand stability and dynamic behavior. Promising outcomes
from MD simulations evidence the worth of these phytochemicals for future drug development to combat tooth disease.
Conclusions
Thereby, alternative antibacterial agents are still needed for the control of dental plaque and caries. Small molecules have
shown inhibitory effect on bacterial biofilms due to its good antimicrobial activity, good stability, and low toxicity. These
compounds may be investigated in vitro to evaluate the efficacy against S.mutans.
Keyword –Tooth disease; Streptococcus mutans; Molecular Docking; Phytochemicals; MD simulation; MMPBSA
PERFORMANCE OF CHICKPEA (RVG 202) UNDER RAISED BED PLANTING IN

NARSIHGPUR DISTRICT
Nidhi Verma, Shweta Mesram, Anjum Ahmad, K.V. Sahare and Priyanka Mishra
Scientist (Agronomy) JNKVV, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Narsinghpur (M.P.) 487001
Programme Assistant, KVK, Dindori (M.P.)
Technical Assistant TCBCARS, Bilaspur (C.G.)
Senior Scientist & Head, JNKVV, KVK, Narsinghpur (M.P.)
Senior Research Fellowsip, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.)
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ABSTARCT
Protein malnutrition is a major problem in India. Enhancing the productivity of pulse crops has therefore become a major
concern. Chickpea (Cicer arietenum) is one of the potential pulse crops in the country. It is grown in 8.3 million ha area
with an annual production of 7.7 million tonnes and an average productivity of 928 kg/ha (MOA 2013). Major area of
chickpea is found in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. In most of
the states the crop productivity is low as the traditional practices of cultivation are followed. Narsinghpur is a major pulse.
growing district in Madhya Pradesh. On an average about 89000 ha area is covered under chickpea in Narsingpur during
rabi season. There is immense scope in the district for increasing the productivity of chickpea. Present investigation was
undertaken for observing the role of planting method on chickpea in vertisols. Raised bed system of planting was compared
with the flat bed method of planting prevalent in the district.
KEY WORDS
Chickpea, Raised bed planter and RVG 202
METHOD AND MATERIALS
The trial was conducted in Rabi season during the year 2020-21 in farmers fields in village Seoni bandha Narsinghpur
district of Madhya Pradesh. One year the raised bed planting was done at ten fields of size one acre each. A tractor drawn
bed planter was utilized for raised bed planting of chickpea. Chickpea variety RVG 202 was considered for the study.
Ordinary seed cum fertilizer drill was utilized for the flat bed planting of chickpea. The seed rate under the raised bed
planting was 50kg/hectare. Under the raised bed method sowing was done in two rows spaced at nine inch on each bed of
fourteen inch width. Each bed was separated by a furrow. Under the flat bed planting the farmers stuck to their usual seed
rate of 75 kg/ha. Irrigation was given through sprinklers at flowering and at pod formation stage. Data on crop yield was
taken on actual yield per acre basis. Cost of cultivation and gross return were computed on prevalent market rates basis.
RESULT
During the year 2020-21 the crop yield under raised bed planting was 14.5 q/ha. This was higher by 3.5 q over the flat bed
planting. Thus the crop yield under the flat bed planting was obtained as 11.0 q/ha. The average cost of cultivation was
computed on the basis of prevalent market rates. It was observed that the cost of cultivation under the raised bed. planting
was computed to be Rs. 23450/- per ha which was slightly higher than that computed under the flat bed planting. The
gross return under the flat bed planting was computed to be Rs. 53760/- per ha which increased to Rs. 69600/- per ha under
the raised bed planting. The net return was higher in case of raised bed planting. The average net return under raised bed
planting was found to be Rs. 46150/- per ha. An additional amount of Rs. 11310/- per ha was fetched as net return under
the raised bed planting against the flat bed planting.. The B: C ratio in case of raised bed planting was 2.96 as compared to
2.34 computed under the flat bed planting. Thus the results of raised bed planting were encouraging.
CONCLUSION
The raised bed planting of chickpea provided an environment much suitable for the crop growth. Eventually the crop yield
under the raised bed planting was higher than that under the flat bed planting. This is well evident from the results of the
two years study. Moreover lesser amount of seed was required under the raised bed planting. Thus it can be concluded that
the raised bed planting is a good option for increasing crop growth in the vertisol regions of central India. Pramanik et al.,
(2009) in their study of raised bed planting with chickpea have also reported that raised bed planting gave higher grain
yield than the flat bed planting. Thus here also the raised bed sowing outperformed the conventional of sowing of chickpea
in vertisols. Hence it can be concluded that the raised bed method of planting is a more suitable option for cultivation of
chickpea in vertisols.
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REFERENCE
Jitendra Joshi & Atul Kumar Shrivastava (2017): Modification and performance evaluation of tractor drawn raised bed
seed drill under vertisol. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research; Volume 7, Issue 3, June 2017, pp:
385-394.
Khambalkar, V.P., N.N. Waghmare, A.V. Gajakos, D.S. Karale, U.S. Kankal (2014): Performance of broad bed planter in
winter season of dryland crops. International Agricultural Engineering Journal, 23(01): 14-22, June 2014.
Molecular characterization, development of functional markers and their utilization in

molecular breeding for sugary1 gene governing kernel sweetness in maize
Rashmi Chhabra*, Vignesh Muthusamy, Nisrita Gain, Ashvinkumar Katral, Aanchal Baveja, Brijesh
Mehta, Nitish Ranjan Prakash, Rajkumar Uttamrao Zunjare and Firoz Hossain
Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Sweet corn has become a popular choice, both as a fresh and processed vegetable worldwide. Two recessive mutant genes
affecting the starch metabolism, sugary1 (su1) and shrunken2 (sh2) have been extensively used for development of sweet
corn cultivars. Of these, su1 gene encoding starch de-branching enzyme has been in much use for sweet corn cultivar
development in United States and European nations. Su1-based sweet corn kernels possess three-times more sugar than
ordinary maize, and kernels appear attractive due to the presence of higher accumulation of water soluble phytoglycans
(WSP). The demand of sweet corn in India has increased tremendously in the last few years due to increased urbanization.
Despite, its abundant usage, su1 gene has not been characterized comprehensively at the molecular level, and limited
information on allelic diversity of su1 gene among diverse inbreds exists. Further, development of sweet corn hybrids
using conventional breeding methods takes 8-10 years. Molecular breeding accelerates the breeding cycle by taking less
than half of the time. Functional marker is ideal for marker-assisted selection (MAS). However, no functional marker for
su1 gene has been reported. Thus, molecular characterization of su1 gene and development of suitable functional markers
would pave the way for early selection of suitable plants in the segregating generation, leading to saving of considerable
time and resources.
Methods
11.7 kb region of su1 gene was sequenced among 5 wild type and 6 su1 mutants of maize. 27 overlapping primers
amplifying small contigs of 300-400 bp length were used for sequencing. The su1 gene was characterized at molecular
level among diverse genotypes of maize and 23 orthologues. On the basis of identified variations among 11 maize inbreds,
SNP and InDel based markers were developed and validated in five F2 populations and in a set of 230 diverse inbreds
having both mutant and wild-type alleles of su1. The functional markers were used in marker-assisted introgression of su1
gene into the four sh2-based parental inbreds (PMI-SWT-16, PMI-SWT-17, PMI-SWT-19 and PMI-SWT-20) of two
popular sweet corn hybrids (PSSC-1 and PSSC-2).
Results
A total of 12 InDels and 96 SNPs were identified that clearly differentiated the dominant and recessive allele of su1.
Besides, 15 InDels of 2-45 bp were selected to develop markers for studying allelic diversity in su1 gene among 19 mutant-
(su1) and 29 wild-type (Su1) inbreds. Analysis showed major allele frequency ranged from 0.52 to 0.90, while PIC and
gene diversity varied from 0.15 to 0.37 and 0.16 to 0.49, respectively. Two major clusters each for wild- type (Su1) and
mutant (su1) types were observed in phylogenetic tree. A total of 44 haplotypes of su1 were identified, with three
haplotypes (Hap6, Hap22 and Hap29) sharing more than one genotype. Introns in orthologues (77-2206 bp) were longer
than maize (859-1718 bp). Conserved α-amylase and CBM_48 domains SU1 protein were predicted in SU1 protein of
maize and orthologues. Phylogenetic analysis showed closer relationship of maize SU1 protein with P. hallii, S. bicolor
and E. tef than Triticum sp. and Oryza sp. Four variations including InDels of 6 bp and 36 bp in intron-10 and promoter
region, respectively, and one SNP in exon-2 were selected to develop breeder-friendly codominant functional markers
(SuDel6-FR, SuDel36-FR and SNP2703-CG-85/89). These three functional markers were validated among F 2 populations
and the panel of diverse inbreds. Of these, SuDel36-FR was successfully used in molecular breeding for introgression of
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su1 gene in sh2 genetic background. BC1F1, BC2F1 and BC2F2 populations were successfully genotyped. Use of >100 SSRs
led to the recovery of >90% of the recurrent parent genome. This has led to the development of MAS-derived inbreds with
both su1 and sh2 genes in homozygous conditions. The newly derived inbreds (su1su1/sh2sh2) possesses higher kernel
sweetness than the individual mutants.
Conclusions
This is the first comprehensive characterization of su1 gene and its allelic forms in diverse maize and related orthologues.
The study also represents the development and validation of first universal functional markers for su1 gene. The
information generated here assumes great significance in molecular breeding of sweet corn.
Key words: sweet corn, functional marker, SNP, InDel, allelic variation, haplotype, orthologue, Zea mays
STATUS OF FARM PRODUCE AND FOOD GRAIN AVAILABILITY IN THE WESTERN

HIMALAYA: A CASE STUDY OF THE UTTARAKHAND HIMALAYA
VISHLESHWAR¹, P.C. CHANIYAL², D.S. RAWAT²
1. Department of Geography, D.S.B. Campus, Nainital, K.U. Nainital, U.K.,
India, 263001
2. Department of Geography, D.S.B. Campus, Nainital, K.U. Nainital, U.K.,
India, 263001
3. GBPNIHESD, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263643
ABSTRACT
More than 70% population in the hills of Uttarakhand generates their livelihood from agriculture based activities. People
maintain their traditional agroforestry system in the study area. Technological uses in agriculture in the hilly regions has
been done but production is still low, not enough to meet out the demand of the population. Keeping this in view this study
aims to assess the status of agriculture production and the availability of food grains for the cultivators in the study area.
METHODOLOGY:
Analysis of primary and secondary data set has been done. Collection of primary data has been through the extensive
survey of villages in the study area. Secondary data has been collected from available published material like Census,
reports, research articles etc.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Advancement in technology helping to increase the yield of crops but still the overall production of main agricultural crops
has been decreasing. Positive and negative growth has been found in production of different crops in different altitudinal
zones. Rise in temperature is showing some positive indication for cultivation for few crops as well negative for the
established apple orchards. Farmers are facing wild animals attack and climatic uncertainty on crops, resultant it impacts
farm production and the interest of cultivators.
CONCLUSION:
Hilly terrain creates many challenges to implantation of technological advances in agriculture. Increase in scattered and
small landholdings causing operational costs of agriculture increasing with the time. Natural disasters like hail storm, odd
precipitation and the wild animals like monkeys and wild boar etc. are destroying the crops such a level that production of
crops in few areas are negligible and the cultivators are hopeless. Some bigger steps need to be taken for these issues.
KEY WORDS: Agriculture, Food grain, Farmers, Landholdings, Uttarakhand Himalaya
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Genetic assessment of newly developed maize inbreds for yield and its attributes in different
agro-climatic conditions
*
Gaurav Sharma1, Uttam Chandel2, Sawan Kumar1 and Satish Kumar Guleria3
1
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal
Pradesh, India
2
CSKHPKV, SAREC, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
3
CSKHPKV, HAREC, Bajaura, Himachal Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Maize is a strategically important crop for the millions of resource-poor farmers because of its multiple uses as food, feed
and raw material for industry. The detailed genetic assessment of germplasm derived new elite lines is pre-requisite for
future breeding programmes. So, present study was undertaken to develop new crosses and determine the combining ability
over the environments.
Methods
Twenty eight crosses developed by crossing eight inbred lines in half diallel mating design, were evaluated in RBD at two
environments representing different agroclimatic and ecological conditions of North-Western Himalayas (SAREC, Kangra
and HAREC, Bajaura). Data was recorded for various agro-morphologial traits during Kharif, 2019.
Results
Analysis of variance indicated sufficient amount of genetic variability in material. Bartlett’s test revealed that error
variance was homogeneous only for six traits out of total twelve traits. Estimates of σ2SCA were higher as compared to
σ2GCA in both the environments and in pooled over environment as well, except for the days to 75% brown husk in
Kangra which indicated preponderance of non-additive gene action. The inbred line B73 in Bajaura, pooled over
environment and LM14 in Kangra were found good general combiner for most of the traits. The crosses B73 × BAJIM-
1811 and BAJIM-1522 × BAJIM-1811 in Kangra, Bajaura as well as in pooled over environment identified as the potential
hybrids.
Conclusion
The inbred lines with good GCA may be utilized as potential parents for development of high yielding single cross maize
hybrids. The crosses identified as potential hybrids may be commercially exploited after critical evaluation for its
superiority in performance and with stability across the locations over years.
Key words:
Maize, General Combining Abiliy, Specific Combining Ability, Genetic Variance
EFFECT OF SEED PRIMING WITH CHITOSAN BIONANOCONJUGATE IN WHEAT

CULTIVARS
Narender Mohan1, Ajay Pal1, Vinod Saharan2
1
Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar, Haryana, 125 004, India
2
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of
Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313 001, India
ABSTARCT
INTRODUCTION
Numerous biopolymers such as starch, cellulose, alginate, chitin, and chitosan have been used to develop new materials
with environmental sustainability and desirable functionality. Due to their abundance, biocompatibility, biodegradability,
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hydrophilicity, and safe and non-toxic properties, chitosan-based nanomaterials are largely being explored for defence and
as growth promoter in plants (Saharan et al., 2016). It is because nano-chitosan, compared to bulk chitosan, has superior
physico-chemical characteristics that provide enhanced biological activities and improved nutrient use efficiency in plants.
Being an advance and better approach, slow-release nanofertilizers have been targeted for their effective and long-term
effects in crops. In the present investigation, Zinc (Zn, an essential micronutrient utilized in several metabolic reactions)
was encapsulated in bionanoconjugate (BNC) along with salicylic acid (SA, a phenolic compound with growth regulatory
and signalling properties) (Khan et al., 2015). We aimed to improve their availability and efficacy in wheat cultivars. BNC
obtained from ionic gelation method were stable, mono-dispersed, and extensively characterized for various physico-
chemical properties. Priming with this BNC was performed on seeds of two wheat varieties, WH-1124 and WH-542, which
showed a significant increase in root-shoot length, germination rate, coefficient of germination, and seed vigour index
(SVI) as compared to bulk treatments. Our results demonstrated that developed BNC is more effective than bulk chitosan,
zinc, salicylic acid, and their combination in seed germination and plant establishment.
METHODS
Synthesis of BNC was done by ionic gelation technique, and the mono-disperse and stable nanomaterial was obtained,
which was used in further studies. It was extensively characterized (DLS, FTIR, etc.) for various physico-chemical
properties (Kumaraswamy et al., 2019). Two wheat varieties, WH-1124 and WH-542, were selected to study the effect of
priming with BNC at different concentrations ranging from 100 to 1600 ppm. Ten primed seeds were placed in the Petri
plates and germination paper each to evaluate various attributes (germination %, shoot-root length, seedling length, growth
rate, coefficient of germination, and SVI) during germination (ISTA, 1999).
RESULTS
The post-priming effect of BNC was evaluated for its impact on plant and seedling growth of the wheat crop. Synthesized
mono-disperse BNC has a mean size of 353.2 nm, a PDI value of 0.28, and a zeta-potential of +38.1mV. X-ray diffraction
and FTIR study revealed the pendant and bridge pattern interactions in BNC. Seedling growth was monitored for up to 10
days in all the treatments. At 0-3 days, negligible germination was observed in all treatments except a few in WH-542.
Higher germination was found in BNC treated seeds than control. There was a significant difference in germination rate
and coefficient of germination with a negligible difference in germination percent on the 10 th day after priming (Table 1).
Shoot-root and seedling lengths were higher in the BNC-primed (mainly 400ppm) seeds. Treatment with BNC (100-
1600ppm) significantly (p = 0.05) improved SVI as compared with control, bulk chitosan (no germination), zinc, and SA
treatments. Also comparing the varieties: Variety B (WH-542) was more responsive than Variety A (WH-1124).
CONCLUSIONS
Chitosan is a well-recognized biomaterial in agriculture and have successfully been utilized in many crops for enhancing
seed germination, decreasing abiotic stress, increasing nutrient uptake and boosting the defence response in plants. Our
results demonstrated that BNC is more effective as compared to bulk chitosan, zinc, salicylic acid, and their combination in
seed germination percentage, shoot-root length, root number, and SVI of wheat. The BNC clearly showed growth-
promoting effect on wheat seedling and further work on stress mitigation activity is under progress.
REFERENCES
• International Seed Testing Association. (1999). International rules for seed testing. Rules 1999.
• Khan, M. I. R., Fatma, M., Per, T. S., Anjum, N. A., & Khan, N. A. (2015). Salicylic acid-induced abiotic stress
tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants. Frontiers in plant science, 6, 462.
• Kumaraswamy, R. V., Kumari, S., Choudhary, R. C., Sharma, S. S., Pal, A., Raliya, R., & Saharan, V. (2019).
Salicylic acid functionalized chitosan nanoparticle: a sustainable biostimulant for plant. International journal of
biological macromolecules, 123, 59-69.
• Saharan, V., Kumaraswamy, R. V., Choudhary, R. C., Kumari, S., Pal, A., Raliya, R., & Biswas, P. (2016). Cu-
chitosan nanoparticle mediated sustainable approach to enhance seedling growth in maize by mobilizing reserved
food. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 64(31), 6148-6155.
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Transforming farm lands into small tea gardens: socio-economic impact on participation of
farm women
Monirul Haque1*, S K Acharya2
Department of Agricultural Extension, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India,
PIN- 741252
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Any transformation or change in the ecosystem has got both rippling and spill-over effects. It invites reciprocal and
seamless changes in the landscape, life, and livelihood of hundreds and more hundreds for the visible and invisible biota.
The transformation of farmlands into tea gardens, the shift of a crop-based ecosystem into a perennial plantation, has got
both bio-physical and socio-economic implications. The drivers of the transformation are economic benefits, ease of farm
management, and availability of technology from the surrounding tea gardens. The empirical inquiries have been whether
these changes are ephemeral have got a long-term ecological impact in terms of loss of traditional gene pools, settlement
pattern, soil and water characteristics, and livelihood at large.
Methods
The present study has been conducted on sixty respondents, those who have already transformed their crop field into tea
gardens, by taking farm women engagement (y) as the dependent variable and the score of twelve independent variables.
The respondents were taken from three blocks of Alipurduar district of the northern part of West Bengal of India namely
Falakata Block, Madarihat Block, and Alipurduar-1, and interviewed through the structured schedule.
Results
The results show that the variables such as mean change in land under cultivation, mean change in average garden size,
mean change in total income, the ratio of pesticides use have been found to significantly impacting on the socio-economic
factors of the farm women who are engaged in the transformed small tea gardens.
Conclusions
The study had revealed the emergence of small tea gardens helps in the empowerment of women as well as increasing the
demand for women participation in the transformed farming sector, which improves the overall status of the Women
farmers.
Keywords: Agricultural transformation, small tea gardens, women farmers, women engagement.
Land demand for food and cooking fuel-wood in India

K. Thomas Felix1*, P. Naveen Kumar2 and S. Arivarasan3
1*
Tamil Nadu National Law University, Trichy, Tamil Nadu.
2
Amrita School of Agriculture Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
3
JSA College of Agriculture and Technology, Tittakudi, Tamil Nadu.
INTRODUCTION: Land is limited in supply and it is inevitable resource for human existence. Especially, land supplies
food and energy to the people. On the one hand, as the population increases, the demand for food increases. On the other
hand, due inelastic in land supply and compulsion to increase the food production, people are shifting the forest area into
agricultural land. The intensity of global agricultural land use is increasing and gradually the forest area is decreasing. In
near future, the demand for food and cooking fuel will increase as farmers will tend to encroach on forests to expand
agricultural land (Charoenratana and Shinohara, 2017). Alexander et al., (2016) stated that to satisfy the food consumption
need of an individual who lives in rural India requires about 2000 m 2 of agricultural land. If the trend continues, it will lead
to increased competition over land for food and fuel.
OBJECTIVES: With the above background, the present study aims to determine the food intake and per capita demand
for cooking fuel; and to assess the land requirement for food and for cooking fuel and compare the results
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METHODOLOGY: The land requirement for food-and-cooking fuel were calculated using the methodology developed
by Kastner and Nonhebel.
Land Requirement for Food: per-capita food consumption multiplied with the per hectare yield
Consumption data were collected from NSSO 68 th Round (Consumption); Crop yield and Cropping intensity data were
collected from GoI
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 (𝑡/𝑐𝑎𝑝/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)

𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑡/ℎ𝑎/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)
Land Required for Cooking Fuel: per-capita firewood consumption multiplied with the per hectare fuelwood production.
Fuelwood demand data was collected from NSSO 68th Round (Consumption)
Biomass yield was calculated using the below formula
𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑊𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑟
RESULTS: The average land requirement for food is about 1000 m 2/cap/yr, varies with a range between 800-
1300m2/cap/yr.
It is evident that the average land requirement for fuelwood is about 7 times larger than the area required to produce food.
CONCLUSION: Results are evident that, there is a wide disparity in land demand between all the states of India. Dietary
change is not an option for the rural people. Hence, changes to cooking fuels could be another option. This study
recommends the policy makers to make policies which reduce the fuelwood consumption and shift the people to adopt a
more efficient cooking fuel.
Table 1: Effect of different treatments on growth and yield attributing characters of sunflower.
Treatments Plant Dry Stem Head No of Test Seed

Stalk
height matter girth diameter filled weight yield
yield
(cm) at (g) at (cm) at (cm) at seeds (g) (kg
(kg
harvest harvest 75 harvest head-1 ha-1)
ha-1)
DAS
T1 – RDF 154.37 87.58 6.07 12.71 646 44.72 1037 2646
-1
T2 - RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha
155.48 88.58 6.82 13.38 657 45.51 1301 2896
T3 - T2 + ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 soil
176.03 99.77 7.63 15.93 701 51.27 1462 3094
application
T4 - T2 + FeSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 soil
175.43 98.66 7.50 14.99 689 49.67 1360 3018
application
T5 -T2 + ZnSO4 @ 0.5%foliar
169.54 91.95 7.26 13.22 664 46.90 1302 2898
spray
T6- T2+ FeSO4 @ 0.5% foliar
170.74 94.59 7.35 14.32 681 47.69 1345 2992
spray
T7 - T2 + FeSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 +
ZnSO4 @ 20 kg 193.13 109.81 8.23
ha-1 soil application 17.64 760 55.87 1587 3330
T8 - T2 + FeSO4 + ZnSO4 @ 0.5%
172.45 96.35 7.47 15.11 683 48.30 1352 3007
foliar spray
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T9 - T2 + ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 soil
application + 199.80 112.91 9.09
FeSO4 @ 0.5% foliar spray 18.92 804 58.87 1768 3499
T10 -T2 + FeSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 soil
application + 184.71 100.49 7.99
ZnSO4 @ 0.5% foliar spray 16.34 732 53.60 1491 3109
SE ± 7.41 4.25 0.38 0.95 31 2.96 93 135
CD at 5% 20.03 12.64 1.13 2.84 93 NS 277 402
Response of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) varieties to different moisture

conservation practices under rainfed condition
B .N. Aglave, M. J. Patange*, P. N. Karanjikar and L. P. Bandgar
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,Latur (MS) Vasantrao Naik Marathawad Krishi Vidyapeeth,Parbhani
431402 (India)
ABSTRACT
Purpose
During last three-four year, it was notice that, in Maharashtra there was continuous dry spell of 15-35 days
during kharif season, which seriously affects the growth and yield of soybean. It is evident from the
literature that the different land configuration such as broad bed and furrow (BBF) are helpful in moisture
conservation in soil and also lessen the loss of water through evaporation from the soil.
In attendance study, the crop was subjected to different land layouts by opening of furrows at different
interval of rows. The advantageous effect of land layouts will certainly accelerate the process of growth and
development of soybean resulting in better yield. Similarly, the surplus water during rainy days will be
drained out from the field through this furrow and thereby saving the crop from water logged conditions.
We aim to identify, the effect of moisture conservation practices on growth and yield of soybean
Method
The experiment was conducted during kharif season of the year 2019 at Experimental Farm of
Agronomy section. College of Agriculture, Latur, to study the Assessment of land configuration and
varieties of soybean. The experiment was laid out in a factorial Randomized Block Design with 12
treatments combinations, consisting three varieties viz, V1-MAUS-71, V2- MAUS-162 and V3- DS-228
and four land configurations viz, flatbed (45 cm x 5 cm) (L 1), ridges and furrows (L2), Opening of
furrows after every two rows (L3) and L1 + Mulching. Sowing was done by dibbling method on 2 nd
August 2019. The RDF was applied before sowing. The recommended cultural practices and plant
protection measures were undertaken as per recommendation.
Result
Soybean varieties DS-228 was found to be beneficial in improving growth characters, yield attributes
and yield in soybean over MAUS -162 and MAUS- 71. Among different land configuration sowing
with ridges and furrows was found to be beneficial in improving growth characters, yield attributes and
yield in soybean over flatbed opening of furrows after every two rows and L 1+ mulching (L4) and
flatbed (L1).
Conclusion
The variety DS-228 (V3) and the land configuration of ridges and furrows (L 2) was found to be most
productive for getting elevated growth, yield attributes and yield of Soybean.
Keywords: Soybean, Moisture conservation, layout, ridges and furrows, yield
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Linkage disequilibrium analysis study reveals the genetic architecture of flowering time Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
Vanya Bawa*1, Surinder Kumar Gupta2, Manmohan Sharma3, Vijay Gahlaut4
1
University Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan
2
Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu,
Jammu, 180009, India.
3
School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, 180009,
India.
4
Biotechnology division, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061
ABSTARCT
Purpose: Flowering Plants are evolved to have sophisticated systems to acclimatise to local conditions, domestication and
natural or artificial selection. The selective pressures of these different growing conditions have caused significant genomic
divergence within species. This crucial factor plays major role to maintain the sustainable development. Triggering the
flowering at appropriate times can also prevent plants from suffering from adverse growth conditions, such as disease
escape, drought, and winter hardness. Hence, discovering the genome-wide genetic mechanisms that influence flowering
time variations and understanding their contributions to adaptation at this vital phenological stage is important topic of
interest.
Method: In present study a core collection with 64 Brassica juncea lines was first planted in two year trials independent
environments, and their flowering time traits were phenotyped. A genome-wide association mapping of flowering times
with 82 SSRs for core set was done.. The information of population structure matrix and trait phenotypic data on flowering
time were together used in software TASSEL and significant MTAs were identified.
Results: In total, showed marker-trait associations two year trial. On the whole 26 QTLs were identified, only 1 QTL
showed significant association with flowering time variations. To explore flowering time QTLs and genes related to
growth habits in Indian mustard, selection signals related to divergent habits were screened at the genome-wide level.
Conclusion: Based on this study, a number of marker-trait associations and candidate genes for flowering time variations
in Indian mustard were revealed. These results will be applied to brassica breeding programs to assist in selection of best
lines for their use in molecular breeding.
Keywords: Growth habits, flowering time, GWAS, Brassica junce
Identification of promising rice crop establishment methods in Rice – Linseed cropping system
under conservation agriculture
J. R. Katore*, S. P. Shinde, Beena Nair, V. S. Khawale, D. J. Jiotode and Rupali Damdar
All India Coordinated Research Project on Linseed and Mustard, College of Agriculture, Nagpur-440001,
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra, India
ABSTARCT
Rice – Fallow area is more in India to catch this area with appropriate rabi crop it is necessary to modify rice crop
establishment method. Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) can save the time and cost for the farmers. After harvest of DSR linseed
could also be gives better results on various Conservation Agricultural practices. Therefore to identify promising rice crop
establishment method in rice linseed cropping system this study was carried out.
METHODOLOGY
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A field experiment was conducted at AICRP on Linseed and Mustard College of Agriculture, Nagpur during kharif and
rabi season of 2020-21 in Split-Split Plot design with three replications. Main Plot treatments are crop establishment
methods for Rice i.e.T1 – Transplanting Rice, T2 – Direct Seeded Rice, Sub Plot Treatments includes conservation tillage
practices for Linseed L1 - Conventional tillage (Line sowing), L2 - Zero tillage (Broadcasting) and L3 - Zero tillage (Line
sowing), Sub sub plot treatments: Nutrient management for linseed includes N1 - 75 % RDF, N2 - 100 % RDF (60:30:00)
and N3 - 125 % RDF. The soil was clayey in nature with pH 7.2 indicating slightly alkaline in reaction, low in available
nitrogen; medium in available phosphorus and very high in available potassium.
RESULTS
The higher growth and yield attributing characters viz., plant height (cm), no. of tillers (m-2), dry matter accumulation (m-
2
), panicle length (cm), effective tillers (m -2), No. of filled and unfilled grains, panicle weight (g), grain yield (q ha-1), straw
yield (q ha-1) was recorded when rice was sown by transplanting method as compare to direct seeded rice method.
In case of linseed growth and yield attributing characters viz., plant height, number of branches plant-1, dry matter
accumulation plant-1, grain yield and straw yield plant-1, seed and straw yield (q ha-1), was found higher when linseed was
sown after direct seeded rice by treatment zero tillage (Line sowing), as compare to Conventional tillage (Line sowing) and
zero tillage (Relay cropping broadcasting). In nutrient management for linseed the maximum growth and yield attributing
characters viz., plant height, number of branches plant -1, dry matter accumulation plant-1, grain yield and straw yield plant-
1
, seed and straw yield (q ha-1), was found when linseed was supplied with 125 % RDF but it was found at par with 100 %
RDF (60:30:00).
CONCLUSIONS
Amongst sowing methods for rice treatment T2 Direct seeded rice was found more economical through it was less
productive as compare to treatment T1 Transplanting rice. Linseed sown after direct seeded rice WITH 100 % RDF by zero
tillage (Line sowing) 30 cm apart was found most productive and economic method for sowing of linseed
REFERENCES
Bharadwaj Reshu, M. K Singh and R. K Singh 2018. Effect of crop establishment methods on weed dynamics and
productivity of rice under puddled condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 7(5): 1357-1360.
Bohra, Jitendra & Kumar, Rakesh. (2015). Effect of crop establishment methods on productivity, profitability and
energetics of rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) system. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 85.
217-223.
Key Words: - Rice-Linseed cropping system, Conservation Agriculture, Crop establishment methods, Direct Seeded Rice,
Transplanting, Conventional tillage
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Integrated weed management in irrigated linseed
J. R. Katore*, Beena Nair, Rupali Damdar, P. C. Pagar, S. S. Thakare and Shilpa Rananaware
All India Coordinated Research Project on Linseed and Mustard, College of Agriculture, Nagpur-440001,
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra, India
ABSTARCT
Linseed, Linum usitatissimum L., the important rabi oil seed crop faces the weed problem in irrigated condition which
reflected in yield loss to the tune of 50%. The linseed plant having small leaves and short, upright growth habit and never
forms canopy make linseed a poor competitor with weeds throughout its life. Because of slow initial growth and small
sized leaves, an initial growth period of 20-45 days is very critical and season long weed competition has been found to
reduce linseed yield to the extent of 30-40% (Mahere et al., 2000). Weed competition leads to higher dockage in the grain
due to high amounts of weed seed, therefore it should be controlled when the crop height is between 5 and 10 cm i.e. at
early stage of plant growth. Therefore an integrated approach for controlling the weeds is indispensable in irrigated linseed.
METHODOLOGY
An experiment was conducted at AICRP on Linseed and Mustard College of Agriculture, Nagpur during rabi season of
2020-21 in randomized block design with three replications on medium black soil. The treatment details are Weedy check
(T1), HW Twice at 20-25 and 40-45 DAS (T2), Metribuzin @ 250 g.a.i/ha + Qxyflourfen @125 g.a.i./ha (Pre emergence)
(T3), Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i./ha (Pre emergence) fb. Metsulfuron methyl @ 4 g.a.i./ha at 25 DAS (T4), Imazethapur 10
EC 75 g.a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weed (T5), Oxyflourfen @ 125 g.a.i/ha (Pre) (T6), Metsulfuron methyl @ 4 g.a.i./ha at 2-
3 leaf stage of weed (T7), Clodinafop @ 60 g a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weed (T8) Clodinafop @ 60 g a.i./ha + Metsulfuron
methyl @ 4 g.a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weed (T9) and Oxadiargyl @ 80 g/ha (pre) (T10).
RESULTS
The weed control treatments significantly reduced the weed population and weed biomass when compared with unweeded
control (Table 1 and 2). Weed count and weed dry weights at 20, 40 and 80 DAS were recorded prior to execution of
different treatments scheduled at the respective stage. The treatment Clodinafop @ 60 g a.i./ha + Metsulfuron methyl @ 4
g.a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weed showed superiority in minimizing the weed count upto 80DAS.
Among the different herbicide tested in linseed, weed control efficiency was found maximum in treatment having post
emergence application of Clodinafop @ 60 g a.i./ha + Metsulfuron methyl @ 4 g.a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weed followed
by treatment having application of Clodinafop @ 60 g a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weed. The low weed control efficiency
was recorded in treatment having application of Oxyflourfen @ 125 g.a.i/ha as Pre-emergence herbicide, followed by
application of Oxadiargyl @ 80 g/ha (Pre-emergence) and treatment having application of Metribuzin @ 250 g.a.i/ha +
Qxyflourfen @125 g.a.i./ha (Pre emergence). Lowest weed index was recorded in treatment having application of
Clodinafop @ 60 g a.i./ha + Metsulfuron methyl @ 4 g.a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weed. Growth and yield attributes in
linseed was found maximum in the weed free treatment i.e. Hand weeding twice at 20-25 and 40-45 DAS but found at par
with treatment having application of Clodinafop @ 60 g a.i./ha + Metsulfuron methyl @ 4 g.a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of
weed. This might be due to the effect of post emergence application of herbicides controls the weed during the crucial
growth period of linseed. Hand weeding twice at 20-25 and 40-45 DAS recorded significantly higher seed yield which was
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at par with treatment having post emergence application of Clodinafop @ 60 g a.i./ha + Metsulfuron methyl @ 4 g.a.i./ha
at 2-3 leaf stage of weed. The gross monetary return was recorded maximum in weed free treatment i.e. Hand weeding
twice at 20-25 and 40-45 DAS, whereas, net monetary return was recorded highest in treatment having application of
Clodinafop @ 60 g a.i./ha + Metsulfuron methyl @ 4 g.a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weed this might be due to the more cost
of cultivation in weed free treatment. The B:C ratio (2.61) was also found more in treatment having application of
Clodinafop @ 60 g a.i./ha + Metsulfuron methyl @ 4 g.a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weed.
CONCLUSIONS
Application of weedicide Clodinafop @ 60 g a.i./ha + Metsulfuron methyl @ 4 g.a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weed (20-25
DAS) found better in control of weeds in linseed and recorded higher seed yield with highest B:C ratio of linseed.
REFERENCES
Husain K., S. D. Dubey, R. C. Verma, A. K. Tripathi and R. K. Pandey. 2015. Effect of weed management with post
emergence herbicides on seed yield, net return and oil quality of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). Curr. Advances
in Agril. Sci. 7 (2): 120-124.
Dwivedi S. K. 2018. Bio-efficacy of herbicides against weed flora of linseed in vertisols of Chhattisgarh plains. Int
J. of Chemical Studies 6(6):77-81.
Key Words: - Integrated weed management, linseed, bio-efficacy, weed control efficiency
Phylogeny of Oscheius myriophilus isolated from laevicaulis alte, inferred from rDNA and
morphometrical basis
Kajol and Ashok Kumar Chaubey
Nematology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut-250004, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose
The purpose of the study is to isolate, identify and document the MPNs of the studied area and use of highly pathogenic
identified species against the major pest problem i.e., slugs in respect to Indian environmental conditions. Despite the
agriculture best, Western Uttar Pradesh is being neglected by the scientists with reference to MPN research. There are
possibilities of finding the new nemic species which might be highly lethal to slug infection in the agriculture fields of
this area.
Methods
Survey was conducted in agricultural fields of District Baghpat, UP, India for the presence of Mollusks parasitic
nematodes (MPN). During survey nematode was isolated through the soil baiting technique using Slugs (Gastropod), and
was identified on the morphological, morphometrical and molecular basis.
Results
Based on the morphological and molecular parameters the nematode was identified of the genus Oscheius isolate OCS2,
molecular evidence indicate the closeness of the species with already described Oscheius myriophilus. Molecular analysis
of nearly full length small subunit of rDNA gene, D2D3 expansion of segment of the large subunit rDNA gene revealed it
as a new species of genus Oscheius. The result of BLAST search using the newly obtained partial sequences also revealed
it as a new species from Indian subcontinent. Distance matrix analyses and phylogenetic studies also provide better
evidence to establish nematode as a species of O. myriophilus. The morphometric characteristic of new species are: male
body “J” shaped on fixation, a short part of tail protruding beyond the bursa, spicule paired, symmetrical, nine pairs of
genital papillae is present; females are almost straight upon fixation, vulva is covered with double flapped epipytigma tail
is long with pointed tips, juvenile body cylindrical, mouth smooth, tail long pointes as a part of hyaline.
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Conclusions
Enormous molluskicides are being used by the farmers which increase the crop productivity and their residual effects are
directly or indirectly harmful not only to non-targeted soil fauna but animals and humans too. Documentation of the
nemic fauna of slugs will also help to the academia for progression of the work in searching the bio-control agent and
formulation development against slug pests.
Keywords: Mollusks parasitic nematodes, Slugs, Oscheius myriophilus, BLAST and phylogenetic.
EFFECT OF SILICEA, ARSENICUM ALBUM AND VERMIWASH ON GROWTH, YIELD

AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PEA (Pisum sativum L.)
Renjan B1., Dany Ferdinend and Rajamanickam, K
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ambalavayal, Wayndad
ABSTRACT
Experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ambalavayal, Wayndad district during Rabi 2019.
Field study was conducted with an objective to assess the effect of various potencies of human homoeopathic medicine
(Silicea 30 C , 200 C, Arsenicum album 30 C , 200 C) and vermi wash on the growth, yield and nutritive value of Peas
(Pisum sativum L.).The experiment consists of 12 treatments with 3 replications. Foliar application of vermiwash and
Arsenicum album 200C at vegetative stage and flowering stage had significant influence in enhancing growth, yield
attributing characters and grain yield in Pea. Higher protein content was observed with foliar application of Silicea 30C at
vegetative stage and flowering stage.
( Key words: Arsenicum album, growth & yield, Pisum sativum, Silicea, vermi wash)
INTRODUCTION Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the important vegetables in the world and ranks among the top
10 vegetable crops. Pea is commonly used in human diet throughout the world and it is rich in protein (21-25 %),
carbohydrates, vitamin A and C, Calcium, Phosphorous and has high levels of amino acids ie., lysin and trypophan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ambalavayal, Wayndad district, part of Western
Ghat in Kerala during Rabi 2019. Soil type was forest loam soil with pH 5.62, Organic carbon 1.6 %, available phosphorus
10.14 kg ha-1, and available potassium 333 kg ha-1. The experiment consists of 12 treatments (foliar application of Silicea
30C at vegetative stage, foliar application of Silicea 30 C at vegetative stage and flowering stage, foliar application of
Silicea 200C at vegetative stage, foliar application of Silicea 200C at vegetative stage and flowering stage, foliar
application of Arsenicum album 30C at vegetative stage, foliar application of Arsenicum album 30C at vegetative stage
and flowering stage, foliar application of Arsenicum album 200C at vegetative stage, foliar application of Arsenicum
album 200C at vegetative stage and flowering stage, foliar application of vermiwash at vegetative stage, foliar application
of vermi wash at vegetative stage and flowering stage, foliar application of water spray at vegetative stage and foliar
application of water spray at vegetative stage and flowering stage) with 3 replications.
RESULTS
The results showed that the plant height at 10 days after flowering stage was significantly affected by the treatments. Foliar
application of vermiwash at vegetative stage and flowering stage recorded significantly higher plant height (50.17 cm) and
similar results were observed with foliar application of vermiwash at vegetative stage, foliar application of Arsenicum
album 200C at vegetative stage and flowering stage, foliar application of Arsenicum album 200C at vegetative stage and
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foliar application of Arsenicum album 30Cat vegetative stage and flowering stage. The yield attributes like number of
pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and resulted grain yield were also significantly affected by the treatments.
Foliar application of vermiwash at vegetative stage and flowering stage registered significantly higher number of pods
(6.2). The treatments like foliar application of vermiwash at vegetative stage, foliar application of Arsenicum album 200C
at vegetative stage and flowering stage, foliar application of Arsenicum album 200C at vegetative stage tillage, foliar
application of Arsenicum album 30C at vegetative stage and flowering stage and foliar application of Arsenicum album
30C at vegetative stage were also found significant. Number of seeds per plant of Pea was significantly affected by the
treatments. Foliar application of vermiwash at vegetative stage and flowering stage observed significantly higher number
of seeds per plant (17.8) and similar results were registered with foliar application of vermiwash at vegetative stage, foliar
application of Arsenicum album 200C at vegetative stage and flowering stage, foliar application of Arsenicum album
200C at vegetative stage tillage and foliar application of Arsenicum album 30C at vegetative stage and flowering stage.
Foliar application of vermiwash at vegetative stage and flowering stage registered significantly higher grain yield (814.1
Kg ha-1). Foliar application of Arsenicum album 200C at vegetative stage and flowering stage (788.3 Kg ha -1) and foliar
application of Arsenicum album 200C at vegetative stage (782.2 Kg ha -1) were showed statistically similar result for
enhancing grain yield than other treatments and control. While comparing with water spray (control) all the treatments
except foliar application of Silicea 30C at vegetative stage recorded statistically enhanced grain yield. The significant
increase in the growth and enhancement of grain yield of Pea due to high level of macro and micronutrients available in the
vermiwash. The experiment with Vigna mungo and Vigna radiata Hatti, et al. (2010) recorded the significant
improvement of growth and yield of respective crops. The experiment with solutions of potentised homoeopathic
medicine Arsenicum album demonstrated a biological response in their effects on germinating seeds, seedlings
development and photosynthetic activity of pea ( Panda et al., 2013). They also proved that photosynthetic pigments like
chlorophyll –a, chlorophyll –b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and phaeophytin showed a positive effect when treated with
higher potency homeopathic medicines. Enhancement in growth, yield attributes and grain yield may be due to the
stimulatory effect of potentised homoeopathic medicine. The present field experiment also in conformity with above
studies.
The quality and nutritive parameters had a positive relation with treatments. Vermiwash foliar spray at vegetative stage
registered higher moisture content in grain (9.74 %) while foliar application of Arsenicum album 200C at vegetative stage
recorded the lower moisture content of 5.33%. Higher protein content was observed with foliar application of Silicea 30C
at vegetative stage and flowering stage registered (23.80 %). Foliar application of Arsenicum album 200C at vegetative
stage and flowering stage registered higher crude fibre content in grain (3.96 %) while foliar application of Silicea 30c at
vegetative stage T1 recorded the lower fibre content of 1.31%.Foliar application of vermiwash at vegetative stage
recorded higher Calcium content in grain (1.44 %) while foliar application of Arsenicum album 200C at vegetative stage
and flowering stage and foliar application of vermiwash at vegetative stage and flowering stage recorded the lower crude
protein content of 1. 17% .Foliar application of Silicea 30c at vegetative stage recorded higher Phosphorus content in
grain (0.40 %) while foliar application of Arsenicum album 200c at vegetative stage and flowering stage registered the
lower value of 0. 15% .
CONCLUSION
Foliar application of vermiwash and Arsenicum album 200C at vegetative stage and flowering stage had significant
influence in enhancing growth, yield attributing characters and grain yield in Pea. Higher protein content was observed
with foliar application of Silicea 30C at vegetative stage and flowering stage.
REFERENCES
Hatti, S. S., Londonkar, R. L., Patil. S. B, Gangawane, A. K. & Patil, C. S. (2010). Effect of Eisenia fetida vermiwash on
the growth of plants. J. Crop Sci., 1(1): 06-10.
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Panda, S. S., Mohanty, S. S. & Dhal. N. K. (2013). Effect of potentised homeopathic medicines on the germination, growth
and photosynthetic activity of Pisum sativum L. Recent Res. Sci. Technology., 5(4): 11-14.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid and Naphthalene Acetic Acid on Seed Germination of Rubus species
Manju, Nikesh Chandra and Gopalmani,
ABSTARCT
Pupose
Rubus belongs to family Rosaceae, which encloses a large number of highly variable and heterogeneous species, which
occur in all parts of the world except dessert regions. The genus has been divided into 12 subgenera of which only a few
species have been domesticated. Rubus species have been known since ancient times for their curative properties, and have
been used for the treatment of various ailments, such as wounds, diarrhea, colic pain, diabetes, inflammatory disorders, and
as antimicrobial agents. Rubus spp have been eradicated from the Himalayan region in order to reclaim the hill slopes for
agriculture and for the development of arban areas. The present investigation was therefore carried out at College of
Horticulture VCSGUUHF Bharsar during the year 2020, to evaluate the effect of GA 3 and NAA concentrations on seed
germination and seedling growth of Rubus species found in Himalayan region, which would be useful in the management
strategies for protecting its endangered population.
Methods
The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of GA3 and NAA different concentration on seed
germination and seedling growth of three species of Raspberry namely Rubus niveus, Rubus paniculatas and Rubus
ellipticus. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with seven treatments (GA3 50, 75,100 ppm NAA
50, 75, 100 ppm and water soaking as control) and three replications.
Results
The result revealed that the Among the Rubus sp. under study best result showed in Rubus niveus and Rubus ellipticus
showed the minimum responses to the growth regulators for seed germination and seedling growth. All the treatments
show the significant effect on seed germination and seedling growth in all the species. While GA3 was found the most
effective treatment to enhance seed germination, height of plant and number of leaves per plant as compared to NAA.
Conclusion
For the improvement of seed germination and seedling growth of Rubus species GA3 can be used.
Key words: Rubus, Raspberry, Germination, Seedling.
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INCORPORATION OF CONTINUOUS AND INTERMITTENCE MICROWAVE APPLICATION ON
CONVECTIVE DRYING OF GRATED BEETROOT
Nazia Tabassum1*, Sadaf Ahmad2
1
Department of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University
2
University Polytechnic, Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Microwave and hot air drying have several limitations which may result in substantial degradation in quality attributes,
such as color, nutrients, and flavor. However, recent studies involving their combination system has helped in keeping the
limitations in check.
Methods
Grated beetroot was subjected to convective drying employing continuous and intermittent microwave application.
Microwave power levels used varied from 60-80%, while the inlet air temperature kept between 40°C - 60°C. The
intermittence time of microwave application ranged from 30s ON – 30s OFF to 30s ON – 60s OFF. The corresponding
pulse ratios for these ON–OFF timings were 2.0 and 3.0 respectively. Rehydration and drying characteristics of the dried
samples were analysed. The samples were also subjected to color analysis using Hunter Lab color system.
Results
The drying time during continuous and intermittent microwave-convective drying ranged between 25 to 60 min and the
final moisture ranged between 0.0483 and 0.0753 g of water/ g of dry matter. Color kinetics indicated that L*, a* and b*
values followed exponential degradation models. Total color change (ΔE) followed exponential growth model and was
significantly affected only by inlet air temperature. The hue angle for all the dried samples ranged between 8.283 o and
28.405o indicating that the color of the dried beetroot samples were reddish. Rehydration ratio was found to increase when
microwave input power was increased at given drying air temperature and vice-versa.
Conclusions
Distinct differences were observed in drying times according to the various conditions applied, with shortest time for
sample dried under continuous drying system. Samples subjected to higher microwave power exhibited highest rehydration
value due to increased porosity of dried product at higher microwave power resulting in increased absorption of water
during rehydration. However, intermittence resulted in reduced color loss and better redness value of dried product despite
having longer drying periods. Thereby, suggesting that intermittent microwave–convective drying conducted at lower
drying air temperature and microwave power level resulted in better quality, such as color preservation, and less
destruction of the dried products.
Keywords: microwave-convective drying, rehydration ratio, color change, redness value
Adaptation of water conservation technique mulching to mitigate water crisis due to river Sand
mining in state Bihar, India
Sunita Kushwah and M. S. Kundu
1. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, District-Begusarai, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Bihar)
2. Directorate of Extension Education, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Bihar)
ABSTARCT
Purpose
The purpose of this study to popularize the water conservation techniques among farmers specially in river sand mining
areas. In state Bihar most of the districts are facing water crises during summer and winter season, ground water goes
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down. So that water conservation practice like mulching can be played a major role to minimize the water loss,
improvement in soil health, increase in production, enhance the production and productivity of vegetable crops,
minimization of manpower in agriculture. In Bihar agricultural laboures in also a big issue because most of the farmers
migrated of the employment to other states. Therefore use of mulching in different crops, types of mulches and its
adoption among the farmers has taken in the study.
Methods
The present study was attempted to documents all types of mulches, which is easily available to the vegetable farmers over
time for confronting the water crisis in the district –Banka, Begusarai –Bihar state, India. Across-sectional and
questionnaire-based survey was conducted to collect primary data. The pre-test interviewing questionnaire consisted of 8
sections with 49 questions. A total of 94 vegetable growers of the district Banka Begusarai and Vashali selected as
respondent for the study.
Results
All colored plastic mulch significantly had higher marketable yield compared to bare soil. Marketable yield increased by
65% in silver/black followed black (50%), blue (40%), red (26%) and clear plastic mulch (24%). The increase in yield of
mulched plot was probably associated with the conservation of moisture and improved microclimate both beneath and
above the soil surface and great weed control, spacialy in silver/black and black plastic mulch. Reference [25] found that
use of black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation further raised the tomato yield by 57.87 t/ha. The lowest marketable
yield was also obtained in weedy plots, due to severe competition of weeds with tomato plants.
Conclusion
In this study, plants grown on plastic mulches produced more number of branches and leaves than those in bare soil. The
use of plastic mulch increased soil temperature 3.3 to 6.6°C compared to without mulch. The silver/black and Black plastic
mulch controlled weeds by 95 to 98%. The light transmitter plastics advanced earliness and the highest early
yield was obtained in clear plastic mulch. This can be attributed to increase soil temperature under plastic, when air
temperature was low at early spring. The marketable yield was greater with the use of plastic mulches (up to 24 to 65%)
compared to bare soil. The increase in yield of mulched plots was probably associated with the conservation of moisture,
improved microclimate both beneath and above the soil surface, light reflection and great weed control, specially in
silver/black plastic mulch.
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ECONOMIC VALUATION OF NON-TIMBER FOREST RESOURCES (NTFRs) FLOWS IN THE GUREZ
VALLEY OF KASHMIR
M.A. Islam*, Ummar Atta, A.A. Wani, A.A. Gatoo and Murtaza Shah
ABSTRACT
Background
The non-timber forest resources (NTFRs) play an important role in livelihood security, poverty alleviation, economic well-
being, rural enterprises and socio-economic development of rural people (Islam et al., 2015). More than two billion people
around the world depend on non-timber forest resources (NTFRs) for food, fodder, fuel, shelter, medicine, cash income and
employment (Ahenkan and Boon, 2011). Over the past years, the recognition of the widespread dependence of rural people
on NTFRs and the poverty-NTFRs use relationships have spawned a growing scientific interest in demonstrating the
economic dependence on NTFRs and understanding its determinants (Islam and Quli, 2017). The study investigated the
household collection, subsistence consumption, economic contribution and socioeconomic determinants of NTFPs in
Gurez valley of Kashmir.
Methodology
Multi-stage random sampling was employed to select villages (18) and households (337) in the valley. Data were collected
using both secondary sources and primary field survey. Secondary data were collected from all the possible sources. The
primary data were collected by structured interviews, non-participant observation, focus group discussions and rapid
market assessments. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the data.
Results
The study finds that 176 NTFRs were collected, consumed for subsistence and marketed for cash income by the Shina
tribe. NTFRs contributed a total income of ₹ 10357156/year @ ₹ 30733.40/household/year. NTFRs accounted for the 3 rd
key contributor (20.41%) to economic wellbeing after agriculture (30.62%) and livestock (22.68%) in the surveyed people.
Of the total NTFRs income, herbal medicines contributed largest share (45.32%) followed by cottage industry materials
(23.04%), spices (12.74%), wild vegetables (8.22%), fuel wood (3.59%), edible nuts (2.39%), shilajeet (1.80%), fodder
(1.40%), edible fruits (0.74%), beverages (0.49%) and incense (0.27%). Among plant parts used, whole plants, roots
rhizome, tubers, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, stems, and barks were used by the forest fringe dwellers. The extent and
pattern of household dependence on NTFRs for subsistence and income differ widely across different socioeconomic
profiles. Regression analysis showed that herd size, main occupation, gross annual income, proximity to forests, frequency
of forest visits and forest resource possession influenced significantly the intensity of household NTFRs income.
Conclusion
The findings suggest that NTFRs play an important role in securing rural livelihoods in terms of subsistence consumption,
cash income and safety net for households. Hence, policy implications are needed towards the livelihood diversification
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through sustainable collection, value addition and commercialization of NTFRs. Further, attempts to promote sustainable
forest management and biodiversity conservation should recognize these determinant factors that influence NTFRs flows
and forest income levels to ensure equitable responsibility and benefit sharing systems for better livelihoods.
Keywords: Economic valuation, NTFRs flows, socioeconomic factors, livelihoods, income, Gurez valley, Kashmir.
References
Ahenkan, A. and Boon, E. 2011. Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs): Clearing the confusion in semantics. Journal of
Human Ecology, 33(1): 1-9.
Islam, M.A. and Quli, S.M.S. 2017. The role of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in tribal economy of Jharkhand, India.
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(10): 2184-2195. DOI:
10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.259
Islam, M.A., Rai, R. and Quli, S.M.S. 2015. Forest resources use for building livelihood resilience in ethnic communities
of Jharkhand. Trends in Biosciences, 8(5): 1256-1264.
IMPACT OF VARIOUS SOURCES OF SEED PRIMING ON GROWTH YIELD AND

QUALITY OF SPINACH LOCAL (Spinacia olearacea) in-vitro AND in-vivo CONDITION
Bela Joshi, Dr. P K Rai, Mrs Vandana Pandey
Vegetable Science Department under the Defence Institute of Bio-Energy and Research (DIBER), (DRDO), Pithoragarh,
Uttarakhand
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Spinach (Spinacia olearacea) is one the nutritious green leafy vegetable which usually encounters with poor germination
which results in late germination, reduces uniformity, resulted in poor quality and low yield. Proper and healthy seed
germination is one the basic step towards a good crop yield which can be done by seed priming. This experiment was
conducted to study, how different priming treatments work on spinach on the basis of different quality parameters observed
under lab(in-vitro) and field (in-vivo) conditions.
Methods
The experiment was conducted in Vegetable Science Department under the Defence Institute of Bio-Energy and Research
(DIBER), (DRDO), Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in the year 2020-2021 to standardize the best treatment of seed priming
specific to Spinach (Spinacia olearacea). An investigation was conducted both in a laboratory and on the field with the
same treatment that was: (T1) Distilled water, (T2) 1%NaCl, (T3) 1%H2O2, (T4) 1%Na 2CO3, (T5) Tap water, (T6)
1%DAP (T7) Control. Seeds were soaked for 16 hrs and then dried to original moisture content for 2 days.
Results and conclusion
All the treatments showed a significant difference with control. Highest germination percent (71%) was recorded in seeds
treated with 1% DAP in lab (in-vitro) while seeds treated with 1%Na2CO3 showed good response in field condition (in-
vivo). The conclusion came through this experiment is, both 1% DAP and 1% Na 2CO3 gave good response while
1%Na2CO3 proved to be more effective in field
Keywords: seed, germination, priming treatments, uniformity.

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Wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and mung bean-garlic based agroforestry system affects
growth and yield parameters
Mohd Tariq1, V Dutt1, Mohsin Ahmad Hajam2, Asif Mohi Ud Din Rather3*
1
Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K ,2Division of Fruit Science, SKUAST-K, 3Division of Vegetable Science, SKUAST-K.
ABSTRACT
Purpose
The present investigation was carried out at Faculty of Veterinary sciences Shuhama, Sher-e-Kashmir University of
Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, during the year 2017 and 2018. The main aim behind this research was to
work out the economic importance of mung bean-garlic based agroforestry system and effective land use system.
Methods
The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications comprising eight treatments. Two crops
mung bean and garlic were intercropped with 11 year old orchard of apricot planted at spacing of 3m x 2m. The influence
of different treatments on growth and yield parameters of mung bean and garlic was studied. The seeds of mung bean were
sown in the month of June and garlic cloves were sown in the month of November respectively.
Results
Growth and yield parameters like plant height , number of pods per plant, pod yield, number of seeds per pod, and total
biomass in mung bean and plant height, bulb yield, no. of cloves per bulb, diameter of bulb and total biomass in garlic were
less when these crops were grown in combination with apricot trees in comparison to sole cropping. Results revealed that
maximum values for plant height (39.13 cm), number of pods (23.83), no. of seed per pod (13.17), pod yield (1002.40
kg/ha), grain yield (506.20kg/ha), straw yield (1936.67 kg/ha), (above ground biomass (1471.04 kg/ha), below ground
biomass (196.40 kg/ha) and total biomass (1667.44 kg/ha) were recorded under sole cropping in mung bean, whereas plant
height (56.13 cm), no. of cloves per bulb (12.36), diameter of bulb (3.74cm), bulb yield (8.93 t/ha) and total biomass
(2472.23kg/ha) were recorded under sole cropping in garlic while as lowest values for aforementioned parameters were
observed under agroforestry system.
Conclusion
The better growth and yield parameters of apricot were observed in agroforestry system than in control (only apricot). It is
suggested that the cultivation of mung bean & garlic in apricot based agroforestry system may be recommended for better
yield and economic returns.
Key words: Agroforestry, Mung bean, Garlic, Apricot, yield
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Effect of growing media with GA3 on seedling and physiological growth of Acid lime (Citrus
aurantifolia Swingle) Cv. Vikram
Mohni Parmar, Amit Kumar,
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Citrus fruits are one of the most delicious fruits belonging to the family Rutaceae. India is the largest producer of acid lime
in the world. Lime or acid lime is also commercially known as ‘Pati lime’ or ‘Kagzi lime’. Growing media play an
important role in germination of seeds and for further growth and development of seedling. The Acid lime seeds are
recalcitrant in nature therefore, nursery men faces the problem of poor germination of acid lime seed which having very
short storage period. For overcoming such type of problems at nursery stage, investigation is important to find out the
influence of storage period by using storage media on seed germination and growth of acid lime seedlings
Methods
The experiment consist of six growing media viz. (M1) soil (M2) soil + sand (1:1), (M3) soil + sand + vermicompost
(1:1:1), (M4) soil + vermicompost (1:1), (M5) soil + sand + azotobacter (1:1+5g/ kg AZO), (M6) soil + sand +
vermicompost + azotobacter (1:1:1+5g/kg AZO) and three concentration of gibberellic acid i.e. (G1) water soaking, (G2)
GA3 50 ppm, (G3) GA3 100ppm having 18 treatment combinations The experiment was laid out in poly bags in factorial
randomized block design with three replications. Observations were recorded using standard procedure and statistically
analysed.
Results
The experiment was carried out at Fruit Research Station, Imalia, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture,
JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.) during September 2018 to January 2019. Among all the growing media, soil + sand + azotobacter
(1:1+5g/ kg AZO) and among all the seed treatment, GA3 (50ppm) were proved most promising as compare to others.
Among the various treatment combinations, the M5G1 treatment combination (soil + sand + azotobacter; 1:1+5g/ kg AZO
+ 50ppm GA3) was proved most superior over rest of the treatment combinations with respect to fresh and dry weight of
shoots (2.29, 1.91, 2.45 and 0.90, 0.57, 0.94 respectively). Fresh and dry weight of roots (1.48, 1.28, 1.73 and 0.53, 0.30,
0.62 respectively). Seedling vigour index I (cm) and II (g) (2340.11, 2145.20, 2455.03 and 103.88, 55.04, 119.59). Leaf
area index (2.65, 2.07, 2.89). Leaf area Duration (4425.89, 4141.16, 4560.90).
Conclusion
1. Seedling growth parameters like fresh & dry weight of shoots and fresh & dry weight of root were significant by
various treatments. Among the treatment M5G2 (soil + sand + azotobacter; 1:1+5g/ kg+ AZO & GA3 50ppm)
was found to be significantly superior to rest of the treatments under study.
2. Physiological growth parameters like Seedling vigour index I (cm) & II (g), Leaf area index and Leaf area
Duration were significant by various treatments. Among the treatment M5G2 (soil + sand + azotobacter; 1:1+5g/
kg+ AZO & GA3 50ppm) was found to be significantly superior to rest of the treatments under study.
Keywords:- Acid lime, GA3, Azotobacter, Growing Media, Growth parameters, Vikram etc.
Farm mechanization and post-harvest technologies to enhance farm profitability

1.Sheetal Patel 2.Pooja Puri
ABSTARCT
Mechanized agriculture is the process of using agricultural machinery to mechanize the work of agriculture, greatly
increasing farm worker productivity. In modern times, powered machinery has replaced many farm jobs formerly carried
out by manual labour or by working animals such as oxen, horses and mules.Agricultural machinery applications are
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divided into preharvest and postharvest operations. In the preharvest preparation phases, soil sampling and analysis, field
preparation, transplantation or broadcasting, and crop scouting and intercultural operations could be mechanized. The
postharvest phases cover harvesting, yield monitoring, transportation, threshing, drying, storage, parboiling, milling, and
packaging. Machinery companies and original equipment manufacturers are attempting to offer more smart applications
involving user registration for the tracking of harvesting, drying, threshing, milling, and packaging operations, ensuring the
traceability of products from farm to table. Sharing cost-effective farm machinery systems and technologies including
digital technology-enabled automated farm machinery and devices in various stages of farm operation are critical.
POSSIBLE WAYS OF IMPROVING FARMMECHANIZATION
1. Education of farmers to accept and adopt modern method of farming.
2. Loans should be given to farmers to enable them purchase farm machines.
3. The system of farm ownership should be reviewed to enable farmers acquire land.
4. Simple and less expensive machine should be developed to suit our local soil type.
5. Farmers should be encouraged to form co-operative societies to enable them buy farm machines.
6. More extension agent should be employed to educate farmers.
Post-harvest technologies identified fourteen post-harvest technologies were described by farmers using the
attributes; technology function and storage life They were broadly classified into-traditional and improved
Traditional technologies - technologies were those that are local by nature and have evolved over time through transfer
from one farmer generation to the other. They comprised insitu storage, house floor storage, grass silos, roof top drying,
tree hanging, open fires and underground pits.
Imported or improved technologies- Imported or improved technologies
The imported technologies comprised, metal tanks, concrete tanks, maize crib, warehouse storage and bag/bale storage.
Conclusion- The conclusion is confirms that consistent knowledge about farms leads to optimal decisions for improving
farm mechanization and post-harvest technologies to enhance farm income and greatly increasing farm worker
productivity.
Morpho-molecular characterization of Pseudoperonospora cubensis causing downy mildew of

cucumber
Dikshant Gautam1, Ranjan Nath2, Sunil Archak3 , A B Gaikwad4, KV Bhat5, , Bhola Mondal6, Gograj
Singh7, Aishwarya Tiwari8and Avantika Maurya9, Akansha bajpai10 and Jameel Akhtar11*
1
2
3
Agriculture Knowledge Management Unit, ICAR-NBPGR, Pusa Campus, New Delhi
4
5
Emeritus Scientist, ICAR-NBPGR, Pusa Campus, New Delhi
6
7
Division of Vegetable science, ICAR-IARI, Pusa Campus, New Delhi
8
9
10
11
Division of Plant Quarantine, ICAR-NBPGR, Pusa Campus, New Delhi
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
Downy mildew, a foliar disease caused by the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. and Curt.) Rostow is one of
the most destructive pathogens of cucurbits. The present study was carried out with an objective to characterize the downy
mildew pathogen of cucumber using morpho-molecular markers to devise the management strategies.
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Methods:
A total of 50 isolates of P. cubensis were collected from six states including Delhi, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab,
Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal and finally 24 isolates were selected for morphological as well as molecular
characterization. Morphological characterization was done based on sporangiophore and sporangial morphology.
Molecular characterization was done using gene specific primer GS 1 to identify the genetically different isolates. The
sequences generated for primer GS 1 for 24 isolates were aligned using ClustalW alignment tool and further processed in
MEGA 6.0 software to identify variant sequences and a neighbour joining tree was constructed to depict groupings and
genetic distances among 24 isolates of P. cubensis.
Results:
Microscopic observation revealed significant differences in the length of sporangiophores and size of sporangia among
isolates. The presence of oospore was also recorded in three isolates i.e., Pc1, Pc14 and Pc16. Phylogenetic analysis
revealed that all P. cubenis isolates were divided in 10 different clusters. 50 per cent Central Delhi isolates were clustered
in cluster I. Cluster V comprised of isolates only from Varanasi. Cluster VIII was the most diverse having P. cubenis
isolates from four different regions suggesting no association with geographical origin. Pc15 from Central Delhi and Pc6
from Varanasi were found most distantly related in comparison to other P. cubenis isolates. MEGA 6.0 program revealed
the mean genetic diversity between groups ranging from 0.004±0.002 between Jabalpur and Cooch Bihar to 0.019±0.003
between Central Delhi and Varanasi.
Conclusion:
Gene specific and primers could reveal no polymorphism among 24 isolates of P. cubensis. However, diversity was
assessed successfully on sequence level using one gene specific primer (GS 1). Moreover, this sequence-based marker can
be suggested for monitoring genetic diversity within P. cubensis isolates in further studies.
Key words: Downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, cucumber, diversity
ROLE PERFORMANCE OF DAESI DEALERS

Annapoorna Kamagoud and Dr. Surekha Sankanagoudar
College of Community Science, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
ABSTARCT
Agricultural Extension plays a crucial role in providing real time information based on farmers needs. Continuous
extension support becomes crucial for all the farmers all the time. Ministry of Agriculture, GOI stressed to have multi
agency extension services to help farmers to improve in agricultural practices by disseminating the suitable technologies.
Among all agencies the input dealer agency constitutes 2.82 lakh input dealers and farmers themselves contact input
dealers for their problems or for input requirement. Majority (90.00%) of the dealers do not have formal education related
to agriculture. With this, MANAGE, Hyderabad has designed one year Diploma in Agricultural Extension Services for
input dealers (DAESI) in 2003. Self financed one year training programme for dealers by providing required agricultural
knowledge and to build their capacity in ordered to handling of agri-inputs according to laws and rules has designed. And it
helps to reduce the problem of technical know –how and do how, importantly on local problems in the farms. The DAESI
training programme helps input dealers of DAESI programme to carry out the effective work in the field and they become
the most important source of information to farmers and can be transformed as para agricultural extension professionals.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
So, keeping in view of above information it is considered as more important to “know the role performance of input dealers
of DAESI programme”.
METHODOLOGY:
The study was carried out in two districts of Karnataka state during 2019-2020. Sample size was 120 respondents
constituted DAESI dealers (60), non-DAESI dealers (60). An ex-post facto research design was followed. A pre-tested and
self structured questionnaire was used to collect data from input dealers. The collected data was tabulated and analyzed by
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applying suitable statistical tests. ‘t’ test was applied to know the difference between DAESI input dealers and non-DAESI
input dealers role performance
RESULTS:
Cent per cent (100.00%) of DAESI input dealers performed high roles. Among non-DAESI input dealers, nearly two third
respondents performed low (63.33%) and more than one third (36.66%) respondents performed medium roles. Input
dealers own experiences helped them to perform better roles in their profession.
The mean score of DAESI dealers’ role performance was 35.4833 and non-DAESI dealers mean value was 20.4667. It
represented role performance of dealers, there was highly significant difference was noticed between DAESI and non-
DAESI dealers’ role performance. DAESI input dealers performed high role than non- DAESI input dealers. The DAESI
training programme helped respondents of DAESI dealers to carry out the work in the field effectively. It also helped them
to identify the field problems, finding out the solutions, reporting the services to the officers, to ensure the quality of
services to adopt appropriate inputs and to identify appropriate technologies and also they have collected feedback from
farming community and reported to the concerned officers. One of the adult learning principles states that adults learn best
when their thinking is stimulated. DAESI programme effective to the extent it stimulates thinking of understanding about
the problems. Identify the cause- effect relationship will be more in this mode. It helped individuals to make concrete
things than abstract things. Thus DAESI programme helped to work better as input dealers compared to non-DAESI
dealers roles. The study findings supported by Ganiger (2012) and Sharma (2017) expressed that most of the DAESI
dealers were medium category to high category of role performance.
CONCLUSION:
Cent per cent of the DAESI dealers performed high level of roles or services. Non-DAESI dealers were performed low to
medium level of roles. DAESI course was more useful and effective for input dealers. It provided location specific
information and knowledge to the dealers and made them as para-extension professionals to serve the farmers in a better
way.
It was noticed that there was high significance difference between DAESI and non-DAESI dealers role performance. So we
can predict DAESI programme builds DAESI individuals capacity to perform better roles. Hence, DAESI programme
made compulsory and very much necessary to the overall development of input dealers as well as farmers
REFERENCE:
Ganiger, S., 2012, Knowledge, perception and role performance of input dealers in agro advisory
services in northern dry zone of Karnataka. M.sc. (Agri.)Thesis, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agric. Univ.,
Hyderabad (India).
Sharma, K. C., 2017, A study on the entrepreneurial behaviour of agri-inputs dealers in Bilaspur district of
Chattisghar. M.sc.(Agri.) Thessis, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyala, Raipur (India).
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Constraints faced by livestock farmers of Central Kashmir in using Indigenous Technical
Knowledge (ITK)
Sheikh Shubeena1, Abdul Hai2
1. Division of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, SKUAST- Kashmir
2. Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, SKUAST- Kashmir
ABSTRACT
The present study was carried out in the central Kashmir part of the Kashmir Valley to know about the constraints faced by
livestock farmers regarding the use of Indigenous technical Knowledge. Three districts of the central Kashmir were chosen
for the study and from each district two blocks were taken. A total of 180 respondents were chosen for the study. A number
of constraints were faced by farming most important being the non-availability of the raw material and least important
being less faith of the younger generation towards ITKs. There is urgent need of the Government agencies and NGO’s to
give attention towards this untapped natural resource.
Introduction: India is having a rich heritage of the traditional health control methods and several treatment systems. After
independence as the country shifted its focus from indigenous to modern methods both in agriculture and veterinary
sciences, efforts of the government sector were more centred towards developing an allopathic based veterinary structure.
The shift towards modern practices was the need of hour but in this course of time less attention was given towards the
indigenous technical knowledge, its preservation and documentation. All this resulted in less awareness and more
skepticism about ancient literature and ITKs among the main stakeholders associated with livestock production
(Rangnekar, 1998). Modern medicine that was once thought to solve all the problems related to human and animal health is
presently facing many challenges like side effects, drug resistance and has put its use under question mark (Devaki and
Mathialagan, 2015). Giving a full time attention to conventional medicine and total negligence towards the traditional
practices can prove disadvantageous to both the systems as the two complement each other. There is no doubt that the
modern medicine has revolutionized the treatment aspect but the need of the hour is to take the traditional healing system
along with it. From last few decades due to replacement of traditional practices with modern scientific practices both at
national and international levels, majority of people consider the traditional practices as ineffective and useless (Bizimana,
1997).Inspite of all these efforts research in this field is still in its early stages and only a little portion is documented till
now (Das and Tripathi, 2009). Despite acknowledgement of the important role indigenous knowledge plays in sustainable
development many governments, donors, and NGOs appear to take little efforts towards this valuable resource. The
recognition of indigenous knowledge often amounts to little more than lip service, seldom translating into action or funding
(Gachanga, 2005). There is an urgent need for integration of traditional practices with modern scientific knowledge so that
the society in general and farming community in particular can make better use of ITKs to take best advantage (Shubeena
et al. 2018)1
Materials methods: The Kashmir division of Jammu and Kashmir state consists of 10 districts. Central Kashmir the locale
of the study consists of three districts viz., Budgam, Ganderbal and Srinagar. For the present study two blocks from each of
the above districts were purposively selected based on the greater use of ITKs in livestock rearing by the farmers of the
region. On similar grounds from each of the block chosen two villages were selected purposively that made a total of 12
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villages for the study. Finally from each selected village 15 livestock farmers were chosen by snowball sampling with the
condition that respondent must be rearing at least one livestock unit. Thus a total of 180 livestock farmers/respondents
were selected and interviewed on various identified variables based on the objectives of the study.
Results and discussion: A number of constraints were perceived by farmers regarding the use of indigenous technical
knowledge in livestock rearing. The major constraints as mentioned in the table 1 include non-availability of raw materials
used in preparation of ITKs, longer healing duration of ITKs and hit and trail method of use of ITKs. Similarly the
constraints perceived less serious by the farmers include lesser faith of younger generation over use of ITKs and constant
decline in number of persons with precise knowledge of ITKs. Since the ingredients for most of the ITKs are rarely
available in ordinary markets, the farmers have to face a lot of inconvenience in getting hold of these items. Further as
there is no strict regime regarding dose and dosage of these ITKs, the farmers are forced to follow hit and trail method of
ITK usage.The new generations believes in the scientific rationale of the things and believes what is experimentally
validated. Among less severe constraints includes less faith of the younger generation over ITKs that can be due to
availability of established scientific knowledge at an ease. Similar results were documented by Singh (2004), De (2003)
and Ponnusamy et al., (2009). Less availability of scientific literature regarding the usage of the ITKs was also a constraint
reported by majority of the farmers (60.00%). The documentation of ITK’s remains a problem as less work has been done
in this regard. It was also reported by Shubeena et al. (2018)2 that documentation of ITKs is extremely important as it will
help in creating a way towards sustainable development, protecting the intellectual property rights and will give deep
insight into livestock related social realities that generally go unnoticed. Lack of any government and research initiative for
promotion of ITKs was a contain reported by majority (71.11%). Modernization and popularity of the scientific knowledge
has resulted in less popularity of the ITKs among the people.It was reported by Sujeetha and Asokhan (2020) that
availability of modern technologies make it difficult for people to go for ITK’s and Khateeb et al. (2017) reported that
there is lack of attention paid by Government agencies towards the use and documentation of ITKs. The time of healing by
ITKs is one of the constraints as the ITKs have plant based crude preparations that take time to show their action. This
constraint can also be due to the indiscriminate use of modern drugs and sometimes the drug resistance that makes it
difficult for ITKs to show their action. This can be also a reason for the less effectiveness of the ITKs on the cross bred
animals. The traditional healers once found to be in every village now are almost extinct. With the death of the traditional
knowledgeable person there is loss of the so much precious knowledge that shows the importance of the documentation of
the ITKs.
Table 1: Constraints perceived by livestock owners regarding use of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK)
(N=180)
Low Medium High

S.No. Constraints Yes No Score Rank
(1) (2) (3)
1. Lack of scientific validation 105 75 30 40 35 2.04 VI
and standardization (58.33) (41.66) (28.57) 38.09) (33.33)
2. Take time in healing and 90 90 20 30 40 2.22 II
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bringing about desired results (50.00) (50.00) (22.22) (33.33) (44.44)
3. Unstable nature of the ITKs. 120 60 40 45 35 1.95 VII
(66.66) (33.33) (33.33) (37.05) (29.16)
4. Constant decline of persons 85 95 35 30 20 1.82 IX
with precise knowledge of (47.220 (52.77) (41.17) (35.29) (23.52)
ITKs
5. Non availability of raw 110 70 20 30 60 2.36 I
materials round the year (61.11) (38.88) (18.18) (27.27) (54.54)
6. ITKs are used on basis of hit 80 100 20 25 35 2.18 III
and trail method without (44.44) (55.55) (25.00) (31.25) (43.75)
proper dosage regime
7. Less effectiveness in cross 93 87 25 33 35 2.10 V
bred animals. (51.66) (48.33) (26.88) (35.48) (37.63)
8. Lack of any government and 128 52 50 40 38 1.90 VIII
research initiative for (71.11) (28.88) (39.06) (31.25) (29.68)
promotion of ITKs
9. Non availability of 108 72 33 33 42 2.08 IV
documented literature to be (60.00) (40.00) (30.55) (30.55) (38.88)
consulted for usage, dosage
and side effects if any.
10. Lesser faith of Young 88 92 43 25 20 1.73 X
generation over indigenous (48.88) (51.11) (48.86) (28.40) (22.72)
treatments.
(Figure in parenthesis indicate percentage)
Conclusion: With every passing day the traditional knowledge is losing its battle to exist in front of the modern treatment
avenues available at ease. This calls for a need of documentation and validation of the Traditional Knowledge along with
the conservation and preservation of the traditional plants and the tracts where they mostly grow. The government and
private agencies, NGO’s should give due consideration towards this treasure of the knowledge.
References
Ponnusamy, K., Gupta, J. and Nagarajan, R. 2009. Indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) in dairy enterprise in
coastal Tamil Nadu.Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 8(2): 206-211.
De, A. 2003.A study of indigenous animal husbandry technical knowledge in PaschimMidnapore district of West
Bengal. Unpublished MVSc thesis, Division of extension Education, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar,
Bareilly: 122-243
Singh, B. 2004.Protection of indigenous knowledge and intellectual property right (IPR).The Tradition, 05:18-21.
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Rangnekar, D.V. 1998. Random thoughts on Ethno-veterinary Practices and their validation in relation to
livestock development in India, ICAR short summer course entitled “Techniques for scientific validation and Evaluation of
Ethno- veterinary practice”: 24-27
Devaki, K and Mathialagan, P. 2015. Animal husbandry traditional knowledge in Kancheepuram district.
International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 4(5):1289 – 1295.
Bizimana, N. 1997. Scientific evidence of efficacy of medicinal plants for animal treatment, ethno-veterinary
medicine: alternatives for livestock development. International conference held in Pune, 2: 11-12.
Das, S. K. and Tripathi, H. 2009. Ethno-veterinary practices and socio-cultural values associated with animal
husbandry in rural Sunderbans, West Bengal. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 8(2):201-205.
Gachanga, T. 2005. Education for peace in Kenya: indigenous peace traditions and the millennium development
goals. At Issue Ezine, no.1 (February– June).
Shubeena, S., Hai, A., Hamdani, S., &Akand, A. (2018)1. Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITKs) Used by Farmers of
Central Kashmir to Increase Production and Reproduction in Livestock. International Journal of Livestock Research, 8(8),
1.doi: 10.5455/ijlr.20171004030110
AdilMasoodKhateeb, S. A. Khandi , M. S. Bhadwal , Muneer Ahmed Dar , Sajad Ahmed Wani , FahadShahjar and
FarzanaChoudhary (2017). Constraints Perceived by the Pastoralists of Hilly Regions of Jammu and Kashmir in the
Utilization of Indigenous Technical Knowledge. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology24(2): 1-5.
Sheikh Shubeena, A Hai, SA Hamdani, AH Akand, Sehrish Shafiq, KH Bulbul, SS Nisa, Subata Mahboob and Asma
Irshad Qureshi (2018)2.Awareness and adoption of indigenous technical knowledge in management of surgical conditions
in livestock. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018; 6(4): 1205-1208.
Zero Tillage Technology and Farm profits through FLD with small land holding farmer of
district Begusarai, Bihar
Vinita Kashyap1*, SunitaKushwah2, Ram Pal3, M. S. Kundu4 & B. K. Sahi5
KrishiVigyan Kendra, Begusarai, RPCAU, Pusa1
, KrishiVigyan Kendra, Vaishali RPCAU, Pusa 2*
KrishiVigyan Kendra, Begusarai RPCAU, Pusa3
Director Extension Education, RPCAU, Pusa 4Nodal Officer, KVK’s, RPCAU, Pusa6
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Conservation tillage, such as stubble mulch tillage, minimum tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage, leaves at least 30% of
the soil surface covered by plant residue after planting to reduce erosion and surface runoff. Zero Tillage indicates
“sowing without tillage”. Zero tillage (ZT) is interpreted here as the planting of crops (wheat) in previously untilled soil.
Zero tillage (ZT) is also known as zero till, no till, direct seeding and direct drilling (Erenstein et al., 2008b). The
prevailing ZT technology in the IGP uses a tractor drawn zero-till-seed drill to seed wheat directly into unplowed fields
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with a single pass of the tractor. The typical ZT drill has inverted-T openers and opens a number (6–13) of narrow slits for
placing seed and fertilizers at the depth of 7.5–10 cm into the soil (Mehla et al., 2000). Tillage is the mechanical
manipulation of soil to provide favorable condition for crop growth. Surface of earth remain hard and compact which is
unfavorable for the sowing of seed. Soil tillage consists of breaking the compact earth surface to a certain depth and
loosening the soil mass to enable the roots of the crop to penetrate and spread into the soil. Tillage creates the favorable
condition for the plant growth. It is the first operation for the crop production and requires higher amount of energy as well
as it is a high cost operation. Primary tillage and secondary tillage are required for the complete seedbed preparation.
Primary tilling implements may be animal drawn or tractor drawn. Secondary tillage is the lighter and finer operation and
performs after primary tillage operation. It includes different types of implements like Disc harrow, cultivator, levellers,
and similar implements. The main objectives of secondary tillage operations are-
▪ To break the clods of soil which are left after primary tillage and pulverize the soil
▪ To make the field surface uniform for the sowing operation.
▪ To destroy weeds and seeds left on the surface of soil
Both tillage operations are required for complete seedbed preparation which is costly for the farmers.
Methods
Agro Ecological sub region (ICAR) Eastern plain of Begusarai is hot sub humid (moist) eco sub region. A front line
demonstration conducted with 20 farmers of the district. Total geographical area of Begusarai is 187.8 ha and cultivable
area is 159.5 ha. Cropping Intensity is 137%. Main cropping system of Begusarai district is Rice-Wheat, Maize –Wheat,
Rice-Wheat- Green gram, Vegetable-Wheat, Rice-Rabi Maize, Maize-Rabi Maize, Rice-Pulses, Rice-Oilseeds, Rice-
Vegetables, Rice-Potato & Soybean-Wheat. Frontline demonstration has been conducting by KVK Begusarai since 2016.
The primary data on output of wheat yield were collected from the selected farmers who sown wheat by zero tillage under
this programme (FLD plots), besides the data on local practices commonly adopted by the farmers of this region were also
collected with the help of interview schedule and presented in term of percentage and qualitative data was converted in to
quantitative form and expressed in term of percent increased yield was calculated by the using formula.
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑−𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Percentage increase yield = ×100
𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Benefit cost ratio calculated by the formula given below-

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛
B: C Ratio=
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
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Most the respondents havingaverage land holdings 1.48 acre. They mainly grows paddy, maize, wheat, some
spices and vegetable crops like potato, cauliflower, cabbage etc. In Rabi season, they mainly grows wheat for domestic
purpose as well as income purpose. In Traditional method they firstly prepared seedbed before sowing. During seedbed
preparation two pass of cultivator and one pass of Rotavator was done. They hired the tractor along with implements for
these operations.
Results
Harvesting of wheat done under the supervision of the KVK scientists. The yield from both the plots, i.e. demonstration
and farmers’ practices were compared and it is observed that an average yield of demonstrated plots was 15 per cent higher
than that of farmer’s practices. The average productivity under demonstrated plots was found 52.50q/ha in the year 2019.
However, it was found 42 q/ha under farmers practice. Due to timely sowing and adoption of other recommended
technologies, increase of yield under demonstrated plots was observed, It was also observed the higher wheat yield in zero
tillage as ZT wheat farmers could sow the crop much earlier than their conventional counterpart and early sowing is
associated with higher yield, as it was observed by Premet al; 2018i.e. higher wheat yield in zero tillage as ZT wheat
farmers could sow the crop much earlier than their conventional counterpart and early sowing is associated with higher
yield, a significant and positive yield impact (Increased by 8 per cent) observed in the study area.
Conclusion
Zero tillage technology is beneficial and helpful for increasing income generation especially for small farmers. As early
and timely sowing is possible due to mechanization, so beneficial effect of early sowing on grain and straw yields of wheat
may be obtained by zero tillage technology. It maintains the soil moisture also,So by adopting this technology a farmer can
increases his benefit by an approximately 40 per cent.
Key Words: Zero tillage, wheat cultivation, mechanization, impact.
Effect of levels and sources of phosphorus application on yield and Soil fertility status of black
gram (Phaseolus mungo L.)
Shweta Jamra and Jitendra Patidar
RHEO Narsinghpur,SK Trivedi soil Science department, college of Agriculture Gwalior ,
College of Agriculture Indore ,RVSKVV Gwailor
ABSTARCT
Purpose:- Blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) is the most important pulse crop, grown across India and used as food for
human and as fodder for livestock, as well as for green manuring. The blackgram crop is resistant to adverse climatic
conditions and improves the fertility of soil through biological nitrogen fixations. Phosphorus is a key nutrient for
increasing productivity of pulses and the most important single factor responsible for poor productivity of pulses (Deo and
Khaldelwal, 2009).
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Method:- The field experiment was conducted to study effect of levels and sources of phosphorus (P) application on yield
and their fertility status in black gram (Phaseolus mungo L.) during kharif season of 2015-16 at research farm of
R.V.S.K.V.V. Gwalior (M.P.). The experiment was laid out in RBD comprising of 8 treatments with 4 replications.
Result :- Results revealed that most of growth and yield parameters were significantly influenced by different levels and
sources of P. The highest yield of grain (677.6 kg ha -1) and straw (1443.4 kg ha-1) were recorded with the application of
60 kg P2O5 ha-1 through SSP along with N30 K30 closely followed by 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 (656.6 kg ha-1) through DAP and was
significantly superior over application of 20 and 40 kg P 2O5 ha-1. Application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 gave maximum higher net
return and B.C. ratio as compared to 30 kg P2O5 ha-1. SSP applied treatments gave more net return and B.C. ratio as
compared to equivalent doses applied through DAP. Status of the available N, P, K and S improved significantly with
increasing levels of P in post harvest soil however, but the soil pH decreased with levels of P. Both the sources of P were
statistically at par with respect to pH, available N, P, K and S build up in soil.
Conclusion:- On the basis of results, it may be concluded that the present investigation, seed yields are affected by
different P sources and increased with the increasing level of phosphorus. The economic feasibility in terms application of
SSP gave more net return and B: C ratio as compared to same doses applied by DAP because per kg of phosphorus in SSP
was cheaper as compared to DAP. The overall study clearly indicates that the application of phosphorus different doses
(DAP & SSP) that indicated that is sustenance of soil health in terms of increase the soil fertility status i.e. organic carbon,
N, P, K, & S. and it is significantly with increasing levels of phosphorus in post harvest soil. The status of available
phosphorus increased in post-harvest soil with SSP than that of DAP.
Keywords: Phosphorus, physico-chemical properties, Fertilizer, Yield, economic
Effect of Invigoration Treatment of Different Soaking Periods on Germination Performance of

Bottle Gourd Seeds
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences,
Allahabad
ABSTRACT
Purpose
This current experiment was conducted in a Seed Testing laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding Sam
Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh during January 2021 with
calabash, so as to subsume the foremost method of invigoration of priming specific to calabash.
Methods
Method of invigoration as in priming viz., halopriming were assessed by checking a different period of durations and
chemical concentrations viz., 1st treatment– Unprimed seeds (control), 2nd treatment - 50 ppm KNO3 for 12 hrs, 3rd
treatment - 50 ppm KNO3 for 18 hrs, 4th treatment -100 ppm KNO3 for 12 hrs, 5th treatment -100 ppm KNO3 for 18 hrs, 6th
treatment -125 ppm KNO3 for 12 hrs, 7th treatment- 125 ppm KNO3 for 18 hrs. Experiment perform by between paper
method and by sand method at control condition and where, the statistical data was done by using factorial experiment
allocate by Completely Randomised Design (CRD).
Results
In this experiment it was found that, treatment 6th 125 ppm KNO3 for 18 hrs., has the noteworthy result as compared to all
the other treatments accompanying the seedling parameters, the highest germination %, seedling length, weight and vigor
index I & II. This study showed that Seed priming with KNO 3 found to increases the seed quality parameters.
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Conclusions
In this study demonstrated the market high paying and most reasonable method. This study makes possible to improve the
worth and interpretation of seeds with the help of seed priming with KNO 3 treatments which have effect on market price
rate and budgetary, innocuous, nature-friendly sources.
Keywords Bottle gourd, Potassium Nitrate (KNO3).
A Study on Constraints Encountered in Animal Husbandry by Tribal Women of Southern

Rajasthan
Asha Dagar1 and Rajshree Upadhyay2
Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, College of Community and Applied Sciences,
MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Animal husbandry is generally considered as a job of women where numbers of activities are performed by them. Inspite of
active involvement of women in different animal husbandry activities, lack of exposure and access to new technology and
many other constraints have restricted women to show their full potential for the growth of livestock sector. The present
research is an attempt to see the constraint faced by tribal women viz. personal, technical, operational and economic
constraints have been examined.
Methods
The study was conducted in three districts of Rajasthan state namely Udaipur, Dungarpur and Banswara. Total sample of
the study consisted of 100 tribal women. Investigator used interview schedule for gathering the data from the respondents.
Frequency, percentage and mean percent scores were used for the analysis of data.
Results
The results of the study pointed out that the most constraints expressed by the tribal women in animal husbandry were lack
of decision making capabilities were expressed to a great extent by the majority of the respondent (70%) with 84 MPS.
lack of information about government programmes and facilities provided for cattle keepers (90 MPS), insufficient
knowledge of the important management practices like deworming, castration (85 MPS), non-availability of improved
fodder seed (92.5 MPS), lack of credit facilities for purchase of cattle feed and mineral mixture (91 MPS), lack of
knowledge about scientific method of milking (82 MPS) and lack of knowledge about cattle diseases and their control (80
MPS) were also major constraints perceived by the majority of the respondents.
Conclusions
It is clearly evident from the study that the respondents faced constraints to a greater extent in all the livelihood activities.
There is a need to make efforts for minimizing and overcoming the constraints which are coming on the way.
Key words: Constraints, Animal Husbandry, Tribal Women and Southern Rajasthan
Isolation and screening of zinc solubilizing bacteria as potential bioinoculant for agriculturally
important crops
Umang, Shaik Tabasum and Leela Wati
Department of Microbiology,CCSHAU, Hisar, 125004
ABSTARACT
Purpose
Zinc is an essential micronutrient involved in various biochemical processes in plants including photosynthesis, respiration,
chlorophyll biosynthesis, protein, lipid, carbohydrate and nucleic acid synthesis and degradation. Zinc deficiency is the
most common cause of yield reduction in numerous agronomic crops cultivated around the globe. Plants can absorb only
divalent form of zinc whose available (soluble) form in soil is present in very minute amount. Due to unavailability of zinc
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in soil, zinc deficiency occurs which is one of the most widespread micronutrient deficiency. For fulfilling the plant’s zinc
requirement, zinc solubilizing bacteria are potential alternatives which convert applied inorganic zinc to available forms. In
present study, we aim to assess the potential of bacteria for zinc solubilization.
Methods
Ten bacterial isolates ZnSB-1, ZnSB-2, ZnSB-3, ZnSB-4, ZnSB-5, ZnSB-6, ZnSB-7, ZnSB-8, ZnSB-9 and ZnSB-10 were
retrieved from different soil samples collected from farms of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University,
Hisar on different media (Nutrient Agar, Luria-Bertani, Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar). All isolates were screened for their
zinc solubilization potential on zinc minimal medium having zinc oxide as insoluble zinc compound.
Results
Zinc solubilization index of different isolates varied between 1.10-3.66 after 48 hours of incubation at 30±2⁰C. The isolate
ZnSB-1 showed maximum zinc solubilization index (3.66) followed by ZnSB-6 (2.15) and ZnSB-9 (2.00).
Conclusion
Bacterial isolates ZnSB-1, ZnSB-6 and ZnSB-9 can be of agricultural importance after assessing their other plant growth
promoting traits and mineral solubilization activities.
Keywords: Zinc, zinc solubilization, zinc deficiency, zinc solubilizing bacteria, micronutrient
FORMULATION & INVITRO EVALUATION OF GASTRO RETENTIVE DOSAGE FORM

USING ALGINATE BEADS OF CLA RITHROMYCIN
Ankita Singh, Mahesh Kumar Yadav, Indrajeet kumar Mahto
Faculty of Medical Science & Research , Sai Nath University,Ranchi, Jharkhnd
ABSTARCT
PURPOSE
Clarithromycin is an advanced generation macrolide antibiotic widely prescribed in H. pylori upper respiratory tract
infections, mediated peptic ulcer. It is widely used in a standard eradication treatment of gastric H. pylori infection
combined with a second antibiotic and an acid – suppressing agent. This was selected as the drug in the study since it has
the highest rate of eradication of H.pylori in monotherapy in vivo. The organism lives deep inside the gastric mucosa;also
the oral bioavailability of Clarithomycin is 55% therefore a traditional sustained release formulation of Clarithomycin may
not be useful in the eradication of H.pylori. Thus, it is a logical way to improve therapeutic efficacy of the antibiotic if the
gastric residence time of the dosage form is increased in the ecological niche of bacterium. Effective localized treatment
for the pathogen will be ensured by high concentration of clarithomycin in the stomach. This makes the necessity for the
development of gastro retentive dosage forms of Clarithromycin .
METHOD
The present study was done to investigate the suitability of mineral oils as a floating aid for gastro retentive drug delivery
using in vitro method with sodium alginate and different polymer. Floating alginate beads contains various proportion of
mineral oils were prepared by emulsion gelation method . The beads were evaluated for percentage buoyancy and drug
content were subjected to in vitro drug release studies in 0.1 N Hcl . optimised batch of floating alginate beads were
prepared with emulsion gelation method with different drug:Na alginate ratio.
Results
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The prepared beads of Clarithromycin have floated in simulated gastric fluid for prolonged time of period and observed
that the batch without minerals oil fails to float.There was gradual increase in floating percentage as the concentration of
oil goes on increasing i.e. from 5% to 15% w/w due to its hydrophobic nature but as the concentration of oil goes above
20% w/w the percentage buoyancy decreased. When the amount of oil was increased up to 20% and 30%, this enhanced
volume of oil occupied the most of the volume of a single bead and prevented the entrapment of sufficient amount of drug.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that an intermediate optimum level of oil is necessary for preparation of beads with maximum drug
content. It was observed that an increase in the concentration of mineral oil resulted in an increase in entrapment efficiency
in Clarithromycin loaded alginate beads but as the concentration of mineral oil goes above optimum value, entrapment
efficiency goes on decreasing.
KEYWORDS-GASTRO RETENTIVE DOSAGE FORM, MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS, MONOTHERAPY
Reactions analysis of different tomato cultivars to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita

M. Ikram1* and M. A. Siddiqui1
1
ABSTARCT
Purpose: The current investigation was conducted to determine the resistance or susceptibility response of tomato cultivars
to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita.
Methods: In this investigation, nine cultivars of tomato were screened against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
at the inoculum level of 1500 second-stage juveniles (J2s) per pot. Five replications of each tomato cultivar were used and
arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) under greenhouse conditions. The data were subjected to one-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS-17 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Mean values were
statistically analyzed according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at P ≤ 0.05.
Results: The statistical analysis of means revealed that the nematode displayed variable influence on the plant growth of
each examined cultivar. All the cultivars varied significantly in causing reductions in plant growth parameters over their
respective controls. During the investigation, none of the examined cultivars was observed immune or highly resistant to
M. incognita. The cultivars S-22 and Tomato-Ped were recorded as highly susceptible to M. incognita as they displayed the
maximum number of galls. On the contrary, cultivar T9 was observed moderately resistant, having the minimum number of
galls. Similarly, the cultivars Jyoti-4, Navuday, Pusa-sheetal, P-21, and Tomato-Round, were found susceptible, followed
by cultivar Pusa-Rohney which was observed moderately susceptible. A positive and significant correlation was found
between the galls and percent reduction in plant growth parameters.
Conclusion: All cultivars exhibit a significant decline in plant growth parameters due to M. incognita infestation compared
with their respective controls. This study demonstrates that cultivating resistant or moderately resistant cultivars could
minimize nematode infestation and yield losses. The use of resistant cultivars is an efficient and environmentally
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acceptable approach to manage root-knot nematode. Resistant cultivars are the low-cost strategy because there is no extra
cost to spend as nematicide or pesticide. Furthermore, resistant cultivars can use in breeding programs for developing new
cultivars resistant to the nematodes.
Keywords; Cultivars, Meloidogyne incognita, Resistance, Screening.
Bryophytes of Sal Forest area at Ranibagh, District Nainital, Kumaun Himalaya.

Richa Arya; Manisha Bhandari; S.D. Tewari; Prachi Joshi
I.P.G.G.P.G. College of Commerce, Haldwani, Nainital
ABSTARCT
Purpose: Bryophytes are the smallest group of plants that consisted of three distinct group Marchantiophyta (Liverworts),
Anthocerotophyta (Hornworts) and Bryophyta (Mosses). These non-vascular, eco-sensitive organisms are the important
component of different forest ecosystems. Kumaun region of Western Himalaya is well known in its rich bryodiversity.
However, the forest wise bryoexploration has not been documented. Keeping in view, the present study is undertaken to
explore the byrophytic vegetation of varied bryophyte incorporated habitats.
Method: Both liverworts and mosses were collected from different habitats of sal forest area at Ranibagh(640-800m).
Collected specimens were separated morphologically and further examined under microscope. Temporary slide of different
plant parts were prepared in 30% Glycerine and permanent slides in Gum Chloral mounting medium (Watson 1955). The
delicate liverwort specimens were preserved in 70% alcohol and mosses were kept in herbarium packets. Identification
work is performed with the help available literature and also by seeking expert advice.
Result: In all, 41 bryophytes species including, 15 liverworts (both thalloid and leafy) and 26 mosses were recorded.
Amongst mosses, 10 acrocarpous and 16 as pleurocarpous were documented from the study site. Fissidentaceae and
Bryaceae were turned out to be the dominant acrocarpous families followed by Pottiaceae. Entodontaceae and
Brachytheciaceae succeed by Hypnaceae were identified as dominant families of pleurocarpous mosses. Out of 41
bryotaxa, 7 species (both liverworts and mosses) were recognized as gemmiferous. An interesting leafy liverwort,
Gymnocolea inflata (Huds.)Dumort. was turned out to be a new record for India and two species of Fissidens viz., F.
laxitextus Broth. ex Gangulee & F. griffithi Gangulee as new addition to the Western Himalayan bryoflora.
Discussion: Bryophytic vegetation of sal forest area at Ranibagh was explored thoroughly to document the existing
bryodiversity of varied habitats. Due to the frequent rainfall, mesicness, and high humidity prevailing throughout the year,
the study site area (Ranibagh) which is known as the ‘Cherrapunji of Kathgodam’ provided a perfect microclimate and
support the luxuriance growth of bryophytes.
Keywords: Bryodiversity, Sal Forest, Western Himalaya, Ranibagh, Gemmiferous.
Epiphytic bryophytes of Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don forest at Lohaghat, (district
Champawat), Uttarakhand
Manisha Bhandari*, S.D.Tewari, Prachi Joshi, and Richa Arya.
Department of Botany, I.P.G.P.G.G.C.C. Haldwani, Nainital
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Bryophytes are naturally occurring, green group of shade loving, non- vascular cryptogams. These poikilohydric
plants are important component of different ecosystem forming miniature forest on variety of habitats. At different
elevations, Himalayan forests are the home of bryophytic diversity and luxuriance. Western workers have repeatedly
observed that gymnospermous phorophytes do not have much adaptive support for the growth of bryophytes in comparison
to angiospermic phorophytes. In contrast, to the general belief that bryophytes shun coniferous trees, we have observed
bryophytic cover on number of gymnospermous trees including pure Cedrus deodara forest at Lohaghat (1600-1754 m),
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Champawat. The present bryoexploratory study deals with the documentation of epiphytic bryophytes flourishing on the
acidic bark (pH 4.20- 4.74) of C. deodara tree trunks and branches.
Method: Epiphytic bryophytes colonizing the bark of C. deodara were collected almost from the trees of varied girth
classes and brought to the laboratory. Temporary slides were prepared in 30% glycerine and permanent slides in gum
chloral mounting medium (Watson,1955) for further identification work. With the help of available literature, floras,
monographs, herbarium consultation as well as by seeking expert advice, the identification work was performed.
Results: The present documentation of epiphytic bryophytes thriving on C. deodara phorophytes revealed a total 36 taxa
including 12 leafy liverworts and 24 species of mosses. Amongst leafy liverworts, Frullaniaceae was turned out to be the
dominant family followed by the Lejeueneaceae. Pleurocarpous mosses were observed to be dominant over acrocarps.
Amongst pleurocarps, the members of family Sematophyllaceae were found constantly dominant on each phorophyte. The
members of family Bryaceae were observed as dominant acrocarps. Interestingly, many of the members of both liverworts
and mosses were found gemmiferous.
Conclusion: The present study indicates, that C.deodara forest supports the dominant colonization of pleurocarpous
mosses followed by acrocarps. Maximum bryophyte growth was noticed on the water trickling sites; near the junction of
branches; humus accumulated sites as well as the buttressed tree base. The giant girth class trees of Cedrus forest were
found supporting the maximum diversity of bryo-epiphytes. It is noteworthy to mention that, Cedrus saplings were also
found writhed with the members of hanging mosses belonging to the family Meteoriaceae.
Key words: Bryophyte, Diversity, Cedrus, Gemmiferous, Phorophyte.
Integrated Hill Farming System for Year Round Food, Nutritional and Livelihood Security
Subhra Saikat Roy1, Meraj Alam Ansari2, Ch. Basudha Devi1, Susheel Kumar Sharma1, Blessa Sailo1, Kl.
Levish Chongloi3, Ts. Leenda Monsang3, K. Sonamani Singh3, A. Ameeta Devi3, L. Somendro Singh4, R.
K. Roshan5, L. Loken Singh6, N. Ajitkumar Singh6, N. Sureshchandra Singh6, Solei Luiram6, S.
Hazarika7 and I. Meghachandra Singh1
1
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, India
2
ICAR-Indian Institute of farming System Research, Modipuram, Meerut, U.P., India
3
ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chandel, Manipur, India
4
ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Churachandpur, Manipur, India
5
ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamenglong, Manipur, India
6
ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ukhrul, Manipur, India
7
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
ABSTARCT
Manipur is nestled in the North East corner of our country bordering Myanmar. Manipur agriculture can be characterized
by low productivity, diverse food basket, rainfed and based on traditional wisdom. Despite of favourable climatic condition
and abundant natural resources, the productivity, profitability and sustainability of agricultural and allied sector in Manipur
is still low. The faulty land use pattern and non-adoption of conservation measures has aggravated the degradation of
resource base. There is acute scarcity of water during winter months. The crop productivity is low mainly due to use of low
yielding local varieties, low moisture retention capacity of soil, lack of irrigation facilities, inadequate integration of
various farm components, seasonal nature of cultivation, slow-adoption of improved technologies along with traditional
management practices. In hilly terrains, mixed farming system during kharif season is the order and the land remains
fallow for the remaining part of the year that results in low cropping intensity. Livestock is an integral part of most of the
farm households. As a result, the hill farmers are facing varying degrees of food and nutritional insecurity coupled with
degradation of natural resource base. Given this background, one participatory research and extension programme on
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"Livelihood Improvement of the Farming Community of Manipur through Adoption of Farming System Approach" was
undertaken to translate the traditional resource degrading farming practices into sustainable integrated farming system.
METHODOLOGY
Before implementation of the programme, interaction programmes were organized with village authority, line departments,
KVKs and as well as social institutions for analyzing the socio-economic profile of the farmers, prioritizing the activities in
each and individual locations and approaches for implementing the programme etc. The information thus collected was
analyzed to identify the alternative livelihood option for the farmers to ensure increase in productivity, sustainable
employment generation and enhance income round the year. Thereafter, a series of capacity building programmes were
organized through which the farmers were educated about the technical know-how of different aspects of farming system
for uplifting their attitude-skill-knowledge. Finally, all total seven locations were selected across the altitude for
standardization of location specific IFS models through participatory mode. The selected areas comprise hilly slopes,
narrow valleys and terraced land containing a wide range of microclimate (tropical to sub-temperate). All the locations
suffer from acute water scarcity during winter. Hence, the models were developed following two approaches, first by
utilizing the existing water body available with the farmers and second, by constructing water harvesting structure
(Jalkund). The beneficiaries were constantly given technological back-up to bridge the gap between potential and actual
yields and ensuring sustainability through conservation and enhancement of the ecological foundations especially soil and
water.
RESULTS
All total 7 sustainable IFS models were developed under different agro-ecosystems at varying elevations ranging from 808-
1723 m above msl.
Table 1. brief description of the IFS models developed.
IFS Model Components Location Water body
Model I Horticultural crops (1.25 ha) + field crops (1 ha) + circular Purul Akutpa 1 ha
carp hatchery (1 unit with 100 brooders) + piggery (3 nos.) Village, Senapati
+ poultry (300 nos.) + jalkund (2 units) + agro-shade net district, Manipur
house (2 nos.) + bee box (3 units) + vermicomposting (3 (1723 m amsl)
units) + fruit processing (1 unit).
Model II Horticultural crops (3 ha) + field crops (2 ha) + circular Nungshangkhong 0.75 ha
carp hatchery (1 unit with 80 brooders) + poultry (50 nos.) Village, Ukhrul
+ poly house (1 no.) + bee box (10 units) + jalkund (1 district, Manipur
unit) + mushroom production (1 unit) + vermicomposting (1435 m amsl)
(1 unit).
Model III Horticultural crops (8 ha) + field crops (2 ha) + cattle (5 Kachai Village, 0.25 ha
nos.) + piggery (5 nos.) + agro-shade net house (1 no.) + Ukhrul district,
water harvesting tank (1 unit) + vermicomposting (3 units) Manipur
+ fruit processing (1 unit). (1371 m amsl)
Model IV Field crops (1.25 ha) + Horticultural Crops (0.75 ha) + Chandel Khullen Jalkund
Fishery (80 brooders) + Piggery (14 nos.) + Poultry (60 Village, Chandel (45000 L)
nos.) + Vermicomposting (1 unit). district, Manipur
(899 m amsl)
Model V Field crops (1.5 ha) + vegetable crops (0.75 ha) + + Chandonpokpi Jakund
mushroom production (1 unit) + poultry (65 nos.) + bee village, Chandel (45000 L)
box (3 units). district, Manipur
(837 m amsl)
Model VI Field crops (2 ha) + Horticultural Crops (1.25 ha) + T. Champhai Jalkund
Fishery (2 ponds; 0.20 ha, 25 brooders) + Piggery (7 nos.) village, (45000 L X
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+ Poultry (120 nos.) + Vermicomposting (1 unit) + Churachandpur 2 Nos.)
Apiculture (2 hives) district, Manipur
(808 m amsl)
Model VII Field crops (1 ha) + horticultural crops (0.5 ha) + poultry Sekmai Hijam 0.25 ha
birds (100 No.) + Piggery (6 Nos.). Khunou village,
Thoubal district,
Manipur
(813 m amsl)
The performance of each models was evaluated for five consecutive years. After the intervention, the cropping intensity
was increased up to 180 to 300% compared to 120% in traditional farming system. The farming intensity has also been
increased 300 to 500%, as compared to 150-200% in traditional farming system. Adoption of IFS ensured minimum soil
loss and run off, better residue/waste recycling and also maintained/improved soil health. Moreover, adoption of integrated
farming system resulted in year round food availability, nutritional security and sustainable income and employment
generation for the farm family. On an average, 409 to 570 days of employment was generated as compared to 110 days in
traditional farming system. The average B:C ratio of various IFS models was increased to the tune of 3.01 to 6.49. Profit
generated from various enterprises was used for further intensification of the enterprises. The IFS programme has also
increased the knowledge and skill of the participatory farmers. They learned about the horizontal and vertical
intensification through adoption of resource conservation technologies and soil health management. Besides, they gained
the skill to integrated various farm components through waste recycling and crop residue management. The on-farm and
off-farm activities were also effectively linked through secondary agricultural activities which ensures additional income
generation and improvement in purchasing power.
CONCLUSIONS
The integrated farming system has emerged as important approach to break the vicious cycle of low productivity-
profitability-sustainability as well as food-nutritional-livelihood insecurity in hill agriculture.
IDENTIFICATION OF MICROBES FROM DIFFERENT ORGANIC SUBSTRATES FOR

RICE STUBBLE DECOMPOSITION
Sonia Goel1, Bhawna Rathi 2, Mohinder Singh1, Upasana Sarma 2, Sapna Grewal 3
1
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana-122505
2
Faculty of Allied health Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana-122505
3
Bio & Nanotechnology department, GJUST, Hisar, Haryana
ABSTARCT
Introduction
Rice is the most important food in the world for humans, people feeding more than any crop. In 2018, around half of the
world’s population 3.5 billion people depend on rice every day. It is also known as the staple food across Asia around more
than half of the world’s poorest people live either as worker or consumer. Wide variety of rice species is important for
human nutrition like Oryza sativa, Japonica, Indica. Rice stubble is the uncut part of the crop after harvest that can be
burned and show harmful effects like loss of nutrients from soil, air pollution from smoke, affects soil fertility. To avoid
harmful effects in environment introduced some recent techniques for combating stubble burning like conversion of
residue in composting, bioethanol production, gasification, biogas formation etc. Different combination of microbes and
organic matter was used to degrade straw and activity of microbes was checked in regular intervals. It was found that the
microbe inoculums along with cow dung and cow urine worked best in the degradation process and counted for highest
microbial activity. The study can provide beneficial outcomes for the worldwide straw degradation and is beneficial for our
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future. Because the stubble degradation by microbes firstly helps in avoid burning of crop residue by farmers which can
produce harmful gases in air, maintain soil fertility, nutrient enhancement of soil.
OBJECTIVES:
1. To isolate diverse microbes from stubble degradation of rice in field set up with organic ingredients
2. To characterize the class of microbes from different set ups
Methodology
• Procedure of experimental setup: The experiment was conducted in field. Three experimental setup are (A), (B),
(C) :
• Stubble was collected two weeks after harvest from different localities of the experimental field: no fertilizer has
been used. First of all, stubble was chopped in small parts.
• After chopped of stubble, three experimental setups were carried out which are underground. These three
experimental setups were contained three layers of decomposer, cow dung, cow urine and finally, covered with
thin sheet which is made up of jute.
• And this sheet should always be wet for maintaining the moisture content and temperature. Because proper
moisture and low temperature helps in microorganism growth. The thin sheet layer was removed for study after
every 10 days and checked microorganism’s growth
Results:
• Observation carried out after 20 days: Growth of microorganisms were taken place. After 20 days soil sample
were collected from different experimental setup for isolation of microbes with proper precautions.
• Collected soil samples in separate plastic pouch A, B, C for experimental setup A, B, C, respectively. After
collected soil samples zip the plastic pouch to avoid contamination and started serial dilution process for result.
conclusions:
Rice stubble degradation is a dynamic process undergoing a temporal succession. Some fungal genera were more involved
in degradation of straw, while some bacterial taxa immediately decomposed straw. Only small population of the whole
fungal and bacterial community became labelled and indicating that small part of soil microbial population from rice straw
as carbon source either indirectly or directly by degradation products. The most important straw degraders were fungal
species and some aerobic bacterial species. Stubble degradation in paddy soil undergo in crop rotation occur to be an
aerobic process, the total microbial community in the soil remains as it is. Rotation of crop management contributes to a
reduction of methane emission and other harmful gases that may affect human health when rice stubble returned back to
the soil. The rice stubble degradation process is completely aerobic from the starting on even under field condition remains
to be evaluated. The present study was aimed to harness the role of microbes and organic matter combination for degrading
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rice straw. Some efforts are made to develop techniques of using field residues alternative to rice stubble burning, which
are eco-friendly and economically viable. Recycling of plant nutrient is also another major step that should be taken to
avoid burning. To reduce burning of stubble some microorganisms are used for residue degradation. Six bacterial strains
were selected for lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignocellulosic and degradation.
Estimation of Carbon sequestration in different trees in agri-silvi-horti system in northern

transitional zone of Karnataka
K. N. Pawar and R. L. Chavan
Agricultural Research Station Dharwad Farm, Dharwad University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
ABSTARCT
PURPOSE
Climate change is one of the major environmental threats that are likely to impact forest cover and livelihood of the
farmers. Global warming is certain and more alarming than ever. Most of the observed increase in global average
temperatures since mid 20th century is due to the observed steady increase of CO 2 in our atmosphere and also increase in
the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Forest cover more than 1/3 rd of the world’s land area constituting the major
terrestrial carbon pool. The carbon sequestered in each part differs greatly depending on various factors viz., agro climate
region, the type of system, site quality and type of species (Chavan and Rasal, 2010).
METHODOLOGY
A study was made to measure carbon sequestration rate and assess the biomass in different tree species raised in black soil
at Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad. The experiment involved horticultural crop Sapota and silvicultural trees viz..
Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tectona grandis, Acacia auriculiformis, Lagestromia lanceolata and Dalbergia sisso. Sapota
planted at 10 x 10 m spacing and in between two Sapota plants, tree species were planted across the slope during the year
1976 on deep clay soils. Trees adjoining to Sapota were harvested during the year 1992-93 and one tree is retained in
between Sapota plants.
RESULTS
The results indicated that growth of tectona grandis, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Dalbegia sissoo were significantly higher
as compared to Lagestromia lanceolata. The total biomass and crobon sequestration was significantly higher in Tectona
gradis (82.79 ton/ha and 41.39 ton/ha, respectively). Among the Sapota trees, total biomass and carbon sequestration was
significantly higher when Sapota grown alone (58.88 ton/ha and 29.44 ton/ha, respectively) followed by Sapota +
Lagestromia lanceolata (58.80 ton/ha and 29.40 ton/ha, respectively).
CONCLUSION
The study concluded that total biomass and carbon sequestration was higher in Sapota + Tectona gradis and Sapota +
Eucalyptus tereticornis as compared to other combinations of agroforestry systems.
REFERENCES
Chavan BL and rasal GB, 2010. Sequestered standing carbon stock in selective tree species grown in University campus at
Autangabad, Maharashtra, India. IJEST, 2(7): 3003-3007.
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KEYWORDS: Carbon, sequestration, Biomass, CO2
Effect of feeding dried Moringa oleifera leaves on drymatter intake, average daily weight gain,
body condition score and milk composition in Osmanabadi goats
Sandhya Kasyap, Nishma Singh, Rupal Pathak, V.N. Khune, A.K. Santra, Kiran Kashyap, Ashutosh
Dubey, Mehtab Singh Parmar and Neetu Sonkar
Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg- 492001, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose
One of the major constraints to increase livestock production in the tropics is the scarcity of animal feed, especially during
the dry season. This shortage can be overcome with supply of non-conventional feed resources such as Moringa oleifera.
M. oleifera leaves (MOL) are the rich source of protein and contain greater proportion of minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Zn
and Cu) especially iron, with substantial amount of Provitamines (A, vit B, vit C and vit K), carbohydrate, fat, and amino
acids. With regard of aforementioned characteristics, MOL can partially replace expensive protein supplements such as
soybean meal and can be incorporated in the ruminants diet effectively. With this background the present investigation was
under taken to study the effect of feeding dried MOL on nutrient intake, body weight gain, body condition score and milk
composition in Osmanabadi goats.
Methods
Total 24 lactating Osmanabadi goats comprising of 1st to 3rd parity were randomly selected and grouped into four dietary
treatment regime with 6 goats in each group. All the experimental goats were fed green tree leaves.T0 group (control)
animals were fed formulated concentrate (16 % crude protein) while T1, T2 and T3 groups were fed with formulated
concentrate in which 10%, 20 % and 30% of soy DOC was replaced by dried Moringa oleifera leaves respectively. Tree
leaves were collected from Moringa oleifera trees planted under Directorate Research Services, DSVCKV, Anjora Durg.
Leaves were spread on thick plastic sheet and shade dried for 4-5 days and then stored for incorporation in the concentrate
mixture.
Proximate analysis: Various feed ingredients of concentrate mixture viz. maize, soy DOC, broken rice, DORB, along with
Moringa oleifera and Ficus racemosa leaves were analyzed for different proximate principles viz., moisture, crude protein
(CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), total ash (TA), and nitrogen free extract (NFE) as per Association of Official
Analytical Chemists (AOAC,2000).
Daily feed intake - Feeds offered to individual animals and refusals left were measured daily and daily feed intake was
calculated by following formula: Daily feed intake = daily feed offered – daily feed refusal
Dry Matter intake - The samples of feeds were collected every week and subjected to DM determination to calculate
DMI.
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Body weight – Body weight of goat were measured at 0 day and at the end day of experiment with the help of electronic
weighing balance machine and thereafter average daily gain was measured as per the given formula: Average daily gain=
Difference between initial and final body weight / Total number of days in trial
Body condition score (BCS): Body condition score was measured at 0 day 21 and 42 day of experiment. BCS of goats
ranging from 1.0 to 5.0 with 0.5 increments. An under-condition (emaciated) goat with a BCS of 1.0 would have no fat
reserves, whereas an overweight (obese) goat would have a BCS of 5.0. It is generally recommended that healthy goats
have a BCS score of 2.5 to 4.0. The BCS score indicate the following conditions of the goat:
Body condition score Condition of goat
1 Emaciated
2 Thin
3 Average
4 Fatty
5 Obese
Milk composition – Initial average milk composition of each animal was analysed by automatic milk analyser
(ULTRASONIC MILK ANALYSER) at the start the experiment. Thereafter, milk samples were analysed at weekly
intervals (0th, 7th, 14th, 21th, 28th, 35th, 42th day) for Protein %, Lactose %, SNF % and Fat %.
Statistical analysis
The data obtained were analysed by one way analysis of variance. If significance of difference exists, Duncan's
Multiple Range Test were applied.
Result Proximate
composition: The proximate analysis revealed that dried MOL are rich source of protein. MOL had higher crude protein
content compared to maize, broken rice, and Ficus racemosa; but lower than that of Soy DOC. MOL had lower crude fibre
and ether extracts than Ficus racemosa, but greater value obtained in comparison to other feed ingredients. Feed intake-
feed intake in Osmanabadi goats showed a significant difference among the groups from 1 st to 4th weeks and 6th week of
experiment except 5th week. The effect of dietary supplementation of MOL meal on feed intake was significant during 1st
week of the study. The intake was significantly (P<0.01) higher in all the groups . During 2 nd week the intake was
significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups fed concentrate with 20 and 30% level of Moringa (T2 and T3) compared to control
and T1. The feed intake during 3 rd week was significantly (P<0.05) lower in group T1 as compared to T2 and T3. The
inclusion of higher level of Moringa (30%) significantly (p<0.05) improved the feed intake during 4 th week of study as
compared to all other groups, however the intake differ non-significantly amongst the groups during last week i.e. 5th week
of experiment. The daily feed intake at 6th week increased significantly in all groups from their initial value.
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Dry matter intake and Crude protein intake: No significant effect of Moringa oleifera supplementation on DMI and
CPI was observed during 1st to 5th week of the study. Although on 6th week a significant difference was observed in DMI
and CPI of group T2 as compared to all other groups
Body weight gain: No significant difference existed between the control group (T0) and the treatment groups (T1, T2 and
T3) during the entire experimental period.
Body condition score: In the control (T0) and treatment groups (T1 T2 and T3) no significant difference in BCS was
observed over the entire experimental period.
Milk composition: There was no significant difference among the groups during experiment in different milk constituents.
Moreover the composition remained relatively constant with a small variation in milk lactose whose value differed
significantly at the fifth week of the experiment.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that feeding of concentrate containing 20% dried MOL resulted in better feed intake, dry matter
intake, crude protein intake and body weight gain in Osmanabadi goats. There was no adverse effect of MOL feeding at the
inclusion level of 20% in Osmanabad goats. Goat productivity can be sustainable during scarcity period by incorporating
dried MOL in to concentrate feed Therefore, Moringa can be successfully used as an alternative protein source to substitute
the soy DOC.
Keyword: Moringa oleifera leaf meal, body weight, DMI, CPI, milk composition.
Biochemical and Transcript analysis of differentially expressed water stress responsive

candidate genes in Minor millets & rice (Oryza sativa L.).
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Water stress occurs severely in major producing areas of the world. India is the largest grower of minor millets. Millets are
Lower in economic competitiveness. Known for their great level of tolerance against water stress and salinity. Rice is the
staple food crop & Second largest crop in the world with High Drought Sensitivity Index. All these important facts
necessitates to dissect the transcriptome information to provide valuable information on molecular mechanism and
dynamics underlying their water stress tolerance potential.
Methods
The current study was taken to identify important water stress responsive gene orthologs, from candidate genes in the
selected fifteen genotypes, i.e seven genotypes of Little millet five genotypes of Barnyard millet and three genotypes of
Rice. Biochemical traits (Chlorophyll a, b and total, Leaf proline, Carbohydrates Protein, estimated by Acetone method
given by Arnon (1949), Bates et al., (1973), Krishnaveni et al. (1984) & Lowryl method respectively was determined under
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control and stress condition. Water was withdrawn from pots on 21 up to 29 days from the green house grown plants.
Setting up of experiment under STRESS and CONTROL condition
Results
The photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll decreased and the biochemical
components like, leaf proline, leaf protein and leaf carbohydrate increased under water stress. These findings were found to
be in correlation with a set of known water stress responsive genes which were selected for expression analysis using semi-
quantitative RT-PCR.
Conclusions
Among the three crops highest expression was found in Little millet genotype RLM-37, which was showing tolerance
characteristics, this can be taken as a base for water stress tolerance response of the crop to select the gene and genotype
for the ortholog gene isolation, which may be useful for further validation studies of genes for water stress tolerance in
millet and other crop plants.
Key words: Abiotic stress, water stress, vegetative stage, semi quantitative RT PCR, cDNA.
Transcript-level differential candidate gene expression analysis & Characterization of

Physiological Responses among Minor millet & rice (Oryza sativa L.) under water stress.
ABSTARCT
Purpose
The plants abscond from expressing its full potential to give maximum yield due to biotic and abiotic stresses such as
diseases, water stress, etc. Among these water stress is major one, as it occurs severely in major producing areas of the
world. It activates a series of changes in plants by affecting growth and productivity negatively. Various morphological
mechanisms functioning under water stress has also been identified. Water stress occurs severely in major producing areas
of the world. India is the largest grower of minor millets. Millets are Lower in economic competitiveness. Known for their
great level of tolerance against water stress and salinity. Grains of small millets are extremely resistant to pest. Millet is a
Healthy food, mainly due to the lack of gluten in their grain, also known as “Orphan crop”, “food for the poor ” (Sharma
and Khurana, 2014). Rice is the staple food crop & Second largest crop in the world with High Drought Sensitivity Index
(Karl, 1983). All these important facts necessitates to dissect the transcriptome information to provide valuable information
on molecular mechanism and dynamics underlying their water stress tolerance potential.
Methods
The current study was taken to identify important water stress responsive gene orthologs, from candidate genes (EcNAC
67, SiNAC29L, OsNAC 29, TaNAC 4, CDPK, U2-SnRNP, Synaptotagmi), in the selected fifteen genotypes, i.e seven
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genotypes of Little millet (RLM-37, BL-4, OLM-203, MM-23, BL-8, BL-15-1, MM-10), five genotypes of Barnyard millet
(SAWA, VL-29, MELGHAT-1, MELGHAT-3, MM-03) at 5.5 to 6.5 % SMC (Soil moisture content) and three genotypes
of Rice (R-RF-127, MOROBEREKAN and MTU-1010) at 15-18 % SMC. Biochemical traits (Chlorophyll a, b and total,
Leaf proline, Carbohydrates Protein, estimated by Acetone method given by Arnon (1949), Bates et al., (1973),
Krishnaveni et al. (1984) & Lowryl method respectively) was determined under control and stresscondition. Growth
Conditions: Planted in pots and maintained in green house condition at 28 ± 2ºC in Department of Plant Molecular
Biology and Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. Pots were watered
normally until plant attain 21 day periods. Water was withdrawn from pots on 21 up to 29 days.
Setting up of experiment under STRESS and CONTROL condition
Stress imposition at vegetative stage (After 21 DAS) before panicle initiation. Harvested samples after stress imposition are
stored immediately in liquid Nitrogen for RNA extraction followed by cDNA synthesis. RNA extraction from leaf tissues
at vegetative stage - Trizol+Himedia protocol. RT-PCR analysis was performed to analyze expression among the
genotypes under control and stress conditions for different genes(using designed expression primers). Actin gene primer
was used for Internal control followed by cDNA synthesis (Bio RAD iSCRIPT cDNA synthesis kit). The floroscence data
of Semi- quantitative RT-PCR gels were digitalised to numerical values using Gel quant NET software.
Results
The photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll decreased and the biochemical
components like, leaf proline, leaf protein and leaf carbohydrate increased under water stress. These findings were found to
be in correlation with a set of known water stress responsive genes which were selected for expression analysis using semi-
quantitative RT-PCR. Differential expression was found among almost all the genes and genotypes. OsNAC29 (RLM-37),
SiNAC29L (MELGHAT-3), TaNAC 4 (R-RF-127) showed highest positive up-regulation in the expression analysis of
Little millet, Barnyard millet & Rice genotypes respectively, followed by other gene & genotypes.
Conclusions
Among the three crops selected for our study, Little millet genotype, RLM-37 and Rice genotype, R-RF-127 were found to
be tolerant ones in the morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects. MTU-1010 was found to be
susceptible one in most of the aspects. Majority of genes were up regulated under water stress in Millets and Rice. Among
the three crops highest expression was found in Little millet genotype RLM-37 (gene OsNAC 29) was showing tolerance
characteristics, this can be taken as a base for water stress tolerance response of the crop to select the gene and genotype
for the ortholog gene isolation, which may be useful for further validation studies of genes for water stress tolerance in
millet and other crop plants.
Key words: Abiotic stress, water stress, vegetative stage, semi quantitative RT PCR, cDNA.
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STUDIES ON CONSERVATION MACHINERY SYSTEM UNDER RICE-CHICKPEA
CROPPING SYSTEM
Jitendra Kumar*, A.K. Dave** A.K. Verma*** and Hemlata Nirala****
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bemetara, IGKV Raipur (C.G.)
Purpose
In a present era many improved implements are available for different tillage and seeding operation. It is very crucial to
identify good practice and suitable implements combination for desired seedbed preparation to maximise crop
establishment and yield under rice-chickpea cropping system. To understand, this study was conducted on “studies on
conservation machinery system under rice-chickpea cropping system” at Research cum Instructional Farm, IGKV, Raipur
(Chhattisgarh) during Kharif-Rabi season of year 2016 and 2017. The site of experiment having soil as clayey in texture,
neutral in reaction, available N is low, available P2O5 is medium, and available K2O is high.
Methods
In this study two different experiments were conducted. In rice, different combination of tillage and sowing/planting
treatments were tested for cultivation under dry and wet tillage system during kharif. In dry seeding of rice there were five
tillage treatments and two methods of sowing whereas, in wet tillage, five tillage treatments were used in combination with
mechanical transplanting method. In rabi season, the chickpea was cultivated under residual of rice plots (dry and wet
plots) with four different combination of tillage and seeding method. All the treatments alone or in combination were
evaluated in terms of machine parameters and their effect on energy parameters, soil parameters, economic parameters and
yield and yield attributing parameters.
Results
The finding of the first experiment on the effect of various tillage and sowing practices for rice cultivation and their effect
on soil physical properties showed that all the soil parameters, crop growth parameters such as height of plant, tillers
number per plant, yield attributes parameter i.e. length of panicle, weight of panicle, number of sound grains per panicle,
test weight (g), yield of grain and straw, net return and B:C ratio were significantly higher in DT 3 (cultivator x 2 + direct
seeded rice DSR drill sowing). However, the above characters values were found lower and recorded under broadcasting
followed by transplanted rice. The optimum desired seed bed for seeding rice was found under tillage treatment DT 3
(cultivator x 2 + DSR drill sowing) and the optimum planting bed for transplanting rice was found under treatment WT2
(cultivator x 2 + rotavator x 1 + transplanting). Amongst the methods of establishment, the maximum grain yield was
produced in dry tillage direct seeded rice treatment DT 3, 57.5 quintal ha-1 and 50 quintal ha-1 during 2016 and 2017
respectively and the maximum value of benefit cost ratio was registered 2.65 on mean basis of two year in treatment DT 3.
The output energy, output-input energy ratio and energy productivity was found best in DT 3 (cultivator x 2 + rotavator x 1+
DSR drill) amongst different treatments on the basis of mean data of two years. Based on practices being followed for
chickpea cultivation, the best treatment for till condition was found to be DT 1C (M.B. Plough x 1 + Cultivator x 2 +
Rotavator x 2 + ridge and furrow sowing) followed by DT2C (Cultivator x 2 + Rotavator x 2 + conventional seed cum
fertilzer drill sowing) whereas under no till condition, DT3C (No till + Zero till drill sowing) treatment followed by DT 4C
(No till+ happy seed drill sowing) proved be better based on energy, cost economics and crop parameters.
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Conclusions
The combination DT 3 (rice- cultivator x 2 + DSR drill sowing of rice) and DT 1 C (Chickpea- M.B. plough x 1 +
cultivator x 2 + rotavator x 2 + ridge and furrow sowing in residual of dry sowing of rice) was found most
effective combination in terms of total productivity of rice -chickpea cropping system under till condition than
the other combination of different treatments of rice-chickpea tillage and sowing methods. The zero till drill
sowing (DT 3 C) in chickpea and DT 3 (rice- cultivator x 2 + DSR drill sowing of rice) of rice recorded maximum
benefit cost ratio, output-input energy ratio and energy productivity for chickpea production under no till condition. The
decision support system software was created for the selection of appropriate tractor or machines/implements of a
particular size from different makes and model of commercially available tractors and machines/implements for the rice-
chickpea cropping system. With a case study the validation of designed DSS software demonstrates its effectiveness in
forecasting any conservation machinery system selection.
Key words: Rice establishment method, Energy input-output, Machine performance, Field capacity, Cost Economics,
Rice-Chickpea cropping system, Conservation machinery system.
Molecular Docking Studies of Acetylcholinesterase enzyme involved in Alzheimer disease with

chlorogenic acid and Lactucin of Cichorrium intybus
Sunita Arora, Abhishek Pathak, Gohar Taj
G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India
ABSTARCT
Purpose
Cichorium intybus, commonly known as chicory, is a perennial herb with immense medicinal activity and being used in
traditional medicine. Due to the presence of abundant active phytoconstituents, chicory plant used as a cardiotonic,
stomachic, liver tonic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory agent. Chlorogenic acid and Lactucin are two major phytochemical
ingredients obtained from Cichorrium intybus; they are biologically active with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other
pharmacological activity. Neuroprotection by chlorogenic acid has been reported in several in-vitro studies.It has been
demonstrated that it protects neurons from oxidative injury by lowering lipid peroxidation. Our aim was to predict the
predominant binding mode(s) of chlorogenic acid and lactucin with an enzyme-acetylcholinestrase and the binding
characteristics (affinities, sites, forces..etc)for their future development as an antialzheimeric agent.
Methods: Docking of acetylcholinestrase with chlorogenic acid and lactucin was performed via Mastero (schrodinger,
USA) software. LigPrep module, version 2.4, 2019, was used for geometrical refining of chemical structures (drawn in
Maestro module) of ligands and Protein preparation wizard of Maestro software was used for protein preparation. Receptor
Grid Generated by using in-build module and based on receptor grid, docking was performed using the extra precision
(XP) feature of Glide module, version 12.1, 2019. The interaction of protein and ligand was visualized by the XP
visualizer.
Results: Molecular docking studies revealed that acetylcholinestrase interact with chlorogenic acid and lactucin by
hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds, respectively with docking scores of (-9.7 and-6.7). Docking of acetylcholinestrase and
chlorogenic acid shown the more number of H-bond ARG229,PHE268,SER296 (2 H),TYR121 as compared to lactucin
which shows hydrogen bonding with PHE288,ARG289,TYR70 amino acid.
Conclusion: These results confirmed the formation of acetylcholinestrase stable complexes with chlorogenic acid and
lactucin, contributed to our understanding for their binding characteristics (affinities, sites, modes, forces..etc). Docking
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results proved that cholorogenic acid and lactucin can be implemented for the treatment of Alzheimer disease, however,
different in-vitro and clinicaltrials are needed for further validation of the chlorogenic acid and lactucin as an
antialzhimeric agent.
Keywords: Cichorium intybus, Chlorogenic acid, Lactucin,Antialzheimer agent, Molecular docking.
Economic analysis of poultry farming in Dantola village (Almora), Uttarakhand

Latika Pandey1*, Ayyanadar Arunachalam2, Namita Joshi1, Deepak Kumar Mishra2 and Inder Dev2
Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, India
ABSTRACT
For the sustainable development of mountain agriculture, it is needful to find the alternative sources of income for the hill
farmers. Backyard poultry is atraditional practice in rural ecosystem, mostly as a subsidiary source of benefit to the farmer.
In Uttarakhand hills, the agricultural productivity is challenged by wild crop-raiders. Under such circumstances, farmer
cannot rely only on the field crops. Poultry farming can be a suitable alternative option for hilly region as it requires less
labour and other input cost and occupies a small area. The poultry birds also eat insects from the kitchen gardens around
the house, thus decreasing insect-pest attacks in the kitchen gardens. With this background, the efficiency of traditional
backyard poultry farming system was assessed in Dantola village of district Almora.
Methods
During the field survey of various hill agricultural systems during 2017-18, backyard poultry system was found to be
practiced in the study village. In order to assess its efficiency, the records of all the inputs and outputs were collected in
order to quantify the overall cost and the benefit of the backyard poultry system.
Results
After the monetary estimation of all the inputs and outputs, the benefit-cost (B:C) ratio worked out to be 1.8. As labour
availability is a major concern in the hills, less-labour intensive backyard poultry provisions alternative income generating
opportunity to the rural households.
Conclusions
Our results reveal that integrated poultry farming could potentially be a diversification opportunity for rural farmers in the
hills.
Key words: Hill agriculture, poultry, B:C
Assessment and economic eevaluation of provisioning services from agroforestry system in the
Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand.
Deepak Kumar Mishra1, Ujjwal Kumar1, Kusum Arunachalam1* Latika Pandey2
1. School of Environment and Natural Resource Management, Doon University, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, India,
2. Gurukul Kangari University, Kanya Gurukul Campus Haridwar- Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Agroforestry is known for its wide ranges of the ecosystem services. The aim of this study was to assess the provisioning
services (fuelwood and fodder) provided by the agroforestry systems, consumption pattern and their economic eevaluation.
Methods
The survey with structured questionnaire was used for this study. The economic evaluation of provisioning services was
done based on the market values of these products in the local and regional market.
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Results
The fuelwood, fodder and fruits are the main ecosystem services that farmers are getting from agroforestry systems in the
study area. Fuelwood consumption was found to be highest at the higher altitude (0.65 kg/capita/day), followed by middle
altitude (0.54/capita/day) and 0.49 kg/capita/day at lower altitude respectively. The per capita value of fuelwood ranged
from Rs. 857.46/year to 1431.82/year from lower altitude to higher altitude while fodder consumption varied from 18.37
tonnes/year to 194.08 tonnes/year. The monetary values of fodder consumption varied from Rs. 879.48/capita/year to Rs.
2003.89/capita/year. The combined economic value of ecosystem services (fuelwood + fodder) was found to be between
Rs. 1736.94/capita/year to 3400.26/capita/year. Values of these services on basis of population at village levels was
between 1.87 lakhs/year to 23.71 lakhs/year
Conclusions
Agroforestry system provides direct consumable services that have higher market value as food, fuelwood, fibre, feed,
fodder, medicines and others. The study also visibly identified the role of agroforestry in meeting fuel wood and fodder
requirements. In Tehri Garhwal region, the agroforestry system is basically supplementing the requirement of fuel wood
and fodder, which reduces the dependency of villagers on the adjacent forest.
Key words: Agroforestry system, ecosystem services, fuel wood, fodder, farm income
A standardized protocol for genomic DNA isolation from Terminalia bellirica for population
genetic analysis.
Aanchal Singh & Dr. H. S. Ginwal
Forest Biotechnology, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun.
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Terminalia bellirica are of great commercial importance because of their high timber, economical, medicinal values and
are being over-exploited because of their importance leading to loss of valuable genetic resources. The existing populations
are under great pressure. For sustainable utilization and conservation, assessment of genetic diversity, population genetic
structure and mating system therefore becomes imperative leading to search for a more efficient means of extracting DNA
of both higher quality and yield.
Methods
Total genomic DNA was extracted from young leaves following the CTAB-activated charcoal method. 5 g of leaves were
grounded in liquid nitrogen, homogenized in 1ml of preheat extraction buffer (100 mM Tris–HCl, 20 mM EDTA, 2M
NaCl, 3% CTAB, 0.5% Charcoal, 3% PVP having pH 8.0) and incubated at 65°C for 1 hr, extracted with
chloroform:isoamylalcohol (24:1 v/v). The DNA was pelleted with chilled isopropanol and washed twice with 70%
ethanol. The DNA pellet was air dried and stored at -20°C.
Results
The standardized protocol is appropriate for both dry and fresh leaves. Purity of extracted DNA was excellent as evident by
A260/A280 ratio ranging from 1.71-1.86 and A260/A230 ratio was >2, suggesting that the preparations were sufficiently
free of proteins and polyphenolics/polysaccharide compounds.
Conclusions
In this study, a new and reliable method developed for the extraction of quality DNA can be used for the routine molecular
biology experiment. Here we have described a simple, safe, reliable, and cost efficient CTAB-activated charcoal DNA
extraction protocol that provides high quality DNA from T. bellirica containing elevated concentrations of polysaccharide
and polyphenolic compounds. The proposed method enables the extraction of DNA even from dried leaves of T. bellirica.
Therefore, CTAB-activated charcoal method is recommended even in low-technology laboratories for high-throughput
sample preparation suitable for various molecular analytical techniques.
KeywordsDNA Extraction, Genetic resources, Terminalia bellirica.
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Development of instant fish cutlet mix from Nile tilapia-an attempt in utilizing farmed fish for
ready to cook product
Rehana Raj, Binsi P.K., Sreelakshmi K.R. and Suseela Mathew
ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri, Cochin. Kerala, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Indian families are now witnessing a changing trend in food consumption pattern as more women in the family are engaged
in jobs. As time spend for cooking is now getting reduced, people are affording ready to prepare/ready to eat food
products. In this aspect the role of instantly prepared food products are gaining importance. Hence in this study a ready to
cook instant cutlet mix was developed.
Methods
Nile tilapia was collected form brackish water ponds for preparing the mince which was then dehydrated to form dehydrate
fish flour. The product was then used as the main ingredient in preparing instant tilapia cutlet mix. Other ingredients such
as potato, green chilly, carrot slices, onion, curry leaves, ginger, pepper, clove, cinnamon, batter mix were dried and added
as crushed ingredients. The powder was mixed properly to which required quantity of boiled water was added to
reconstitute the products. Proximate analysis, Powder characteristics shelf life was studied for the instant cutlet mix.
Results
Powder characteristics and shelf life was studied for the instant cutlet mix. Proximate analysis of the mix showed that
moisture content was around 6.691 ± 0.21%, protein content around 22.003 ± 0.18%, ash content around 4.359 ± 0.31%,
fat content around 5.758± 0.13% and carbohydrate 61.030±0.24%. The product was stored until 4 months where it was
sensorially acceptable. Sensory analysis of the instant cutlet TVBN value showed an initial value of 15mg N/100g and at
the end of four months it reached to around 23 mgN/100g sample. Peroxide value was initially nil and which reached upto
2.2 meq O2/ kg of fat by the end of 4 months. It has shown the shelf life of 4 months by retaining all its properties.
Conclusions
The developed food product was having better acceptability and can be introduced as a ready to eat product which is now
having better acceptability in the present market.
Key words: Instant food, Ready to eat product, Nile tilapia, farmed fish, cutlet
Role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for all round development of farm women
1
KVK, Jehanabad, BAU, SABOUR,
2
CAE, DRPCAU,Pusa,Bihar
ABSTARCT
Women are an integral part of society. All-round development and harmonious growth of a nation would be
possible only when women are given their desired place and position in the society and are treated as equal
partners of progress with men. However, in most of the regions, women have a low social and economic status.
In such areas, effective empowerment of women is essential to harness the women in the main stream of
economic development.
The role of women and the need to empower them are central to human development programmes, including
poverty alleviation programmes. In spite of safeguards provided in many of the poverty alleviation programmes,
it has been observed that women in rural areas, especially from poor families, are not benefited.
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Women are a vital parts of the Indian economy, constituting one-third of the national labor force. In Agriculture
and allied sector too,women play a major role. Emancipation of farm women is a pre-requisite for nation’s
economic development and social upliftment..
"Empowerment of women" is the central issue that has been pervading the development debate after the 80s.
Women empowerment is always considered as the key aspect of social development throughout the world. In
India more attractive schemes have been introduced , to eradicate women unemployment, one of which with
less effort is Self Help Group( SHG).Self Help Group is one of the most important approaches for socio-
economic transformation of rural women in India.
SHG is a group of rural poor females who have volunteered to organize themselves into a group for eradication
of poverty of the members. They agree to save regularly and convert their savings into a Common Fund known
as the Group corpus. The members of the group agree to use this common fund as a group through a common
management. The members of an SHG face similar problems. They help each other, to solve their problems.
SHGs promote small savings among their members. The savings are kept with the bank.The SHG collects the
minimum voluntary saving amount from all the members. The group devises a code of conduct to bind itself.
This is in the form of regular meetings (weekly or fortnightly), functioning in a democratic manner, allowing
free exchange of views, participation by the members in the decision making process.The SHG corpus fund is
used to give advance to the members in the form of loans. The group develops the financial management
norms covering the loan sanction procedure, repayment schedule and interest rates.
The Self Help Group (SHG) is a viable organized setup to disburse micro credit to the rural women for the
purpose of making them enterprising and encouraging them to enter into entrepreneurial activities. The
formation of SHG is not solely a micro-credit project but it aims to empower women.
SHG addresses various dimensions of empowerment – political, material, cognitive, perceptual and relational
The origin of self-help group can be traced from Grameen bank of Bangladesh, which was founded by
Mohamed Yunus. SGHs were started and formed in 1975. In India NABARD initiated in 1986-1987. The
absence of institutional credits available in the rural area has led to the establishment of SHGs.Formation and
functioning of SHGs is based upon the concept of group approach to decision making and programme
implementation.Most of the successful functioning organisations be it at micro level ( a single firm ) or at macro
level ( parliament, as for instance ) reinforce the significance of group approach to problem solving.. Access to
credit can help in expansion of material base of women by enabling them to start and expand small businesses,
often accompanied by market access.
Many governmental and non-governmental organizations have been trying to organize women into groups
integrate them into the development process by actively involving them in Group Farming, transfer of
technology, production and marketing, agriculture and allied sector development, natural resource management,
etc.
The women members feel empowered as a result of the following characteristics of self-help groups.
REGULAR ATTENDANCE INCREASES SELF-EFFICACY
Self-efficacy is the belief that people have in their own ability to achieve goals. The higher this level is, the
more confident a person is that he or she will be able to succeed at something
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PROVIDES PARTICIPANTS WITH SOCIAL CONTACT
Spending time in a room with people who are going through similar issues helps participants to feel as though
they are not alone. They can also see that others understand exactly what they’re going through. This is a much
healthier form of social contact.
DECREASES THE ODDS OF A RELAPSE
Attending group meetings, getting support from other members, and seeing for themselves that a sober lifestyle
can be achieved over a long-term in spite of life stresses is inspiring to members. They know exactly what it
feels like to commit to the lifestyle change involved in getting help and keep following through even when life
throws a curve ball at them.
OPEN TO EVERYONE
No special preparation or knowledge is required to attend a self-help group. They welcome anyone who is
suffering and is in need of help. It doesn’t matter if a participant in the group has had a setback or relapse.
Group members can come back and start again.
SELF – HELP GROUPS IN INDIAN MOVEMENT
India has adopted the Bangladesh’s model in a modified form. To alleviate the poverty and to empower the
women, the micro-finance has emerged as a powerful instrument in the new economy. With availability of
micro-finance, self-help groups (SHGs) and credit management groups have also started in India. And thus the
movement of SHG has spread out in India.
Impact of Self-Help Groups on Women Empowerment
1) Micro- Financing benefit for rural poor households
Self-help has aimed at enhancing profitability for rural people. The low economic growth of this country was
perceived to be due to lack of capital resources, especially in rural areas. A vicious cycle of low capital, low
productivity, low incomes, low savings and weak capital base was perceived to be operating perpetuating a
permanent poverty syndrome. Therefore, cheap rural credit policies like micro financing SHGs were designed
to provide rural poor with access to adequate capital. Microfinance through SHG has become a ladder for the
poor to bring them up not only economically but also socially, mentally and attitudinally and above all help
them break through the stronghold of exploitative money lenders.
2) Bank – SHG linkage
In this type of linkage banks provided financial support to SHGs which had grown almost spontaneously
without any intervention of any SHPI. The SHGs were initially on the basis of a common activity, Problem and
took up thrift and credit activities. The case of such linkages is not very common. In this model, the SHPI have
taken the role of a financial intermediary between the banks and a number of SHGs.
3) Economic empowerment
According to the report by National Commission for Women (NCW) - (Status of women 2011), in India,
women work for longer hours than men do. The proportion of unpaid activities to the total activities is 51% for
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females as compared to only 33% for males. Over and above this unpaid work, they have the responsibilities of
caring for household which involves cooking, cleaning, fetching water and fuel, collecting fodder for the cattle,
protecting the environment and providing voluntary assistance to vulnerable and disadvantaged individuals in
the family. This shows that though there is still a long journey ahead towards women empowerment. Women’s
can save small amount of money regularly and mutually agree to contribute a common fund.
4) Social empowerment
The social empowerment means that the woman should get an important place in her family and society, and
should have a right to enable her to make use of available resources. It has resulted in developing self-
confidence, self-esteem and self-respect also.. As the woman has now increased presence in banks, Gram
Panchayats, various Government committees etc., her social status is seen somewhat elevated. The social
impact of the SHG program increased involvement in Decision-making, awareness about various programs and
organizations, increased access to such organizations, increased expenditure on Health and Marriage events,
there is a Change in the attitude of male members of the families, now they are convinced about the concept of
SHG and encourage women to participate in the meetings and women reported that they have savings in their
name and it gives them confidence and increased self-respect.
5) Saving and Financial Decision Making
One of the primary benefits of participation in a SHG is the opportunity to save regularly, access formal savings
institutions and participate in the management of these savings. They save regularly, have their own bank
accounts and make deposits into these accounts. SHG is having a good impact on members, in their ability to
save their hard earned money.
6) Access to credit
SHGs results into an improvement in woman’s access to credit. The financial mobility due to participation in
the SHG leads to an improvement in the quality of life, according to some of the successful groups. Overall,
many families were able to address their basic needs better than before. Some of NGOs reports have shown that
the record on the repayment of loans by women was often better than that of men, and that women were also
more likely to spend the income earned, on their families, leading to improved health and nutrition of the poor
population and for improving the quality of their lives.
7) Employment
The implementation of SHG has generated Self-employment opportunities for the rural poor. This has been
shown by many SHGs formed by JEEVIKA in Bihar.
In a case study on impact of SHG on women empowerment in Patna district ,Kumar Amresh (2018)
concluded that 25 per cent of the respondents) had no occupation in the pre-SHG stage whereas cent per cent is
occupied at the post-SHG stage. The occupation chosen by the SHG members depends on the availability of
skill and resources. He also observed that the income of the members of the SHG had increased substantially
Further, Kumar Amresh revealed that SHGs have the power to create a socio-economic revolution in
the rural areas of our country. SHGs have not only produced tangible assets and improved living conditions of
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the members, but also helped in changing much of their social outlook and attitudes. In the study area SHGs
have served the cause of women empowerment, social solidarity and socio-economic betterment of the poor.
According to Bihar State Women Development Corporation (BSWDC) managing director N Vijaya Lakshmi
“Bihar has the potential to get about a million self-help groups (SHGs) engaged in real productive activities in
the next few years”as reported in newspaper TNNTimes of India on 18-07-2009.The objective can be achieved
by maintaining a synergy between state-level working group and action plan," she added. According to her,
three agencies Rural development department, JEEVIKA Project and Women Development Corporation
(WDC) are engaged in SHG formation in Bihar under their separate book keeping method, processes and action
plan.Lakshmi said the new approach would require one process, similar bookkeeping method and a common
action plan so that the SHGs of he three agencies are able to work together in tandem with banks, which give
loans to the SHGs to make their activities a massive social movement.
CONCLUSION:
SHG is an important approach focusing the empowerment of individual woman as well as of the groups
themselves for becoming self reliant not only by farming but by opting some economic activities in allied
sectors also. But, to be more effective, the groups need some technological support.
SHGs of all types have an important role in development. They provide space for participation, which
contributes to group member's ownership of the issue at hand as well as any solutions. This in turn builds group
cohesiveness, solidarity and promoters mutual support. They can be the platform for building a sense of
community a social support system, increasing self-confidence, learning together and providing a sense of
equality.
SHGs will however become sustainable, only if they have backward linkages with technology, credit and
forward linkages with processing and marketing organization, Steps will have to be taken to convert micro-
finance into livelihood finance through appropriate support system.
There is also need for establishing SHG Capacity Building and Mentoring Centers. Further, scaling up of bank
linkages and increased SHG activities would require a large force of trainers. Besides, there has to be common
training approach, common book keeping approach, and common rating system It will be useful to promote
SHGs at the production end of the farming enterprise involving men. This will be particularly helpful in the
case of integrated pest management, integrated nutrient supply, scientific water management and improved
post-harvest technology, marketing etc.
REFERENCES
Government of Bihar, DRDA, Patna.
Government of India, MoRD, Guidelines of SGSY.
Kumar Amresh,2018, Impact of Self-help Group on Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Patna District, International
Journal of Social Science,7(1),New Delhi Publishers
M. Saravanan, The impact of Self Help Groups on the socio-economic development of rural household women
in Tamilnadu- A study, International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah, Vol. 4, No. 7: SE (2016): 22-31
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Souvenir Cum Abstracts/

October 17-18, 2021

E-Mail: gifas2021@gmail.com, Website: www.agetds.com

Dr. Wajid Hasan

First Edition 2021

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Published by: Self Published

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Dr. C.P. Singh

Message from Patron

It gives me immense pleasure to know that Agricultural & Environmental Technology

I am delighted to know that one of the most prominent society

I wish all success to the organizers.

Dated: 06-10-2021 (Prof. Amar P. Garg)

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Dated: 05-10-2021 (Mirza Hasanuzzaman)

Dated: 17-10-2021 (Sanjay Swami)

From the Desk of Chief Organizing Secretary

(Dr. Wajid Hasan)

I would like to thank each of you for attending GIAFAS-2021

I, on behalf of the SGRR University, Dehradun, AETDS, U. S. Nagar and other

Marketing Analysis of Bangalore Red Rose Onion in Chikkaballapura District

October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2

Arsenic stress mitigation using Bacillus mycoides NR-5 in spinach plant

October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2

Role of critical environment parameters favoring for infection and development

October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2

October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2

October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2

EFFECT OF SEED PRIMING WITH CHITOSAN BIONANOCONJUGATE

October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2

Isolation and screening of zinc solubilizing bacteria as potential bioinoculant for

October 17-18, 2021 ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2

Marketing Analysis of Bangalore Red Rose Onion in Chikkaballapura District of

Key words: Price spread, Marketing channels, marketing efficiency, chikkaballapura

Effect of Itrifal Muqawwi-e-Dimagh (a polyherbal drug) on the transgenic Drosophila

Evaluation of orchid species from Mahabaleshwar plateau of western ghat

Genetic transformation of Citrus reticulata cv. Khasi mandarin

Conclusion: Transformation efficiency of 0.6% was obtained through this protocol.

Key words: Biocontrol agent, Trichoderma, solanaceous crops.

Key words: tRFs, small-RNA, non-coding RNAs, methodology, non-model organism

Haplotype network of 94 diverse deep-water rice of Assam using eQTLs regulating

Constraints in adoption of recommended soybean production technology

Effectiveness of herbicide to control weeds in direct-seeded rice under different agro-

Key words: Bispyribac sodium, Direct-seeded rice, Weeds

Effect of Religious motifs on stress management

Antibacterial activity of skin mucus entangled bacteria of Labeo calbasu

Preliminary studies on the abiotic and bacteriological parameters of sewage water in

Banana pseudo stem sap: An eco auxiliary for textile finishing

Screening, production and optimization of lignocellulolytic enzymes from microbial sources

Key words: Laccase, Cellulase, Xylanase, Lignocellulolytic, Enzymes, Fermentation

Mining of putative biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in halotolerant Exiguobacterium

Keywords: antiSMASH, Exiguobacterium profundum, biosynthetic gene clusters and polyketide.

Ecological Assessment of Land Use Patterns in Rajasthan: Beginning of 21st Century

Design and development of ohmic heating setup for food processing

Keywords: Ohmic heating, electrodes, heating rate, food processing

Cost-Effective Investigation of Milk Production of different dairy animals in Gujarat,

Key words: Buffalo, Cattle, Cost, Dairy, Milk, and Return,