GURU GOBIND SINGH 

INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY 
                               

   

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LAB FILE

                      

Submitted to:
Dr. Seema Shokeen              Submitted by:
Syed Hassan
                       Roll No: 02114901719
INDEX
SL TITLE
NO.
1
Make a data file with the following variables and their information.
2
Calculate the frequency distribution and measures of Central
tendency (Mean, Median, Mode) and Dispersion.
3
CROSS TABULATION
4 CORRELATION
5
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
6
ONE WAY ANOVA
7
TREND ANALYSIS
8
CORRELATION THROUGH CROSSTABS
9
NON- PARAMETRIC BIVARIATE CORRELATION IN SPSS
10
MANN-WHITNEY U TEST
Introduction To SPSS
SPSS means “Statistical package for the Social Sciences” and was
first launched  in 1968. Since SPSS was acquired by IBM in 2009,
it’s officially known as IBM  SPSS Statistics but most users still just
refer to it as “SPSS”. 
1.1 Launching SPSS 
To start SPSS, go to 
STEP1 Start>
STEP2 Program>
STEP3 SPSS 
A dialog box will open listing several options to choose from.
The following  options are available: 
▪ Run the tutorial 
▪ Type in data 
▪ Run an existing data source 
▪ Open an existing data source 
▪ Open another type of file 
SPSS has two working windows: 
❖ SPSS Data Editor 
❖ SPSS Output Viewer 

SPSS Data Editor 

This section informs the user about the method of entering a string
type of  variable or a numeric type of variable in an SPSS data file.
It allows user to edit  and a data set. An SPSS data file always has
two tabs in the left bottom corner:
➢ Data View is where we inspect our actual data. 
➢ Variable View is where we see additional information about our
data. 

SPSS Output Veiwer

When you perform any command in SPSS, the Output Viewer

window opens automatically and displays a log of the actions taken
and the associated output.
Primarily, the Output Viewer is where the results of statistical
analysis are shown, but any command invoked through the drop-down
menus or syntax will be printed to the Output Viewer. This includes
opening, closing, or saving a data file.
If an Output View window is not open when a command is run, a new
Output Viewer window will automatically be created.

QUESTION – 1 
Make a data file with the following variables and their information.
Variable Values
Name 
Age  1(<20), 2(20-25), 3(25-30), 4(30-40), 5(>40)
Gender  1(Male), 2(Female)
Education  1(High School), 2(Graduate), 3(Graduate with
Professional Degree), 4(Post Graduate),  5(Post
Graduate with Professional Degree)
Work 1(<1), 2(1-5), 3(5-10), 4(10-20), 5(>20)
(years) 

1 
 
SOLUTION: 
STEP 1.
Enter variables in variable view 

The first step is to open the variable view window of the data editor
and define variables. 

We can add the values in variable view as shown below. 

STEP 2.
Enter data in Data view 

We now need to add the values in the data view. After adding
values, save the file for  future reference. 
  
2 

QUESTION – 2

Calculate the frequency distribution and measures of Central

tendency (Mean,  Median, Mode) and Dispersion from the
following data: 

Variable Values
Name 
Age  1(<20), 2(20-25), 3(25-30), 4(30-40), 5(>40)
Gender  1(Male), 2(Female)
Education  1(High School), 2(Graduate), 3(Graduate with
Professional Degree), 4(Post Graduate),  5(Post
Graduate with Professional Degree)
Work 1(<1), 2(1-5), 3(5-10), 4(10-20), 5(>20)
(years) 

SOLUTION: 
STEP 1.
Enter data in Data and Variable view, then describe the
measures you want to analyse the data with. 

STEP 2
● Go to Analyze ->
● Descriptive Statistics ->
● Frequencies.
● Enter the desired measures under  statistics option.  

STEP 3
Now you need to select the all the variable and click on the
next arrow in the box as shown  below,
 3 

STEP 3.
As you will click OK, you will be directed to the output 
window and here you can see the desired result. 
 4 

QUESTION – 3 

CROSS TABULATION
It is a method to quantitatively analyze the relationship  between
multiple variables. Also known as contingency tables or cross  tabs,
cross tabulation groups variables to understand the correlation
between  different variables. 
In other words, cross-tabulating Academics + Finance + Emotions
led you to a refined list of universities, one of which is or soon will
be your Alma Mater.

Cross-tabulation, also known as cross-tab or contingency table, is a

statistical tool used for categorical data. Categorical data involves
values that are mutually exclusive to each other. Data is always
collected in numbers, but numbers have no value unless they mean
something. 4,7,9 are merely numerical unless specified—for
example, 4 apples, 7 bananas, and 9 kiwis.

USES
● Cross tabulations are simply data tables that present the results
of the entire group of respondents as well as results from sub-
groups of survey respondents. 
● Cross tabulations enable you to examine relationships within the
data that might not be readily apparent when analyzing total
survey responses.
● You can easily take the information from the cross tabulation of
any data and create a visual chart or graph
● You can easily customize the type of chart or graph, fonts, and
colors to match your theme or brand.

EXAMPLE
The benefits of using cross tabulations in survey analysis are best
illustrated through the following example. Using advanced survey
software with built-in analysis capabilities, you can analyze the
frequency of visits and break the results down by age. The choices for
the first question are displayed to the left (the row labels) of the table
data. The second question choices are displayed across the top of the
table (the column headings). This association can be flipped if
needed.

QUESTION-

Show CROSS TABULATION between the following , 

1.Age & Gender 
 2.Gender & Work 
3.Gender & Education
 
Variable Name  Values
Age  1(<20), 2(20-25), 3(25-30), 4(30-40), 5(>40)
Gender  1(Male), 2(Female)
Education  1(High School), 2(Graduate), 3(Graduate with
Professional Degree), 4(Post Graduate),  5(Post
Graduate with Professional Degree)
Work (years)  1(<1), 2(1-5), 3(5-10), 4(10-20), 5(>20)

SOLUTION: 
I. AGE AND GENDER
STEP 1.
Add data in the Data and Variable view,  

STEP 2.
● Go to Analyze ->
● Descriptive Statistics ->
● Crosstabs.
● Now lets first tabulate for AGE &  GENDER. 
 5 

STEP 3
As you will click OK, you will be directed to the
output  window and here you can see the desired
result.
 

Similarly, you can show cross tabulation between the other

two  by adding the required values in the crosstabs’ dialog
box.

II. GENDER AND WORK

STEP 1.
● Go to Analyze ->
● Descriptive Statistics ->
● Crosstabs.
● Then we tabulate for GENDER & WORK . 
STEP 2

The output window for the cross tabulation

of  GENDER & WORK would be, 
III. GENDER & EDUCATION

STEP 1.

● Go to Analyze ->
● Descriptive Statistics ->
● Crosstabs.
● Then we tabulate for GENDER & EDUCATION. 
STEP 2

The output window for the cross tabulation

of  GENDER & EDUCATION would be,

7 

QUESTION – 4
  CORRELATION
Correlation is a statistic that measures the degree to which two
variables move in relation to each other. In finance,
the correlation can measure the movement of a stock with that
of a benchmark index, such as the S&P 500.

STEPS TO CORRELATE IN SPSS

1. Go to analyse
2. Go to correlate
3. Go to bivariable
4. Select the variables and click OK
5. OUTPUT WILL BE SHOWN

QUESTION-

Show the relationship between the following data through

CORRELATION ANALYSIS
Variable Name  Values
Age  1(Not Important), 2(Less Important),
3(Important), 4(Very Important), 5(Extremely
Important)
Education  1(Never), 2(Occasionally), 3(Considerably),
4(Alomost always),  5(Always)
STEP 1Enter data in the data view

STEP 2
Enter data in variable view
STEP 3
Go to analyse
STEP 4
Go to correlate

STEP 5
Go to bivariable
STEP 6
Select the variables and click OK
CORRELATIONS WILL BE SHOWN
LIKE SO

QUESTION – 5

RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
Reliability analysis refers to the fact that a scale should
consistently reflect the construct it is measuring. ... An aspect in
which the researcher can use reliability analysis is when two
observations under study that are equivalent to each other in
terms of the construct being measured also have the equivalent
outcome.

EXAMPLE
A researcher has devised a nine-question questionnaire to
measure how safe people feel at work at an industrial complex.
 Each question was a 5-point Likert item from "strongly
disagree" to "strongly agree". In order to understand whether the
questions in this questionnaire all reliably measure the same
latent variable (feeling of safety) (so a Likert scale could be
constructed), a Cronbach's alpha was run on a sample size of 15
workers.

STEPS TO DO RELIABILITY ANALYSIS IN SPSS

1. Go to analyse
2. Go to Scale
3. Go to Reliability Ananlysis
4. Select the variables and Click OK
5. RELIABILITY WILL BE SHOWN

QUESTION-
Show the relationship between the following data through
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS

STEP 1
Enter data in the data veiw
STEP 2
Enter data in variable view

STEP 3
Go to analyse
STEP 4
Go to Scale

STEP 5
Go to Reliability analysis
STEP 6
Select the variables and click OK
RELIABILITY WILL BE SHOWN LIKE
SO
 QUESTION – 6

ONE WAY ANOVA

The one-way ANOVA compares the means between the groups
you are interested in and determines whether any of those means
are statistically significantly different from each other.

The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to

determine whether there are any statistically significant
differences between the means of two or more independent
(unrelated) groups (although you tend to only see it used when
there are a minimum of three, rather than two groups). For
example, you could use a one-way ANOVA to understand
whether exam performance differed based on test anxiety levels
amongst students, dividing students into three independent
groups (e.g., low, medium and high-stressed students). Also, it
is important to realize that the one-way ANOVA is an omnibus
test statistic and cannot tell you which specific groups were
statistically significantly different from each other; it only tells
you that at least two groups were different. Since you may have
three, four, five or more groups in your study design,
determining which of these groups differ from each other is
important.

TO START THE TESTS FIRST

STEP 1
Enter data in the data view
STEP 2
Enter data in variable view
A. One Sample K-S Test
STEPS TO DO One Sample K-S Test IN SPSS

1. Go to analyse and select

Nonparametric Test
2. Go to legacy dialogs
3. Go to One Sample K-S Test
4. Select the variables and Click OK
5. OUTPUT WILL BE SHOWN

QUESTION-

a. One Sample Kolmogorov Smirnov Test

 Variable Values
Name 
Sales none
Types 0(car), 1(truck), 2(jeep)
Owners 1(Public), 2(Private)

STEP 1
Go to analyse and select Nonparametric
Test

STEP 2
Go to legacy dialogs
STEP 3
Go to One Sample K-S Test

STEP 4
Select the variables and click ok
OUTPUT WILL BE SHOWN LIKE SO
B. Check For Specified Variable
STEPS TO Check For Specified Variable IN SPSS

1. Go to analyse and select Descriptive

Statistics
2. Select exposure
3. Move sales to Dependant list and
vehicle to Factor list and Click OK
4. OUTPUT WILL BE SHOWN

QUESTION-

b. To Check For Specified Variable

STEP 1
Go to analyse and select Descriptive
Statistics
STEP 2
Select exposure

STEP 3
Move sales to Dependant list and vehicle to
Factor list and Click OK

OUTPUT WILL BE SHOWN LIKE SO

QUESTION – 7
 TREND ANALYSIS
Trend analysis is a method in Technical Analysis that helps in
predicting the future movement of that is based on the current
ongoing trend data. Trend analysis gives an idea to the traders
based on what has happened in the past and what will be
happening in the future.
Trend analysis helps in predict a trend, whether the market is in
a bull or bearish run and it also suggests whether a trend reversal
is going to take place, like from a bull-to-bear market.

Trend analysis helps the traders to make a profit when they trade
along with the trend and not against it.

EXAMPLE
Examining sales patterns to see if sales are declining because of
specific customers or products or sales regions; Examining
expenses report claims for proof of fraudulent claims.

STEPS TO DO TREND ANALYSIS IN SPSS

1. Go to analyse
2. Go to Compare Means
3. Go to One Way Annova
4. Select the variables SALES-move it to
dependent list & select the variable
QUATER-move it to factor
5. Select Contrasts option
6. Select Polynomial and click continue
7. Select Options
8. Select the option Descriptive and
Homogeniety in variance test
9. Click OK
 10. TREND ANALYSIS WILL BE
SHOWN LIKE SO

QUESTION-
Show the relationship between the following data through
TREND ANALYSIS

STEP 1
Enter data in the data veiw
STEP 2
Enter data in variable view
STEP 3
Go to analyse

STEP 4
Go to Compare Means
STEP 5
Go to One Way Annova

STEP 6
Select the variables SALES-move it to
dependent list & select the variable
QUATER-move it to factor

STEP 7
Select Contrasts option

STEP 8
Select Polynomial and click continue
STEP 9
Select Options
STEP 10
Select the option Descriptive and Homogeniety in variance
test

STEP 11
Click OK

TREND ANALYSIS WILL BE SHOWN

LIKE SO
SPEARMAN’S RANK-ORDER CORRELATION

The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (Spearman's

correlation, for short) is a nonparametric measure of the strength
and direction of association that exists between two variables
measured on at least an ordinal scale. It is denoted by the
symbol rs (or the Greek letter ρ, pronounced rho).
The test is used for either ordinal variables or for continuous
data that has failed the assumptions necessary for conducting the
Pearson's product-moment correlation

EXAMPLE

For example, you could use a Spearman’s correlation to

understand whether there is an association between exam
performance and time spent revising; whether there is an
association between depression and length of unemployment;
and so forth. If you would like some more background
information about this test, which does not include instructions
for SPSS Statistics, see our more general statistical
guide: Spearman's rank-order correlation. Possible alternative
tests to Spearman's correlation are Kendall's tau-b or Goodman
and Kruskal's gamma.
 QUESTION – 8

CORRELATION THROUGH CROSSTABS

STEPS TO PERFORM CROSS TABS

1. Go to analyse
2. Go to Descriptive Statistics and
select cross tabs
3. Transfer variables as per choice of
rows and columns
4. Select correlations option click on
continue and ok
5. CORRELATION THROUGH
CROSSTABS WILL BE SHOWN
LIKE SO

QUESTION-
Show the relationship between the following data through
CORRELATION THROUGH CROSS TABS

STEP 1
Enter data in the data veiw
STEP 2
Enter data in variable view

STEP 3
Go to analyse
STEP 4
Go to Descriptive Statistics and select cross
tabs

STEP 5
Transfer variables as per choice of rows and
columns

STEP 6
Select correlations option click on continue
and ok
CORRELATION THROUGH
CROSSTABS WILL BE SHOWN LIKE
SO
 QUESTION – 9

STEPS TO DO NON- PARAMETRIC BIVARIATE

CORRELATION IN SPSS

1. Go to analyse
2. Go to Correlate and select Bivariate
3. Transfer variables, Select spearman
option, select two-tailed
significance, select flag significant
correlations
4. NON- PARAMETRIC BIVARIATE
CORRELATION WILL BE
SHOWN LIKE SO

QUESTION-
Show the relationship between the following data through
NON- PARAMETRIC BIVARIATE CORRELATION

STEP 1
Enter data in the data veiw
STEP 2
Enter data in variable view

STEP 3
Go to analyse
STEP 4
Go to Correlate and select Bivariate

STEP 5
Transfer variables, Select spearman option,
select two-tailed significance, select flag
significant correlations

NON- PARAMETRIC BIVARIATE

CORRELATION WILL BE SHOWN
LIKE SO
 QUESTION – 10

MANN-WHITNEY U TEST
The Mann-Whitney U test is used to compare differences
between two independent groups when the dependent variable is
either ordinal or continuous, but not normally distributed. 
In statistics, the Mann–Whitney U test is a nonparametric test of
the null hypothesis that, for randomly selected values X and Y
from two populations, the probability of X being greater than Y
is equal to the probability of Y being greater than X.

EXAMPLE

For example, you could use the Mann-Whitney U test to

understand whether attitudes towards pay discrimination, where
attitudes are measured on an ordinal scale, differ based on
gender (i.e., your dependent variable would be "attitudes
towards pay discrimination" and your independent variable
would be "gender", which has two groups: "male" and
"female").
Alternately, you could use the Mann-Whitney U test to
understand whether salaries, measured on a continuous scale,
differed based on educational level (i.e., your dependent variable
would be "salary" and your independent variable would be
"educational level", which has two groups: "high school" and
"university").
The Mann-Whitney U test is often considered the nonparametric
alternative to the independent t-test although this is not always
the case.

STEPS TO DO MANN-WHITNEY U TEST

IN SPSS
 1. Go to analyse
2. Go to Non parametric test, go to
legacy dialogs, select 2 independent
samples option
3. Transfer variables in test variable list
and grouping variable list
4. Select Mann-Whitney U test and
select option define groups
5. Select 2 independent samples and
click continue
6. MANN-WHITNEY U TEST WILL
BE SHOWN LIKE SO

QUESTION-
Show the relationship between the following data through
MANN-WHITNEY U TEST

STEP 1
Enter data in the data veiw
STEP 2
Enter data in variable view

STEP 3
Go to analyse
STEP 4
Go to Non parametric test, go to legacy
dialogs, select 2 independent samples
option
STEP 5
Transfer variables in test variable list and
grouping variable list
STEP 6
Select Mann-Whitney U test and select
option define groups
STEP 7
Select 2 independent samples and click
continue
MANN-WHITNEY U TEST WILL BE
SHOWN LIKE SO