Answer Sheet

Number Answer Problem ID

1 26/9 A5B44
2 -24
√ A1524
3 3 33 (units) 0B253
4 45 C25D1
5 1900 tons A35D1
6 9 (base 10) 1DB44
7 25 2A253
8 2-sqrt(3) CC414
9 54 short paths 25514
10 225 numbers 42514
11 155 525D1
12 7/72 1D414
13 4 D2514
14 49/6 3D414
15 1/2 10A01
16 24 feet 05CC2
17 36 cu in B5253
18 243 C5414
19 84 teachers BB424
20 6 BA253
21 35/72 D5B44
22 3/5 3D253
23 21 ordered triples 41524
24 8 chords AD253
25 10sqrt(5) feet DD414
211
26 36 335D1
27 11 1DCC2
6
28 7 BD253
29 11 square meters 45B44
30 8 BDB44

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 Solutions

(1) 26/9 ID: [A5B44]

Since the semicircles with diameters P N and P R are congruent, imagine that we take the shaded semicircle
with diameter P R and rotate it about P such that it exactly fills the unshaded area occupied by the semicircle
with diameter P N . The shaded region is now a circular sector measuring 360 − 100 = 260◦ . This sector has
260 13 26
area 360 π(2)2 = 18 (4π) = 26
9 π, so k = 9 .

(2) -24 ID: [A1524]

Combining the equations, the formula for g(x) in terms of x is g(x) = (x + 3)2 . When g(x) = (x + 3)2 = 25,
x + 3 = 5 or x + 3 = −5, so x = 2 or x = −8.
We can plug these values of x into f (x − 1) to get that

f (2 − 1) = f (1) = 1 + 3 = 4

f (−8 − 1) = f (−9) = −9 + 3 = −6.

Thus, the product of the values of f (x − 1) is (4)(−6) = −24 .

√
(3) 3 33 (units) ID: [0B253]

9 12
6

C x D 2x B

We use Stewart’s on △ABC:

92 (2x) + 122 (x) = 62 (3x) + (2x)(x)(3x).
√ √
Simplifying yields 198x = 6x3 ; the nonzero, positive solution is x = 33. It follows that BC = 3x = 3 33 .

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(4) 45 ID: [C25D1]
We first note that any set of 5 consecutive odd integers can be written as n − 4, n − 2, n, n + 2, n + 4 where n
is an odd integer. The sum of these is just 5n, so we’re looking for the smallest odd value of n such the 5n is
a perfect square. If 5n is a perfect square, then n = 5k 2 for some integer k. When k = 1 we get the quintuple
given in the problem statement and when k = 2 we get an even value of n, but when k = 3 we get that n = 45,
which gives us the quintuple 41, 43, 45, 47, 49. The sum of

(5) 1900 tons ID: [A35D1]

Let w be the weight of the tanker when it’s empty and l be the weight of a full load of fuel. Then w is the
quantity we want to solve for and the given information translates to the two equations

w + .25l = 2500
w + .75l = 3700

Subtracting the first equation from the second gives .5l = 1200 ⇒ l = 2400. Substituting this back into the
first equation give w + .25(2400) = 2500 ⇒ w = 1900 .

(6) 9 (base 10) ID: [1DB44]

A number ABCb , where A, B, C are digits in base b, equals A(b2 )+B(b)+C in base 10. Using this information,
we write the equations for the two conditions:

441b = 4b2 + 4b + 1 = n2
351b = 3b2 + 5b + 1 = (n − 2)2

The first equation can be factored, so (2b + 1)2 = n2 , and thus 2b + 1 = n.

Plugging this into the second equation, we get that (n − 2)2 = (2b − 1)2 = 4b2 − 4b + 1.
So 3b2 + 5b + 1 = 4b2 − 4b + 1, and −b2 + 9b = 0.
The solutions to this are b = 0, b = 9, but b = 0 is impossible. Therefore, b = 9 .

(7) 25 ID: [2A253]

Let the sides of the rectangle have lengths x and y. Frompthe perimeter statement, we have 2(x + y) = 20 or
x + y = 10. The diagonal of the rectangle has length d = x2 + y 2 , so

d2 = x2 + y 2 = x2 + y 2 + 2xy − 2xy = (x + y)2 − 2xy = 102 − 2xy.

We substitute the area of the rectangle, A = xy, to get d2 = 100 − 2A. Solving for A in terms of d2 gives
1
A = 50 − d2 .
2

Thus we need m = 50 and n = 21 , and so the product mn = 50 · 1

2 = 25 .

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(8) 2-sqrt(3) ID: [CC414]
Let the side length of square ABCD (and, thus, the side length of each of the four equilateral triangles) be x.
Then the height of each of the equilateral triangles, h, can be found using the Pythagorean Theorem with the
right triangle formed by dropping an altitude from the vertex of the equilateral triangle:
 2
2 2 1
x =h + x
2
3 2
h2 = x
4
√
3
h= x.
2
The distance between a side of square ABCD and the vertex of EF GH furthest away from it (i.e. 
distance from
√ √ √ 
AD to F ) is x− 2 x. Then, the length of one of the diagonals of square EF GH is equal to 2 x− x − 23 x =
3 3
√
3x − x. We can now find the side length of square EF GH, y, using the Pythagorean Theorem with two of
the side lengths and the diagonal:
√ 2
3x − x = y2 + y2
√
3x − x
y= √ .
2
√
3x−x
2 √

The area of square ABCD is x2 and the area of square EF GH is √
2
= 2 − 3 x2 . Therefore, the
√
(2− 3)x2 √
ratio of the area of square EF GH to the area of square ABCD is x2 = 2− 3 .

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 (9) 54 short paths ID: [25514]
At the midway point, after 3 moves, we must move 2 units in one direction and 1 unit a different direction. No
other cases are possible since moving 1 in each direction would place us inside the cube and it is impossible to
move 3 units in a single direction. There are 3 choices for the 2-unit direction and 2 remaining choices for the
1-unit direction, or 3 × 2 = 6 possible points for the midway point.
One such point is C, where we moved 2 units right and 1 unit up. There are 31 = 3 ways to move from A to

C, depending on when in the 3 steps we make the up move.

A
C

Similarly, there are 3 paths of A to each midway point. Furthermore, there are 3 paths from each midway
point to B.
So for each unique path, we pick from 6 midway points, pick from 3 paths from A to the midway point, and
pick from 3 paths from the midway point to B. This gives 6 × 3 × 3 = 54 short paths.

(10) 225 numbers ID: [42514]

2 is the only even prime number. Consider the prime factorization 2a pb q c where p and q are prime numbers.
All of the positive factors of this number are of the form 2x py q z , where x is an integer 0 to a, inclusive; y is
drawn from 0 to b, and z is chosen from 0 to c.
If x = 0, the factor is odd. If x ≥ 1, the factor is even. So for the number to have an equal number of odd and
even factors, we must have a = 1 so that half the factors use x = 0 and the other half x = 1. This applies to
other numbers with a number of odd prime factors besides 2.
So we wish to count the even numbers from 100 to 1000, inclusive, that are not divisible by 4. The even
numbers are 100, 102, 104, . . . , 1000, of which there are 451. Every other one, starting at 100, is a multiple of
4, so there are 226 multiples of 4 and 225 numbers divisible by 2 but not 4.

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(11) 155 ID: [525D1]
Since n must be prime, we start with the smallest prime and work our way up:
When n = 2, we have 22 − 2 − 1 = 1 which is not composite.
When n = 3, we have 32 − 3 − 1 = 5 which is not composite.
When n = 5, we have 52 − 5 − 1 = 19 which is not composite.
When n = 7, we have 72 − 7 − 1 = 41 which is not composite.
When n = 11, we have 112 − 11 − 1 = 109 which is not composite.
When n = 13, we have 132 − 13 − 1 = 155 = 5 · 31 which is composite.
Therefore our answer is 155 .

(12) 7/72 ID: [1D414]

We can also use a sticks and stones method to find the combination of three number from 1 to 6 that sum up
to 8. We can let the groups of stones represent the number on the dice and the sticks represent the separation
of the stones into three groups (three dice rolls). Since each roll must be at least 1 and at most 6, the two bars
can fall only in the following spaces:
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
7


This give us 2 = 21 ways to arrange the sticks and stones.
Since there are 6 possible numbers that could come up on each roll, there are 63 = 216 possible combinations
21 7
of three rolls. This gives us a probability of 216 = ways to roll a sum of 8 from three rolls.
72

(13) 4 ID: [D2514]

(x − 3)2 + (y − 4)2 = 49 is a circle centered at (3, 4) with radius 7 and x2 + y 2 = r2 is a circle centered at the
origin with radius r. Label points (3, 4) as A and the origin as O.
Notice that O lies inside circle A. The minimum r2 occurs when circle O is tangent to circle A. Label this
point of tangency B, and draw radius AB, which passes through O since the two circles are internally tangent.

A = (3, 4)

r O
B

We know that r = OB = AB − AO. Since AO is the hypotenuse of a 3 − 4 − 5 right triangle, AO = 5. So

r = 7 − 5 = 2 and r2 = 4 .

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(14) 49/6 ID: [3D414]
Since xy = 1 and xz = 3, we have x = y1 and x = z3 . Then, we have y1 = z3 , which can be solved for z to get
z = 3y. Now we can substitute this value for z and solve the second given equation for y:

yz = 2
y · 3y = 2
2
y2 = .
3
 2
1 3 2
Then, we have x2 = y = 2 and z 2 = (3y)2 = 9y 2 = 9 · 3 = 6. Therefore, the value of x2 + y 2 + z 2 is

3 2 9 4 36 49
2 + 3 +6= 6 + 6 + 6 = .
6

(15) 1/2 ID: [10A01]

First we draw diagonal BD, and let the diagonals intersect at T , as shown:

A B

D M C

Since CT and BM are medians of △BCD, point O is the centroid of △BCD, so OC = (2/3)CT . Since T is
the midpoint of AC, we have CT = AC/2, so OC = (2/3)CT = (2/3)(AC/2) = AC/3. Since OC is 13 of AC,
2
we know that OA is the other 3 of AC, which means OC/OA = 1/2 .

(16) 24 feet ID: [05CC2] √

The ratio of the areas of the cross sections is equal to 216 √3 = 4 . Since the ratio of the area of two similar
486 3 9
figures is the square of the ratio q
of their corresponding sides, it follows that the ratio of the corresponding sides
4
of the cross-sections is equal to 9 = 32 .
Now consider the right triangles formed by the apex of the pyramid, the foot of the altitude from the apex to
the cross section, and a vertex of the hexagon. It follows that these two right triangles will be similar, since
they share an angle at the apex. The ratio of their legs in the cross-section is 2/3, so it follows that the heights
of the right triangles are in the same ratio. Suppose that the larger cross section is h feet away from the apex;
then h − 32 h = 8, so h3 = 8 =⇒ h = 24 feet.

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(17) 36 cu in ID: [B5253]
Let the edges of the prism have length a, b, and c. We are given that

2(ab + bc + ca) = 32,

abc = 12,
and
4(a + b + c) = 28.
These equations can be simplified: ab + bc + ca = 16, abc = 12, a + b + c = 7.
We want to find (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1), which we expand as follows:

(a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) = (ab + a + b + 1)(c + 1)

= abc + ac + bc + c + ab + a + b + 1
= (abc) + (ac + bc + ab) + (a + b + c) + 1.

We conveniently have the values of the expressions in parentheses from our earlier equations, so we substitute:

(a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) = 12 + 16 + 7 + 1 = 36.

Thus the volume of the new prism is 36 cubic inches.

(18) 243 ID: [C5414]

Since this is a geometric sequence, there is a common ratio between 30 − p and 6 + p and between 6 + p and
3. Then we can set up an equation and solve for p:
30 − p 6+p
=
6+p 3
2
(6 + p) = 3(30 − p)
p2 + 12p + 36 = 90 − 3p
p2 + 15p − 54 = 0
(p − 3)(p + 18) = 0
p = −18 or 3.

For 6 + p to be positive, p must be 3, so the first three terms of the sequence are 3, 6 + 3 = 9, and 30 − 3 = 27.
Thus, we have a geometric sequence with first term 3 and common ratio 3. Therefore, the fifth term of this
sequence is 3 · 34 = 243 .

(19) 84 teachers ID: [BB424]

3150
If there are currently 3150 students with a student-teacher ratio of 25 : 1, then there are currently 25 = 126
teachers.
20
If student enrollment increases by 20%, then the student population gains 100 (3150) = 630 students for a new
total of 3780 students. If the student-teacher ratio is to equal 18 : 1, then there must be 3780
18 = 210 teachers
for this new total. This means that 210 − 126 = 84 teachers must be hired to improve the ratio to 18 : 1.

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(20) 6 ID: [BA253]
We draw the pentagon as follows, and draw altitude BG from B to AE. Since ∠BAG = 45◦ , AG = GB.

A G E

2
D
2

B 2 C F

We extend lines BC and ED past√points C and D respectively until they intersect

√ at F . △CF D is a 45-45-90
√
triangle with CF = F D = √22 = 2. So GBF E is a square with side length 2 + 2, and AG = BG = 2 + 2.
√ √
It follows that AE = AG + GE = 2(2 + 2) = 4 + 2 2, and finally a + b = 6 .

(21) 35/72 ID: [D5B44]

The new 4-digit number can either be less than, equal to, or greater than the original number.
The probability of it being the equal to the original number is if both re-rolled dice is the same as before. This
occurs with probability 16 · 61 = 36
1
, since these are standard dice with faces numbered 1 through 6. That means
1
the probability of it being less than or greater to the original number is then 1 − 36 = 35
36 .
Given that the original number and re-roll are not equal, one is greater than the other. By symmetry, the
re-roll is the greater one half the time. So, we divide the probability of the re-roll being less than or greater to
35
the original number by 2. This gives us 35 1
36 · 2 = 72 , which is the probability that the new 4-digit number is

greater than the original number.

(22) 3/5 ID: [3D253]

We start by listing all combinations of five different single-digit numbers. We start from the greatest possible
numbers:
9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 = 5 · 7 = 35, which is 4 too large. However, 9, 8, 7, 6, 1 works. This is the only possible list
that includes 9, 8, 7, and 6.
The lists that include 9, 8, and 7 are as follows:
9, 8, 7, 5, 2
9, 8, 7, 4, 3
The lists that include 9 and 8 are as follows:
9, 8, 6, 5, 3
The lists that include 9 are as follows:
9, 7, 6, 5, 4
We can’t have a list with 8 as our largest integer as 8, 7, 6, 5, 4 sum to 30 which is too small. Hence, there are
only 5 lists that work. Out of the five, there are three that contain exactly two prime numbers. Hence the
3
probability is .
5

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(23) 21 ordered triples ID: [41524]
Each ordered triple is a description of one way to place five objects (people) into three containers (cars).
Finding the number of ways to do this can be recast as a ”sticks and stones” problem, where each stone is an
object and each stick is a divider between containers.
Since we have three containers, we separate them with two dividers. For example, the arrangement ∗| ∗ ∗| ∗ ∗
represents the ordered triple (1, 2, 2). Thus, we want to find the number
of distinguishable arrangements of
two identical sticks and five identical stones. This gives us a total of 72 = 5!·2!
7!
= 21 ways. But we know
that each arrangement represents exactly one ordered triple as described in the problem, so there are also
21 ordered triples.

(24) 8 chords ID: [AD253]

The longest chord through P is the diameter through Q, which has length 20.
The shortest chord through P is the chord perpendicular to OQ; let the endpoints of this chord be A and B
as shown.

O Q
P

△AOP is right with AO = 10 and OP = 6. Pythagorean theorem on this triangle yields AP = 8, so

AB = 2 · 8 = 16.
Thus, any chord through P has length at most 20 and at least 16. There is one chord with length 16 (AB),
one chord with length 20 (the diameter), and two chords each with length 17, 18, and 19. Hence there are 8
chords in total.

(25) 10sqrt(5) feet ID: [DD414]

Since the caterpillar is traveling between two corners that are the farthest apart, the caterpillar must travel
across at least two sides of the cubical room. That is, if, for example, A is a corner between two walls and the
floor and B is a corner between the other two walls and the ceiling, the caterpillar must travel across the floor
and up a wall, up a wall and across the ceiling, or up and across two adjacent walls.
Since the room is cubical, the caterpillar would travel across sides of the same size in any of these scenarios.
Also, without changing the distance, the two sides the caterpillar travels across could be “flattened” to form a
rectangle with length 20 feet and width 10 feet made up of two squares with side length 10 feet, so traveling
across two square sides with side length 10 feet is the same as traveling across a rectangle with length 20 feet
and width 10 feet.
The shortest distance from one corner of
√ a rectangle to the non-adjacent corner of the rectangle is the diagonal
across the rectangle, which has length l2 + w2 . Therefore, the length of the shortest path from A to B that
p √
the caterpillar may have taken is (20 feet)2 + (10 feet)2 = 400 feet2 + 100 feet2 = 10 5 feet.
p

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 211
(26) 36 ID: [335D1]
We rewrite 1 21 as 32 and use the fact that ( ab )−c = ( ab )c . Our sum is then ( 32 )2 + 23 +1+ 23 +( 23 )2 = 49 + 32 +1+ 23 + 49 .
Since we have fractions with denominators of 4 and 9, we multiply each fraction as necessary to put everything
over a common denominator of 4 · 9 = 36. This leaves our sum as 16 24 36 54 81
36 + 36 + 36 + 36 + 36 , which simplifies our
211
final answer of .
36

(27) 11 ID: [1DCC2]

Consider a cross-section of the cone that passes through the apex of the cone and the center of the circular
base. It looks as follows:

B D C

O
P

Let O be the center of the sphere (or the center of the circle in the cross-section), let the triangle be △ABC,
so that D is the midpoint of BC and A is the apex (as △ABC is isosceles, then AD is an altitude). Let P be
the point of tangency of the circle with AC, so that OP ⊥ AC. It follows that △AOP ∼ △ACD. Let r be
the radius of the circle. It follows that
OP CD
= =⇒ OP · AC = AO · CD.
AO AC
√ √
We know that CD = 12, AC = 122 + 242 = 12 5, OP = r, and AO = AD − OP = 24 − r. Thus,
√ √
12r 5 = 12(24 − r) = 122 · 2 − 12r =⇒ 12r(1 + 5) = 122 · 2.
24
Thus, r = √ .
1+ 5
Multiplying the numerator and denominator by the conjugate, we find that
√ √
24 5−1 24( 5 − 1) √
r= √ ·√ = = 6 5 − 6.
1+ 5 5−1 5−1

It follows that a + c = 11 .

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 6
(28) 7 ID: [BD253]
Let the probability that Mark sinks a free throw in 2009 be x, so the probability
that he does not sink a free
throw is 1 − x. The probability he sinks exactly two out of three free throws is 31 (x2 )(1 − x) = 3x2 (1 − x).
Let the probability that Mark sinks a free throw in 2010 be 2x, so the probability
that he does not sink a free
throw is 1−2x. The probability he sinks exactly two out of three free throws is 31 (2x)2 (1−2x) = 12x2 (1−2x).
Since these probabilities are equal, we have 3x2 (1 − x) = 12x2 (1 − 2x). We simplify and solve for x:

1 − x = 4(1 − 2x)
1 − x = 4 − 8x
7x = 3.

6
So x = 73 . The probability that Mark sinks a free throw in 2010 is double this probability, or .
7

(29) 11 square meters ID: [45B44]

Let the sides of the triangle be a, b, and c where c is the length of the hypotenuse. We have that c = 10 and
a + b + c = 22, so a + b = 12. From the Pythagorean Theorem, we also have that a2 + b2 = c2 = 102 = 100.
We wish to find the triangle’s area, which is 21 ab.
Squaring both sides of a + b = 12 gives us an equation containing both what we have and what we want, which
is a2 + 2ab + b2 = 144. Substituting a2 + b2 = 100, we get that 2ab = 44. Dividing by 4 on both sides leaves
us with the area of the triangle, 11 .

(30) 8 ID: [BDB44]

The triangle shares a vertex with the square and has the other two vertices on sides of the square. Let the
square be ABCD and the triangle AEF . Letting the side length of the triangle be x, we can set up an equation
√ √
using 30-60-90 and 45-45-90 triangle relationships. Diagonal AC has length 2 but is also equal to x2 + x 2 3 .
√
2 √2
√ √
Solving for x, we find that x = 1+ 3
= 6 − 2.
2
√ √ √ √
The area of an equilateral triangle with side length x is x 4 3 , so the area is 43 (6 − 2( 6)( 2) + 2) =
√ √ √
3(2 − 3) = 2 3 − 3. The value of a + b + c is then 2 + 3 + 3 = 8 .

D F C
x
2

√ 1
x 3 x
2 2
E
x

A B

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