Radio User - Vol. 17 No. 01 (Jan 2022) (TruePDF)

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We test the ATS-909X2
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How the BBC’s classical
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• Unit 1
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• PO6 1TT
Index
Contents Favourites Reviews Features News Profiles
Cover Story
ISSN 1748-8117 7 News and Products
The AnyTone AT-D878UVII, an AN-SOF Update, the
January 2022 Vol. 17 No 1
On sale: 30th December 2021 AOR AR2300, new Butel Software, the Cortex marine
Next issue on sale: 27th January 2022 radios, the HaRongDa portable, and ICOM IC-M804;
RadioUser plus: the latest UK and international radio news
Warners Group Publications plc (See also: pp. 21 | 23 | 37 | 47 | 55).
The Maltings, West Street
Bourne, Lincs PE10 9PH
www.warnersgroup.co.uk
Tel: 01778 391000 24 The Long,
Editor
Georg Wiessala
Medium and Short of It
wiessala@hotmail.com In this new bi-monthly column, our columnist and
Designer DXer Scott Caldwell takes a look at what is hot on the
Mike Edwards traditional HF airwaves, looking at special broad-
mike.edwards@warnersgroup.co.uk
casts, events and technical topics in the process.
Advertisement Manager
Kristina Green
kristina.green@warnersgroup.co.uk 27 RadioUser Competition:
Tel: 01778 392096 7 Tecsun H-501x
Production Manager
Nicola Glossop Further to Chrissy Brand’s extensive review in last
nicola.glossop@warnersgroup.co.uk 11 The European DX Council month’s issue, you can now win one of these fabulous
Production Assistant and the British DX Club new flagship short wave portables for yourself. Do
Charlotte Bamford
charlotte.bamford@warnersgroup.co.uk Chrissy Brand, Secretary-General of the EDXC, tells not miss the deadline.
Marketing Manager us what these two key DX hobby federations in
Katherine Brown
katherine.brown@warnersgroup.co.uk Europe have been up to in 2021, and what’s up for 28 Sangean ATS-909X2
Marketing Executive the new year, in terms of events and outreach. The editor has had the opportunity to road-test the
Luke Hider very latest incarnation of a popular portable world
luke.hider@warnersgroup.co.uk
Publisher 14 RadioUser band receiver, which now also includes airband recep-
Rob McDonnell Annual Index 2021 tion. Read on to see what he found.
robm@warnersgroup.co.uk Here is your long-awaited overview of every article,
Technical Help feature, review and extra contribution published in 30 Airband News
We regret that replies to technical queries
cannot be given over the telephone. Any your favourite radio magazine throughout 2021. David Smith re-appraises the ongoing efforts to
technical queries by e-mail are very unlikely locate Malaysian Airlines MH370, looks back at a
to receive immediate attention either. So, if
you require help with problems relating to 15 Rallies and Events parallel take-off, follows the RAF’s search for airspace
topics covered by RU, then please write to the Looking ahead to 2022, the rallies calendar is be- and profiles communications at RAF Leeming.
Editorial Offices, we will do our best to help.
ginning to become more densely populated again.
Book and back issue orders
Send your completed form to: We have the most up-to-date listing of events, 34 Emerging Issues in Radio
RadioUser Subscriptions Dept meetings, lectures and rallies into the new year. Chrissy Brand files an exclusive report from this
Warners Group Publications plc
The Maltings, West Street
year’s live Radiodays Europe Conference in Lisbon and
Bourne, Lincs PE10 9PH 18 International Radio is inspired by radio as a means of preserving lives and
& New Media strengthening our civil societies.
This publication is
printed by Warners
Chrissy Brand unearths international broadcasts
01778 395111
and podcasts on the theme of gaming and hobbies
and shows you how you too can definitely have your
SUBSCRIBE TO RADIO USER 15 minutes of fame.
Tecsun H-501x state of
For the latest offer call

the art receiver worth £329
January 2022 £4.99
NEW IC-M804
www.radioenthusiast.co.uk
First look at Icom’s Marine SSB transceiver, plus

new products from AnyTone, AOR and HanRongDa
Sangean Review
01778 395161 22 Book Review
David Harris takes a look at a fascinating new
We test the ATS-909X2
portable world band radio
75th Anniversary
See page six for details.
Pay just £3.92 an issue.
How the BBC’s classical
book about some of those, arguably, lesser-known

station has developed
ADVICE Aerials for the NEW The Return of the Long,

ELF and VLF bands - Pt I Medium and Short Column
Our new series evaluating the best Back by popular demand, a regular look at
receivers, aerials and accessories analogue radio from longwave to shortwave
Our 2021 Index Rallies & Events 2022

Find your favourite article easily Start planning days out for the months ahead Display until 27th January 2022
001 Jan Fronts.indd 1 14/12/2021 16:12
Buy a digital edition at individuals and pioneers from across the Atlantic,
www.pktmags.com/ru-subscribe21
without whom radio would be unthinkable.
Keep up to date on Facebook

www.facebook.com/radioenthusiasts
23 European Private
Short Wave Stations
Follow us on Twitter Stig Hartvig Nielsen offers all our readers the first
@REnthusiasts 2022 episode of his Private SW Stations Guide.
34
Sign up to our FREE email newsletter at www.radioenthusiast.co.uk

4 RadioUser January 2022
Editorial
Welcome
The Return of HF
& the End of an Era
Georg Wiessala
wiessala@hotmail.com
H
ello and welcome to the
60 first issue of RadioUser for
the New Year. I wish all our
38 Aerials Now readers, expert contributors,
Following your many requests, Keith Rawlings starts advertisers, friends and team members
a new series on aerials for beginners, tuning in to at Warners a very happy, successful and
some basic technologies, aerial properties and wave- healthy new year.
catcher types you will want to know about. As I write this, I am still reeling from the
news that WRTH Publications have de-
41 Radio 3 is 75 Years Young cided that 2022 is to be the final year for
Book Review columnist and BDXC author David Har- the World Radio TV Handbook. Here at RU/ And – speaking of things you may not have
ris, with the help of the Radio Times archive, outlines PW, we have enjoyed a mutually support- been familiar with – did you know how interest-
the varied history of BBC Radio 3, just as the station is ive relationship with the WRTH for many ing it can be to take a look at the ‘basement-
celebrating its 75th Anniversary. years, and we wish the WRTH team all the band’, from 3-30kHz?. ELF and VLF signals are
best for their personal and professional a litmus test for many natural and man-made
44 Digital Radio futures. I have relied on this publication for processes. I have a few suggestions as to what
Kevin Ryan analyses news from the WorldDAB many years, and it would be nice to be able aerials you can use to get started.
summit, sifts through the UK Digital Radio and Audio to say that, in one way or another, it will I am also taking a look at the new Sangean
Review, meets radio innovation ‘face-to-face’ and survive into another lease of life. ATS-909X2 portable, which now includes
points to a software update for PURE radios. In contrast to this news, and to evidence Airband coverage. In our other regular sections
that HF radio is certainly not dead, we this month, you can learn about radio on gaming
48 TV and Radio, bring back, beginning in this issue, a col- and leisure, the search for MH370, Leeming RAF,
Past and Present umn on traditional HF radio, from long- to the Radiodays Europe 2021 conference, and the
Keith Hamer and Garry Smith make a start on their short wave. Scott Caldwell will take care of WorldDAB Summit.
year-long journey into the BBC’s Centenary, reveal the logs, stories, events and equipment for Take a close look also at Robert Connolly’s
some hitherto unknown aspects of the life of John this area and will alternate this new ven- wide-ranging article on the shape of mari-
Logie Baird and visualise some TV history. ture with his popular history section. time comms, both voice and data, and at Time
As for other ‘new beginnings’, from this Kirby’s history of satellite radio – remember
51 Aerials for the issue onwards, Keith Rawlinson offers a WorldSpace, anyone? Moreover, do not forget
ELF & VLF Bands (Part I) new basic series on aerial topics for be- this month’s competition, which will enable one
The editor proffers a two-part article on propagation ginners, looking at the theory, technology lucky winner to start the year with a shiny new
in the ELF/VLF bands, and he experiments with some and practice of aerials, software and ac- Tecsun H-501x receiver.
aerials and other receiving equipment you might cessories. And, last but certainly not least, remember
encounter in radio’s ‘basement band’. You will also find a few special features that your main New Year’s Resolution this time
this time around, such as the Annual Index was to take out a subscription to this magazine.
56 Maritime Matters and a review of activities of our friends at Surely, you have not forgotten that already …?
Robert Connolly casts his net wide, to update you on the EDXC and BDXC. Whatever your resolutions, enjoy this issue. I
MF/ HF data and voice comms in the maritime bands, In our main stories this month, we begin am looking forward to offering you exciting new
taking in DSC, Fax, and RTTY on the way, and delineat- 2022 with a look at the 100th Anniversary radio content throughout the year. Stay in touch
ing some cruise ship SAR operations. of the BBC: Keith Hamer, Garry Smith and and let me know what you would like to see cov-
David Harris all shine a light on different ered here.
60 Signals from Space aspects of the BBC’s development; this
Tim Kirby brings you a technical and historical over- will be somewhat of a theme for this year.
view of Direct Broadcast Satellite Radio, presenting In matters American, David Harris re- Georg Wiessala
two key examples of the format – one defunct, but views a new title on those US radio pio- Editor, Radio User Magazine
recalled by many, and one ongoing. neers you might not have heard about. www.radioenthusiast.co.uk
Why not visit our new online bookshop at www.radioenthusiast.co.uk/store

January 2022 RadioUser 5
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Emerging Issues in Radio Emerging Issues in Radio
it w ● Radio ing rather proud of being its temporary own-

er. However, airport security is rarely much
fun, and rather than have to put the Tecsun
through the scanner along with my laptop
Read on any device one week early!

and bag of liquids, I bade it au revoir at the
check-in desk.
I had taken far larger radios away with me
11/1
in the past. I remember my first foreign holi-
day being a family fortnight in Austria when
I insisted my parents allow me to pack a
1/20
1970’s Fidelity Rad 27. No one was going to
stop me this time, either.
Appearance
Whilst very much being a state-of-the-art
contemporary radio, the Tecsun H-501x
21
does also have a reassuring ‘retro’ feel
about it. I showed it to product design-
er Tim Sutton-Brand, who was impressed
with the radio’s functionality and design; he
This DSP Noice Cancelling also commented that it had a boxy, classic-
1980s design vibe, appearance-wise.
The two speakers, the layout of buttons
In-Line Module Worth £159 and dials and the shape all reminded me a
little of some of the 1990s Grundig Satellit
receivers, and maybe even some of the first
short wave receivers that I used, back in the
1980s. I must emphasise, however, that l
consider this to be a positive thing.
The five control knobs consist of a trio of
volume, bass and treble on the left front and
side of the receiver. A fine-tuning dial and a
larger regular tuning dial sit on the right-hand
Chrissy Brand
chrissyLB@hotmail.co.uk
The Tecsun side. I always wonder if this standard design
implementation ever causes problems for
left-handed users?
button and there it is, you ‘zap’ between
the two bands. It is also simple to scroll
through each of the short wave bands by
a middle-aged Angolan singer, had a fresh
urgency with all the musicians involved on
the track Os Tais, being heard in equally fine
M
y initial impression of the The dials give the user an incredibly tactile pressing the + or – keys. You can store voice. As well as music, jingles, news and
December 2021 £4.99 www.radioenthusiast.co.uk

Tecsun H-501x was that it
was a larger receiver than
I had realised, and a slight
panic set in as to how I
H-501x Deluxe experience and are made to a high stand-
ard. I simply wanted to turn them with my
thumbs all the time – such is their ease of
use, enticing you to explore just a little fur-
station frequencies in the memory to your
heart’s content. There are 3150 presets you
can use, and which are separated over 25
memory pages. This enables the storage of
features all sounded crisp and clear on FM.
I even enjoyed listening to advertisements,
for once.
Short wave was, of course, dependent on
might take it abroad with me. It is a large
portable and I am used to packing small ra-
dios on my trips. However, that feeling very
Shortwave Radio ther, gliding along whichever band you hap-
pen to be on. This is surely a DXer’s delight!
The rubberised surface on the side of the
100 FM stations, 100 on medium wave, 100
on long wave (not that there are more than
40 or so long wave stations), 250 on short
propagation. Tuning to 13740kHz at 1845
UTC one evening, I enjoyed a Radio France
International broadcast, in French. An all 5
TECSUN H-501x
quickly subsided. This Tecsun is similar in two tuning dials enable you to quickly spin wave, 100 on SSB, and 100 on synchronous SINPO helped the song Tala n’dile, by Ariel
Radio User is also available as a digital edition. Designed for any

size to many gadgets that people take on Chrissy Brand puts the highly-anticipated Tecsun along the bands, whilst the more robust, detection. Sheney featuring DJ Arafat, sound great.
holidays. Larger than a tablet, for instance, metal, ribbed dials, accessed from the front The tone can be beautiful, although is BBC World Service, from the Woofferton
but far smaller than a laptop. H-501x receiver through its paces during a trip to of the receiver, emphasise that you are in slightly dependent on the station heard. This transmitter back in the UK, on 13660kHz at
The radio’s exact dimensions are 277 x Portugal, appreciating both the technical performance control and are driving this set. Of course, is where the two speakers, bass and treble 1800 UTC sounded excellent, and just up
164 x 44 mm. This makes the H-501x of you can enter any frequency by using the controls are welcome and enhance the the dial, American evangelism was coming
a size that could be transported in a back-
and the unique design philosophy of this new radio. keypad, too. listening experience. in loud and clear from World Christian
We test this highly anticipated receiver pack easily enough. It is also a very good
size for a radio that could sit in the shack, ly in terms of its robustness, the generously when compared to the pouches that come
The LCD display is of a substantial size,
large enough to see from a distance and,
The speakers produce a very good timbre,
and I found there to be no distortion, even
Broadcasting from the Madagascar
transmitter, on 13670kHz. Meanwhile, the
to see how practical it is on your travels the office, sitting room or your kitchen. sized display read-out, and because of the
benefit of having space to accommodate
with smaller, cheaper portable radios.
The receiver fitted very neatly into the
when close-up, does not require my middle-
aged eyes to use reading glasses (which I
when turned to full volume. I turned the
volume up to the maximum while listening
medium wave was dominated each night by
many powerful Spanish stations.
Big is Beautiful two good speakers. small suitcase I took away with me, well- have to resort to on many radios). to Beatriz Rosario on the local FM station, As you would expect of any quality radio,
The quality of sound, the tone and the loud- Maybe it is just me, but the tan-coloured, protected by rolled up clothes and a beach Radio Portimão (106.5MHz). The singer, there is a gentle fade away of the signal
ness all ensure that the radio can be placed leatherette carry case is reminiscent of a towel. The case itself would give protection The Listening Experience who takes the Portuguese musical genre when you push the red on/off button.
in any room in the house and be heard men’s grooming set or women’s vanity case enough on its own though. The long wave band is found more easily of Fado to a new, alternative level, sounded This bids a gentle adieu to the singers or
Latest Products clearly and pleasantly, without distortion.
It is a case of ‘big is beautiful’ – certain-
from yesteryear. It has a reassuring look
of quality and a touch of luxury, especially
I did rather want to carry the radio around
in Manchester Airport with me, as I was feel-
than on some radios, as it is clearly marked:
Just press the medium wave/long wave
as if she could have been on the apartment
balcony with me. The rap music of Carlão,
presenters you have been engaged with and
is always preferable to an abrupt cut-off.
Pages of new gear from
the major manufacturers Why not visit our new online bookshop at www.radioenthusiast.co.uk/store For the latest news and product reviews, visit www.radioenthusiast.co.uk
14 RadioUser December 2021 December 2021 RadioUser 15
device, you can download and read the magazine wherever you are. Editor’s Shack
Getting to grips with the
Plus, it’s available one week before the magazine is in the shops.
ATS-20 SI4732 receiver
HISTORY Farewell to DIGITAL We Review

a Popular Museum the Telstar DIRA M 6i
The Collingwood Hertitage New hybrid radio from Germany
Collection and how its loss with a range of recording options
is a sad day for radio history and networking funtionalities Display until 30th December 2021
2021 Aerial Review ● Coastal Radio Stations ● Moonraker Vertical Antenna ● 9/11 Radio Comms
Visit pktmags.com/ru-new2022 to find out more.

PRICES QUOTED ARE CORRECT AS OF 30TH DECEMBER 2021 BUT MAY BE SUBJECT TO CHANGE.

What’s new in the world of radio News
What’s New
Have you got something new to tell our readers about? If so, then drop a line to wiessala@hotmail.com
ST
OP
PR
ES
S!
17th Edition of the
AnyTone AT-D878UVII Global Radio Guide:
B-21 Schedules
Plus: DMR & APRS Gayle Van Horn’s 17th Edition of her Global
The AnyTone AT-D878UVII Plus is now being advertised with the following five new features Radio Guide (Winter 2021-22) is now
(USA): (1) Dual-band with Analogue and DMR capability, so you can have ‘one radio for available at online booksellers. In it, you will
everything’. (2) APRS RX AND TX capability, so you can beacon your location and see other find coverage of China Radio International
operators on your radio too. (3) 500K contact list capacity, so you can have every DMR user in (CRI) in the context of contemporary
your radio no matter how many there are. (4) Bluetooth capability for hands-free communication world affairs, as well as information and
in your vehicle, so you can connect to your favourite Bluetooth audio device or hearing aid for frequencies on other ‘hotspots’, such as
added safety and convenience. (5) A dedicated support team available for questions. Cuba, India, Iran, North/South Korea, Taiwan,
https://network-radios.com Hong Kong, and many other counties. There
is an in-depth (24-hour) station/frequency
guide with schedules for the selected AM
band, long- and short wave radio stations.
AN-SOF News: Software Update The GRG is claimed to be the only radio
Louis Bergman, Sales Manager for the AN-SOF Antenna Simulator has been in touch with the following publication that lists by-hour schedules that
update: “We are pleased to announce the release of AN-SOF 6.40. We can highlight the following include all language services, frequencies,
improvements: (1) Tabular input of linear wires as well as sources and loads. AN-SOF has many tools to and world target areas for over 500 stations
make drawing wires an easier task. However, for those who prefer to enter wires in spreadsheet format, worldwide. The schedules included in this
we have added a tabular entry. (2) List of ‘recently open’ projects in File menu. Access the last projects edition of the GRG are valid from the 31st of
you have been working on much faster by going to the main menu > File > List of recently open projects. October 2021 until the 26th of March 2022 -
(3) Zoom in and out by rotating the mouse wheel (or using the touchpad in a laptop with two fingers). You the B21 broadcast schedule period.
can continue to zoom by first clicking on the magnifying glass icon and then moving the mouse but using [RadioUser will carry a full user evaluation
the mouse wheel is more direct – Among these improvements, we have also fixed some bugs. Those of the GRG in its February 2022 edition – Ed.].
users who are subscribed to an update plan will soon receive the link to download AN-SOF 6.40.” (Source: Gayle Van Horn | SWLing Post)
www.antennasimulator.com
For the latest news and product reviews, visit www.radioenthusiast.co.uk

News What’s new in the world of radio
Butel: New Features
ST
for ARC125/30
OP
PR
Butel reports that the ARC125 software suite for
ES
S!
the Uniden (U)BC125 scanner now has an added
new feature to use global bank names. The (U)
BC125 scanner does not store bank names.
ARC125 now includes a new option to set fixed
global bank names in the software. In terms
of the ARC30 software package for the Icom
IC-R30 scanner, a new option has been added to
preview the contents of the CSV files. The bank
browser now shows how many channels are in
use per bank. Butel also upgraded the ARC30
radioreference.com import option. Moreover,
ARC software is now available on USB.
https://www.butel.nl/shop
AOR AR 2300: Black-Box
shop@butel.nl Power for the ‘Prosumer’!
The Cortex Marine The AR23 00 is a ‘Black-Box’ version
of the AR5001D, the high-performance
modes, antenna port, attenuator settings,
constant monitoring of one frequency or
VHF Radio communications receiver from AOR. The scanning of selected frequencies.
New Zealand firm Vesper Marine offers a new AR2300 is ideally suited for radio and • Searching in a frequency range with freely
VHF transceiver. The maker calls it a “revolution spectrum monitoring in various commercial selectable start and stop frequency and step
in marine technology that will change your VHF and government applications, as well as for widths of 0.001 kHz (1Hz) to 999.99kHz.
experience forever”. An intuitive touchscreen use in radio investigation services. A typical • Detection of undesired emissions including
that is engineered for durability to withstand application of AR2300 can include: pulsed emissions.
the rigours of the harsh marine environment. • Signal detection; Signal search in frequency • Detection of unlicensed transmitters
Audio is said to be as loud as a train but clear as and memory scan mode communicating illegally or interfering with
a bell. You can initiate direct calls (DSC) with • Spectrum occupancy and on-the-air any licensed transmissions.
other vessels by simply tapping the vessel on monitoring • Protection against tapping by detecting
your handset. Initiate VHF calls to friends or • Coverage and field-strength check miniature transmitters (bugs)
quickly hail another vessel when every second • Signal and spectrum analysis (through • Monitoring of one’s own radio exercises in
counts. The screen allows you to zoom in to optional I/Q board with the supplied AR-IQ a service band and monitoring of selected
focus on a single vessel, or out for a wider view of software). transmissions.
everything around you. Enjoy crisp clear sound Detailed applications are as follows: • Remote-controlled operation via an optional
through an 85db speaker. Instead of ambiguous • Monitoring of given frequencies, e.g. LAN controller in coverage check.
bells or tones, Cortex sounds the alarm with storage of 1-2,000 frequencies, receiving www.aorja.com
voice alerts that escalate until acknowledged.
The system allows you to communicate from
anywhere onboard, with up to 10 handsets. AIRCRAFT-SCATTER, WSPR AND MH370: 10,000 data in one example alone are sobering:
Locate a tethered handset wherever power is Time and again, there are news stories in the The effects of aircraft scatter on the overall
convenient. There’s no need to run any wires to professional and popular press about the fact signal are almost always well below 0.3 dB. To
the Cortex M1. Cortex is the world’s first VHF that log data from the WSPR data network can prove a correlation between level changes of the
with high-speed SOTDMA AIS transponder help locate aircraft. In particular, an effort has overall signal and aircraft scatter seems hardly
technology, making your boat visible to others. been undertaken to determine the actual crash possible based on the WSPR data material. The
A built-in heading sensor tells other vessels your site of Malaysian Airlines Flight MH370. This reasons are manifold but lie mainly in short
direction, helping them more accurately predict effort essentially amounts to detecting ‘unusual’ wave propagation, where level changes of 30 dB
potential collisions. Be armed with critical level-jumps and frequency changes (‘drift’) in within a few seconds are the rule rather than the
information about vessels, AIS marks (AtoNs) the archived WSPR log data and attributing them exception. However, since the local and temporal
and ‘man- overboard’ devices on your MFD, to reflections from specific aircraft (‘aircraft state of the ionosphere is not known in previous
mobile or Cortex handset. SmartAIS technology scatter’). investigations on the WSPR data material - it is
proactively alerts you of potential collisions, In his latest blog entry RadioUser contributor recorded in parallel in professional OTH radar
anchor drag and ‘man-overboard’ situations Nils Schiffhauer (DK8OK) is the first expert systems and calculated out of the received
– smartAIS consumes very low power and to evaluate this theory more critically. His signal - level jumps cannot be unambiguously
continuously alerts even if your power-intensive findings are based on years of observation of assigned from the sum signal alone [see also
MFD or smartphone is switched off […]. aircraft scatter on short wave, as well as on an David Smith’s Airband News this month - Ed.].
www.vespermarine.com/cortex/vhf investigation of about 30 Doppler tracks. The https://tinyurl.com/5y7y2b8d
www.marathonleisure.co.uk results of this complex analysis of more than www.dk8ok.org
Enter our competitions at www.radioenthusiast.co.uk/competitions

What’s new in the world of radio News
ST
OP
PR
ES
S!
Emo-Radio: Just
Don’t Make a Face
Creative studio Uniform has made Solo, a
radio that reads your facial expression and
plays music according to your mood. The
‘emotional radio’ combines facial feature
recognition software with Spotify’s music
valence ratings, which attribute different
moods to certain tracks.The wall-hung
device has a circular screen at its centre,
which takes a photo of the person standing in
front of it and sends the image to a Microsoft
HanRongDa Mini-Portable
programme that analyses facial features. The (USA) SWLing Post reports on the new HanRongDa mini portable called HRD-700.
This calculates an ‘emotional breakdown’ Information about it is still rare, and, of course, this is not a ‘professional’ radio. But it is
with values of happiness, sadness and anger. interesting as it is said to be a special analogue tuner with a digital background.
Solo translates this information into a valence (Source: SWLing Post)
rating and uses Spotify to play a track with https://tinyurl.com/2xxydcdm
corresponding valence ratings, therefore
matching your mood. The face on the screen
also changes its expression to mirror yours. AIS BEACONS: A new law introduced by Beijing equipment, which would aid in the global tracking
Solo was launched at the V&A’s Digital Design appears to have resulted in ships turning off of ships “in real-time via the internet”. The man
Weekend as part of the London Design their automatic AIS beacons (161.975 MHz or had no qualms about his high tech delivery.
Festival. The beautifully-designed prototype 162.025 MHz) when in Chinese waters. Since After all, collecting data on the movement of
is encased in wood with a bright yellow facade the start of the month, vessels from around ships is nothing new. The major way maritime
and stripy antenna, which is intentionally the globe, from tankers to cargo ships, have vessels are tracked is through the automatic
approachable, playful and engaging. disappeared from global tracking systems as identification system, or AIS, which is a kind of air
According to Mike Shorter, senior creative they have entered some of the world’s busiest traffic control for the seas. It uses transceivers
technologist at Uniform, the idea is to prompt shipping lanes close to Chinese ports. As the fitted on vessels to transmit their position. This
discussion around the creative potential of ships leave Chinese waters they reappear again. data is then picked up by other vessels, satellites
AI technology beyond data-driven service By some estimates, tracking pings from ships or AIS base stations on land. The information
design and towards something more near China have fallen by 90 per cent in just a few can show an individual vessel’s position, speed,
human. “Solo opens up the conversation weeks. On 1st November 2021, a new law came name and destination. It’s considered vital in
on how technologies can be broken down into effect in China restricting foreign access modern shipping and allows ships, particularly
and mean something to people, not just the to any data – potentially including shipping in busy sea lanes, to know where the positions of
tech industry,” he says. “When you try Solo, data – deemed to have a bearing on national or other vessels are, to avoid collisions. It also gives
you think not only about how technology economic security. On the same day, a report an overview of maritime congestion and allows
is changing, but more importantly, how its on the government-controlled China Central anyone who wishes to keep a tab on commercial
relationship with us is changing.” Television (CCTV) Focus news program stated vessels.
(Sources: ‘It’s Nice That’ | BBC Business) that “suspicious radio equipment” had been (SOURCES: news.com.au |
https://tinyurl.com/uwn6j7kh found in the home of a radio enthusiast close to ICQ Amateur/ Ham Radio Podcast/
https://tinyurl.com/yw8urbya a military base and commercial port in Zhanjiang Colin Butler)
https://tinyurl.com/thdyfy2f in the country’s south, west of Hong Kong. The https://tinyurl.com/38e8r9s5
broadcast said the radio ham had installed the https://tinyurl.com/4a86yhz5

ST
OP
PR
ES
IC-M804 Class E MF/HF S!
Marine SSB Transceiver

Launching at the METS Marine Trade Show, the Icom IC-M804 is a such as accessing MMSI numbers, ITU channel numbers and keying
new long-range MF/HF Class E DSC radio for ocean-going sailors individual frequencies via the easy to use keypad. Using NMEA 2000™
and commercial non GMDSS operators. The IC-M804 is packed with connectivity, the IC-M804 can exchange GNSS, DSC call information,
features to keep users safe, including an intuitive user interface, colour radio information and PGN list data on the network. NMEA 0183/-HS
TFT LCD display, audio replay, GPS and more. The IC-M804 is currently GNSS position data can also be converted to NMEA 2000™ data for
the only CE-marked Class E DSC Marine MF/HF radio available in the other equipment. Other features on the IC-M804 include a distress call
market.* Much like its predecessors, the IC-M804 features a remote button, dedicated DSC receiver scanning, integrated GNSS receiver and
head that can be neatly installed near a chart table or NAV station while supplied with a 5-metre cable GNSS antenna, two-minute instant replay
the control box can mount discreetly out of the way and out of sight. The audio function and HF email capabilities. The IC-M804 also features
controller can be interfaced with a computer or email modem to make an advanced RF direct simple sampling system that improves receiver
a complete communication system. Connections are also available sensitivity and delivers high-quality audio. The IC-M804 Class E DSC
for an external loudspeaker. The IC-M804 - much like the rest of the MF/HF radio is now available from authorised Icom marine dealers. For
Icom range - features a user-friendly interface. Its large colour TFT more information, visit the dedicated IC-M804 Class E DSC MF/HF Radio
LCD display allows for relatively simple operation. With the near-180° Product Page on the ICOM website:
wide viewing angle, the screen allows various installation possibilities. sales@icomuk.co.uk
The large control knob and keys provide easy access to functions https://icomuk.co.uk/IC-M804/HF-SSB_Marine_Radio

Feature
EDXC
Chrissy Brand
F
or 55 years, the European DX
Council has promoted goodwill
and closer cooperation between
DX clubs and organisations and
promoted DXing in Europe, and
beyond. It also helps to improve contact
between DXers, s and radio stations. In re-
cent years, the main activity of the Council
has been its annual conference, which
brings together enthusiastic DXers from
around the world.
This consists of a few days together
in an exciting location, with visits to local
radio stations, interesting presentations
and talks on all aspects of the hobby.
This might antennae discussions, FM and
free radio, QSL card collecting, the latest 1
technical developments and celebrating
the radio and DX community’s heritage.
It also provides an opportunity to
socialise, meet old friends and make new
The European DX
ones. Unfortunately, due to Covid-19, the
conference has not been able to take
place since 2019, when it was held in
Council & the British
Andorra. See Alan Pennington reports
from the Pyrenees, in British DX Club’s
Communication, October 2019.
DX Club in 2022
www.bdxc.org.uk/edxc19.pdf Regular columnist and EDXC Secretary-General
It is hoped that the 2022 conference
can take place in Bucharest, Romania Chrissy Brand provides an update of the activities
from May 20th to 22nd. All DXers at the European DX Council (EDXC) and the British
from anywhere in the world are very
welcome to attend. DX Club (BDXC).
In 2021, the EDXC held two meetings on
Zoom, which attracted people from around purchased from Amazon in 17 countries There are two DX cabins, (a second
16 countries in total, including India and around the world. one was built in 2020, Fig. 1). These are
Japan. An advantage of online meetings amazon.com/author/ronaldwkenyon jointly owned by eight Finnish DXers and
is, of course, that anyone with internet In November, Sheldon Harvey gave are available to rent. Mika also runs the
access can attend. a presentation about the Canadian DXing Info website, where logs, well-
However, the limitations of global time International DX Club. written DXpedition reports, and amazing
do play a part. It is difficult to schedule It is in a healthy state, with a monthly photos are to be found, along with other
a time that all would suit all continents publication that runs to around 80 pages, features on radio.
(apologies to Oceania, we will try and full of DX news and tips, broadcast and www.dxing.info
find a solution). utility. Refreshingly, other areas are also The EDXC online meetings will continue,
Along with a general radio chat, four covered, such as podcasts, and radio in the regularly, even if we get to a post-Covid
excellent speakers gave enthralling wider media of films and television. world where people are happy to meet up in
talks. In March, Jim Salmon spoke about The club website is under construction at person in larger groups once more. The two
Radio Emma Toc. present, but you can send an email or join 2021 Zoom meetings can be viewed at the
This station aired a monthly programme the CIDX Facebook group EDXC YouTube channel.
of music, radio history and DX chat on cidxclub@yahoo.com https://tinyurl.com/EDXCYouTube
short wave a few years ago and produced https://tinyurl.com/628um5rn Membership of the EDXC is free.
a further 16 programmes from May 2020 From a presentation in Quebec, we There are at, present 20 member clubs
to July 2021. Past programmes can be travelled to Finnish Lapland. Mika and organisations. People who are not a
heard on the station website. Mäkeläinen gave an insight into the joys member of a DX club or organisation can
www.emmatoc.org/worldserviceindex of DX at the cabin in Aihkiniemi. There also become individual members. Updates
From Florida, Ronald W Kenyon spoke is an introductory video of what the on the Council can be found on its website.
about his book QSL: How I Traveled the facilities consist of. There is also a YouTube channel.
World and Never Left Home. It can be https://tinyurl.com/MikaMAih https://edxcnews.wordpress.com
Follow us on Facebook @radioenthusiasts and Twitter @REnthusiasts

Feature
BDXC
Fig. 1: The Aihkiniemi cabins in the moonlight. always contains an interesting array of DX
Fig. 2: A 1980s ‘Anoraks-UK’ loop, dusted off for catches, with a couple of recent examples
use at Durlston, and still able to peak signals and being KCNZ Cedar Falls, Iowa, on 1650kHz
null-out co-channel interference. and 792 Radio Dechovka, from Hradec in
the Czech Republic on 792kHz (0400 UTC;
BDXC Czech medium wave stations leave the
The British DX Club held a successful DX band at the end of 2021).
meeting in Durlston Country Park, Dorset In the Tropical Bands Logbooks, you may
in September, where some good catches find Bangladesh Betar on 4750kHz and
were made (Fig. 2). The comment of the Radio Clube do Pará, Belém on 4885kHz.
day, regarding medium wave and short HF Logbook covers the rest of the licensed
wave was, “it was a real delight listening on broadcasts in the short wave bands, while
medium wave and short wave at Durlston – Alternative Airwaves specialises on the
so quiet and interference-free.” free radio scene, with many Dutch and
Dutch low-power AM station Freya AM German stations heard regularly.
on 1134 was considered to be the ‘medium Elsewhere in Communication, Alan
wave catch of the day’. It is also mentioned Roe’s Listening Post is always a great
in one of the many free guides that the club read that will inspire you to tune around
has on its website. the bands for quality programme content;
www.bdxc.org.uk/lpam.pdf Stefano Valianti reports on the radio
The mainstay of the club is its monthly scene in Italy, Tony Rogers monitors
publication, Communication (available in the Helpdesk station, David Morris
print or PDF). Each issue is packed with a presides over the member’s mailbag
good variety of broadcast band news. section and David Harris tackles many 2
The logbook sections are detailed and different radio themes.
presided over by a team of section editors, On top of that is a range of one-off In May and December, Broadcasts In
carefully collating logs sent in by members: features, which in 2021 included the BBC English is sent free to members and is
Beyond the Horizon covers FM DX, RSLs and British Antarctic Survey Broadcasts and available to purchase to non-members:
community radio; Medium Wave Logbook revitalising interest in short wave listening. www.bdxc.org.uk/bie.html
Time Adjustment Software

and GPS Tool from Icom
The ST-4003W is a new Windows-based software suite. It is compatible available to download for free from both the Icom website and Google
with the IC-705, IC-7100, IC-7300, IC-7600, IC-7610, IC-7850/IC-7851, Play. It will automatically allow you to input GPS location data from an
and IC-9700 radios. It allows you to set the radio’s time from your PC’s Android™ device to your transceiver. The software is compatible with the
time by connecting your radio to a PC. Also available to download for free IC-7100, IC-9100, IC-9700, ID-4100A/E, and ID-5100A/E transceivers.
from Google Play is an Android app called the ST-4003A. To download the For more information and to download the software/app, please visit the
software, please visit the ST-4003W Time Adjustment Software Download ST-4002A GPS tool Download Page (Second URL, below).
Page (First URL, below). Furthermore, Icom has also announced a new https://www.icomjapan.com/support/firmware_driver/3428
GPS tool for Android OS devices called the ST-4002A. The ST-4002A is https://www.icomjapan.com/lineup/options/ST-4002A

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Index
Autumn Airsho
ws All the Lat
Where to get your
end est Products
of season aviation The top man ufacturers’
g
ice Cancellin fix radios and accessor
This DSP No le Worth £159 ies
In-Line Modu
Annual
October 2021 £4.99
est Gear and Lat
ww
siast.co.uk w.radioenth
Releases
from Icom New Accessorie
Klingusia
w.radioenthu st.c o.uk
, Vine Ante
nnas, SDRp s
REVIEW ww
enfuss, bhi,
Paradan, lay,
Anysecu
and more
£4.99
December 2021
GHE-5T01OxN THE
In (Wor
W co T £13
ri th
in -3 0)
an 10
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Index 2021 ETWORK

REVIEW www.rad
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.co.uk
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Discover the
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with wi-fi and mob the majo safety and theirin maritime
impact
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Regular Columns: Regular Columns: AVIATION

Run
Lockdown
Desig
A reader’s aerial
in his home solution
during Covid
n
Lasers and ways,

Clouds
Aerials Now (Keith Rawlings) .................. 01/53; 02/54; 03/24; 04/60; 05/56; 06/56; Radio Astronomy for Amateurs (Andrew Thomas) .........................................02/34
DIGITAL The
DAB Form Future of
Changes in
reporting, runway condition at
laser comm
developmen
ts The UK Digita Explored
unications in
New Forest Find and more news from l Landscape;
Digital Radio plus
Airspace Changes Afghanistan the European
Editor’s Shack
UK
Radio Broadcastin and
High frequency
07/52; 08/54; 09/60; 10/60; 11/26; 12/34.
● BBC Histor
y ● Indigenous g Union
Radio Cardiff (RichardstatioNosworthy)DF

...............................................................09/34
The impact of the 001 Nov Fronts.indd Radio ● E. Alexan Display until 25th
November 2021
n remnants with the derson ● LOFAR

1
pandemic in the UK Getting to grips ● Magne

tic Loops
receiver
ATS-20 SI4732
Air Shows (David Smith) ........................................................ 08/23; 09/22; 10/11; Raiders, Jed Sets, Gibson
CLIMATE
Girls, and Biscuit Tins
HIST (Tony Smith) ........................05/38
Meteoro iewORY logical RadioITAL We Rev
DIG Rad 6i
AM iolympia Exhibition
Airband News (David Smith) .................... 01/30; 02/30; 03/28; 04/38; 05/30; 06/30; RAJAR: Measuring
HISTORY The Radio
Sorregul
mar weath
How
Audiences e Telstar DIR
er forecasts and (David
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Harris)
How ........................................02/12
any event
the 1936
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07/30; 08/20; 09/20; 10/20; 11/30; 12/42. ReceptionTheReports
Collingwood HertLate
how its
itage
&lossQDLs in the
st Aerials Age
Digital RadioofRAF
and netw Remote
●
with range of recothe mass
SDRs
lities sion to
(Stig Hartvig Nielsen) ..03/58;
orking funtiona es by the BBC hierachy
Display until 30th December
2021
Display until 28th October
Collection and
2021
●
radio history Connings byRadi
9/11 o Comms
Push ●
is a sad day for Vertical Antenna
● to Talk ● QSL Card
Book Review (David Harris)................................ 01/18; 03/42; 04/14; 05/14; 06/14; ● Moonraker s
001 Oct Fronts-a-II.i
ndd 1
Radio Stations
Scanning2021Memories
Aerial (Anne Reed) ..................................................................06/27
Review ● Coastal 10/11/2021
12:45
07/14; 08/18; 09/18;10/12; 11/15; 12/18. The dependable ‘Angry-9’: Workhorse of the Special Forces (Tony Smith).........09/46
Digital Radio (Kevin Ryan) ....................... 01/56; 02/57; 03/49; 04/47; 05/34; 06/44; The Wonder of the Transistor (Geoffrey Evans) ..............................................02/42
07/44; 08/42; 09/43; 10/41; 11/44; 12/44.
Time Measurement and Radio (David Reynolds).............................................01/34
Emerging Issues in Radio (Chrissy Brand) 01/20; 02/20; 03/20; 04/53; 05/10; 06/16;
Ultra-Light DXing (Clint Gouveia) ..................................................................11/38
07/16; 08/14; 09/14; 10/34; 11/34; 12/14.
Waves and the Virus (Part 1) (Ed.) .................................................................03/44
European Private Short Wave Stations ...... 02/28; 03/23; 04/13; 05/17; 06/23; 07/12;
Waves and the Virus (Part 2) (Ed.) .................................................................04/56
(Stig Hartvig Nielsen) ....................................... 08/22; 09/27; 10/53; 11/43; 12/29.
International Radio Scene | ...................... 01/44; 02/46; 03/16; 04/50; 05/22; 06/47; Other Contributions
New Media and Internet Radio .................07/48; 08/46; 09/24; 10/22; 11/20; 12/20. A Dedication to Air band (Rick King) .............................................................03/12
Maritime Matters (Robert Connolly) ........ 01/50; 02/50; 03/60; 04/34; 05/18; 06/60; Annual Listening Handbooks & Frequency Guides (David Harris) .....................02/14
07/60; 08/60; 09/49; 10/56; 11/60; 12/60. Book Review Extra (Robert Connolly) ............................................................11/14
Publications and Resources ................................................... 09/12; 10/59; 11/25. Book Review Extra (Tim Kirby) ......................................................................03/27
Push-to-Talk | Two-Way Radio Today (Tim Kirby) ............04/16; 08/57; 10/28; 12/56. Competition: Bhi 5W Amplified In-Line Module ...............................................12/39
Radio in History (Scott Caldwell) ........................ 01/48; 02/24; 03/38; 04/40; 05/46; Competition: Inrico T-310 .............................................................................10/31
07/20; 08/50; 09/40; 10/54; 11/52; 12/52.
Feedback and Corrections .......................................................05/59; 08/12; 09/53
Scanning Scene | Scanning Scene Extra (see below) (Tim Kirby) ....................02/60. From Black Cats to Carrier Sleuths (Chris Smolinski) ........................................3/11
Signals from Space (Tim Kirby) ................01/38; 03/54; 05/42; 07/56; 09/56; 11/56. Going VLF with the Reuter RLA (Ed.) .............................................................08/28
TV and Radio – Past and Present ............. 01/60; 02/38; 03/30; 04/28; 05/49; 06/51; Inspiring Radio Reading and Radio Books (David Harris) ................................12/59
(Keith Hamer & Garry Smith) ...................07/41; 08/39; 09/37; 10/38; 11/48; 12/48.
PskovNDB: A Visual Tool for NDB DXers (Ed.) ................................................04/10
Commissioned Features Radio Officers: A Window in Time (Scott Caldwell & Robert Connolly) .............05/16
A Remarkable Feline Operator (David Smith) ..................................................10/26 Scanning Scene Extra: Amateur Radio (Tim Kirby) ..........................................02/60
A Year in the Life of the BBC (Tony Smith) .....................................................12/24 UK Airband Frequency Guide (UKAFG) 2021 (Ed.) ...........................................02/49
Amateur Radio Distance-Learning in the UK (Steve Hartley) ............................05/26 Where Radio and Space Intersect (Ed.) .........................................................03/52
Broadcasting and the Media in Afghanistan (Martín Butera)............................11/16 Reviews/ Projects:
Contemporary Brazilian Radio.......................................................................01/14 A Long Wave Receiver for BBC Radio 4 (Roger Thomas) .................................04/43
Education and Radio in Brazil (Martín Butera) ................................................05/60 ATS-20 SI4732 Receiver (Ed.) .......................................................................12/40
Emergency Communications at Sea (John Periam & Geoffrey Lee) .................07/36 Belka DX HF Receiver (Clint Gouveia) ............................................................06/24
Fading (Part 1) (Nils Schiffhauer) .................................................................07/24 bhi 5W Amplified In-Line Module (Ed.) ..........................................................12/38
Fading (Part 2) (Nils Schiffhauer) .................................................................08/24 ELAD FDM-S3 Direct Sampling Wideband Receiver (Clint Gouveia) ..................04/20
HMS Collingwood (Keith Rawlings) ..............................................................12/30 Icom IC-M94DE (Robert Connolly) ................................................................09/54
Hobby Radio in Emergencies (Peter Hyams) ..................................................03/34 Inrico T-310 (Tim Kirby) ................................................................................10/28
Low-Power Long-Range Radio (Daimon Tilley) ...............................................01/24 Moonraker Mini1300 Antenna Analyser (Keith Rawlings) ...............................05/56
Medium Wave DXing (Scott Caldwell) ...........................................................06/20 Moonraker X1-HF Vertical Antenna (Ed.) .......................................................12/12
Meteorological Radio: Resources and Techniques (Ed.)..................................10/45 RFinder B-1 Dual Band DMR 4G/LTE Transceiver (Tim Kirby) ...........................06/40
Noise Cancellations: A Beginners’ Guide (Graham Somerville) ........................09/28 Sandstrøm Internet Bluetooth DAB Radio (Kevin Ryan) ...................................06/44
Oliver Lodge (Ed.) ........................................................................................06/34 Tecsun H-501x Deluxe Short Wave Radio and Audio Player (Chrissy Brand) ......12/14
PanAm Global Radio (Mark Allen) .................................................................08/34 Tecsun PL-330 (Chrissy Brand) ....................................................................05/10
Portishead Radio Aeronautical Service (Larry Bennett) ...................................01/41 Telestar DIRA M 6i (Kevin Ryan) ....................................................................12/44
PPE: Observatório Nacional, Brasil (Martín Butera).........................................10/14 Vine Antennas AS-OCF-404-HP (Keith Rawlings) ...........................................06/56
See our great book and magazine offers at www.radioenthusiast.co.uk/store

Rallies
Rallies & Events

All information published here reflects the situation up to and including 16th December 2021. Readers are advised to check carefully
with the organisers of any rally or event, before setting out for a visit. The Radio Enthusiast website will have updates, please check
here regularly. To get your event onto this list, please, e-mail full details as early as possible: wiessala@hotmail.com
2 January 22 February 1 May 24-26 June
SPARKFORD WIRELESS GROUP RADIOACTIVE FAIR: Mid Cheshire ARS; NORTHERN AMATEUR RADIO SOCI- HAM RADIO FRIEDRICHSHAFEN
RALLY: Davis Hall, Howell Hill, West Nantwich Civic Hall, Cheshire CW5 5DG ETIES ASSOCIATION EXHIBITION: www.hamradio-friedrichshafen.de
Camel, nr. Yeovil BA22 7QX. Open 9.30 (BB | CR | D | FP | RF | RSGB | TS) Blackpool Rally, Norbreck Castle Exhibi-
am to 1 pm, entry is £2. (FP | CR) https://midcars.org tion Centre, Blackpool FY2 9AA 26 June
wjh069@gmail.com http://www.radioactivefair.co.uk www.narsa.org.uk NEWBURY RADIO RALLY: Newbury And
District Amateur Radio Society (NADARS)
30 January 6 March 20-22 May http://www.nadars.org.uk
LINCOLN SHORTWAVE CLUB WINTER EXETER RADIO & ELECTRONICS DAYTON HAMVENTION
RADIO RALLY: Wragby Town Hall, https://hamvention.org 17 July
RALLY: America Hall, De La Rue Way,
Louth Road, Wragby, Market Rasen, McMICHAEL RALLY
Pinhoe, Exeter, EX4 8PW.
Lincolnshire LN8 5PH; Doors open at 10 11 June https://mcmichaelrally.org.uk
g3zvi@yahoo.co.uk
am, with disabled visitors gaining access ROCHDALE & DISTRICT AMATEUR rally@radarc.org
at 9.30 am. Indoor event; CR; entry £2. RADIO SOCIETY SUMMER RALLY:
9 April
contact@m1dhv.co.uk St Vincent de Paul’s, Caldershaw Road, 24 July
YEOVIL ARS 36TH QRP CONVENTION:
m5zzz@outlook.com off Edenfield Road (A680), Norden, FINNINGLEY ARS RALLY : Car-boot
The Digby Hall, Sherborne, Dorset, DT9 Rochdale OL12 7QR. style rally. Food bar. Near J2 M180,
6 February 3AA. Doors open 09:30 am to 2:00 pm; m0nvq@outlook.com Doncaster.
RED ROSE RALLY: St Joseph’s Hall, Admission £3 (regrettably, no dogs www.g0ghk.com
Mather Lane, Leigh WN7 2PR; (D | FP | CR except guide dogs) BB | TS | Club Stalls. 12 June
| RSGB | TS). Individual stands, LAMCO Supported by RSGB, RAFARS & BYLARA. JUNCTION 28 RADIO RALLY: South 12-14 August
dealership stand, low-cost Bring and Buy. Regrettably, there will be no talks this Normanton, Alfreton and District Amateur 19TH INTERNATIONAL EME
rally@wmrc.co.uk year, due to Covid. Radio Club CONFERENCE, PRAGUE
http://wmrc.co.uk/rally.htm https://tinyurl.com/fyj9vtca www.snadarc.com http://www.eme2020.cz
BB Bring-and-Buy CBS Car Boot Sale CR Catering /Refreshments D Disabled visitors FP Free Parking L Lectures RF Raffle RSGB (RSGB) Book Stall RU/PW RU/ PW in attendance SIG Special-Interest Groups TI Talk-In (Channel) TS Trade Stalls
■ BLUEPRINTS ■ RARE PHOTOS ■ STATS ■ 3D ILLUSTRATIONS This lavish 164-page guide to the tanks of
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An advanced Dual Band (VHF/UHF) DMR just because there isn’t a nearby repeater. And
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The WiNRADiO WR-G69DDC ‘Artemis’ is a top performance, software-
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making it capable of filling not only the role of a monitoring receiver features on the Winradio website.
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New Media and Internet Radio
CHRISSY BRAND
Chrissy Brand
chrissyLB@hotmail.co.uk Games Without
Frontiers – Radio
T
he winter months inevitably
draw people indoors, which in
turn offers plenty of opportu-
nities to catch up on radio pro-
grammes, podcasts and the
plethora of other entertainment options
and channels in an age of video and audio
abundance. There are many podcasts and
Without Tears
programmes to uncover that focus on all Chrissy Brand looks at programmes and podcasts
aspects of gaming. There is a generation-
al difference in the types of games that are
about games and pastimes. She also illustrates how
played, with the under-40s dominating the individuals can create fame as presenters, on their
Xbox, PlayStation and Nintendo Switch. The
middle-aged market may prefer smartphone
own terms and through their own channels.
Solitaire, Tetris or games they remember
from childhood. However, there is a middle Gaming For All https://tinyurl.com/msrnaz42
ground, from what I can see in my friends If this is lost on you, I suggest a listen to one Others worth starting with include
and family (that straddle all age brackets), of of the podcasts that cover these exciting, Gaming in the Wild with John Rogers in
board games, such as Karuba and Settlers of alternative worlds. The Secret Cabal Gaming Iceland, The Cross Players in the UK and
Catan, which can be addictive across all gen- Podcast has reached an impressive mile- The JRPG Report, from Tennessee, USA,
erations. The popularity of board games has stone of over 250 bi-weekly programmes, which is dedicated each week to the
rocketed in recent years and there are board during which the founders, Jamie, Tony, Japanese Role Playing Game.
room cafes in many locations, including The Chris, Steve and Brian, talk about table- If you want to join those making a
Treehouse Café in Sheffield, The Boardroom top gaming of all kinds: board games, card career out of live-streaming, you can
in Todmorden and Chance Encounters in games, miniatures, role-playing games and join Pete Wilkins and Ben Green in
Bristol. This is reflected in the number of more. In each episode, you will hear reviews, London each week for The Gaming
podcasts on the topic. gaming industry news and discussions. Careers Podcast.

BBC RADIO
Fig. 1: Ian Greensmith and Berth of the Cool, good

enough for radio. Fig. 2: Aoife Wilson and Julia
Hardy present the BBC radio series This Game
Changed My Life. Fig. 3: Brent Underwood video-
blogs from a Californian ghost town.
Fig. 4: The Seoul Tower looks out across the
K-Pop scene of South Korea.
https://tinyurl.com/yc3nb4w3
https://tinyurl.com/y8a63xbt
Such programmes are not exclusively
the territory of niche individuals. BBC Radio
covers all aspects of gaming on several
of its national radio stations. For instance,
BBC Radio 3 highlights soundtracks from
games in The Sound of Gaming, a “regular
jaunt into the latest, brightest and best 2
gaming soundtracks”. Statistics have GHOST TOWN LIVING
shown how these experiences are good

for your well-being and presenter Louise
Blain stated that, “it’s time to take a deep
breath and relax with these meditative
experiences.” In 2020, Louise cited five
games she considers are essential to aid
relaxation: Animal Crossing: New Horizons,
Spiritfarer, Firewatch, Stardew Valley,
and The Sims 4.
Proof of this came in a study of Animal
Crossing players by Oxford University,
which concluded that, “contrary to many
fears that excessive playtime will lead to
addiction and poor mental health, we found
a small positive relation between gameplay
and affective well-being.”
https://tinyurl.com/GamingWellBeing 3
www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0009rfp
There are 13 episodes in the 2020 and In Canada, CBC weekly news magazine This game is no exception, with the
2021 BBC radio series called This Game programme Day 6 covers a broad range of player controlling the adorably awkward
Changed My Life (Fig. 2). Aoife Wilson and topics. On October 29th, Day 6 had features Alex Chen as she moves to the fictional
Julia Hardy have worked in the games on climate change in Afghanistan, racism mountain town of Haven Springs, Colorado.
industry for years. During this time, they in the US legal system, a mountain of fake The developers have done an exceptional
found, “the most shocking, moving and body parts in the English countryside; job of making the town feel like a real, lived-
inspiring true stories about how gaming and a review of the new Guardians of in place that encourages you to explore it
changed people’s lives forever. Join them the Galaxy game. throughout several chapters of the game.
to hear about the guy who works for NASA https://tinyurl.com/rdjndycp Another area that the game excels is
because of a game, the couple who fell in www.cbc.ca/listen/live-radio in creating a diverse cast of supporting
love on an [online role-playing game], the characters that players will no doubt find
man who turned his escape from civil war Life Is Strange themselves caring about. Fans of the
into a video game and the gamers who A narrative adventure game with its own com- previous Life is Strange games will be
caught a killer in real-time.” munity radio station sounds enticing. My pleased to see Katy Bentz reprising her
www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0874xc6 sometimes co-author, Tim Sutton Brand, gives role as Steph Gringich, with a wonderful
In the BBC Radio 4 series of Just One an overview of Life is Strange: True Colours, performance as the local community
Thing that began on September 26th, which is the latest entry in the ever-popular radio station’s DJ.
Michael Moseley revealed how, Life is Strange series of games. The Deluxe Edition of the game includes
“...video gaming can sharpen your For those unfamiliar with the franchise, a bonus sixth chapter, Wavelengths, where
attention and your eyesight, and which these narrative adventure games, the player takes control of Steph, putting
types of games give the greatest brain published by Square Enix, focus on them in charge of the town’s community
benefits.” Other programmes focused storytelling and decision making, with the radio station, KRCT 104.3. By no means
on the benefits given through singing, games’ strengths being their character is this additional chapter a ‘must-play’,
houseplants and drinking water. development, beautiful settings and a with some moments of it seeming slightly
www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m00101jt mesmerising soundtrack. tedious and repetitive compared to the

Date Time (UTC) Station Programme Podcast URL/ Stream/ Frequency

Daily 24/7 Radio Clarín Traditional music of Uruguay www.radioclarin.com 580 kHz in Uruguay and www.radioclarin.com
Daily 0500 to 0800 Radio Kuwait News, music, features Not available 15530kHz https://media.gov.kw/LiveRadio1.aspx
RMN
Daily 1200 to 1500 Brittany in Music Les Indés Radios app FM and www.rmn.bzh/la-bretagne-en-musique
(Radio Montagnes Noires)
1500 to 1600 KBS Kong app 9515, 11810kHz and Channel 2 at
Daily KBS World, South Korea News, K-Pop, Culture, travel
2200 to 2230 http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/index.htm?lang=e
DAB, FM and
Monday to Thursday 2200 to 0030 BBC Radio Wales The Late Show with Eleri Sion, music and chat BBC Sounds
www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/m000nskk
FM108, Halton Hills, www.fm108.ca www.fm108.ca
Monday 0001 to 0500 Erin Montgomery, oldies music
Ontario, Canada
The Innovation Show with Aidan McCullen,
www.rte.ie/radio/rte-radio1-extra/ FM, 198kHz, Smart speaker www.rte.ie
Tuesday 0700 to 0800 RTÉ 1 digital disruption, cutting-edge thinkers
the-innovation-show
The Late Lab with Anne Frankenstein, DAB, Smart speaker and
Friday 0000 to 0200 Jazz FM https://tinyurl.com/23kht32f
Funk, soul and jazz https://planetradio.co.uk/jazz-fm
1100 to 1200 DAB, Smart speaker and
Friday BBC Radio 4 Extra Podcast Radio Hour BBC Sounds
2100 to 2200 www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09n14fm
www.radiowimborne.co.uk 94.6 MHz locally and
Friday 1700 to 1900 Radio Wimborne Graham Clarke Show, music and comedy
http://radio.canstream.co.uk:8057/live.mp3
Table 1. Chrissy’s Top Listening Recommendations for the Month Ahead in International Radio.
thrilling main five chapters of the game, Eddie Izzard and her fellow modellers recre- matic enough to deserve their own main-
but for any fans of community radio it’s ate a model railway of a snowy Bexhill-on- stream radio or television series. However,
a fun simulator featuring cameos from Sea, set in 1940. the decision-makers tend to play safe, so it
characters in the main game, as well as the https://tinyurl.com/2p9c3y49 is usually the ubiquitous Clare Balding who
previous Life is Strange games. In a similar vein, I am hoping that BBC gets another series of countryside walks or
Overall, Deck Nine have done an Radio 4 Extra repeats its 2010 programme, former MP Michael Portillo sets off on an-
exceptional job at creating a compelling The Doll’s House. It saw writer and other all-expenses-paid mega train trip. In the
story with beautiful graphics – definitely illustrator Lauren Child explore the world past, this exclusive club was an immovable
worth picking up for fans of the genre. of the miniature doll’s house. “It’s the barrier that prevented many new names from
A ten-minute video of footage in the classic little girl’s favourite toy and in this breaking through.
radio station and records store is on programme, we hear about the influence the However, the ‘Internet-Age’ of new media
YouTube, and a quick search will soon doll’s house has had on the imagination of changed that forever. I eagerly follow
reveal many more. now grown-up women and the occasional maverick English vlogger Benjamin Rich,
https://tinyurl.com/KRCTSteph man, as well as the hobby of doll’s aka Bald and Bankrupt, in his fascinating
In reality, a station with the call sign houses for adults.” trips around the world from South America
KRCT first appeared back in the 1940s. There are plenty of dolls and action to Asia and Africa. He is highly entertaining
However, fictional KRCT 104.3 has more figure podcasts, especially for collectable as well as informative. Highlights in
in common, geographically at least, with brands such as Star Wars and Marvel. 2021 were his toughing it out in Ukraine,
KCRT The Mountain, which is an oldies The Doll Podcast is a high-quality Armenia and taking the lesser-used BAM
station (playing music from the 1970s to production, hosted by Louisa Maxwell, route on the Trans-Siberian railway, in
1990s) in the town of Trinidad and Raton who has presented features on vintage search of Soviet mosaics and tales. Bald
in Colorado. It has a sister station, KBKZ fashion and toys for ITV, Channel 4 and and Bankrupt is popular too, as there
Coyote Country. BBC TV and Radio. are over three million subscribers to his
www.kbkzradio.net www.dollpodcast.com YouTube channel.
https://tinyurl.com/bdeaamu7 https://tinyurl.com/yckn3n8k
New Life in Old Games Table Football Monthly is another highly In 2018, Brent Underwood purchased
New media channels reflecting old pastimes polished production. Keith Littler, Andy Californian ghost town, Cerro Gordo,
have seen an increase in popularity since the ‘Smiffy’ Smith and Danielle Goscomb put for $1.4 million. Subsequent YouTube
start of the pandemic, with the impact still together vlog cast series on the history of and TikTok channels have catalogued
rippling outwards in a form of celebratory table football games, from the early days, the renovations that have taken place,
nostalgia. Historically, this time of year sees through the presenters’ childhoods and up along with tantalising glimpses into the
people come together indoors to enjoy and in- to the present day. There are 30 episodes history of the town. Ghost Town Living
dulge in old favourites. Through the autumn, for you to enjoy on YouTube. makes for compulsive viewing with
the Yesterday TV channel aired a touching if, https://tabletopyears.com around sixty videos uploaded and 1.3
inevitably, a little geeky, series called Hornby: https://tinyurl.com/22w8t5jk million subscribers (Fig. 3). Cerro Gordo
A Model World. This looked at the processes has also been discussed on a few radio
in designing new diecast replicas of models Go Your Own Way programmes and podcasts, including
of trains and planes for the Hornby compa- There is no shortage of talented and excit- BBC World Service’s Outlook, the podcast
ny, aimed at a new market as well as people ing presenters and adventurers out there. of Glenn Beck Program on Blaze TV and
of a certain vintage. Series 1 Episode 2 saw Many of these are professional and charis- The Daily Stoic.

BUNDO KIM ON UNSPLASH
Radio News
ANDREW MARR LEAVES THE BBC TO JOIN

GLOBAL: Long-serving BBC broadcaster Andrew
Marr is leaving the corporation and joining Global
to host programmes on LBC and Classic FM. He
will host a brand new, opinion-led programme,
broadcast on LBC and fully visualized on Global
Player where he will give his view on the biggest
issues of the moment. Andrew Marr will also
present a brand-new programme on Classic FM
playing music as well as interviewing guests
from the worlds of politics and the arts. In
addition to his new programmes on LBC and
Classic FM, Marr will also present a new weekly
podcast on Global Player and will write a regular
column for LBC.co.uk. Andrew has hosted the
BBC’s flagship political programme, The Andrew
Marr Show, for the past 16 years and regularly
presents on BBC Radio 4. Andrew Marr said:
“Coming to Global gives me new freedom – to do
fast-paced, very regular political journalism on
4 LBC with no filter – in entirely my own voice. On
Classic FM, I’ll be exploring my love of classical
https://tinyurl.com/4ms33k47 the ‘K-Pop’ genre. One Fine Day is presented music, and culture generally, with some surprising
https://tinyurl.com/yckpdp8y by Lena Park. She plays request songs and guests. I feel I’m joining a young, hungrily
https://tinyurl.com/2p8rxcdf reads listers’ messages. “Expect great music, ambitious and exciting company and I can’t wait to
DJ and drummer Ian Greensmith interesting guests and generally a feel-good get stuck in.” […].
(Fig. 1) and Resonance FM presenter experience.” However, you need to listen to the (Sources: BBC | RadioToday | Global | National
Ben Thompson (The London Ear) host a programme live from 0810 to 1010 UTC, to and Radio Press | the ontheradio blog | eRadio
monthly night of vinyl at the White Rock hear the actual music, as that is edited out of with Broadcast Bionics)
Hotel in Hastings. Called Berth of the Cool, the Listen-Again option. https://tinyurl.com/7adxj7a9
it is worthy of being a live radio programme In addition, Angela Park hosts K-Pop https://tinyurl.com/er9drfkv
in its own right. However, at present, only a Connection, daily from 1100 to 1200
select few dozen aficionados get to enjoy UTC. It is one of my favourite music radio ALAN ROE: A Selection of Music Programmes on
the, “jazz, Latin, film soundtracks, and [the] programmes and songs such as Eight by Shortwave (B-21 Broadcast period; 31 October
cool lounge hangout, in the very groovy, very IU featuring Suga, always lift my spirits. 2021 to 26 March 2022) has once again been
chic, maritime-themed basement bar.” Scroll to the four schedule boxes, (KBS meticulously compiled by Alan Roe. The latest
https://tinyurl.com/se5yekse World TV, KBS Korea TV, KBS World Radio version of this ever-popular guide to enjoying
multilingual and KBS World Radio English) music broadcasts on the short waves is now
Korean Kitsch at the KBS website. available for download here:
KBS World in South Korea (Fig. 4) lightens my https://tinyurl.com/w8px3bjw https://tinyurl.com/4ey5m4kj
weekdays with the ‘bubblegum music’ from https://tinyurl.com/KBSLenaPark alan-roe-swl@randa33.co.uk

Book Review
David Harris
mydogisfinn@gmail.com
A 30th Anniversary
Group Biography
David Harris reviews a 30th Anniversary
Edition of a leading text covering the
lives of three famous US American radio
pioneers, inluding the changing econom-
ic, social and technical environments in
which they worked. rations who displaced the role of individual
inventors in the development of the new tech-
This is a special 30th Anniversary reprint of nology. Westinghouse, AT&T and RCA were
Empire of the Air, which was first published manufacturers of broadcast equipment, as
in 1991. The book relates the story of three well as owners for radio stations.
American radio pioneers; Lee de Forest RCA set up the first US-wide network
(1873-1961), Edwin Howard Armstrong when it started NBC (National Broadcasting
(1890-1954) and David Sarnoff (1891-1971). Company).
As the author himself stated back in 1991, Much of the book is taken up with detailed
“the names of de Forest, Armstrong and accounts of the numerous court cases in-
Sarnoff have passed into a dim twilight”. volving patent infringement. DeForest and
Here in the UK, we sometimes tend to Armstrong were involved in litigation to
see radio as the product or invention of do with regeneration circuits. In the 1950s
Marconi (see my review of Marconi: The Man Armstrong makes it his life’s work to try to ob-
Who Networked the World by Marc Raboy. tain payment from RCA for patent violations
RadioUser, December 2016: 56). concerning his development of FM broad-
We might also credit Lord John Reith (1889 casting. RCA was also involved in anti-trust
– 1971) for creating the BBC. litigation with the US government over its
This book throws a lot of new light on the control of the industry.
development of radio and television in the The most interesting chapters in the book
USA; especially on FM broadcasting, which are those that cover the development of FM
was developed by Edwin Armstrong. The au- by Edwin Armstrong. It was back in 1933 that
thor competently weaves a compelling nar- he filed his first patent and began test trans-
rative that pulls together the inter-related Empire of the Air. The Men Who Made Radio missions in 1937. During this time, the com-
lives of these pioneers. DeForest was an in- by Tom Lewis mercial development of television was un-
ventor who created the three-element tube Three Hills (Cornell University Press) 2021 derway. By 1939, the first FM receivers were
(or valve). Armstrong developed de Forest’s (first published 1991) manufactured, but RCA decided to invest in
valves by creating circuits that could receive 421 pp. Pbk. £18.99. television with the first commercial broad-
and transmit. He then went on to create FM ISBN 9781501759321. casts beginning in 1939.
broadcasting. www.threehillsbooks.com The Second World War (1939-1945) put
Sarnoff rose to become head of RCA, the such developments on hold as firms geared
biggest electronic corporation in the USA who up to supply the military. In 1945, the Federal
brought radio, black-and-white television, and Edwin Howard Armstrong attended Communications Commission (FCC) forced
then colour television, to America. Columbia University in New York where he FM stations from their original band (42-
Radio began to be taken seriously during remained as a researcher and was eventu- 50MHz) up to 88-108MHz This was to make
the First World War (1914-1918) when there ally appointed as a professor. He pioneered the lower VHF frequencies available for tel-
was a tremendous demand for two-way ra- the concept of regeneration and superhetero- evision. It also limited the output of these sta-
dio communications. In 1920 the very first li- dyne circuits and FM radio. tions. In this way, FM was effectively stran-
cenced commercial AM broadcast was made David Sarnoff was an example of the gled at birth and the USA today continues to
by KDKA Pittsburgh, which is still in operation ‘American Dream’. He was born in Minsk (now have both AM and FM stations.
as a News and Talk format broadcasting on in Belarus) to a very poor family. He emigrat- Empire of the Air is a very ambitious book in
both AM and FM. Radio was quick to take off; ed to the USA where by chance he obtained a that it provides a comprehensive biography of
by 1930, there were 618 commercial AM sta- job as a messenger boy for a cable company. three of the leading figures in US radio histo-
tions in the USA. He learnt Morse code and eventually became ry. The new edition could have benefited from
The backgrounds of the three pioneers a ship’s radio officer for the Marconi com- an updated bibliography and few pictures but
were very different: pany. He rapidly advanced to the position of is still a compelling read for anyone with an
DeForest went to the prestigious Yale a protégé of Marconi. Sarnoff then became interest in the history of radio and television.
University where he remained to complete the commercial manager of the newly formed
a Ph.D. on the work of German physicist RCA. RCA was set up by General Electric and [See also: Scott Caldwell in RadioUser, May
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894). He then set up the American Marconi company to avoid 2019: 23-25 (David Sarnoff); February 2021:
several different companies to take forward US communications being controlled by the 24-27 (Edwin Armstrong) May 2021: 46-47
his inventions, the most notable of which was British Marconi company. (The World’s Fairs); The Spectrum Monitor,
the ‘audion’ (or radio valve). The 1920s were the era of the big corpo- July 2020 (David Sarnoff); – Ed.].

News
Radio News European Private

AUDIO CONTENT FUND : The Audio Content
Fund (ACF) has announced the recipients
of grant funding for 17 more public service
Shortwave Stations
December 1st 2021
radio projects that will be broadcast across
Only legal stations are included. Most stations use low power, but a few use several kW. Note that UTC is used
commercial and community radio in the UK. here – not CET/CEST. D = Germany, DNK = Denmark, FIN = Finland, NL = Netherlands, NOR = Norway F.pl.: future plan,
The projects will all be produced by Int’l = International, Irr. = irregular, 24/7 = twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week Mo = Monday, Tu = Tuesday,
independent production companies, 11 of We = Wednesday, Th = Thursday, Fr = Friday, Sa = Saturday, Su = Sunday.
which are based outside London, with seven
kHz Country Name Transmitter site Schedule (UTC)
‘indies’ [independents - Ed.] receiving funding
from the Audio Content Fund for the first time. 3955 D Radio Channel 292 Rohrbach Waal Daily 0700-2000 & 2200-0600
The fund, which is financed by the UK 3975 D Shortwave Gold Winsen Daily 0700-2100
Government, has allocated £334k to the
3985 D Shortwaveservice Kall-Krekel Daily 1500-2100
projects and estimates the content will be
heard by 9.3m listeners. 3995 D HCJB Weenermoor 24/7
The bids come with commitments of 5895 NOR The Sea / Radio Northern Star Bergen Daily 0428-2307. Silent from mid-Dec.
broadcast on at least 40 different radio 5920 D HCJB Weenermoor Daily 0700-1705
stations, with broadcast partners from Bauer,
5930 DNK World Music Radio Bramming 24/7
Wireless, Communicorp UK, Fun Kids, Union
Jack and a range of community radio stations 5955 NL Sunlite Westdorpe From December 5th: Daily 0600-1800
across the country. Details on the 17 funded 5970 DNK Radio208 Hvidovre 24/7
projects can be found at the URLs below:
5980 DNK Radio OZ-Viola Hillerød We 2200-2300, Sa-Su 1200-1400
(SOURCES: ACF | RadioToday)
https://tinyurl.com/5ep7pf3a 5980 FIN Scandinavian Weekend Radio Virrat 1st Sa LT of the month 22-08 & 14-17
https://www.audiocontentfund.org.uk 5990 NL Studio Denakker Klazienaveen F.pl.
6005 D Shortwaveservice Kall-Krekel Daily 0900-1700

BBC SOUNDS: Ofcom has published its
6005 NL Radio Delta International Elburg Summer period Sa 2000-0100
final statement on the market position of
BBC Sounds, following concerns raised by 6020 NL Radio Delta International Elburg Su 0600-1500
commercial radio regarding its regulation 6055 DNK Radio OZ-Viola Hillerød Alternative to 5980
and impact on competition. As part of the
6070 D Radio Channel 292 Rohrbach Waal 24/7
consultation, Radiocentre highlighted
several specific issues relating to the BBC’s 6085 D Shortwaveservice Kall-Krekel Daily 0800-1800 (Radio MiAmigo Int’l)
crowding out of competition; the true extent 6115 D Radio SE-TA 2 Gera Irr. (1000-1200 UTC)
of cross-promotion; and the BBC’s impact on
6125 NL Radio Europe Alphen a/d Rijn Irr. (1400-2300 UTC)
the podcast market. Despite this evidence,
Ofcom has found that there are not currently 6140 NL Radio Onda, Belgium Borculo, NL Weekends
reasonable grounds to proceed with a full BBC 6150 D Europa 24 Datteln Daily 0800-1605
competition review. 6160 D Shortwave Gold Winsen 0800-1500
However, it has confirmed that it will monitor
6170 FIN Scandinavian Weekend Radio Virrat 1st Sa of the month 08-14 & 17-22
any future changes and developments that
could affect competition in the UK audio 6185 NL Radio Piepzender Zwolle Irr.
market. In addition, it noted the need for 7220 NL Rockpower Nijmegen Irr.
high levels of transparency with the rest
7365 D HCJB Weenermoor 0900-1500
of the audio sector on planned changes to
BBC Sounds. A Radiocentre spokesperson 7425 NL Radio Piepzender Zwolle Irr. (1700-0700 UTC)
said: “BBC Sounds plays an important role in 7445 NL Radio Piepzender Zwolle Irr. (0800-1700 UTC)
underpinning the dominance of the BBC in the 9530 NL Radio Onda, Belgium Borculo, NL Weekends
UK audio sector. Whilst we are disappointed
9670 D Radio Channel 292 Rohrbach Waal 24/7
Ofcom is not prepared to undertake a full
competition review of its impact at this stage, 11690 FIN Scandinavian Weekend Radio Virrat 1st Sa of the month 08-10 & 17-22
we welcome the fact that it will be monitoring 11720 FIN Scandinavian Weekend Radio Virrat 1st Sa LT of the month 22-08 & 10-17
any proposed changes and intends to ensure
15785 D FunkLust Erlangen DRM-modulation
greater transparency and active engagement
from the BBC in the future. ”You can access the 15790 DNK World Music Radio Randers Sa-Su 0700-2000 & irr. at other times
full Ofcom Statement at this URL: 25800 DNK World Music Radio Mårslet, Aarhus 24/7
(SOURCE: Radiocentre | Ofcom)
https://tinyurl.com/bdf5k2n5 This list is compiled by Stig Hartvig Nielsen each first day of the month – and is based on details supplied by the various radio
stations, the stations websites, monitoring observations, HFCC registrations, and some presumptions. The list is not copy-
https://tinyurl.com/yckj3f4a righted and may be published everywhere. Subscription by email is free of charge; write to shn@wmr.dk.

The Long, Medium & Short of It
Scott Caldwell
Scottandrew.caldwell@yahoo.co.uk
The Return of the Long,
H
ello and welcome to the
return of the Long, Medium,
and the Short! No need for a
‘Flux-Capacitor’ to make time
Medium, and the Short
travel possible! In this new,
bi-monthly, column, I will always begin by Scott Caldwell begins a new bi-monthly column
offering some short, introductory, hints
and tips on a choice of topics from the
on analogue radio, from long wave to short wave.
world of Dxing, share some of the latest It will alternate with his Radio History column and
news and developments from this side offer recommendations, DXpedition reports, hot
of the hobby and recommend some key
times, broadcasters, frequencies, and topics and listening tips for HF radio.
resources (e.g. Fig. 1) for you to try out.
In some of my future columns, I will offer time by monitoring the position of the ‘Grey made interference.
a brief focus on a particular broadcaster Line’ as it moves across the Earth. In terms of Medium Wave Dxing, VOWR
in these wavebands, beginning with 800kHz (St Johns, Newfoundland and
Radio Romania International, on short Medium Wave News Labrador) has been reported off-air, due to
wave, this month. The outstanding news item this month, a suspected lightning strike on Saturday
So, without further ado, let us begin as in my view, has been that Ofcom has ap- 21st August 2021.
we mean to go on: With the up-and-coming proved an application by Radio Caroline The station usually plays a range of inter-
DX season just around the corner, these 648kHz to increase its power output. esting programmes, and I have been able
are exciting times for all DXers. Hopefully, Currently, Radio Caroline has been broad- to log this station during the winter months.
you have completed the necessary checks casting 1kW, under the terms of its com- New Country 930 has agreed to assist
on your antenna during the long summer munity radio licence. The power increase VOWR by broadcasting Worship Service at
days. I had to replace the coax cable will extend its current coverage beyond the 11:00 hrs (local time) from Wesley United
connecting my Wellbrook Loop to the Suffolk and Essex areas and reduce man- Church in St John’s. More recent reports
interface, as the LED was flashing before
it turned off. Medium Wave Local
On closer inspection, I discovered that Frequency (kHz) Station Location Power (KW) Time (UTC) Date DXer
the coax had indeed split, creating a short
828 BBC Asian Network Sedgley 0.2 10:34 30/09/2021 A
in the system. I also took the opportunity
to check the nuts on the mounting of the 855 Sunshine Radio Ludlow 0.2 11:05 01/10/2021 A
antenna rotator and resealed the head 945 Gold Derby 0.2 19:30 29/09/2021 A
of the loop in an attempt to prevent any 945 Smooth Radio Bexhill 0.7 23:35 01/10/2021 A
water ingress.
1026 Downtown Radio Belfast 1.7 12:30 28/09/2021 A
The equipment I am currently using
consists of an SDRplay RSPdx Software- 1116 BBC Radio Derby Burnaston 1 13:15 02/10/2021 A
Defined Radio, a Sony ICF2001D and a 1170 Greatest Hits Radio Stoke 0.2 14:07 01/10/2021 A
Wellbrook ALA 1530 Loop.
1368 Manx Radio Foxdale IOM 20 15:11 30/09/2021 A
Topic of the Month: Premier

1413 Multi-Site 1 01:20 02/10/2021 A*
Christian Radio
‘Grey Line’ DXing
1431 Smooth Radio Southend 0.35 00:15 02/10/2021 A*
The ionosphere is subjected to drastic
fluctuations during the transition from Table 1: Medium Wave Local Logbook.
darkness to daylight and daylight to
darkness. The ‘Grey Line’ is a theoretical Medium Wave DX
band that transits the earth and delineates
Frequency (kHz) Station Location Power (KW) Time (UTC) Date DXer
daylight from darkness. Propagation
conditions along this Grey Line are, 531 R Algeria Int F’Kirniai ALG 600 00:37 02/10/2021 A
therefore, very efficient for long-distance
567 RNE R5 Murcia E 50 03:14 02/10/2021 A
radio signals.
One of the most fundamental concepts 576 RNE Barcelona 100 20:21 02/10/2021 A
that underpin this theory is the finding that 585 RNE Madrid E 600 22:17 02/10/2021 A
the D-layer that absorbs High-Frequency 711 COPE Murcia E 25 23:21 02/10/2021 A
(HF) signals, will rapidly disappear on the
738 RNE Barcelona E 600 20:14 02/10/2021 A
sunset side of the ‘Grey Line’, and has
not yet developed upon the sunrise side. 900 RAI Milan ITA 100/50 22:05 02/10/2021 A
DXers can optimise their valuable listening Table 2: Medium Wave DX Logbook.

Fig. 1: The 2022 edition of the WRTH (order on

page 17). Fig. 2: The simple VOCM Logo.
Fig. 3: WPTX on 1690kHz AM.
Fig. 4: Radio România Internaţional is very active.
have suggested that the VOWR service is

not back to normal with UK based DXers
logging their broadcasts. Please let me
2
know if you have managed to receive them!
Trans-Atlantic DXing
Developments
Even in the late summer months, there is
some interesting DX in the Medium Wave
bands. Recently the powerhouses of VOCM
(Fig. 2) St Johns on 590kHz and WBBR
New York on 1130kHz have been audible
at around 04:00 UTC. These stations are
relatively ‘easy’ catches, and they can be
received on a portable radio with an indoor
loop in the winter months.
These two broadcasters have 1 3
distinctively different formats: VOCM plays
classic pop music from the 1960s, 70s, the reception of Sunshine Radio in Ludlow. Table 2 widens the scope to include long-
and 80s. By contrast, WBBR is a Bloomberg This station was previously unobtainable distance (DX) catches. Table 3, last but
station that focuses on business reports in Warrington due to the power of the BBC’s not least, homes in especially on transat-
and financial markets. Early September transmitter at Preston. lantic reception
2021 has also seen an exciting ‘DX-
window’ from 04:00 UTC when stations in Broadcasts and Listening Tables X Band DXing
Canada are now becoming audible in the Tables 1-3 show some of the stations Moreover, the ‘X-Band’ is at the top of the
United Kingdom. you are very likely to be able to receive on Medium Wave frequency spectrum, be-
The sad demise of BBC local radio is not Medium Wave this month. All times are tween 1610 and 1710 kHz. It offers excit-
all unwelcome news for the radio listenin UTC. I have sub-divided the listing into ing DX opportunities as there is relatively
er. Thus, for example, the closure of BBC three key parts: Table 1 shows a selection little European broadcasting, apart from
Radio Lancashire on 855 kHz has enabled of local UK Medium Wave stations, while some Dutch pirates (Table 4).
Frequency (kHz) Station Location Identification/ Slogan Power (KW) Time (UTC) Date DXer
570 CFCB Corner Brook NL Your VOCM 10/1 03:57 02/10/2021 A
590 VOCM St Johns NL Your VOCM 50 05:06 06/10/2021 A
620 CKCM Grand Falls, NL Your VOCM 10 05:08 04/10/2021 A
670 WSCR Chicago The Score 06:00 24/10/2021 A
680 WRKO Boston MA The Voice of Boston 50 04:00 02/10/2021 A
700 WLW Cincinnati OH News Radio 700 WLW 04:02 04/10/2021 A
710 WOR New York NY The Voice of New York 50 04:00 02/10/2021 A
740 CHCM Marystown NL Your VOCM 10 05:07 01/10/2021 A
750 CFRB Bonvista Bay NL CBC Radio 1 50 03:50 03/10/2021 A
760 WJR Detroit OH 760 WJR 50 04:34 01/10/2021 A
780 WBBM Chicago News Radio 780 05:58 24/10/2021 A
880 WCBS New York NY News Radio 880 50 04:00 02/10/2021 A
930 CJYQ? St Johns NL KIXX Country 23/3.5 04:03 04/10/2021 A
1010 CFRB Toronto ON Newstalk 1010 50 04:59 01/10/2021 A
1010 WINS New York NY 1010 WINS 50 04:00 02/10/2021 A
1130 WBBR New York Bloomberg 1130 50 04:17 03/10/2021 A
1280 CFMB Montréal QC Radio Montréal 50 05:00 01/10/2021 A
1500 WFED Washington DC Federal News Radio 50 05:03 03/10/2021 A
Table 3: Medium Wave North American Logbook.

Frequency Call Sign/ Slogan Transmitter Location Output Power (kW)

Day Night
1620 kHz CHHA/ Radio Voces Latinas Toronto ON 6.25 n/a
CHRN/ Radio Humsafar Montreal QC 1 n/a
4
WNRP News R. 92.3 FM, 16-20 Gulf Breeze FL 10 1
AM
In previous DX seasons, I have noticed
WTAW News Talk 16-20 College Station TX 10 1
that the band usually opens up in January
KSMH Relevant Radio 16-20 AM Auburn CA 10 1 and February. However, WPTX Lexington
KOZN 1620 The Zone Bellevue NE 10 1 on 1690kHz (Fig. 3) is a relatively easy
catch during November here in Warrington
KYIZ The Z Twins Renton WA 10 1
(North-West England). WPTX plays a truly
Radio Rebelde Multi-Site n/a n/a varied and interesting range of music; the
Radio Bayamo Bayamo n/a n/a station is well worth a listen.
XECSGU CREO Radio Guachochi n/a n/a
Short-Wave News: Spotlight on
WDHP The Caribbean Frederikstead 10 1 Radio Romania International
Powerhouse
Radio Romania International (Radio
1630 kHz KCJJ The Mighty 16-30 KCJJ Iowa City IA 10 1 România Internaţional, RRI, Fig. 4) is one
KKGM 16-30 KKGM Fort Worth TX 10 1 of the last remaining Eastern European ra-
dio stations that continues to broadcast on
KRND La Jota Mexicana Fox Farm WY 10 1
the short waves. RRI is the external service
XEUT Radio UABC Tijuana BC 10 1 of Romania’s public broadcasting service,
1640 kHz WTNI 103.5 The Possum Biloxi MS 10 1 covering Europe, the Americas, the Near-
East, Asia, Northern Africa, and Australia.
WSJP Relevant Radio 16-40 AM Sussex WI 10 1
A variety of media platforms broadcasts
KDIA The Light at the Top of the Vallejo CA 10 1 or rebroadcasts programmes on short
Dial
wave (analogue and digital), satellite, the
KZLS AM 16-40 The Eagle Enid OK 10 1 Internet, and cable television networks. An
KDZR AM 16-40 The Patriot Lake Oswego OR 10 1 hour-long English programme contains on
average several diverse segments: current
KBJA K Talk 1640 Sandy UT 10 1
affairs, history of Romania, culture featur-
HIC 80 Radio Juventus Don Bosco Santo Domingo 1 0.5 ing the arts and music, political debates,
1650 kHz CINA Radio Mississauga ON 5 0.68 places to visit, and a DX Mailbag.
Radio Romania International is very
CKZW La Radio Gospel 16-50 AM/ Montreal QC 1 1
Montreal Christian Radio prompt in issuing QSL cards. Table 5 of-
fers some basic information about this
WHKT Praise 104 9 Portsmouth VA 10 1
broadcaster, which, for many, is the en-
KFSW 98 7 The Cross Fort Smith AR 10 1 try point to the wonderful world of short
KFOX Radio Seoul Torrance CA 10 0.49 wave listening.
KBJD Radio Luz Denver CO 10 1

The World Radio and Television
KCNZ 16-50 The Fan Cedar Falls IA 10 1 Handbook 2022
KSVE La Suavecita 93 9 El Pasio TX 8.5 0.85 The 76th edition of the World Radio and
Television Handbook 2022 (Fig. 1) is
XEAZR Radio ZER México DF 5 5
scheduled to be released on December 8th
1660 kHz WCNZ Relevant Radio Marco Island FL 10 1 with a recommended retail price of £40.
WQLR AM 16-60 The Fan Kalamazoo MI 10 1 Members of the BDXC and the Medium
Wave Circle have the option of purchasing
WBCN Fox Sports Charlotte 16- Charlotte NC 10 1
60 AM a copy at a reduced price of £28.
This book provides, in my opinion, the
WWRU AM 16-60 K Radio Jersey City NJ 10 1
most comprehensive guide to broadcast-
KBRE 105 7 The Bear Merced CA 10 1 ing on the planet, with much up-to-date in-
KWOD Am16-60 The Score Kansas City KS 10 1 formation on short, medium and long wave,
and on FM broadcasters.
KQWB Bison 16-60 West Fargo ND 10 1
Feature articles for 2022 include pieces
KRZI ESPN Central Texas Waco TX 10 1 on such topics as the further development
WGIT Faro de Santidad Canόvanas PR 10 1 of HF Transmitters, Technical Monitoring
at VOA, 75 years with radio by Ullmar Qvick,
Table 4: Try These: X-Band DXing for Beginners. KTWR on Guam, and Radio in Lesotho.

Several reviews featuring the latest Target Area UTC Frequency (kHz)
equipment, including the Sangean ATS-
06:30 – 07:00 6040 (DRM), 7345
909x2, Tecsun H-501, Tecsun PL-330, 12:00 – 13:00 13750, 15460
ICOM-705, and the ATS25 Si4732 have West Europe 18:00 – 19:00 6030, 7350 (DRM)
21:30 – 22:00 6030 (DRM), 7375
been written by my fellow-columnist 23:00 – 00:00 6040 (DRM), 7220
Keith Rawlings.
keith.g4miu@gmail.com
Africa 12:00 – 13:00 17800, 21470
https://tinyurl.com/hawwnbfh
[N.B.: The Sangean ATS909x2 is tested
elsewhere in this issue, and the 2022 WRTH North America 21:30 – 22:00 6170, 7310
will be reviewed in one of the forthcoming is- (East Coast) 01:00 – 02:00 5990, 7325
sues of RadioUser – Ed.].
North America
Conclusion (West Coast)
04:00 – 05:00 6020, 7410
Please feel free to send me your recep-
tion reports and logs for inclusion in future
editions of this column. Next time, I will Japan 23:00 – 00:00 7325, 9620
continue to look a little more at the Winter
2021/22 short wave frequency changes re- Australia 06:30 – 07:00 17780, 21470
lating to your favourite radio stations and,
of course, bring you more listening tips. Table 5: Radio România Internaţional Winter Short Wave Schedule (30th October 2021 to 26th March 2022).
W 2
OR 9
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Review
Georg Wiessala
T
he Sangean name is a
well-known brand, widely
recognised by radio
enthusiasts, world travellers
and short wave listeners.
Some of us may have owned an earlier
model of one of a range of world band
receivers made by the company over the
decades. I have fond memories of the
ATS-818CS myself – the one with the
inbuilt cassette recorder, remember? I
have also worked with the ATS-803A (also
marketed under the Realistic name) and
the model immediately previous to the
one reviewed here, the ATS-909X.
This new model – the 3rd Generation 1
ATS-909X2 FM Stereo / AIR / MW / LW
/ SW PLL Synthesized Receiver – is the
most recent incarnation in a long line of
world band receivers (Figs. 1 and 3)
It offers some interesting new functions
The Sangean
and a few positive ergonomic changes.
Therefore, when Martin at ML&S asked us
to review this ‘new kid on the block’, I was
ATS-909X2
happy to oblige. The editor has had the brand-new Sangean ATS-909X2
The medium-size portable radio comes
in ‘graphite’ and white (not in black in the editor’s shack and shares his evaluation of this
anymore), measures 208 x 41 x 135 cm stylish portable world band radio from one of the most
and weighs in at a considerable 1.6kg.
The promotional materials emphasise traditional and well-known makers on the market.
several noteworthy features, such as the
smart battery function (which detects can just use the comfy Automatic Tuning In Use
faulty batteries), the airband mode (118- System (ATS), where the radio performs A few points may be noted about this
136MHz), the advanced bandwidth, a comfortable scan-and-store routine on receiver; these may be helpful before you
memory and squelch features, and some all bands; this works slightly differently, make a purchase decision:
of the nifty automatic tuning options. depending on the frequency band you are Like other Sangean models, this set
The key specifications of the ATS- after. does not offer synchronous detection
909X2 are summarised in Table 2 and can This is always a useful thing to do when (SYNC), you have got to decide as to how
also be found in the online manual. you arrive at a new destination. In manual significant this is for you; as far as I am
https://tinyurl.com/aakmh7sn scan mode, the scan stops (and does not concerned, I very rarely find this feature
resume) at any stations found. You can useful, even on ‘big’ receivers.
Out of the Box also tune by meter band, which can save Another point to note is that frequency
and Basic Operation time. entry requires first pushing the ‘F’ key
In the box, you get the radio, the ANT60 Table 1 illustrates the available tuning (‘Frequency’) before you enter the numbers,
portable short wave reel antenna, a set of steps for the rotary tuning knob and the as well as a subsequent confirmation with
earphones, a stylish carrying bag and a tuning up/ down controls, in relation to the ‘Enter/ Return’ key.
power adapter (continental; have an EU- the wavebands. The set does not (‘soft- For many, this radio will stand out on
to-UK adapter handy). I put my Eneloop ’) mute between stations in manual tune account of its good sensitivity, dynamic
pro-Ni-MH rechargeable batteries in (min – an extremely important issue for many range and selectivity on the telescopic
2,500 mAh), set the time zone, local time SWLs and DXers. All aspects of memory aerial. This, and the added airband
and one other world time – and away I management (storing-locking-recalling- coverage (118-137MHz), make it an
was. deleting-moving-renaming) are simple and excellent travel companion.
The set covers Airband, FM (with RDS), intuitive, and the radio offers 1,674 memory In common with some other early
LW, MW and SW (100-29999.00kHz). places, in three banks of 558. Most on SW, users, I have also observed that the auto-
Notice that the ribbed tuning wheel is naturally. bandwidth function can act as a kind of
at the front (think: ‘Sony ICF SW77’) and More than enough space here and no PC noise-blanker; this can make a difference,
the (non-ribbed) volume control is on the is needed for this radio – nor it is possible and it will be up to you whether you find the
right-hand side of the set. If you like, you to ‘program’ it with one. automatic changes useful.

Review
AIR FM LW MW SW
STOP 0 0 0 0 0
Rotary 9KHz
Tuning FAST 25KHz 100KHz 9KHz 5KHz
10KHz
Knob
SLOW 5KHz 50KHz 1KHz 1KHz 1KHz
Tuning 50KHz 9KHz
Up/Down 25KHz 100KHz 9KHz 5KHz
10KHz
(scan or seek) 200KHz
Quick Tuning 1MHz 1MHz -- - 100KHz
2 Table 1: The Sangean ATS-909X2: Operation, Tuning Steps and Wave Bands.
Small things make a difference, and

many will note that the radio has a high • Radio for Air / FM / LW / MW / SW
overall build quality, reflected in its weight; broadcasts
the jacks for aux-in, record (standby and • Automatic Tuning System for FM / LW /
line out) and headphones, for example, are MW / SW band
made out of metal. The socket for external • A total of 1674 radio station presets
aerials is plastic-rimmed, but it does work • 3 memory banks for preset stations
for LW, MW, and SW antennas. The small allow the radio to store presets for
AM RF gain-wheel on the side is a nice different users and/or different areas
touch, and it is sensitive enough to make • Local / World Time with 2 customizable
3 a difference. The sound quality from the city names
speaker is excellent. Table 3 shows a host • FM RDS with PS, PTY, RT and CT features
SSB signals and utility monitors should of medium wave stations received on the • Comes with RF Gain Control for AM band
note that the ATS-909X2 is restricted to a review model, in November/ December • SSB (Single Side Band): USB / LSB,
10/20 Hz / Tuning-Step
single bandwidth; however, the set does 2021, by our columnist and fellow medium
• 3 alarm timers with snooze feature
offer the convenience of 10Hz tuning wave DXer Scott Caldwell. The Sangean
• Large LCD screen with backlight
steps. ATS-909X2 retails at £214.95 (see back
• Built-in battery charger […].
The ATS-909X2 can be connected to a page).
matching Tecsun DAR-101 digital recorder
to make (timed) recordings (of up to 60 [Information and reception reports by Scott Table 2: The Sangean ATS-909X2: Key
minutes in duration); as it is, the set does Caldwell; Many thanks to Martin Lynch and Specifications (ATS-909X2 Manual, p. 03).
not offer a digital record function; however, his team at ML&S Martin Lynch and Sons
there are three timers. Ltd., for the loan of the review unit – Ed.].
Frequency Station Location Power Time Date SINPO Remarks

540 kHz MR Kossuth R Solt 1000 kW 22:26 13/11/21 54444 TX, MX, Excellent Signal, ID
576 kHz RNE Barcelona 100 kW 00:33 13/11/21 33333 TX, Moderate Noise, ID, SS
585 kHz RNE Madrid 600 kW 00:31 13/11/21 44444 TX, Slight Noise, ID, SS
590 kHz VOCM St Johns 50 kW 02:30 14/11/21 33222 VOCM MX, Signal Fading
657 kHz RNE R5 Madrid 50 kW 00:37 13/11/21 33333 TX, Moderate Noise, ID, SS
729 kHz RNE Multi-Site n/a 01:00 13/11/21 32333 ID RNE, PIPS, SS
738 kHz RNE Barcelona 600 kW 23:58 13/11/21 44444 ID RNE NX, Very Good
750 kHz CBGY Bonavista Bay 10 kW 04:00 14/11/21 32222 CBC News, ID, EE
774 kHz RNE Multi-Site n/a 20:58 13/11/21 32333 ID RNE, PIPS, SS
792 kHz SER Radio Sevilla 50 kW 20:33 13/11/21 43444 TX, OM, SS, ID
855 kHz RNE Multi-Site n/a 20:00 13/11/21 43333 ID RNE NX, Very Good
864 kHz NMA Koran Progs Santah 400 kW 00:40 13/11/21 43333 Prayers, ID, AA
900 kHz RAI Milan 50/100 kW 00:54 13/11/21 44333 TX, Good, Noise, ID, I
963 kHz Asian Sound Radio Haslingden 0.2 kW 21:21 13/11/21 54444 Asian Sound Network, ID
999 kHz COPE Madrid 50 kW 21:50 13/11/21 33333 TX, ID COPE, SS
1044 kHz SER Radio San Sebastian 10 kW 00:34 14/11/21 33333 TX, SS, Noise, ID, SS
1278 kHz Greatest Hits Radio Bradford 0.4 kW 22:00 13/11/21 33333 Greatest Hits of the 70s, 80s, & 90s, ID
1413 kHz Premier Christian Radio Multi-Site 1 kW 02:00 14/11/21 33222 Christmas and Stress, ID
1458 kHz Gold Manchester 5 kW 01:00 14/11/21 54444 This is Gold, NX, ID
1548 kHz Gold London 98 kW 02:10 14/11/21 44444 This is Gold, ID
1593 kHz Bretagne 5 Saint-Gouėno 5kW 02:44 14/11/21 33333 FF POP MX; Noise, ID.
Table 3: MW stations received (DXer: Scott Caldwell, Warrington, with a TECSUN AN200 Indoor Loop; Fig. 2).

Airband News
David Smith
dj.daviator@btinternet.com
O
n the morning of 8 November
2021, the reopening of the USA
to UK travellers was marked with
a spectacular synchronised,
parallel take-off from Heathrow
– a rare occurrence. Heathrow’s runways
are ‘only’ 1,414m apart, which is too close
to be able to perform parallel departures
outside of some very specific weather and
visual conditions. The controllers must rely
on what is called ‘Reduced Separation in
the Vicinity of an Aerodrome’ to ensure the
aircraft remain safely apart as they climb
out of the airport.
Fortunately, on that day the weather was
perfect. Preliminary discussions between
NATS, Heathrow, British Airways and Virgin
had started in May of this year, in the hope
of a US reopening sometime over the
A Parallel Runway
summer. While that did not happen, the
plans were shelved until it became clear
that reopening was imminent. There were
two priorities – making sure it could be
done safely and working out how to do it in
perfect synchronisation, with both aircraft
starting their roll down the runway and
Take-off and
lifting off at the same time.
Working with the airline flight planning
teams, the organisers started by looking
at the required take-off time and were
Military Airspace
working back from there. How long would
passengers need to get through security?
David Smith reports on a Heathrow celebration and
When would the baggage and catering be an RAF drive for new airspace. He also describes the
loaded? Which gates were being used? continuing efforts to find a missing Malaysian airliner
What was the likely taxi time? The weight
of each aircraft? What runway entry point and shares some ATC frequencies for RAF Leeming.
would work best? All those factors had to
be taken into account. Once both flights were climbing, at least optimistic about traffic recovering to 2019
With the plan calling for a 08.50 3 nautical miles apart and on clearly levels earlier than anticipated, with the
departure, it was agreed that push-back diverging routes, the pilots were handed baseline scenario indicating 9.8 million
needed to take place no later than 08.20 to over to the team at Swanwick to continue flights in 2022, just 11% down on 2019.
allow time for both aircraft to be lined up their journey across the Atlantic and But we must be aware that there are still
and ready to go. Typically, each runway is ultimately, New York JFK airport. In the significant downside risks that could affect
looked after by one of two air controllers, end, it all went entirely to plan thanks to the the recovery”.
with one handling the arrivals and the other amazing teamwork of everyone involved. https://www.eurocontrol.int
one the departures.
With a seven-minute gap in arrivals Eurocontrol Expects New Military Airspace
expertly created by the team in Terminal Air Traffic Recovery Requirements off
Control at Swanwick, both Air Controllers Recovery to the 2019 number of flights the UK’s East Coast.
assumed departure responsibilities; one in Europe could occur as early as 2023, The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has
for BAW1 on runway 27 Right, the other for according to a new forecast issued by announced a requirement for the
VIR3 on 27 Left. Eurocontrol. Eamonn Brennan, Director “generation of new, suitable and safe
Once both aircraft were lined up, the General Eurocontrol, commented as airspace in the UK to facilitate large scale
pilots were given the standard take- follows: “Last year we had only five million exercises, allowing for modern military
off clearance but with one very unusual flights but this summer has been very aircraft and systems to train to their full
addition. Both were told to ‘standby for roll encouraging. As a result, we expect to see capabilities”. With the introduction of 5th-
command’… before the final instruction about 6.2 million flights this year – still generation aircraft into the RAF inventory
of ‘3, 2, 1, Now’ was given simultaneously. 44% fewer than we had in 2019. We are in the form of the F-35 Lightning, larger,

Airband News
rectangular portions of airspace are RAF ATC Profiles 9: Leeming

needed so that crews can participate in ICAO Code: EGXE IATA Code: QXL
realistic training, employing tactics, which
would be used in a hostile environment. Frequencies (MHz)
The existing Danger Area sections over Leeming Approach 278.225
123.300*
the North Sea are suitable for routine 362.300*
flying training but lack the space required Leeming Zone 372.300; 133.375
for a full simulated Combat Air Operation Leeming Director 233.900
Leeming Talkdown 373.550; 245.625; 123·300*
involving participants from the UK along Leeming Tower 376.850; 120.500; 122·100*
with our NATO allies. Leeming Ground 379.900
These current areas also lack the Leeming Ops 377.750
overland areas required on which to place * NATO Common Frequency. Available on request only.
targets and for training land-based threat
systems. ATIS
Leeming ATIS 369.475
In this context, the core military Navaids ILS/DME CAT I; Runway 16
requirements are as follows: TACAN LEE !!2.600
• Minimising the risk of mid-air collisions Hold 15 miles west of aerodrome,
based on LEE TACAN
while enabling full tactical employment of Runways 16 (2291 x 45m)
aircraft and weapons 34 (2291 x 45m)
• Supersonic flight and rapid height 03 (793 x 15m)
21 (793 x 15m).
changes NOTES (A-Z)
• Overflight and loiter of rural overland
target areas Helicopter Operations
Helicopter arrival/departure procedures at RAF Leeming are significantly restricted by aircraft noise
• Use of high and low altitude activity sensitivity within the local area. In essence, helicopter arrivals/departures to/from the West of the
concurrently airfield are prohibited within an area bounded by the following villages: Bedale, Leeming Bar, London-
• Representative operational numbers derry, and Theakston. Helicopter overflights of this area may be permitted but only by light helicop-
ters (e.g. Gazelle) not below 500ft, whilst medium/heavy helicopters (e.g. Puma/Chinook/CH-53)
• Ability to oppose from ground and air must not be below 2000ft.
simultaneously.
Local Traffic Regulations
The preferred option is to create Special Military Aerodrome Traffic Zone (MATZ)
Use Airspace over the North Sea with A circle 5nm radius up to 3,000ft above aerodrome level.
overland portions in northeast England Military Instrument Departures (MID)
MID East and MID North.
and southeast Scotland. The training area
will thus be within efficient reach of RAF Operational Hours
and USAF Europe main operating bases. 0800-2359 Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu. 0800-1800 Fri.
(24hrs notice required for armed diversion requests).
Minimising impact on other airspace
users, especially commercial traffic, will Use of Runways
be a major consideration, along with Station-based fast jets have priority for take-off. Visiting aircraft, especially practice diversions, may
have to break off the instrument approach to permit departures. Excessive use of thrust, or down-
environmental impacts, including CO2 wash from above, can cause serious damage to the arrestor barriers at RAF Leeming. As such, visit-
emissions and noise. ing jet/large aircraft with greater than 10,000lb dry or reheat thrust or jet/large aircraft/rotary with
https://tinyurl.com/4pxtt8hd significant jet efflux/downwash are to move forward a minimum of 500ft from the threshold before
applying reheat/full power. In addition, reheat departures must be requested from ATC and excessive
downwash from low hovering aircraft directly over the barrier on approach is to be avoided unless
Finding a Missing Airliner required for flight safety reasons. After landing, the eastern side of the runway is designated as the
A fascinating technology, Weak Signal ‘slow-lane’ for multi-aircraft recoveries.
Propagation Reporter (WSPR), a digital Warnings
radio communications protocol, is proving Instrument Approach Procedures for this aerodrome are established outside controlled airspace.
a new tool to confirm the location of flight Wind shear may be encountered in the undershoot of Runway 16 when the surface wind is between
210-250 /10-25kts.Uncontrolled glider activity outside aerodrome hours at RAF Topcliffe at all levels.
MH370 which disappeared in March 2014. Air Experience Flight cadet flying throughout the year within a 20nm radius of Leeming up to 8000ft.
It works on the principle that aircraft trip
off invisible radio waves.
Richard Godfrey, one of the leading
experts in the hunt for MH370, has just underwater search area can be found. The MH370’s flight is that there were no other
concluded a new study; it finds that MH370 information is stored in a database every aircraft around.
tripped off a series of radio transmission two minutes, which records the location For WSPR detection in crowded airspace,
detections which confirm it is in the and timestamp. The contact helps provide it is very difficult to work out which aircraft
location that satellite studies and drift timelines of the direction the aircraft took, was detected. In empty airspace it is easy
modelling have suggested. which can be challenging to monitor. and a new search may be organised as a
The technology works by tracking stored When MH370 went missing, there were result.
historical data of radio signals. The area 200 signals on the database every two https://www.wsprnet.org/drupal
where they are deflected by an aircraft fly- minutes. These detections can be used to This month’s photograph shows a
ing through them can be established. This track the flight when it went out of range of Belavia (Belarus) Boeing 737 on its final
has given hope to experts that a specific radar systems. The advantage of the end of approach at Gatwick.

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Emerging Issues in Radio
CHRISSY BRAND
Chrissy Brand
Radiodays
A
fter two pandemic postpone-
ments in 2020, the Radiodays
Europe conference finally
convened in lovely Lisbon last
October. The hard-working
Europe 2021
team at the Radiodays organisation had Chrissy Brand reports from the recent Radiodays
hardly been idle in the meantime, though.
The annual Radiodays Europe Podcast Day Europe Conference in Lisbon. The event showcased
had taken place online, instead of in-per- a host of inspired ways in which radio can save lives
son, in both 2020 and 2021.
Another successful spin-off from
and support society as a whole.
the Radiodays Europe brand has been
Radiodays Asia. Its 2021 conference also Protective Portuguese tourists; in shops, cafes, on public transport
took place virtually, in March, with dozens I was delighted to be able to attend and throughout the conference venue itself.
of high profile speakers. These includ- the conference in person and, thanks For the Lisbon conference to take place,
ed Suman Basnet, Asia-Pacific Regional to Portugal’s pandemic protection a clever compromise of a hybrid event had
Director, World Association of Community procedures, I felt perfectly safe. In addition, been arrived at. This gave delegates the op-
Radio Broadcasters (AMARC); Lim the country had the highest vaccination tion to either attend in person or to take part
Bumn soo, Editor-in-Chief, World English rates in Europe. online (Fig. 1). This was a perfect solution
Service, KBS International Broadcasting Unlike a certain island in northwest for those who felt uneasy about travelling
Department; Jana Rangooni, CEO, New Europe, the Portuguese authorities imple- because of Covid-19 fears, or who were tied
Zealand Radio Broadcasters Association; mented clear guidelines and strict rules re- up with other work commitments.
and Jing Yun, Senior Programme Director, garding mask-wearing. These are adhered In a world where we will have to live
DJ and Lecturer, Singapore. to by the Portuguese public, visitors and with the ongoing effect of this (and any

PORTUGUESE-GRAVITY ON UNSPLASH
Fig. 1: Attendance at the conference was,

approximately 60% in-person and 40% online.
Fig. 2: The Monument to the Discoveries, one
of many impressive sights near the conference
centre. Fig. 3: Musician Dino d’Santiago had
people dancing in the aisles. Fig. 4: Colm Flynn
with presenters Herman Flesvig, Mikkel Niva,
Kamal Hassan and Hav Nabaz, on the Virtual Sofa.
Fig. 5: Inspiring the audience to take fresh ideas
back to their radio stations.
future) pandemic and the effects of cli-

mate change, we must be grateful that on-
line technology can keep a sizeable pro-
portion of the global population in touch
with one another.
The conference used the Swapcard app,
which is an, “end-to-end event and commu-
nity platform for virtual and hybrid events,
powered by artificial intelligence.” As well
as containing details of the packed and
exciting programme of events, Swapcard
enabled all delegates to network with each
other by exchanging contact details, to ac-
cess streams of each of the four parallel
conference sessions, and to interact with
the exhibitors and sponsors. For those who
were only attending the conference online,
there were also additional features, such
as the virtual radio sofa, with interviews and
features from speakers.
Another attractive feature was that the
conference sessions were available to del-
egates for 30 days after the event. This
was useful, as there are presentations that
I would like to attend but, although I have a
reputation amongst friends and colleagues
for travelling around a lot, even I cannot be
in four places at once!
It was helpful to be able to watch ses-
sions at my leisure after the conference
had finished, which I might otherwise have
missed. At previous Radiodays Europe
conferences, videos of all the sessions 2
had been made available for delegates in
a package to purchase. I appreciated the The catering was, as always at these (Radiodifusão Portuguesa) QSL card, a few
change to this more egalitarian nature events, top-notch. Tasty and healthy op- decades back. Incidentally, Arild’s DX Diary
of making all sessions available to any- tions and the temptation of a local speci- blog is one of several blogs from DXers who
one who took part. ality, the Pastéais de Nata (custard tarts), confirm that state broadcaster RDP does
went down very well in the mid-morn- still issue QSL cards. These are in the form
Riverside Venue ing coffee breaks. of a black-and-white photo of an RDP build-
As for the two and half days of conference The venue is in the Belem area of Lisbon, ing, a variant on the colour version from its
presentations, sessions, socialising and by the River Tagus, close to the impres- old QSL stock. RDP broadcasts on FM and
exhibitions, I cannot express how euphoric sive 25 de Abril Bridge, constructed back in medium wave 630, 666 and 720kHz with
I felt to be back at a large event. 1966. Exploring westwards along the river- Antena 1 programming.
The venue was perfect, the Lisbon side takes you to a hove of cultural treas-
Congress Centre being spacious enough ures and café life. Portugal Presenters
for everybody to maintain a sensible social One of several historic monuments Reports on the various conference
distance while networking, moving between in the vicinity is the Monument to the sessions and full details of the speakers
sessions, talking with exhibitors, and in Discoveries (Padrão dos Descobrimentos) can, of course, be found on the conference
the lunch breaks. (Fig. 2). I remember it featuring on an RDP website. However, as always, I want

CHRISSY BRAND CHRISSY BRAND
3 4
to share some of my impressions and during which he emphasised the impor- of research by Augusta Glahn-Abrahamsen,
highlights of the presentations I attended: tance of radio. Meanwhile, Nicolau Santos, who is Music Editor and Project Manager, at
One of the many rewarding aspects of President of Portuguese public broad- Danish public radio station DR P3. The domi-
Radiodays Europe conferences is the op- caster RTP, stated how radio continues to nance of male artists over female ones had
portunity to immerse yourself in the radio maintain a high level of popularity, with led to increased difficulties for females to
scene and culture of the host city and coun- the audience reach in Portugal being at its break into the music industry. Lots of blind
try. In Lisbon, one session saw representa- highest in 20 years. spots and biases were spotted and the main
tives of three Portuguese radio stations Quite rightly, there was a strong reason why fewer female artists were be-
talk about some successful programmes Portuguese presence throughout the con- ing aired was a structural bias, including the
during Covid-19. Radio station, Antena 3, ference, and it was co-hosted by Inês Lopes fact that Danish Radio was not playing mu-
continued to promote new talent and music Gonçalves. She started her career as a report- sic by female bands. This led to a miscon-
and RFM Somnii held a live beach party on er and currently has three jobs in the industry, ception in the music industry that female
the air, and a programme called Christmas which seems quite challenging when one is artists were less popular. To correct this, a
in the Night became a huge live event. a late-night talk show (5 Para a Meia Noite, strategy was implemented to ensure gender
The conference was opened by a per- Five Minutes to Midnight) on RTP, and one parity on the air.
formance of some Fado music, from Dino a morning show on Rádio Renascença. She The youth market radio is an area that the
d’Santiago (Fig. 3). He grew up in Portugal also hosts a RTP Memória talk show, Traz Pra radio industry tries hard to engage with, to
with Cape Verdean roots, and it is that music Frente (Bring Forwards). varying degrees of success. It was encour-
that inspires him today. It was certainly the Amusingly, the sofa used on Inês’ 5 Para a aging to hear of the popularity of NRK hit pod-
first time I have seen a conference commence Meia Noite programme was used for the virtu- cast Friminutt (Recess), a mixture of comedy
with hundreds of people dancing at their al sofa sessions at the conference (Fig. 4). and chat from Norwegians Herman Flesvig
seats. Check out some of his music online. and Mikkel Niva. Denmark’s DR P3 also
Dino sees radio as a channel for chang- Some Wise Words has a hit on its hands. På Bagsædet (On the
ing things for the better, with music be- Edita Kudláčová is Head of Radio at Backseat) covers real-life issues and is host-
ing a uniting force. He also carefully moni- the European Broadcasting Union. She ed by irreverent presenters Kamal Hassan
tors the streaming of his music on Spotify spoke of the growth in radio listeners and Hav Nabaz (Fig. 4).
and in podcasts. The Spotify for artists tool ever since the pandemic first struck: this
enables him to see, in real life, both the lo- growth being to hear music and for other Floods and Pestilence
cation and demographic of people who are relaxation purposes, in addition to being Radio In Times of Crisis: the Power of Local
streaming his music. able to access the latest information. Radio was, perhaps, the most enthralling
Recordings of a music session Dino Edita also spoke of the changing financial session that I attended. Our editor’s
did for Radio Comercial are on that sta- models, where paid-for podcasts are now German ‘home’ station, Radio Wuppertal,
tion’s YouTube channel, whilst an inter- becoming more commonplace. In tandem was a lifesaver for many during the worst
view he gave at Radiodays Europe can be with this is the increase in the number floods for 300 years, in July 2021.
watched on Facebook. of podcasts appearing daily, and of Editor-in-Chief, Georg Rose, told the tor-
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ql3lMc5v4Zs innovation in terms of content, production rid tale of how the station managed to stay
https://tinyurl.com/c5vdcp7u and distribution. on the air for eight hours, broadcasting vital
The President of Portugal, Marcelo Nuno The low number of female musicians be- messages and information. [Another Georg,
Duarte Rebelo de Sousa, also sent a greeting, ing played on radio led to an intriguing piece from the editor’s birthplace! -Ed.].

CHRISSY BRAND
Radio News
COMMUNITY MEDIA ASSOCIATION
LAUNCHES SMALL-SCALE DAB SURVEY:
The Community Media Association (CMA) has
launched a Community Radio small-scale DAB
Survey to better understand the challenges and
potential barriers for community radio stations
to get onto small-scale DAB multiplexes. The
CMA says, based on the licence applications
submitted to Ofcom, it could cost around £55,000
to establish a trouble-free multiplex using two
or more transmitter sites. The survey is to help
better understand how the costs of establishing
and running a multiplex apply to community radio
stations and to assess the technical capacity of
the sector. CMA Chair, Dom Chambers, said: “The
Community Media Association is delighted with
the progress being made with the rollout of small-
5 scale DAB which represents huge opportunities
for community radio on the new digital platform.
The emergency services, a city-wide siren would send a warning text message to all We are looking forward to the announcement of
and police drones all urged the local popula- phones in a target area and be backed up with invitations to apply for Round 3 shortly and the
tion to listen to Radio Wuppertal to learn of the a siren warning system in place, notifying the results from the CMA’s latest survey will help
flood’s impact, where to flee to, and what oth- population to listen to on the local radio sta- to support DCMS and Ofcom in licensing new
er actions to take. tion, immediately. multiplexes and broadcast services. The growth of
Although many people were listening to the As a result of the July floods, Radio community radio in the UK has been phenomenal
station online, the stream failed once the wa- Wuppertal’s profile increased locally and in- over the last decade and has way exceeded the
ter got into the basement of the radio studio. ternationally and was given the prestigious expectations of those early years. At the CMA
The robustness of FM saved the day, how- German radio award, Deutscher Radiopreis, we are working hard with DCMS and Ofcom to
ever, and the FM broadcast was streamed fur- for this coverage. More importantly, the maximise the opportunities for community
ther afield by radio presenters, through their broadcast helped people, as well as being broadcasting on DAB so that this vital contributor
phones. After eight hours there, was a com- another reminder of the impact of climate to the UK’s fantastic broadcast industry continues
plete transmission failure. Other radio sta- change, and the power of local, on-air, radio. with this level of growth, impact, and success.” […].
tions were already off-air due to the floods but Alessandro Gilioli is editor-in-chief of the (SOURCE: CMA | RadioToday | Industry Press)
the Radio Wuppertal broadcast proved, once news radio station Radio Popolare in Milan. https://tinyurl.com/yehbx52r
more, that radio can save your life. He spoke of the solidarity, friendship and im- https://tinyurl.com/5n8ac4dx
Georg Rose gave some key learning points portance of a community that was engen-
that need to be considered by all radio sta- dered by the station’s coverage when the DWARF STAR DISCOVERY: Astronomers have
tions when preparing for similar crises: Local area was one of the first to be affected by discovered the fastest-spinning White Dwarf
radio stations need electricity back up along Covid-19. Listeners were all encouraged to Star ever observed. The star completes a full
the lines of the big public service broadcast- sing the anti-Nazi song, Bella Ciao, from their rotation once every 25 seconds, researchers
ers, independent from the public power grid. balconies and rooftops and on the radio. This said. One rotation of the earth takes a day, while
In Wuppertal, 40% of the population have a campaign went viral, and I am sure readers the Sun rotates on its axis once every 27 days.
migration background and do not fully under- saw it on television and social media back in Astronomers established the spin period of
stand German, yet there are no broadcasts in April 2020. The support given by radio in keep- the star for the first time, confirming it as an
Arabic or Turkish; can texts, audio files or oth- ing listeners company and often talking about extremely rare example of a magnetic propeller
er forms of communication be made available topics other than Covid-19 were much appre- system. This is when the White Dwarf is pulling
for people who may not understand the radio ciated. Radio Populare continued to make use material from a nearby companion star and
output or who are deaf? The cost of transmis- of its influence throughout 2020 and 2021 by flinging it into space at around 3,000 km per
sion and emergency power is expensive and encouraging vaccination campaigns. The next second. Scientists report that it is only the second
needs public investment. One small battery- struggle for the station is to try and address magnetic propeller White Dwarf to have been
powered backup lasts for three hours, which the economic and social disparities caused identified in more than 70 years. This was done
is not long enough in a crisis. by the pandemic. using a combination of powerful and sensitive
A major public information and market- Attending a conference like this always instruments that allowed scientists to catch a
ing campaign is required, to make people re- imbibes me with a healthy dose of inspira- glimpse of the speeding star.
alise that radio works even when there is no tion, and I hope to attend future Radiodays (SOURCES: Monthly Notices of the Royal
power or internet. Every household needs a events (Fig. 5). The next Radiodays Europe Astronomical Society: Letters
battery-operated radio. In parallel with this, conference is in Malmö, Sweden, from 15th The ‘i’ Newspaper, 23rd November 2021: 5)
a new warning mechanism is needed. This to 17th May 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slab116

Aerials 101
ALL PICTURES: AN-SOF/ KEITH RAWLINGS, EXCEPT FIG. 1: WIKIPEDIA COMMONS; FIG. 2: KEITH RAWLINGS
Keith Rawlings
Keith.g4miu@gmail.com
H
ello and welcome to my first
column of 2022. We are
going to kick off the New
Year with a series covering
the technology of aerials on a
rudimentary basis. This will be an ongoing
topic throughout 2022, and it will also
include descriptions of different aerials
types ranging from the well-known to some
of the more unusual types.
There will be some formulae – which
on a technical subject such as this is
unavoidable – but I will keep this to a
minimum. Transmission lines will also
be covered, as well as wave propagation
because a basic grasp of this area will
be needed to understand how and why 1
particular aerials do what they do, or not
do, as the case may be. At the same time, I
will still bring you news, reviews and other
topics as they arise.
Aerials 101: A New
General Introduction
In wireless communication systems, radio
frequency (RF) signals are generated by
Series for Beginners
a transmitter and subsequently picked up
by a receiver. In between, these signals
Keith Rawlings begins the new year by outlining the
travel (‘propagate’) through free space. The content of his new series on basic aerial technology in
transmitted signal will eventually arrive at wireless communications systems and by looking at
the receiver.
Exactly how the signals end up there some key types of aerials and their main properties.
depends on several factors, such as the
frequencies involved, the location of the How Electromagnetic currents, and these currents are then fed
transmitters and receivers, any obstacles, Waves Behave to the receiver. This electromagnetic field
the terrain, and the atmosphere. On HF, Radio (wireless communication) relies on travels away from the aerial (or arrives at it)
the sunspot cycle will also have to be the radiation of electromagnetic waves at the accepted speed of light at 300x106
considered. to and from an aerial. Radiation from an m/s or 186,000 miles/s (velocity of propa-
If we then add to this the type of ‘service’ aerial is considered as a succession of gation = the speed of light). Hence, to find
desired for reception we have another concentric spheres of electric force, which the wavelength λ in metres, we can use the
group of factors to consider. There are move outwards from the aerial at a con- generally accepted formula λ=300/f MHz
amateur radio, broadcast band and ‘utility’ stant speed. Imagine dropping a stone in a or λ=300,000/kHz. Therefore, a wavelength
signals, on the HF bands. Moreover, we flat, calm, pond with the ripples in the wa- of 300m equals a frequency of 1MHz, and
have citizens band (CB), Satellite signals, ter representing radio waves. the 10 amateur band, for instance, has a
scientific use, airband (HF, VHF, UHF) and Electromagnetic waves which propagate wavelength of 10m, corresponding to a fre-
mobile phone signals, to mention just a few; in space are what we call radio signals. The quency of 30MHz. Incidentally, free space
the list goes on, but most of these signals wave propagates when an electrical cur- has been found to have an impedance of
will have very different basic requirements rent oscillates in the transmitting aerial. 377Ω.
for communication. Electromagnetic waves possess both
However, all of them have one thing electrical (E) and magnetic (H) fields, so The Inverse Square Law.
in common. A wireless communication the waves launched into space have alter- As radio waves travel away from the aeri-
system needs the means to launch and nating E-field and H-field components. al, they become weaker by a relationship
receive signals; in many cases covered by These fields are called transverse waves, called the Inverse Square Law. The mean-
this magazine, this is still through an aerial. which means they travel in the same direc- ing of this is that the strength of the signal
After reading the above I am sure you will tion and are orthogonal; this means that E is inversely proportional to the square of
not be surprised to learn that there are and H fields are at right angles (at 90°) to the distance the wave has travelled (1=). If
hundreds of different designs of aerial to each other and are inseparable (Fig. 1). you double the distance, you get four times
do the various jobs required efficiently and When the EM wave reaches the receive less power.
with stability. aerial, it sets up a copy of the intercepted This means that radio signals will get

Aerials 101
2 3
Fig.1: Electromagnetic Waves. Fig. 2: A diagram of The dipole is a conductor that has free current is 1.2 Amps. It should be around 1.4
λ/2 dipole elements (top), with current and voltage space at the ends. There can be no cur- amps but is roughly about right as the mod-
plots below. Fig. 3: An AN-SOF simulation of currents rent flow-off of the ends of this conduc- el has not been optimised, this can be con-
along a 20m dipole element. Fig. 4a: An AN-SOF tor. Consequently, the current has nowhere firmed by the formula:
simulation of a horizontal 20m dipole in free space. to go. Therefore, when power is applied to
Fig. 4b: An AN-SOF simulation of a vertical dipole in the dipole centre, the current at the end is Where I= current,
free space. Fig. 5: An AN-SOF simulation of a 20m zero and at a λ/4 (quarter-wave) back from P=Power and R=Resistance.
dipole λ/2 above ground. Fig. 6: An AN-SOF simulation this place (the centre) current will be at a
of the same 20m dipole but at 4λ above ground. maximum. Also, with no current flowing off The Meaning of Reciprocity
of the end, the voltage will have reached a Now might be a good time to mention reci-
weaker very rapidly as the distance from maximum, with a minimum being found at procity: This term means that the transmit
the transmitter increases. the centre. The aerial power will thus be the and receive properties of an aerial are iden-
currents, multiplied by the voltages found tical – they work the same on receiving as
The Dipole at the centre. This is simply a consequence they do on transmitting. Both gain and di-
The best place to start with a series about of Ohm’s Law, as found in any other circuit. rectivity will be the same for both modes. If
aerials is with a half-wave (λ/2) dipole you look at the radiation patterns in the fig-
(once known by the term ‘Hertz’ and also Inductance and Capacitance ures (see below), the angles depicted dem-
called a ‘Doublet’). The reason for this is An aerial is a form of tuned circuit, consist- onstrate not only the direction of signals
that a dipole is a basis for many designs: ing of inductance and capacitance. As a going out but also the direction the aerial
It can be used as an aerial in its own right result, it has a resonant frequency. When favours for signals coming in. Clearly, if
and in designs that use a combination of resonant, this is the frequency where the you know the pattern for signals going out
dipole elements. capacitive and inductive reluctances can- then you also know the directions for those
Not only that but it is also used as a ref- cel each other out, presenting a pure re- coming in. There are exceptions to this
erence for the comparison of other aerial sistance. rule. Active aerials come to mind, as they
designs and is one of the easiest designs The image in Fig. 2 depicts a diagram of are not suitable for transmitting. However,
to construct, put up and get working. a dipole and the relationship between cur- in general, aerials can be assumed to be re-
A λ/2 dipole is formed by making a con- rent and voltage along the element. Fig. 3 ciprocal devices.
ductor, which is electrically a half-wave- demonstrates this current as a model, on
length long at the desired frequency and the element of a 14MHz dipole. The black The Significance of Polar Plots
placing a feeder in the middle of this con- dot represents the feed point and the col- The radiation pattern (described as polar
ductor. If we take the amateur 14MHz our along the dipole stands for the current patterns or polar plots) is a reference to the
(20m) band as an example this would be intensity along the wire. The current is high- directional properties of the strength of the
some 33 ft long. est in the middle, where it is depicted as red radio wave. Propagating from the aerial of
The formula for working this length into and lowest at the ends where it is shown a dipole, this is that of a ‘doughnut’. This
a near-real-world dimension is 468/f were in blue. can be seen horizontally-polarised in Fig.
in this case f=14.150MHz. I say ‘near-real- The scale of the current can be read from 4a, and vertically-polarized in Fig. 4b.
world’, as there will be other factors that the colour bar to the right of the diagram, However, this is the ‘classical’ pattern and
can affect this length. These can be nearby and we can see that red represents a high is only the case when the aerial is located in
objects, such as trees, buildings, masts level and blue a low level. This model simu- ‘free space’, where there is no ground reflec-
and poles, insulators coating on the wire, lates a 100W transmitter input signal, and tion to affect the pattern. The image in Fig.
and so on. we can see that the predicted maximum 5 demonstrates the (more likely) pattern

Aerials 101
4a 4b
5 6
of a 14MHz horizontal dipole at λ/2 (33ft) Maxwell’s Equations. This is not the place New Practical Antenna
above a realistic ground. It can be seen that for an in-depth discussion; therefore, as a Models book from ON5AU
ground greatly affects the radiation pattern. summary, I will quote Saunders [1]: “ The Readers may remember that I have covered
This pattern is also affected by what ground existence of propagating electromagnetic Marcel ON5AU’s books Advanced Antenna
type is below the aerial. Built-up areas are waves can be predicted as a direct conse- Modelling and Practical Antenna Models
generally quite poor, while seawater on the quence of Maxwell’s equations [Maxwell Volume 1 in previous columns.
other hand is excellent in this respect. 1865]. These equations specify the relation- These books have been written to explain
Aerial height greatly affects radiation pat- ships between the variation of the Vector in more detail the workings and use of the
terns. This can be seen in Fig. 6 where the Electric field E and the Vector Magnetic field EZNEC and AutoEZ software suites in the
same dipole is mounted at 4λ above a real- H in time and space and within a medium. context of aerial modelling.
istic ground. The E field strength is measured in volts per I am pleased to report that there is a new
I will cover the subject of ground reflec- metre and is generated by either a time-vary- volume out: Practical Antennas Volume 2.
tions more in next month’s column. ing magnetic field or by a free charge. The H Volume 1 mainly covered modelling the
A dipole is a resonant aerial and effec- field is measured in amperes per meter and dipole and its derivatives, whereas Volume
tively a single-frequency aerial, although it is generated by either a time-varying electric 2 now concentrates on the variations of ver-
will present a match on its third harmonic field or by a current. tical designs, including a section on the ev-
(3λ/4). This aspect is commonly exploit- “Maxwell’s equations can be summarised er-popular J-Pole type.
ed on the 7MHz amateur band where a as follows: I have not yet had the time to thoroughly
dipole cut for this band will also work on An electric field is produced by a time- read through my volume. However, it has
the 21MHZ band, albeit with an altered ra- varying magnetic field. the same layout as the previous books in
diation pattern. The dipole nominally has A magnetic field is produced by a time- this series, and it looks to be very informa-
a feed point impedance of 73Ω. In the real varying electric field or by a current. tive.
world, this will vary with the height of the di- Electric field lines may either start and I will report back in a future column; in the
pole above ground. end on charges or are continuous. meantime, here is a link to Marcel’s website:
I could not finish this without mentioning Magnetic field lines are continuous” http://www.on5au.be/index.html

Feature
WIKIPEDIA
By David Harris
davidharris@bdxc.org.uk
O
n 29 September 2021, BBC Radio
3 commemorated 75 years of
broadcasting. Strictly speak-
ing, September 1946 was when
the BBC Third Programme first
came on the air. In September 1967, there
was a major reorganisation of BBC Radio
to accommodate the launch of pop mu-
sic station Radio 1. The ‘Third Programme’
was then rebranded as ‘Radio 3’, as of 30th
September 1967.
Looking back, it seems to have been a
brave move to launch a new radio station
in 1946. The Second World War had only
ended a year previously, the economy
had been devastated, rationing was still
in place, and many cities were covered in
bomb sites – an age of austerity.
Classical music has been a major
component of BBC radio programming
since the launch of BBC radio in 1923.
BBC radio broadcasts began in November
1922, with the first orchestral concert
programme transmitted on 23rd December
1922 (see the TV and Radio column,
elsewhere in this issue).
Thanks to a wonderful online resource,
we can now view every copy of the Radio
Times from Issue One (of 28th September
1923) onwards.
https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk
Programming and Radios 1

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, much
of the programming content consisted
of classical concerts and records. The
creation of the Third Programme in 1946
can be seen as a logical reorganisation of
Celebrating
services, which put most of the spoken
word programmes onto the ‘Home
Service’ (now ‘Radio 4’) and gave light
entertainment to the ‘Light Programme’
75 Years of
(now ‘Radio 2’). The ‘National Programme’
and the ‘North Regional Service’ were
both replaced by the ‘Home Service’ on 1st
September 1939.
BBC Radio 3
From 1946 until 1964, the Third David Harris draws on the Radio Times Archive, his
Programme broadcast, in the main,
between 1800 and around 2350. There previous publications in BDXC Communication and
were some daytime programmes other resources to paint a vivid picture of BBC Radio 3
aimed at schools and some sports
coverage on Saturdays.
following the station’s 75th Anniversary in 2021.
Along with classical concerts, there
were plays and talks on poetry, natural in their entirety” (Sir William Haley, the then loudspeaker and a valve amplifier. The
history, politics and other worthy subjects. Director-General of the BBC, in 1946). sound quality on AM must have been good
One of the aims of the Third Programme Radios in the 1940s and 1950s were but the reception of this new station was
was to be able to “devote time to the full frequently substantial pieces of furniture, difficult in some parts of the UK during the
and frequent performance of great works housed in wooden cabinets with a large hours of darkness.

Feature
THE KEITH HAMER AND GARRY SMITH ARCHIVE COLLECTION.
Fig. 1: BBC Radio 3 Ident (2021).

Fig. 2: The Third Programme: Handel’s Opera
Xerxes in preparation with translator, conductor
and opera coach (1948).
Fig. 3: George Barnes: The First Head of the BBC
Third Programme (1946).
The Third Programme was initially

broadcast on 583kHz, which was also
used by stations in Tunisia and Latvia. The
1473kHz frequency was also in use by
some low-power transmitters. In March
1950, the Third Programme moved to
647kHz with relay stations moving to
1546kHz. As Europe slowly rebuilt itself
after the Second World War, new MW
stations came on the air; their numbers
doubled between 1950 and 1955.
FM Broadcasting
The next big development with the Third
Programme was the start of FM (‘VHF’)
mono broadcasting on 2 May 1955. The
first experiments in FM broadcasting
started in January 1947, but only a small
number of BBC engineers were able to
listen to the transmissions. The BBC 2
started FM transmissions, initially from THE KEITH HAMER AND GARRY SMITH ARCHIVE COLLEC-
Wrotham, Kent (to serve London and the The aim was to have some 83% of the
South East). population covered by the end of 1956.
There is an article about VHF Interestingly, the article also reassures
broadcasting in the Radio Times (page listeners that it will be some time before
3 of Issue 1641; April 24 -30 1955) by MW will be switched off. In fact, Radio 3 did
Douglas Walters. He talks about the not vacate Medium Wave until 1992.
interference caused to AM broadcasts by
refrigerators, vacuum sweepers, hairdryers Local Radio
and neon signs. The early days of FM must have been rather
Although electrical interference is much like the beginning of DAB broadcasting.
worse today it has always been a problem Radios were very expensive and many
for the radio listener. The article points out people will not have seen it as worthwhile,
that, to receive VHF broadcasts, one will as there were no new stations on this new
need a new radio and an external aerial. band.
The Third Programme started FM It would not be until 1967 with the launch
broadcasting on 91.3MHz. The Home of BBC local radio that there would be any
Service and Light Programme also began other stations on VHF in the UK. The real
FM broadcasts in May 1955. The Wrotham beneficiaries of FM were hi-fi enthusiasts, 3
frequencies have remained unchanged who could now build or buy a tuner to
since 1955. It is interesting to note that connect to an amplifier and speakers, FM/DAB tuners.
the key selling point of FM was the lack of which would go along with their record The next move for the Third Programme
interference, rather than audio quality. deck. was stereo broadcasting, with tests
The Radio Times (No.1642 1 -7 May The mid-1950s also saw the launch of commencing from Wrotham in 1958
1955) featured another piece on VHF with the LP record, which meant that one could and regular broadcasts from 1962. BBC
coverage maps for the new service. The now hear longer pieces of music (up to 20 Stereo transmissions in 1962 were still
article boldly claims that 13 million people minutes a side), as opposed to the three- ‘experimental’, not a full, regular, service.
in the South-East would be able to receive minute duration of a 78 rpm record. Stereo was very slow to roll out, and it
the new service. The FM tuner was an essential part of was not until 1973 that Radio 1, 2 and 4
I wonder how many people had VHF any hi-fi system up until recent years. In became stereo broadcasters. BBC local
radios in 1955? The VHF service was to be our time, music-streaming and the failure radio had to wait until the 1980s. From
slowly rolled out in 10 areas by the end of of DAB to take off, along with threats December 1964, the Third Programme
1956, including the Midlands, East Anglia, of an FM switch-off seems to have left became a full-time station, broadcasting
and South Wales. only a few manufacturers still making from 0800 until approximately 2330.

Feature
Developments from 1967-2021 September 1992.

From 1946 to 1967, Radio 3 was known Classic FM was an immediate success Further Reading
as the Third Programme (see above). The and continues to be popular. RAJAR • Carpenter Humphrey (1966) The Envy of the
rebranding did not initially bring about any figures for March 2020 show Classic FM World: Fifty Years of the Third Programme
major changes, but, in 1969, the BBC report, with a 10% reach, as opposed to only and Radio Three
Broadcasting in the Seventies laid down the 4% for Radio 3. • Higgins, C. (2015) This New Noise: The
content and target audience for each radio Extraordinary Birth and Troubled Life of the
channel. This resulted in much of Radio Presenters and Listeners BBC (Guardian Faber Publishing)
3’s spoken word programmes migrating In an effort to popularise Radio 3, Paul • Mills, T. (2020) The BBC: Myth of a Public
to Radio 4. Previously, Radio 3 could be Gambaccini (b. 1949) presented a Service (Verso)
seen as a ‘cultural’ radio station. As it programme called The Morning Collection • Radio 3 Timeline:
moved into the 1970s it became more of a from 1995 to 1996. Paul began as a Radio https://tinyurl.com/2p8rzm36
‘classical music’ station. 1 presenter in 1974 and moved to Classic • Radio Times (1923 – onwards)
One constant of Radio 3 is the way it has FM in 1992. His tenure at Radio 3 led to https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk
retained certain mainstay programmes. accusations of the station ‘dumbing-down’, • Hendy, D. (forthcoming, 27th January 2022)
The most notable is Choral Evensong, and he returned to Classic FM after just a The BBC: A People’s History (Profile Books)
which was first broadcast by the BBC in year. The issue of relatively low listening • Potter, S. (forthcoming, 14th April 2022) This
1926. It moved over to Radio 3 in 1970. figures has been a factor for Radio 3 for its is the BBC: Entertaining the Nation, Speaking
I believe that this weekly performance whole existence. for Britain, 1922-2022 (Oxford: OUP).
is broadcast on DAB at an enhanced bit The station can be seen as a ‘flagship’
rate. Composer of the Week began on institution for Britain; a statement of its
BBC Home Service in 1943 and is part cultural values and a confirmation of the has been around for over 100 years.
of the Radio 3 schedule from Monday to importance that is attached to the Arts. The amount of jazz played by Radio 3
Friday. Jazz Record Requests has been on I think this was the rationale for starting has, sadly, diminished over the years, with
Radio 3 since 1964 when jazz trumpeter Radio 3/ the Third Programme in 1946: Jazz Record Requests the only programme
and raconteur Humphrey Lyttleton Britain defeated the totalitarian Axis to have lasted.
presented the show. powers in World War Two and wanted its In France, national station France
Radio 3 is also seen as the ‘home’ of the broadcasts to act as an example of cultural Musique manages to play quite a bit of
Proms, an eight-week season of classical freedom to other democracies. jazz, as well as classical music. On the
concerts performed every year from July Many other European countries also south coast of England, I hear this sta-
to September at the Royal Albert Hall, have cultural/classical music stations. tion frequently, particularly during the
London. The Proms were first broadcast by For example, France has France Musique; summer months on 95.6MHz from
the BBC in 1927. This was from the Queen’s Ireland transmits Lyric FM and Belgium Caen in Normandy.
Hall on 13th August 1927, which was broadcasts Klara and Musiq 3. Spain offers www.francemusique.fr
demolished by bombs during the Second RNE 2 and the Dutch enjoy the wonderful What is more, there are some Radio 3
World War (1939-1945). The Proms then station NPO 4. programmes, such as Night Tracks, Late
transferred to the Royal Albert Hall. Junction and Music Planet, which could be
If one looks back over copies of the Present and Future seen as ‘eclectic’ or ‘avant-garde’. These
Radio Times from any year from the The future of the BBC is currently under programmes may be aimed at younger
1970s onwards, then much of the content consideration, as its Charter comes listeners as that does seem to be a BBC
of Radio 3 has not really changed that up for renewal in 2027. Classic FM is a priority. Radio 3 has also dabbled in world
much. The bulk of the music is drawn commercial success, but it is difficult music with Andy Kershaw presenting a
from the established canon of classical to see how Radio 3 could attract much specialist programme from 2001-2007. He
music with some emphasis on more advertising or sponsorship. Some might still occasionally presents for Radio 3.
contemporary composers. Although it say that the BBC should focus on what Radio 3 does play quite a bit of
was possible to listen to classical music people want to watch and listen to rather ‘new’ Classical music and features
from other European stations, Radio 3 than subsidise what is sometimes seen as live performances.
had no competition until the launch of an ‘elitist’ radio station. I very much hope that, in 2046, we
the commercial station Classic FM in The launch of Scala Radio in 2019 will be celebrating the 100th Anniversary
does not appear to have dented Radio of BBC Radio 3.
3’s listening figures. This Bauer-owned,
The station can be commercial, DAB station only managed a [David Harris has drawn on several other
seen as a ‘flagship’ 1% reach in the March 2020 RAJAR figures. pieces, which he wrote for Communication,
institution for Britain; Both Classic FM and Radio 3 have very the newsletter of the British DX Club
many loyal listeners. (BDXC); for example, Classical Music Radio
a statement of its My own criticism of Radio 3 is that its (August 2019), and FM and DAB Tuners
cultural values and focus is almost exclusively on classical (February 2020).
a confirmation of the music. As a jazz fan, I do think that a http://bdxc.org.uk
couple of hours a day of programming Many thanks to Keith Hamer and Garry
importance that is could be given over to jazz. This genre Smith, for providing additional information
attached to the Arts encompasses a huge range of styles and and supplying images – Ed.].

Digital Radio
Kevin Ryan
kevin@radio-digital.co.uk
T
here was not too much
of note in this year’s
WorldDAB summit. The
group’s objectives over the
coming three years appear
roughly the same as before. They are, pri-
marily, to ensure that any developments
for car radios keep DAB broadcasts as
the primary source of audio, and not IP
(i.e. the internet).
The other objectives are marketing, re-
taining the countries currently using DAB, 1
and gaining new markets.
The Future of DAB

The ‘receivers’ section of the summit
covered marketing initiatives in Germany,
the Netherlands, Belgium and the UK.
and a Radio that

This dedicated digital radio store in
Germany has some interesting models:
https://www.dabplus.store
A presentation on the green creden-
tials of DAB+ boldly claimed that a DAB+
radio, at 50% volume, uses 40% less ener-
gy than an FM radio. Overall, DAB+ broad-
Knows Your Emotions
casting is claimed to use 90% less power
than FM with the same coverage.
Kevin Ryan reports on the 2021 WorldDAB Summit,
evaluates the latest Digital Radio and Audio Review,
UK Update has news on a software update for PURE digital
There was a short report on the UK’s
Digital Radio and Audio Review. I am radios and looks at a face-scanning ‘emotional radio’.
taking a first look at this very substantial
report later in this column, with more DAB radios; the latter were down by a touch screen attached. The one news
detail next month. The headline news some 18% (another presentation stated story I had not heard about concerned a
was that a switchover to all-digital is 11%) in 2020. Although the sales volume ‘smart’ digital radio with artificial intel-
seen as too risky now and will only of SmartRadios is quite small, this type ligence (AI). I am not sure whether this
happen when it benefits the listeners. of radio may turn out to be the one that was just a catch-all for smart speakers, or
There is a worry that FM listeners might grows in importance over the coming whether it related to a new type of radio
abandon radio completely if it was badly decade. that chooses what it ‘thinks’ you want to
managed. A review is planned for 2026. Many younger people are interested listen to. In this latter context, a company
The presenters also believe that a de- in ‘smart’ radios, but devices must have called Uniform Communications makes a
velopment plan is required to move for- Bluetooth (not a problem because many radio which links to Spotify.
ward but did not provide many details radios now include it) and, ideally, voice It can scan faces to determine the
about this. Ford Ennals of digitalradio. control. It would be a new development person’s mood, and then chooses ap-
co.uk (Fig. 1) delivered a presentation on if the radio were to have the functions of propriate music.
training retail staff to better explain the a smart speaker included within it. The https://tinyurl.com/2p8y8h3x
various features of digital radio that are Frontier Smart radio portal used by so https://tinyurl.com/uwn6j7kh
harder to understand than smart speak- many internet radios works with Alexa, Last but not least, an interesting graph
ers. The marketing plan is entitled Radio’s but you cannot control the radio through presented by GfK estimated that 1,390 dig-
Digital Revolution. John Lewis is prob- it and get Alexa to switch audio sources. ital radio models have Bluetooth, 276 inter-
ably the UK’s biggest electrical retailer For further details, you can check the sup- act with a smart app and 17 have AI.
in this context, but the website below port information on this website.
took some finding. https://www.frontier-nuvola.net Thoughts from Switzerland
https://tinyurl.com/4fe5xpwa The trends in digital radio across Switzerland’s Ofcom presenter described
Europe outlined in a report prepared by FM as a “phase-out technology”; it is
DAB Radio Sales GfK Marketing offered some information expensive and prevents innovation
The sale of all types of new radios is on new devices called ‘smart displays’. because there is no available spectrum.
declining sharply, including those of These consist of a smart speaker with Swiss FM networks will be shut down by

Digital Radio
ALL PICTURES: KEVIN RYAN
2 3
Fig. 1: Digital listening in the UK has surged to

nearly 66% according to the latest RAJAR figures.
Fig. 2: There are more listening choices for
Poland, and plans for five national multiplexes.
Fig. 3: The first update for the Pure Elan Connect+
radio is giving more prominence to Podcasts.
Fig. 4: The Pure Elan Connect+ offers a simple
web interface with some technical information
and access to the radio’s presets.
Fig. 5: A long-time user of DRM in Germany has
made a welcome return to short wave.
Fig. 6: Hidden in the DRM transmission for TDF
France, is a data file with an animated weather
forecast for the MiniTransat race. 4
the end of 2024. The earlier shutdown in 333 analogue (FM-AM-MW) stations. There listening habits as new digital platforms
August 2022 was abandoned because too are also over 300 (analogue) community ra- (for instance, a radio service designed for
many cars did not have a DAB+ tuner. dio stations, which collectively reach over 1 5G) and the number of services grow.
https://dabplus.ch/aktuelles million listeners every week. The review team assessed scenarios
Smart speakers, which emerged only ranging from one where the different age
DAB in Poland five years ago, are owned or accessed by a groups continue to use their preferred device
A major expansion of DAB coverage third of all adults, and account for 6% of all to listen to the radio, through to a major
is planned for Poland and two new audio consumption. A total of 64% of audio change, in which the take-up of smart online
multiplexes are at the planning stage. consumed on a smart speaker consists devices shoots up rapidly both in the home
(Fig. 2). They should be ready by summer of live radio. and in-car, and consumers switch to online
2022. This will take coverage by population services at a much faster pace.
to 80%, up from 56% in 2019. Figures on Listening Habits The broadcasters’ main worry about
coverage by area were not available, but and Smart Devices smart speakers is, of course, that their
from the maps shows, it looked to be The review considered how listening might channels will get lost in a ‘sea’ of other
around 55%. change in the future, by starting with how broadcasters, and that listeners lose their
we listen to radio now and adjusting that ‘connection’ to them.
The Digital Radio for demographic changes. The study I found out that Tesla cars do not have a
and Audio Review estimated that live radio listening would radio tuner. That is not surprising but how
The UK Government has now published the decline from its current share of 72% of many others will follow suit? The car market
above report. It is full of data but pushes all audio listening to around 66% by 2035. is seen as being vital to the continuing
the digital switchover date into the future However, this calculation assumes that growth of DAB, and WorldDAB will do
as expected. I learnt that there are 574 sta- the radio scene stays the same, and it everything it can to stop the likes of Google
tions available on DAB across the UK and does not take account of likely changes in and Amazon from ‘taking over’.

Digital Radio
The Digital Radio Journey

The review goes right back to the
beginning of digital radio calling it a ‘digital
journey’. It has now lasted for more than
25 years, with the mid-1990s launch
of DAB digital radio and the growth of
internet radio and online audio. Progress
to develop digital radio in the early
2000s was initially slow, despite the BBC
launching digital radio services in 2002.
The original plans to develop a second
national commercial DAB network came
to nothing, but we now have the SDL
National multiplex. The cost of receivers,
and the fact that the UK was one of the
early adopters, at first rendered vehicle
manufacturers cautious about installing
digital radios.
A Digital Radio Action Plan

The government’s 2010 Digital Radio
Action Plan aimed to encourage the
industry to work together and to
expand DAB coverage. Money from the
government, alongside investments by 5
both the BBC and commercial radio, led
to a major expansion of DAB network This could make it difficult for the big Consequently, the BBC and the commercial
coverage over the next decade. Since broadcasters to expand their audiences. broadcasters need to maintain FM services
then, the UK has seen the launch of the Although forecasts produced for this to reasonable standards of resilience until at
SDL national multiplex, the extension of review suggest that radio will decline as a least the early 2030s.
the Digital One to Northern Ireland and share of total audio consumed by 2035, it
the launch of more local multiplexes. is clear that radio will still be a vital medium SmartRadio Update
More recently, we witnessed the success accounting for over half of all audio This is probably a coincidence, but on
of small-scale DAB. Moreover, all new consumption well into the mid-2030s; FM the 30th of September, Pure has issued
passenger cars now have DAB and DAB+ will continue to be part of the mix until then. a software update for its Elan Connect+
installed as standard; this was practically One of the review’s principal conclusions models. It promised to give access to a
non-existent in 2010. is that live radio (DAB+) will still account for plethora of new podcast options. The date
In 2018, digital listening passed the over 50% of UK audio listening in the mid- coincided with International Podcast Day
‘50%-of-all-radio-listening’ threshold envis- 2030s, with only around 10% from analogue and was to be delivered automatically
aged by the Digital Radio Action Plan. A de- that is expected to be just FM by then. IP or to devices. I could not wait so I got the
cision was consequently made to set up a internet will be just under 40% and digital TV radio to update there and then. The e-mail
broad-based digital radio and audio review a low 3%. The review does not see any future from Pure Support had a link to explain
to help decide a future for digital and ana- for AM radio, which now accounts for just the purpose and features contained in
logue broadcasting, in the light of the wider 3% of all radio listening. the update but it turned out to be broken.
changes in listener habits. Interestingly the The UK radio industry should begin prepar- Fortunately, the link to the YouTube video
Terms of Reference did not include a future ing the ground for a switch-off of AM servic- did work.
switchover-timetable. Instead, the review es at some point in the next few years, but it https://tinyurl.com/54dcr7rt
looked at how and when listeners would be has not set an actual date as yet. It appears Podcasts now feature as a separate en-
moving from analogue to digital. that the BBC, Bauer and Wireless will now try (Fig. 3) on the top-level menu as an audio
need to create a plan. source. Podcasts related to a station can
The Future of Radio To ensure that radio remains available to still be found under Internet Radio. Podcasts
The UK is very well served by a wide all audiences across FM, DAB and IP and is now have the same options and categoriza-
range of radio and audio services with available as a free-to-air medium, the report tion as radio stations. I do not have space
a growing choice of national, local and suggests that government and Ofcom need to go into detail about how this works,
community services. The future health of to do certain things: FM spectrum will be but there is a complete review of the Pure
radio depends on the BBC and commercial needed for BBC, commercial and commu- Connect+ radio in my February 2021 column
broadcasters being able to attract and nity radio services, at least until 2030. There (RadioUser, February 2021: 57-59). The top-
retain audiences. However, audiences should be no mandated switchover before level menu in Podcasts is Popular, Genre
want more diversity in content, especially that time, and the DAB spectrum will be and then a list (presumably) of popular pod-
from new local independent services and needed for national (BBC and commercial), casts. Popular expands to UK, COVID-19,
a wide range of community radio stations. local and small-scale services beyond 2030. Search, Location and Discover.

Digital Radio
Radio News
DRM IN INDIA UPDATE : The public

6 broadcaster All India Radio (AIR) embraced
radio digitisation after 2010, delivering the
I wanted to find the latest edition of The logged the broadcast from Funklust (Fig. 5) largest radio digital radio roll-out in the world.
Unexplained by Howard Hughes (talkRA- on 15785kHz at 1030 UTC using a remote With just 39 powerful DRM transmitters
DIO) and found what I wanted by using receiver in Finland that yielded the best (mainly medium- and shortwave) installed and
Search. I tried finding the same podcast via signal. The broadcast was in mono using operational, AIR can already cover a large part of
the Internet Radio option, but at the time xHE-AAC but also carried an Electronic the subcontinent and provide an estimated 900
the only associated podcast for talkRADIO Programme Guide and Journaline. million people with digital DRM signals. Offering
was the Mike Graham Show. Overall, this is Meanwhile, TDF in France broadcast more traditional programming, AIR is truly the
a useful update. weather data to the boats taking part in only platform reaching all the corners of India
the MiniTransat Race from France to the and almost 100 per cent of its population with
Adding Streams Caribbean. I logged this on the 17800kHz news, Bollywood music, and more.
and Combined Lists frequency at 1720 UTC via a remote receiver The organisation realized that the DRM all-
I acquired a bit of knowledge recently that in the Caribbean. The broadcast carried data band standard is the only option for bringing
Frontier Silicon-based radios have a web labelled as an image file (.png), but this was the large AIR AM infrastructure into the 21st
interface (Fig. 4). You need to know the IP actually weather data stored in a binary file century. DRM means additional digital radio
address for your radio, and this should be in (.grp) (Fig. 6). By renaming the file, I could services with reduced energy costs (40 to 80
the network settings on the radio. My John run a forecast for pressure, rain and tem- per cent for AM and up to 90 per cent for FM).
Lewis Octave only offers a status screen, perature using the popular, and fairly wide- It was recognized that the additional services
but the Pure Connect+ SmartRadio lists spread, GRIBview desktop app. can generate new revenue streams without
the presets stored in the radio where you https://www.theyr.com/leisure_marine.asp compromising the existing content offer. The
can add your own streams. This feature creation by AIR of a more varied program content
is also available to users who have an Some Late DAB Information offer could maintain the interest of the listeners
account on the Frontier Silicon portal, and MuxCo Cumbria has now launched wooed by the nimbler news-free but music- and
whose radio provides an access code. The the Morecambe Bay multiplex on the gossip-rich private FM stations prevalent in
Report option generates a zip archive of 1st of December, probably using four the big- and medium-size metros and cities (no
mainly binary files for technical analysis; transmitters. The plan is for nine stereo more than about 60 per cent of the total Indian
the files I could view were just meaningless radio stations, including Heart (DAB), listenership).
characters. Smooth (DAB), Capital (DAB), BBC Radio (SOURCE: RADIOWORLD)
What is more, some DAB/FM radios will Cumbria (DAB), Bay Radio (DAB), Cando https://tinyurl.com/29rmw4de
soon have a combined station list, with du- FM (DAB+), Bay Trust Radio (DAB+), Fun
plicates removed, instead of separate ones Kids Junior (DAB+), and Chris Country DEATH OF RECEIVA: The impact of
for DAB and FM. Once the listener chooses a (DAB+). Qualcomm shutting down its Reciva internet
station, the radio will decide which transmit- Bauer Digital Radio Cumbria, covering radio aggregation platform earlier this year
ter and mode to use for the strongest avail- North and West Cumbria, will also be continues to reverberate through the internet
able signal. I believe that digital radios will launching soon. Using five transmitters, the radio manufacturing industry. The loss of this
become even ‘smarter’ when the combined new multiplex will carry 13 services. This platform means Reciva-enabled internet radios
list includes internet stations as well. will include some national ones currently can no longer connect to audio streams on
on national Sound Digital, and which are the web — rendering them effectively useless.
Noteworthy DRM News not available in the area. Grace Digital’s page for users affected by the
KTWR increased its DRM transmission for The stations lined up for this are: Reciva shutdown. Sangean Electronics is one of
the B21 season, now broadcasting in Tamil Greatest Hits Radio, Country Hits Radio, the manufacturers left stranded by the Reciva
and English to India from 0957 to 1056 UTC Planet Rock, Scala Radio, Absolute Radio shutdown [More at the URLs, below – Ed.].
on 15200 kHz. The Saturday broadcast 80s, Absolute Radio 90s, Absolute Classic (SOURCE: RADIOWORLD | SWLing Post)
to East Asia runs from 1100 to 1230 UTC Rock, Magic Chilled, Magic Soul, Mellow https://tinyurl.com/f9f248m7
on 9910 kHz in English and Japanese. I Magic, and Jazz FM. https://tinyurl.com/2j6szspx

TV & Radio: Past & Present
Keith Hamer
Keith405625.kh1@gmail.com
Garry Smith
Garry405625.gs@gmail.com
R
egular readers will remem-
ber that last year, we featured
a series of articles commem-
orating the 85th Anniversary
of BBC Television, culminat-
ing in the November issue to coincide
with the official start on November 2nd,
1936 (RadioUser, September 2021: 37-39;
October 2021: 38-40; December 2021: 48-
50).
Well, this year marks the BBC’s Centenary,
and we have set ourselves the task of at-
tempting to cover as many aspects as possi-
ble of engineering or programme-making for
every year between 1922 and 2022. 1
BBC 100 Years: 1922-1929

The BBC was originally a limited company,
formed on October 18th, 1922. A 10-shil-
ling broadcast receiving licence (a mere
The BBC Centenary
50p in today’s money) was introduced on
November 1st (Fig. 1).
Daily broadcasts from the London sta-
tion, known as 2LO, began on the evening of
in 2022: A Prelude
November 14th, 1922. Before then, broad- Keith Hamer and Garry Smith begin covering the
casting in Britain was strictly the preserve of
industrial concerns in their research depart-
BBC’s 2022 Centenary, showcase classic vintage
ments and a few experimenting amateurs. wireless adverts, unearth lesser-known aspects of
To provide a regular service for a growing au-
dience of listeners, the Postmaster-General
the life of John Logie Baird.
granted a licence to radio manufacturers
to form The British Broadcasting Company, work were given in our May 2020 column continued for one year. [see also Tony Smith:
Limited, of which John Charles Walsham (RadioUser, May 2020: 22-23). ‘The British Broadcasting Company in 1925’
Reith was Managing Director. RadioUser, December 2021: 24-28 – Ed.].
Six major companies provided the main A Tireless Work Ethic
investment and guaranteed to finance a ser- The early ‘wireless-pioneers’ worked tireless- From Company to Corporation
vice for two years. The six investors were, ly for many hours each day, often without When the original BBC became the British
to give them their full titles, The Marconi any breaks and in conditions of severe dis- Broadcasting Corporation, constituted un-
Company, The Western Electric Company, comfort. Nevertheless, within a few months, der a Royal Charter on January 1st, 1927, the
The Radio Communications Company, The four hours of programmes were transmitted organisation had gained the appreciation of
Metropolitan Vickers Company, The General daily, without fail, to some tens of thousands more than two million families. As broad-
Electric Company, and The British Thompson- of listeners. In December 1922, the news casting grew in scope and popularity, annual
Houston Company. A number of smaller in- bulletins were read in London and broad- events and favourite personalities emerged.
vestors, radio manufacturers and retailers cast simultaneously, utilizing connecting Running commentaries on the Boat Race
were also represented. The BBC’s income landlines, from all stations. Orchestras were were an early Outside Broadcast engineer-
was derived from the proceeds of half the assembled at each station, as far as studio ing triumph, the launch-craft Magician being
10-shilling licence fee plus royalties paid on space permitted. fitted with a short wave transmitter in the
the sale of receivers. Several relay stations were opened in stem. Children’s Hour was broadcast at five
On the following day, after the success- 1924. In 1925, the Daventry (5XX) trans- o’clock each day and the ‘aunts’ and ‘uncles’
ful launch of the 2LO station in London, pro- mitter reached out to more distant parts of took to the airwaves to amaze children of
grammes were broadcast regularly from Britain, carrying an alternative programme, all ages. The first Wireless Orchestra con-
Birmingham (5IT) and Manchester (2ZY). including weather forecasts and gale warn- cert was given in June 1923, by Percy Pitt.
Stations in Newcastle, Cardiff, Glasgow, ings. Experimental transmissions of ‘still’ Winston Churchill’s first broadcast was an
Aberdeen, and Bournemouth were opened pictures using the Fultograph process were appeal for Wireless For The Blind.
within the following year. Details about inaugurated from the Daventry transmitter In April 1924, talks were broadcast to
the expansion of the MW transmitter net- on October 30th, 1928. The transmissions schools during the afternoon. Programmes

ALL PICTURES: THE KEITH HAMER+GARRY SMITH ARCHIVE COLLECTION.
Fig. 1: The 10-shilling broadcast receiving licence was introduced on November 1st, 1922. Fig. 2: The first
BBC transmitter was installed at Marconi House, London; it was the first of a number of 1kW transmitters.
2 Fig. 3: Studio 1 at the Savoy Hill 2LO station in 1923.
for families at home normally began later in from the Queen’s Hall in London on August a Marconiphone is to gain an entirely new
the day. One authority of interest who gave a 13th, 1929, with Sir Henry J. Wood conduct- conception of wireless entertainment - a finer
talk to schools in the spring of 1924 was Sir ing his Symphony Orchestra. Tickets for standard of natural reproduction; of range; of
Oliver Lodge (1851-1940; RadioUser, March the ‘promenade’ area cost just 2 shillings simplicity. The untiring research and resourc-
2021: 30-31; April 2021: 28-31; May 2021: 49- (10p.) The more affluent music lovers paid es of the immense Marconi organisation are
51, and July 2021: 41-43). 7 shillings and sixpence (37½p.) to be in the behind every Marconiphone Receiver.
‘Grand Circle’. MARCONIPHONE WIRELESS EQUIPMENT
New Horizons Furthermore, plays specially written for Marconi Valves, Marconiphone Receiving
In this informal, almost ‘casual’ way, broadcasting were encouraged. Many tal- Sets, Loud Speakers, Transformers, Power
new horizons were opened, and School ented people distinguished in the Arts and Units and Components, is sold by all Radio
Broadcasting began. This soon became a Sciences were invited to the microphone. Dealers. Write for Marconiphone General
part of the national system of education. Then, on August 20th, 1929, the first BBC Radio Catalogue No. 453z.
The first BBC transmitter was installed at transmission of 30-line experimental televi- The Marconiphone Company Limited, 210-
Marconi House, London. It was the first of sion using Baird’s studio went out. 212, Tottenham Court Road London, W.1”
several 1kW transmitters each located near The next major development in radio came
the centre of the town it served (Fig. 2). in 1929 with the opening of Brookman’s Park, Early Television Pioneers:
However, soon, more spacious accom- the first of the high-power, twin-wave ‘region- John Logie Baird – Part 1
modation was required. As engineering ad- al’ stations. These each contained two sepa- Our ongoing series, detailing the careers of
vances had made it possible to separate rate 50kW transmitters, one for regional out- early television pioneers, began with Paul
transmitters from studios the head office put, the other for the National Programme. Nipkow in September 2020 (RadioUser,
and London studios moved to Savoy Hill in These transmitters were of much-improved September 2020: 57-58; see also: RadioUser,
1923 (Fig. 3). design, housed in glass-fronted cabinets. November 2020: 25-27; January 2021: 60-
When Parliament decided that the British Increasing interference from European sta- 61, and March 2011: 30-31).
Broadcasting Company, Limited, should tions and electrical equipment made it nec- The main components that Nipkow used
be dissolved and have a Royal Charter essary to augment the service in some parts for his ubiquitous scanning discs are shown
for ten years from 1926, the new British of the country. Regional ‘twin-wave’ broad- in Fig. 5.
Broadcasting Corporation acquired a unique casts (as opposed to ‘single-wave’) began This month, we are turning the spotlight
coat of arms and flew their own flag. It di- during the following year. once again onto the inventor, John Logie
rected its activities without too much inter- Baird (see also: RadioUser, September 2019:
ference from the government and controlled Early Radio Equipment: 30-31; July 2020: 27-28; May 2021: 49-51).
its own finances. The Charter called on the A 1928 Marconi Receiver
BBC to develop broadcasting “to the best ad- This month’s wander through vintage copies A Biographical Sketch
vantage and in the national interest”. of moth-eaten newspapers and magazines Baird was born on August 13th, 1888, at
has hit upon a great Marconiphone Receiver The Lodge, 121 West Argyle Street in
High Standards (Fig. 4). This is the full description of the Helensburgh, Dunbartonshire. He was the
A high standard of musical performances equipment originally featured in a Marconi youngest of four children of Reverend John
was set, both symphonic and operatic. The Company advertisement, dated 1928: Baird, the Church of Scotland’s minister for
first BBC Promenade Concert was broadcast “You get more from Marconiphone. To own the local St Bride’s Church in Helensburgh,

5 6
Fig. 4: An example of a Marconiphone receiver

manufactured in 1928. Fig. 5: Paul Nipkow’s famous
disc scanning system. Fig. 6: John Logie Baird in
1917. Fig. 7: The Queen’s Arcade in Hastings, where
4 Baird rented a workshop.
and his wife, Jessie Morrison Inglis (née, owners would look like, and did they have
Albu). Despite suffering from ill health for a room set aside to display some of Baird’s
most of his life, he still showed early signs early equipment? Alas, nobody was at home
of ingenuity. He was educated at Larchfield so we left, still wondering what may have
Academy (now part of Lomond School) in been just the other side of that red door.
Helensburgh, followed by the Glasgow and Undaunted by his ill health, Baird rented a
West of Scotland Technical College, and fi- workshop and established his laboratory in
nally the University of Glasgow. the Queen’s Arcade in the town and set about
His studies on an electrical engineering experimenting with the transmission and re-
course at the college soon demonstrated ception of television signals.
that he had a keen interest in science and He used a variety of materials: Some of
technology. He designed a remote-control the items included a used tea chest, an old 7
system for a camera, and a basic telephone hatbox, several lenses from bicycle lights,
exchange network to connect his bedroom to a pair of scissors, darning needles, sealing dio facilities in Limerick, home of RTÉ
those of his friends across the street. wax, and glue. lyric fm.
At the beginning of 1915, he volunteered Whilst in Hastings, the authors visited the RTÉ explained their decision as follows:
for service in the British Army but was clas- Queen’s Arcade (Fig. 7). Furthermore, Baird “The move to cease DAB transmission
sified as ‘medically-unfit’ for active duty (Fig. designed new and improved Nipkow discs was driven by three main factors - the fact
6). Unable to go to the Front, he served as and used larger lenses, culminating in a disc that DAB was the least utilised platform in
the superintendent engineer with the Clyde over eight feet in diameter with eight-inch Ireland; that RTÉ is the only Irish broadcaster
Valley Electrical Power Company, which was lenses – something that could soon turn into on the DAB system, and cost avoidance.”
engaged in munitions work. After a brief spell a deadly weapon, when in motion.
as a salesman and an unsuccessful busi- DX-TV & FM News
ness venture in Trinidad, Baird eventually re- RTÉ DAB Switched Off The latest DX news, plus details of changes
turned home to Britain in 1920. Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) have switched to broadcast television and radio services, is
off their DAB transmissions. The RTÉ na- available online in the Articles section of the
The Red Door, Deadly Discs and tional multiplex, the only one in Éire, car- Radio Enthusiast website:
Arcades ried RTÉ Radio 1, RTÉ 2FM, RTÉ lyric fm, www.radioenthusiast.co.uk
In 1923, he moved to Hastings to convalesce RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta, RTÉ Choice,
from a serious bout of ill health. In August RTÉ Gold, RTÉ 2XM, RTÉ Junior, RTÉ Chill, Stay Tuned!
2021, the intrepid authors from Derby vis- and RTÉ Pulse. However, its digital radio Please send archive photographs, informa-
ited this famous address where Baird first services, RTÉ Gold, RTÉ 2XM, RTÉ Radio 1 tion, news or suggestions for future topics
displayed television images. Walking up the Extra, RTÉ Pulse, and RTÉjr Radio, will remain via the E-mail addresses shown at the top of
steep steps to the red front door to ask if we available on other platforms. this column. Please be advised that we can-
could photograph the commemorative blue The closures are part of major cuts not undertake to answer E-mails relating to
plaque, installed on the wall by The Institute across the organisation, including 200 technical issues or give advice on suitable
Of Physics, we wondered what the present jobs being lost and the closure of its stu- equipment.

Feature
GW
Georg Wiessala
Aerials for the
ELF and VLF
I
f you are a regular reader, you will,
no doubt, have noticed my interest
in the Extremely Low Frequency
(ELF, 3-30Hz) and Very Low
Frequency (30Hz-30kHz) bands,
sometimes referred to as the ‘Basement-
Bands’ of radio (Table 1). Radio signals at
these extremities (Fig. 1) are fascinating,
Bands (Part I)
not just as physical phenomena in them- The editor revisits the Very Low Frequency (VLF) part
selves, but primarily because they offer so
much information about how our world –
of the spectrum, evaluating the kinds of receivers,
and the wider universe – are working. aerials and accessories you might find useful if you
It may be useful to remind ourselves of
the basic separation of signals in these
venture into this fascinating part of the radio hobby.
very low regions: First, here is what you
may call ‘radio-before-radio-was-invent- Both Oliver Lodge (1851-1940) and website, Radio Waves Below 22kHz, are,
ed’. These are the sounds from the natu- Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) are known in my view, the top go-to resources if you
ral environment, space and the Earth’s to have studied these emissions and wish to learn more about this fascinating
magnetosphere and ionosphere. Many of related phenomena; the latter specifically field (Fig. 2).
them have their origins in lightning strikes at his laboratories at Colorado Springs http://www.auroralchorus.com
(RadioUser, January 2013: 8). and Wardenclyffe. http://www.vlf.it
They sub-divide into geophysical and https://tinyurl.com/389zd23h https://tinyurl.com/3dj92sbt
weather-related noises. But all are natural In our days, US researcher Stephen
sounds, not man-made signals – and they P. McGreevy has made a decades-long, The Many Uses of VLF
never cease to amaze me. much-noticed, study of the Whistlers, Monitoring
The Earth’s own Schuman Resonance Sferics, Tweeks, Dawn Chorus, Hiss, Next to Nature Radio, the VLF band
in the Earth-Ionosphere Wave Guide Echo-Trains (ca 1-30kHz) and many reveals radio transmissions of human
is a Standing Wave at a frequency of other related sounds, recording origin, which you may find between,
7.8Hz (with harmonics on 14.3, 20.8, them meticulously. approximately 15 and 80kHz. There used
27.3, and 33.8 Hz). It is a prime example Here in Europe, Renato Romero’s book to be a multitude of signals here, from
of these sounds. on Radio Nature and the companion transmissions to the submarines of the

Feature
RSGB NASA
Fig.1: Submarines to SFTS stations: signals and

noise in the VLF Band in the UK (August 2021).
Fig. 2: Nature Radio, by Renato Romero (RSGB).
Fig. 3: The 2021 Issue of the NASA INSPIRE
Journal. Fig. 4: The SAQ Grimeton Transmission
on Alexanderson Day (4th July 2021).
Fig. 5: Some of the ELF and VLF receivers I have
used in the past – outdoors only!
Fig. 6: The UKRAA VLF Receiver (https://ukraa.
com). Fig. 7: The former Rugby Aerial Tuning
Inductor Coil from GBZ, now at the London
Science Museum. Fig. 8: The BAZ VLF S1-N
(Spherics) Power Ferrite Module. Fig. 9: The BAZ
Power Ferrite Module for MSF60 |HBG 75 | DCF
77.5 (N.B.: ‘HGB’ is now defunct). Fig. 10: The
ADDX-AT-2BNC aerial by the late Charly Hardt.
Fig. 11: At professional level: The Aaronia MDF
and MagnoTRACKER series of ELF/ VLF aerials.
world’s navies to Frequency Standard and 2 3

Time Signal (FSTS) transmissions (MSF, SAQ
DCF77, WWVB, Russian Beta Chain, 25kHz).

The latter group includes a range of
global hyperbolic navigation signals (Decca,
LORAN-A, LORAN-C, and so on). Most of
these are now of historical interest only (e.g.
the former [Russian] ALPHA [RSDN-20, ca
11-16kHz] and [US] OMEGA, ca. 10-14kHz
chains; Klawitter, G. 1991: 28).
https://www.loran-history.info/default.htm
http://www.vlf.it/alphatrond/alpha.htm
The WWVB time signals on 60kHz have
also occasionally been monitored to study
wider ionospheric changes.
Moreover, some experimental radio
amateurs operate here (below 9kHz,
137 and 472kHz), as do scientists and
even artists (The INSPIRE Journal, Spring
2021: 28; Fig. 3). 4
The band is also widely used by cave-
and mountain rescuers, water-resource wider phenomena, in the areas of geology, descriptions of a range of VLF projects.
explorers, medics and many other users geodesy, space-weather, propagation, Prominent examples of those are the
besides – Lots to explore then. terrestrial earthquakes, and a wide range of Stanford Solar Centre SuperSID Monitor,
You might just get a piece of software geomagnetic and geophysical phenomena. for the case of VLF, and the NASA INSPIRE
like the audio spectrum analyser Spectrum One of the most popular applications of Project (Fig. 3).
Lab (by W. Büscher DL4 YHF) and explore VLF monitoring amongst radio enthusiasts https://tinyurl.com/5ff4ahap
these signals on their own merits, they includes radio/ solar astronomy, lightning- There are very significant practical
are certainly very interesting for the radio tracking, aurora-watching, and catching scientific applications to this activity
hobbyist or citizen-scientist to view, special-events stations. In this latter of (indirectly) monitoring the Sun-Earth
analyse and monitor. category Grimeton SAQ (on 17.2kHz) is a connection by tracking variations in the
https://www.qsl.net/dl4yhf regular; it once again transmitted messages reception of VLF signals.
And indeed, many radio enthusiasts are on Alexanderson Day 2021 (4th July These ups and downs reflect the vagaries
quite happy to leave it at that and marvel at 2021, Fig. 4). of space weather and demonstrate
the colourful and revealing, ever-changing, https://tinyurl.com/2p9yrs3j our Star’s influence on all terrestrial
displays of those signals. This is where https://tinyurl.com/muzycz34 infrastructure, satellites, communications
signals analysis meets art (Fig. 1). From what I hear, many hobbyists are systems, and so on.
interested in investigating how solar flares As a result of this, many Governments
A Litmus Paper on VLF can translate into Sudden Ionospheric around the world are now much more aware
However, it gets really interesting if you do Disturbances (SID) here on Earth. of this and are developing appropriate pre-
go a little further and treat VLF signals like Consequently, some recent publications emptive strategies. The UK’s recent Space
electronic litmus paper, i.e. as indicators of have contained detailed instructions and Weather Strategy is one example of this. The

Feature
GW UKRAA
5 6
GW/ BAZ
USA and Australia, to name but a few others,

have issued similar blueprints.
https://tinyurl.com/5xth7jvv
Beginning with Suitable

VLF Equipment
In terms of what you will need, to receive
ELF and/ or VLF waves, much depends on
your preferred ways of working. If you are
into nature radio, then, of course, you need
to be outdoors, away from any electrical
interference. You may want to consider
home-brewing or acquiring a portable ELF
receiver / Solar Flare monitor, such as the
following models (e.g. Fig. 5):
• Elettrofficina ELF-VLF PIC-RX04 (and its
successor-models)
• Kiwa Earth Monitor (rare now)
• NASA INSPIRE VLF-3
• North Country ELF (Earth) Receiver
• SE1 VLF-ELF-Spherics Receiver (by author
and experimenter Wolfgang Friese).
• Sistel Explorer E202
• Stanford SuperSID Receiver
• UKRAA VLF Receiver
• WR-3 VLF Receiver (by S. P. McGreevy).
Furthermore, many hobbyists use dedicated 7
hardware VLF receivers or level meters;
amongst those, the Siemens D2008 0-96kHz range of signals). the ELAD, SDRplay and AirSpy models offer
continues to be a popular specialist model. Connected to the right antenna (see unmatched features like recording - which
However, a suitable general HF receiver below), these can yield excellent results. you will definitely want to make use of.
will do the job well; the AOR AR7030, for When monitoring solar flares using In certain areas of interest, for instance,
instance, goes down to 0kHz, and many variations in VLF signals, you could use the SAQ transmissions on 17.2kHz (Fig.
other HF receivers start at 30, 50 or 60Hz. the Stanford SuperSID, the NASA INSPIRE 4) there are special pieces of software you
Most VLF enthusiasts use the popular VLF-3 or, closer to home, the UKRAA VLF can use, such as the (slightly older but still
Spectrum Lab software suite by Wolfgang Receiver by the UK Radio Astronomy available) SAQ Panoramic VLF Receiver (V.
Buescher DL4YHF (Fig. 1). Association (Fig. 6). 0.94) by SM6LKM.
https://www.qsl.net/dl4yhf/spectra1.html https://tinyurl.com/yckkbavf This may require little more than a
Make sure you have a suitable (192kHz- For many others, the greater flexibility and redundant laptop PC and LW aerial.
sampling-rate) sound card, such as the customisation of Software-Defined Radio (Thanks to RadioUser correspondent Bob
popular E-MU 0204 USB or the more (SDR) offers a good way to explore ELF and Houlston, for additional information – Ed.).
recent Behringer U-PHORIA UMC202HD VLF signals. I used to start by using the RF https://tinyurl.com/2p9a8fe8
24 Bit/192kHz USB Audio Interface (for a Space SDR-IQ. These days, receivers such as http://g4pvb.eu5.net/saq.htm

Feature
GW/ BAZ GW/ BAZ
8 9
GW COURTESY OF AARONIA
10 11
The Propagation of VLF Waves The important thing to remember here For nature radio, your aerial must be able
When choosing your aerial, remember that is that VLF signals display predominantly to receive the omnidirectional atmospheric
VLF propagation is contingent on frequency, vertical polarisation. impulse radiation at around 10kHz from
diurnal, annual and solar patterns, Furthermore, by contrast to, say, short lightning strikes, auroras, sprites, jets and
transmitter power and an aerial’s efficiency, wave radio signals, VLF propagation can elves – which is why a simple telescopic
amongst other things. VLF ground wave be augmented by enhanced atmospheric antenna is often more than sufficient
signals travel close to the Earth, following its ionisation, such as during solar storms or here (see below).
curvature. They may be slowed down by the meteor scatter. You can find many useful resources
ground’s dielectric constant, and they are However, astronomical events, such as on the prediction of VLF propagation
reaching significantly further over water, for solar eclipses, have been shown to have a conditions, both online and in print format.
instance (e.g.: Friese, 2007: 11-13). dampening effect on signals levels Most of those predictions are based
Ground wave predominates, and is very https://tinyurl.com/2p8e275w on a phenomenon called the Equatorial
stable by day, whilst, after dark, LF signals Therefore, a VLF receiver setup can Ring Current and on related geomagnetic
travel strongly by both ground and skywave. be made to work as a monitor of Sudden activity, especially the measurement of the
Skywave VLF travels, worldwide, in the Earth- Ionospheric Disturbances (SID) or similar disturbance storm time index (DST Index).
Ionosphere Waveguide (80-800km). phenomena precisely because VLF signals https://tinyurl.com/5xyx2ew7
This sub-ionospheric propagation get stronger as a result of solar flares. http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dstdir
undergoes refraction, reflection or They can circle the globe and penetrate https://tinyurl.com/4psu44u7
attenuation. Signals typically have skip water, to some degree (and vertically).
distances between 1,000 and 2,000km. But the key information content of any Some Suitable Aerials for VLF
When both kinds of waves arrive man-made radiated VLF signal here will If you want to take a look at a truly huge
at the receiver at the same time, you be sparse, bandwidth is less than 200Hz, VLF aerial (actually an aerial tuning
will experience both constructive and transmitter aerials are very large and inductor coil), you can visit the Science
destructive interference and fading, as radiation efficiency is low (For details and Museum in London. Find the (permanent)
happens in other frequency bands. the maths, cf. Evren Ekmekçi, 2004). Information Age exhibit, to come face-

Feature
0-3kHz
3-30kHz
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)
Very Low Frequency (VLF)

for ELF to MF are listed below.
Both firms also make customised
and high-performance aerials
Radio News
30-300kHz Low Frequency (LF) (Hochleistungsantennen), which will DAB RADIO MULTIPLEXES: New DAB
300-3000kHz Medium Frequency (MF)
often be a great solution, depending on digital radio multiplexes in Cumbria and
what signals you are interested in. These Morecambe Bay are launching on December
Note: ‘LF’ includes the long wave (LW) broadcast band, and ‘MF’ are 1,050 mm long, have up to 55 ferrite 1st, 2021. The Bauer-owned North and West
includes the medium wave broadcast band. bars inside, are in widespread use in Cumbria multiplex said it was to carry CFM,
Table 1: Frequency Bands from ELF to MF (see electronics laboratories. Greatest Hits Radio, Planet Rock, Scala
also: RadioUser, July 2018: 49). Some have been tested comprehensively Radio, Absolute Radio 80s, Absolute Radio
for radio magazines and books (e.g.: 90s, Absolute Classic Rock, Absolute Radio
7.8kHz Schumann Resonance Friese, 2007: 37ff.). Country, Magic Chilled, Magic Soul, Mellow
For hobby or even semi-professional Magic, Jazz FM and BBC Radio Cumbria
17.2kHz SAQ Grimeton (Special Occasions Only)
(‘prosumer’) use, take a look at the following when it won the uncontested licence in 2019.
60kHz
MSF Standard Frequency and BAZ and Grahn aerials ranges: Meanwhile, the MuxCo/Nation Broadcasting
Time Signal Station NPL, UK • BAZ VLF S1-N (Spherics) Power Ferrite Morecambe Bay multiplex will cover
77.5kHz Module (15-70kHz by // C: 20pF – Morecambe Bay and South Cumbria with
DCF77, PTA Germany
137kHz (Europe) 1.8 nF) (Fig. 8). transmitters in Lancaster, Kendal, Ulverston
147.3 German Weather Service (DWD) DDH47
• BAZ Power Ferrite Module for SFTS and Windermere […]. Hospital radio service
stations MSF60 |HBG 75 | DCF 77.5 (Fig. 9). Bay Trust Radio has also confirmed it will be
198kHz • BAZ LFM/ZZ1-N (For Standard Frequency on the multiplex. The full line-ups for both
BBC 4 (Long Wave)
472kHz (Europe)
and Time Signals [SFTS] Stations). multiplexes have not been announced as yet
Table 2: A (Small) Selection of Frequencies. • BAZ LFM/5-50 (5-50kHz) ferrite module. but RU will keep updating you on this.
• BAZ LFM 50/300 (50-300kHz […] . (SOURCE: RadioToday)
to-face with the ‘Rugby-Monster’. This https://tinyurl.com/2vmjx9wa https://tinyurl.com/bdha7vpc
contraption was once part of the famous • Grahn VLF-2 Ferrite Bar (‘Alexanderson’;
‘GBR’ transmitter (16kHz; Fig. 7; Hancock, 10-300kHz; €189) COMMUNITY RADIO STATIONS WANTED
M. [2017] The History of Rugby Radio • Grahn LW-1 (30-150kHz) and Grahn TO AIR NEW AUDIO DRAMA: A new drama
Station, pp. 110/111). Only very few of us LW-3 (75-400kHz) series called The Waves is being made
have room for something as large as this! • Grahn ‘Nautic’ (100-600kHz) available free of charge to all community
https://tinyurl.com/2p99tc6b • Grahn MW2-3 (switchable: 400-1800 radio stations. Holy Mountain created
On a smaller scale, you might just and 850-4000kHz) the audio in association with Tamasha
connect a long wire to your soundcard • Grahn Base Unit GS-5 (For all Grahn Loops Theatre Company with money from the
or radio, but this is prone to noise and and Ferrite Bar aerials; €249-349) […]. Audio Content Fund. Each instalment tells
interference from the environment. https://tinyurl.com/rptemdcx a story based in a different part of the UK,
Therefore, many radio amateurs • Of good value in this field – but very hard but, taken together, the episodes create a
are coupling tuning loops to ferrites to find these days – was the ADDX-AT- national picture of contemporary British
as secondary radiators. Others are 2BNC once manufactured by my fellow life. There are five stories, each written by
recommending drums of a simple wire, ‘Remscheider’, the late Charlie H. Hardt. promising young writers of dual or multiple
connected serially, as a VLF antenna. If It came with a custom-made amplifier heritage from across the country. These are
you do this, you ought to ensure you have module and could be switched to either 50- modern, fresh and contemporary stories.
as many turns of the wire as possible, at 120kHz or 90-300kHz (Fig. 10). Not historical drama – and yet the stories
least 400. Since VLF waves are vertically In addition to these, many radio hobbyists I arise from an informed reading of British
polarised you must also be certain that know swear by earth rods used as antennas, history. The Waves has scale and ambition
the axis of your drum is always parallel as is evident in the numerous contemporary as well as local relevance. The series is
to the ground. Facebook Groups on this topic. created by Boz Temple-Morris (founder of
In terms of aerials capturing the magnetic • And, at the very top-end are to be found Holy Mountain and twice winner of the APA
component of an electromagnetic wave, the Aaronia MDF and MagnoTRACKER Award for best drama Producer) and Fin
there are quite a few excellent models series (Fig. 11). Kennedy (award-winning playwright and
to choose from, if (like me) you are not https://tinyurl.com/2p8ph4h9 former Artistic Director of Tamasha). Fin
a home-brewer. • In the USA, LF Engineering, I am told, is a and Boz have formed and mentored teams of
Ferrite bar aerials, as you may recall, popular choice for these aerials and in locally-based artists, telling stories recorded
represent a special variety of loop aerial. terms of their further customisation. in Bristol, Manchester, Cardiff, Edinburgh and
The ferrites stand out by means of their https://www.lfengineering.com Leamington Spa. Some 15 radio stations are
compact and varying sizes and their already signed up to broadcast The Waves,
permeability, i.e. their ability to take in and [A substantial list of reading materials with more being added. For more details, see
focus magnetic field lines. and resources for all matters VLF is the e-mail address, below:
In my humble view, amongst the top available upon request from the editor and (SOURCES: RadioToday | Industry Press |
ranges to try out are those by two German will be placed on the Radio Enthusiast Audio Content Fund)
companies, BAZ and Grahn. From the range website – Ed.]. https://tinyurl.com/4nwwf53n
of their products, those especially suitable www.radioenthusiast.co.uk boz@holymountain.co.uk

Maritime Matters
Robert Connolly
gi7ivx@btinternet.com
Maritime
W
inter: The time of
the long and dark
nights, interspersed
with short periods of
Communications
on MF and HF
daylight. While it may
not be a good time to head to the coast and
listen to marine VHF channels, unless you
are fortunate enough to live in a coastal
region, it is a time when you can improve Robert Connolly looks at how to receive maritime
your skills at receiving MF/HF maritime
communications. voice and data communications on MF and HF, at
The maritime MF and HF bands may NAVTEX DXing, Digital Selective Calling, Radioteletype
not be as active as the equivalent aircraft
bands, but there are signals to be received and Radiofacsimile, and SAR ops and cruise ships.
if you know what frequencies to listen to,
and at what times. Also, remember that Having said that it is possible to receive Bangkok is an interesting station, as it
unlike the aircraft HF bands when you can HF transmissions from across the Atlantic frequently plays musical intervals.
hear aircraft over long distances (due to during daylight hours if propagation
the altitude they are flying at) ships are conditions are good. Transmissions and Resources
on the surface; as a result, their signals Moreover, MF/HF radio signals travel Data transmissions, for example, HF
will be heard over a much shorter range. much further across water than overland; NAVTEX, seem, at times, to be receivable
Consequently, the majority of stations you somewhere in the region of one mile at even greater distances. I have, on a
will receive on the MF/HF bands will be across land equals 10 miles across water. number of occasions, received the 1000
coastal stations. I quite often receive the 1115 and 1530 UTC HF NAVTEX transmission from
Another thing for the newcomer to UTC HF voice transmissions from US Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 8416.5,
remember is that you will receive more Coast Guard Portsmouth USA on 8764 and 12579 and 16806.5kHz, again with an
distant stations during darkness, dependent 13089kHz, and they are clearly readable. excellent signal coming through.
on propagation conditions, compared with I also sometimes receive the 1933 UTC I am receiving these signals with my
during daylight when you will normally voice transmission from Hong Kong on NRD 525 or RSPdx SDR, with a PA0RDT
receive stations closer to home, in our case 8812kHz and the 1500 UTC and 1800 UTC MiniWhip antenna mounted at seven me-
the British Isles and near Europe via ground transmissions from Bangkok on 8764 and tres above ground level. My antenna is
wave propagation. 6765.1kHz. linked using high-quality, low-loss, mili-

Maritime Matters
tary-grade RG58 coax cable. In this context, In general, more details are available on guard (USCG) deploys 5696kHz as its main
William Hepburn’s well-known website is an the DWD website: SAR coordination frequency, along with
exceptional resource for maritime coast sta- https://tinyurl.com/wk7xmtjj 8983 and 11201kHz.
tions frequencies and scheduled broadcast JOMOC (Joint Operational Meteorology The Canadian coastguard uses several
times: and Oceanography Centre) at Northwood SAR coordination frequencies detailed in
www.dxinfocentre.com transmits radio fax weather charts on 6834 their COMSAR II Mission Co-ordination publi-
It carries a wealth of information on broad- (1800 to 0800), 12390 (24h) and 18261kHz cation. Here, the frequencies 5680, 3023 and
casting, time signals, maritime, aeronauti- (0800 to 1800), according to the latest US 4125 kHz are designated as aeronautical and
cal, and so on. Clicking on the ‘HF Voice’ tab Department of Commerce National Oceanic maritime on-scene frequencies.
under the maritime section brings up details and Atmospheric Administration Worldwide On top of these, the following are listed for
of frequencies and broadcast times of coast Marine Radio Facsimile Broadcast Schedules air-ground-air SAR communications: 5717,
stations around the world, from the 3 MHz to (January 2021), the Klingenfuss List and oth- 6694, 8992, and 11187kHz. Ground search
the 27MHz maritime band. er sources (First URL, below). The NOAA pub- parties involved in crash guard team duties
It also shows stations that are currently in- lication is available for free download by visit- may use any of the following on-scene work-
active, along with any planned new stations. ing the second URL (below): ing frequencies while so employed: 2216,
For the MF frequencies, you will need to click http://www.jomoc.net 3280, 4480, 5832, 9292, 12115, 15733, and
on the ‘MB’ tab in the maritime section; this www.weather.gov/media/marine/rfax.pdf. 15204kHz.
details MF frequencies and scheduled broad- With the right propagation conditions,
cast times for the various met areas around Decoding and Distress some US and Canadian SAR frequencies
the world. Decoding of RTTY and Radiofax signals re- may be heard in the UK at night. One excel-
One station I received here, and which quires software such as Multipsk or SeaTTY lent example I encountered one night was a
is not mentioned on William’s listing was (V 2.6) that uses your computer sound card rescue operation in the Caribbean, involving
SVO Olympia Radio, Greece on 8776 kHz at to decode and display the received signals. a US coastguard helicopter and a higher-level
1950 UTC, with transmissions in Greek and https://tinyurl.com/yfxnh25k fixed-wing aircraft that was providing ‘top-
English. http://f6cte.free.fr/index_anglais.htm cover’.
In addition to these, there are also the I was receiving clear communications
DSC and Other Modes voice, Digital Selective Calling (DSC) and from the helicopter. It was reporting to the
Another option for receiving coast stations Narrow Band Direct Printing (NBDP) mari- United States Coast Guard at Portsmouth
is to listen to 2182 or 2187.5 kHz Digital time distress frequencies (Table 1), as well that they had winched a casualty from a
Selective Calling (DSC) using a suitable DSC as the Search and Rescue (SAR) co-ordina- yacht and were climbing through 300 feet.
decoder. Coast stations will transmit an an- tion transmissions. However, the USCG at Portsmouth were
nouncement of their impending Maritime The main SAR frequencies are 5680 (day- unable to hear the helicopter’s transmission,
Safety Information (MSI) transmission on light) and 3023kHz (at night). and the top cover aircraft had to relay the
these two frequencies a few minutes before These are used by many countries around message. Astonishingly, I was able to make
their scheduled transmission, detailing the the world, including the UK and Ireland. it out, despite being thousands of miles
frequencies that will be used. Having said that, its use in the UK has dimin- away. I could hear both the aircraft and USCG
Apart from MF/HF voice transmissions, ished considerably in recent years. Portsmouth. The helicopter reported that,
there are some different data modes to It is still used occasionally when coast- due to the high winds, it would not be possi-
play with. These include the HF version of guard rescue helicopters are out on extend- ble for it to return to the US mainland and was
NAVTEX, transmitting maritime safety infor- ed-range operations, for example, tasked to proceeding to one of the Caribbean islands.
mation (MSI) and weather data, HF radio- the Atlantic or the North Sea.
teletype (RTTY) transmissions for up-to-date Quite recently, I was able to hear UK Top-Cover Explained
weather reports from the German Weather Rescue contacting the Rescue 900 heli- When a rescue helicopter is deployed on a
Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD), ra- copter, which had departed to attend to an mission well offshore, there is a chance that
dio facsimile (WXFAX) transmissions from incident in the North Sea and heading for something could go technically wrong with
Northwood and the DWD, transmitting Tingwall. the helicopter, forcing it to ditch in the sea.
weather charts and Digital Selective Calling Shannon Air Radio (the HF communica- The ‘top cover’ is either a second helicopter
transmissions. tions end of Shanwick Radio) is based in or fixed-wing aircraft that will fly above the
[see also: RadioUser, October 2021: 45-52 Ballygirreen, Co. Clare. SAR helicopter and has two main roles. One
on ‘Meteoradio’ – Ed.] It uses these frequencies to keep in con- is to relay radio communications between
Altogether, there is plenty of maritime-re- tact with the Irish Coastguard helicopters the SAR helicopter and co-ordination land
lated activity out there but remember this all tasked into the Atlantic off the south and station if the helicopter is unable to maintain
happens in a less busy and congested en- west coasts of Ireland. two-way communications due to its low
vironment compared to its HF aircraft band https://tinyurl.com/t8awj22t level during the rescue task. The other role
cousin. https://coastguardsafety.campaign.gov.uk is in the event of the helicopter developing a
The DWD transmits weather synoptic re- https://tinyurl.com/nhjw7dev technical failure and having to ditch into the
ports and forecasts on 147.3, 4583, 7646, ocean. If that were to happen, the ‘top-cover’
10100.8, 11039, and 14467.3kHz at various Under the Right Conditions: aircraft would drop extra survival gear and,
times. Across the Pond of course, immediately report the situation
Radio fax weather charts are transmitted Canada and the USA use different frequen- to the coordinating centre, so that additional
on 3855, 7880 and 13882.5kHz. cies for SAR coordination. The US coast- resources can be deployed.

Maritime Matters
Kings of the Sea and Casa CN235

Before the UK Coastguard (HM Coastguard)
and the Irish Coast Guard (GARDA CÓSTA
na hÉIREANN) had their own rescue
helicopters, SAR tasks into the Atlantic
to the west of Ireland were carried out by
RAF and RN Seaking helicopters. Due to
the extreme range involved, the helicopters
were made as light as possible, by removing
non-essential equipment and carrying
additional fuel in flexible tanks. Even with
this, the available time on scene was limited,
often to less than 15 minutes.
There was a helicopter landing pad
located at Castletownbere in Bantry Bay on
the south coast of Ireland. It was used by the
Commissioners of Irish Lights helicopter,
where they could land and take on fuel.
https://www.irishlights.ie
However, it was a difficult approach to the
helipad, especially at night, due to some high
ground being close by. In the past, many RAF
or RN rescue helicopters preferred to land at
Shannon or Cork airports to refuel.
Currently, SAR tasks into the Atlantic west
of Ireland are carried out by Irish coastguard
helicopters, rather than the RAF or RN, and
will request top-cover from the Irish Air
Corps using one of their two Casa CN235
maritime patrol aircraft if an aircraft and
crew are available.
https://tinyurl.com/yc4tdd2z
If this is not available, a second rescue
helicopter will be tasked for the top-cover
role from one of the other Irish coastguard
helicopter rescue bases. The Irish Coast
Guard has four rescue helicopter bases,
Shannon, Sligo, Dublin and Waterford.
Monitoring and Safety

Recently, I received an email from Radio
User reader Doug who informed me that a
key interest for him is to discreetly monitor
the onboard UHF radio traffic on cruise Voice DSC NBDP SAR Coordination
ships (around 457MHz). However, lately, 2182 2187.5 2174.5 2596 Used in the UK for SAR purposes
many of the channels seemed to be either
4125 4207.5 4177.5 3023 International SAR operations (Night)
encrypted or using digital modes. Doug
says that he would appreciate any advice. It 6215 6312 6268 5680 International SAR operations (Day)
would seem that many cruise ship operators 8291 8414.5 8376.5 5696 US Coastguard
do use encryption and/ or digital modes. 12290 12577 12520 5717 Primary SAR Canadian Airforce
There are a couple of reasons for this:
16420 16804.5 16806.5 8337 US Coastguard
First, on cruise ships, there are many
different departments, all keeping in touch Table 1: Some Distress and SAR Frequencies. 8364 Used by survival craft
with their section heads by radio, and, on
occasions, also with the bridge or other ship not needing to know about a problem passengers could hear the engineering
departments. Using encryption and digital in detail and, more importantly, to prevent officer calling the bridge giving details of an
modes allows these various departments passengers from becoming aware of engine fire or failure would create quite a
to be able to communicate over the few problems on the vessel, preventing a degree of anxiety among the passengers.
onboard hand-held frequencies available. potential panic among passengers. A In more general terms, modern-day UHF
The second reason is to reduce any crew member walking past passengers onboard marine radios seem to be capable
‘eavesdropping’ by crew sections on the with a non-encrypted handheld where the of the following modes:

Maritime Matters
• Analogue mode rescue helicopter, Rescue 116 in 2017 when controlled or periodic” system in place:
• Analogue/digital mixed operation it crashed into Blackrock Island in the west Thus, Blackrock Island was missing from
• NXDN or dPMR mode 1/2 conventional of Ireland while landing to refuel before the helicopter’s flight management system,
• dPMR or NXDN multi-site conventional over providing top cover for the Sligo-based and the crew were not warned that it was
IP network helicopter for a mission in the Atlantic. an obstacle on their route. The AAIU report
• NXDN Type-D single/multi-site trunking Sadly, all four crew members were killed with further stated that correspondence dating
• DPMR Mode 3 trunking, and only two bodies recovered. back four years before the accident – and
• 12.5 kHz digital mode (NXDN conventional). Now, in early November 2021, the Irish regarding obstacles including Blackrock
Within this range, there are various digital Aircraft Accident Investigation Unit (AAIU) Island – was missing from the helicopter
and analogue functions with encryption, published its final report on the incident. warning systems. A further 12 contributory
especially on larger cruise ships. I honestly The report identified navigational issues as causes for the accident are also listed in this
do not know if it is possible to monitor a major contributory factor. It also raised 350-page report:
these communications as a passenger with concerns about the coastguard deployment https://tinyurl.com/2r8ksnce
a scanner, especially when encryption is on that night. The report highlighted issues My photographs for this month show the
involved, perhaps a reader may be able to with the system used by the helicopter ill-fated Irish coastguard rescue helicopter
advise. operator to review flight routes. According to Rescue 116, and the container vessel
Regular readers may recall the tragic the report, helicopter operator CHC Ireland Samskip Pioneer, operating into Dublin port.
loss of the Dublin based Irish coastguard did not have a “formalised, standardised, Until next time “Fair winds”.

Signals from Space
© JAMES CRIDLAND
Tim Kirby
tim@livingland.wales
B
roadcasting television signals
from space is well known to
most of us. If we do not have a
satellite dish on the house our-
selves, we probably know some-
one who does. Broadcasting radio signals
from a satellite in space is rather less com-
mon, though. I will first look at a system that
did just that, and which has come and gone.
Following that, I will be describing a technolo-
gy that is running now and assess in what way
it has evolved to meet today’s demands.
The WorldSpace Story 1

Back in 1990, a company called WorldSpace
was founded by Noah Samara. It had its
headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland
(USA). In 1991, Samara, working in collabo-
ration with Thomas van der Heyden, gained
Graveyard Orbits and
approval from the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) in the USA for the world’s
first radio broadcast satellite.
Infotainment: Two
However, the problem at the time was that
there was no piece of the radio spectrum
suitable or available for licencing. So, at the
Satellite Radio Stories
WARC-92 conference in 1992, Samara and
van der Heyden petitioned the International This month Tim Kirby looks at two different Direct
Telecommunications Union (ITU) to estab-
lish a new Broadcast Satellite Services band
Broadcast Satellite Radio systems – one which has
at 1452–1492MHz. failed but is remembered by many, and one which is
The proposal gained a great deal of support still going strong, adapting and branching out.
from African and Asian countries.
https://www.fccenvironment.co.uk
https://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx the Middle East, and some parts of Europe. These centres looked after the perfor-
WorldSpace started broadcasting satellite A third satellite was ordered, named ini- mance of the two satellites, as well as per-
radio on 1st October 1999. Just before the tially AmeriStar, although it was also known forming control and monitoring opera-
end of 2008, the company (now re-branded as CaribStar and was later renamed AfriStar2. tions. The ground stations used an X-band
‘1WorldSpace’) was using two satellites and Although the satellite was built, it never flew. (8-12GHz) uplink system for command and
broadcast 62 channels: 38 of those channels AfriStar was launched from Kourou in control, with telemetry coming down from
consisted of content provided by other organi- French Guyana on 28th October 1998 from the satellites in the L-band (1-2GHz). There
sations, and the remaining 24 were branded an Ariane 44-L rocket. AsiaStar was launched was a backup S-band (2-4GHz) uplink from
as either Worldspace or 1Worldspace. The on 21st March 2000, once again from French Bangalore in India.
content on offer included Music (contempo- Guyana. Each satellite weighed 2,777kg and Each satellite could be controlled by two
rary, country, classic rock and jazz), sports, used 5.6kW of power. stations, separated by a significant geograph-
news, arts, comedy, talk shows, as well as in- The satellites had a design life of 12 years ical distance, such that if a natural disas-
spirational and religious programming. and an orbital manoeuvre life of 15 years, alter befell one area, it was very unlikely that
The news was made available from several lowing each of the satellites to stay within 0.1 the other ground station would be affected.
organisations including the BBC, CNBC, CNN, degrees of their assigned orbital position for The AfriStar ground stations were located in
NPR, RFI, and WRN. Although the company 15 years, after which time the satellites would Bangalore, India and Port Louis, Mauritius,
had, it claimed, rights to broadcast world- need to be decommissioned. and the ground stations for AsiaStar were
wide, it never broadcast to the Americas or AfriStar developed a defect in its so- located in Melbourne, Australia and Port
the Caribbean. lar panels, meaning that the satellite could Louis, Mauritius.
not operate with a full power budget. On As well as the control ground stations,
Radio Stars in Space the ground, the AfriStar satellite was man- there was also a ground station dedicated
Out in space, Worldspace operated two sat- aged by a regional operations centre in Silver to the monitoring of the quality of the down-
ellites, AfriStar and AsiaStar. Combined, the Spring, Maryland, USA (Fig. 1). AsiaStar link services. For AfriStar, this station was lo-
footprint of these two satellites made the was run out of an operations centre in cated in Libreville, Gabon and for AsiaStar, in
Worldspace services available in Asia, Africa, Melbourne, Australia. Melbourne, Australia.

Signals from Space
HITACHI © SPACE X
Receivers Required
With the downlink of the satellites on L-Band,
listeners required specialist receivers. These
receivers used a small ‘patch-antenna’ (a pan-
el, if you like) which measured approximately
6 x 8 cm. It folded up from its stowed posi-
tion, flat on the top of the receiver, to be orien-
tated towards the satellite.
Each receiver had a unique identifier, for 3
licencing and subscription purposes, so
that when a subscriber bought a subscrip- 20 years at the 21.0 degrees East location, Fig. 1: The WorldSpace AfriStar Control Room.
tion to a particular station, channel or con- on 6th January 2018, Afristar was raised to Fig. 2: The famous Hitachi WorldSpace Radio with
tent, this could then be unlocked on the sub- a graveyard orbit, out of the way of currently its patch antenna for satellite reception.
scriber’s receiver. operating satellites. AsiaStar was acquired in Fig. 3: The Space X Falcon 9 launch taking the
Firms like Panasonic, Sanyo, JVC and 2014 by New York Broadband LLC and used SXM-7 satellite to Space from Cape Canaveral.
Hitachi (Fig. 2) manufactured receivers, and as an orbital placeholder for their planned Fig. 4: A SiriusXM radio.
these were widely available in the UK and Silkwave-1 satellite. As far as I can determine,
Europe, Asia and Africa. In the UK, they were the AsiaStar satellite is still in geosynchro- tion that the service is no longer operational.
marketed in both the general papers and in nous orbit, having outlived expectations for What a shame that – with all its ideals and
the specialised radio industry media. its lifetime by some considerable margin. innovation – the WorldSpace system did not
Although the primary operating model pre- Providing listener support could provide become a success.
sented by WorldSpace was direct broadcast- a challenge. In a short but interesting blog
ing via satellite, the company recognised about WorldSpace on the Science Museum Sky-High Success: SiriusXM
that line-of-sight reception may be difficult website, Charlotte Connelly relates a lovely Let us now look at a current system, which is
in urban areas, particularly when the satel- story she was told, “I had a guy in Ethiopia – as far as I know – a great success: For our
lite was low on the horizon. To get over this, write me every day that his signal was lost second satellite radio broadcast system, we
WorldSpace had a plan to install terrestrial re- at roughly 10 am, 1 pm, and 4 pm daily. We travel to North America: Enter SiriusXM. The
peaters to rebroadcast the satellite signals in couldn’t figure it out… It turned out the an- company and service were created by the
Italy, Switzerland and Germany. WorldSpace tenna was in a courtyard, and people took merger of two satellite broadcast companies,
was planning to provide mobile radio and data their smoke break in front of the antenna – Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio.
services in Italy and had signed an agreement effectively cutting the signal until they fin- Both companies were formed in 1990, but
with Fiat to provide radios for their cars. ished their break.” it was not until 2007 that the merger of the
This all seemed rather exciting – but the https://tinyurl.com/rz9f92k3 two companies took place. The merger was
problem was money! The company became Of course, all the subscribers who had pur- worth US$13 billion. The two companies
insolvent in 2009/2010. During the first quar- chased a WorldSpace radio were left with had nearly 14 million subscribers between
ter of 2008, the company had lost a total of something of a white elephant, with no sat- them, with around 8 million belonging to XM.
over 2,600 subscribers out of a total of around ellite service to receive. You can see some Following the merger, one of the challenges
17,0000 and decided to scale back its mar- details of one receiver, the Hitachi KH-WS1 faced was to sell more subscriptions to mo-
keting around the world. By this time, and into WorldSpace Radio Receiver online at this URL: torists. By this time, the number of cars sold
2009, the company was reported to be owing https://tinyurl.com/mt28cdzn annually in the USA was starting to fall, reduc-
over US$50 million to its creditors. Fortunately, this receiver also covered ing the market. Of course, other online radio
FM, MW and Short Wave; perhaps, all was streaming was starting to become a competi-
After the Demise not lost, and it had some value after the de- tor. Following a period of transition, including
Following the decline of WorldSpace, AfriStar mise of the WorldSpace service. From time the production of new radios, assigning some
was reused for Yazmi, an online educa- to time, WorldSpace radios crop up on eBay. channels to non-commercial broadcasters
tion company also owned by Noah Samara. Interesting, perhaps for historical value, but I and paying fines for previous FCC violations,
In 2017, it was sold to a Hong Kong-based am not sure I would pay the £50 that I can see Sirius and XM started to merge their channels
broadcaster, now part of CMMB Vision. After one vendor is asking – and they do not men- in November 2008.

Signals from Space
© SIRIUSXM
Things were ‘touch-and-go’ for a few

months after the merger, with a possible
bankruptcy filing being mooted. But, Liberty
Media stepped in with a loan of US$530
million. In the fourth quarter of 2009, SiriusXM
posted a profit for the first time. Car sales
in the US were increasing and subscriber
numbers were rising again. By the end of
2012, subscriber numbers had exceeded 23.9
million. Howard Stern, a US radio host, helped
keep new subscriptions coming in – or so he
later claimed in court – and was rewarded
with an extended contract.
Hardware and Frequencies

Radios capable of receiving SiriusXM satellite
broadcasts became available for pretty much
every major car manufacturer, as well as for
trucks, boats, and even aircraft. By 2017,
SiriusXM had over 32 million subscribers,
and at the end of 2019, numbers peaked
at 34.9 million. 4
At the time of writing, the subscriber base
is slightly down, standing at around 34.3 systems making their receivers (e.g. Fig. 4) all about information for the pilot. The
million users. mutually incompatible. SiriusXM website states the following:
What about the technical side of things? One of the conditions of the merger was that “Enjoy entertainment on your next cross-
The fascinating point for ‘satellite-nerds’ like receivers needed to be available, within a country flight with 150+ channels of ad-free
me is that the original Sirius XM satellites, year, which could receive both XM and Sirius music, plus sports, talk, news, and more on
FM-1 to FM-3 did not operate in geostationary services. A wide range of receivers quickly SiriusXM”. Of course, the current SiriusXM
orbits but elliptical orbits. became available. service is not solely based on satellite
This means that a single satellite could Current models for mobile use start at delivery: Streaming has been a competitive
not be seen from the ground at all times; around $60, up to the top-of-the-range model technology for the company for some time.
therefore, receivers would have to hunt for at $300, for which it is claimed that it can Following acquisitions, they have embraced
the satellite that was above the horizon at any receive every SiriusXM channel. the technology too, meaning that, armed
particular time. SiriusXM Marine provides graphical with a SiriusXM subscription, you can receive
Over time, of course, the service moved to weather information, including weather radar, programming on smart devices, such as
deploy satellites in geostationary orbits; this lightning, coastal and offshore wave heights, Amazon Alexa, Sonos, Google Nest, Xbox One,
occurred in 2016 when the FM-6 satellite was sea surface temperatures, barometric Amazon Fire, and an SXM app.
put into service, replacing FM-1 to FM-3, which pressure, buoy data, and so on. As well as If all of this has left you wanting to have a
were moved to ‘graveyard-orbits’. weather data, SiriusXM also offers a ‘Fish- listen to SiriusXM programming, then I am sor-
Redundancy between Sirius and XM Mapping’ service and claims that “whether ry! The services are only available in the USA,
satellites was achieved, mirroring the services you’re competing in a tournament, out fishing although SiriusXM has some agreements to
provided. In fact, before the launch of FM-6, for fun, or taking clients on a charter trip, Fish- broadcast into Canada. However, I am quite
the XM-5 satellite had been able to function Mapping identifies specific locations in the sure that, if you had a SiriusXM account, you
as either a Sirius or XM satellite. The satellites ocean with the highest likelihood of finding the would be able to listen online from Europe, us-
use the S-band, with the Sirius satellites using fish that you’re seeking to catch. Fish-Mapping ing a Virtual Private Network (VPN). The sat-
2.32 to 2.3325GHz, and the XM satellites provides regularly updated, science-based ellite service, of course, is not available out-
using 2.3325 to 2.345GHz. data to help you locate fish faster – saving side North America.
In late 2016, SiriusXM ordered two new time and fuel”. So, there we have it – a look at two very
satellites, SXM-7 (Fig. 3) and SXM-8, planned It’s interesting to see that this is priced different direct broadcast satellite radio
to replace XM-3 and XM-4. SXM-7 was at $99.99/month, so is considered a systems. It is interesting to contrast the
launched in December 2020, but it failed its premium service. different markets targeted, strategies
in-orbit testing and was not commissioned. Moreover, SiriusXM Aviation provides employed and technologies put to use.
SXM-8 was launched in June 2021 and has satellite-based weather information for pilots Would the WorldSpace system have been
successfully been commissioned, replacing and claim that it offers advantages over more successful if it had operated elsewhere
the XM-4 satellite. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast – we will never know.
(ADS-B) weather updates. That is it for this month’s Signals from
Compatibility, Catching Fish You can see an interesting infographic of Space. See you back next month with another
and Cross-Country Flying their marketing on this website: Push-To-Talk column. In the meantime, may I
On the ground, XM and Sirius had https://tinyurl.com/4kaan6ntc wish you and your loved ones a Happy Festive
historically used different protocols and It is interesting to read that it is not Season, however you celebrate!

Scotland
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The Life of an
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NEW HIST ORY
PionI)eer
(Part Mark I & I/I Receiver
look to Microwave Radio
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The popular National Radio red
PRACTICAL A America , designbution
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SANGEAN MMR-88-DAB-PLUS
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In 1980 Sangean entered the short wave radio business with the SG-786.
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“Praise where due. This is the best
SPECIAL COLLECTOR’S EDITION
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THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN IN COLOUR
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The Men : The Machines : The Battles : The Losses
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001 front ME.indd 2 21/05/2020 21:13
THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN IN COLOUR BACKGROUND TO BATTLE
Left A Hurricane of 501 Squadron

starts-up for an operational sortie at
Betheniville, France, May 1940. Air Chief
Marshal Hugh Dowding argued successfully
against further wastage of the home-
based RAF fighter force by sending yet
more fighters to France to bolster a futile
defence.
Right As the unstoppable juggernaut of
German military might advanced across
Europe, the deadly Junkers 87 Stuka dive-
bomber came into its own. However, the
RAF quickly learned how to deal with the
aircraft, and this stood them in good stead
when facing the Stuka during the Battle of
Britain.
Below right Panzer IV tanks roll across THE RAF FIGHTER PILOT THE RAF FIGHTER PILOT
France in May 1940. The German advance
was rapid and overwhelming, and within six
weeks France had collapsed and the BEF
were evacuating from Dunkirk.
sand in an hour-glass’ and he predicted

catastrophe if Churchill continued to
help the failing ally. Thus, he sent a letter
to the Air Minister on 16 May 1940, which
may well have saved Fighter Command,
and ultimately Britain, in the nation’s
darkest hour. He wrote:
“I have the honour to refer to the very
serious calls which have recently been
made upon the Home Defence Fighter
Units in an attempt to stem the German
invasion on the Continent … I would
remind the Air Council that … my strength
The Battle Looms

has now been reduced to the equivalent of
36 Squadrons … I must therefore request
that as a matter of paramount urgency
the Air Ministry will consider and decide
what level of strength is to be left to the
Fighter Command for the defence of this
The Battle of Britain was one of the most iconic battles of the Second World War, country, and will assure me that when this Losses Mounted to be called into action, covering the
level has been reached, not one fighter At around the same time, another evacuation from Dunkirk and other
embedding itself indelibly into the nation’s consciousness. Earlier, the Battle of France will be sent across the Channel however momentous decision was undertaken French ports. Inevitably, their losses
could easily have spelled defeat before the air battles got underway in July 1940. insistent the appeals for help may be. by making Lord Beaverbrook Minister of mounted. Meanwhile, the battered and
“I believe that, if an adequate fighter Aircraft Production. Aircraft production depleted RAF units that had been based
A
force is kept in this country, if the fleet had in fact kept pace with fighter losses in France were withdrawn to Britain.
fter the outbreak of war in On 10 May 1940, German forces be made good from squadrons based remains in being, and if the Home Forces incurred during the Battle of France. Here, they were re-equipped where
September 1939, there followed launched their all-out assault on France in Britain. The Commander-in-Chief of are suitably organised to resist invasion, Soon, production would outstrip losses. necessary, and manpower shortages
eight months of what became and the Low Countries and what followed RAF Fighter Command, Air Chief Marshal we should be able to carry on the war Thus, the availability of fighters would made good so far as possible. Meanwhile,
known as the ‘Phoney War’. in Belgium, the Netherlands etc. was the Hugh Dowding, had already stated as single handed for some time, if not not become a limiting factor in the air RAF Fighter Command readied for what
However, it was clear that large-scale complete collapse of those countries early as September 1939, that if he was indefinitely. But, if the Home Defence defence of Britain. was to come. Certainly, the Battle of other pilots concentrated on what haring off suddenly, upwards or Facing page Although posed for a news
fighting would ultimately follow, and a under the overwhelming might of expected to defend Britain’s skies, then Force is drained away in desperate However, by 1 June 1940, the RAF had France was over. The Battle of Britain was was going on in their cockpits: oil downwards, the rest of the squadron cameraman, the squadron telephone
British Expeditionary Force was sent to German military power. Across France, he would need 52 fighter squadrons. attempts to remedy the situation in lost 436 fighter aircraft and almost all about to begin. temperatures and pressures, fuel state, watching in bemusement and puzzled orderly shouts instructions for a ‘scramble’
France before the end of that year. As German forces rolled inexorably onwards At that time, he had only 32 under his France, defeat in France will involve the its light bomber force of Fairey Battles, oxygen contents checked and selected because they received no transmission, as pilots lounge in the dispersal hut. The
part of that BEF, a large Air Component towards the English Channel and while command and was told it would be complete and irremediable defeat of this along with a considerable number of its Immensely Powerful to ‘On’, microphone not on ‘Transmit’ or else just couldn’t understand what had smartly dressed officer is Duty Pilot – the
was supplemented by an Advanced Air the French and British tried desperately impossible to produce the number he country.” were not afraid thatBlenheims.
Bristol they were However, By this time,
either liarsRAF Fighter the starter
Dowding button was the possibility
had mentioned Facing page Pilots of 19 Squadron are (this could effectively block all other been said. Meanwhile, constant juggling pilot rostered for ground admin tasks such
Striking Force. In total, these air forces to stem the advance, so the situation required. However, efforts would be It was a hard-hitting letter, but or foolish. However,
Command a strident
at homejangling pushed afterofa invasion
continued to operate thumbs-up fromas
as early the
the middle ofdelivered
May to their dispersal point at RAF transmissions), straps tight, gun-sight of the throttle setting with the left hand, as recording take-off and landing times
amounted to 25 squadrons, six of which became ever more hopeless. made to provide him with a further eight. Dowding’s words had their effect and of the telephone could mean several
over France as the situation worsened. fitter, who unplugged
1940, but bythethe
starter
end of trolley, Duxford ready for operations early one
that month the ‘On’ and illuminated, straps tight and and judicious adjustment of position etc.
were Hawker Hurricane-equipped During the fighting in France, while the French still asked for more things. Sometimes, to intense
In a matter of sixrelief,
weeks, it Franceensuring it was clear ofhad
possibility the been
aircraft.
turned into what morning during the summer of 1940. canopy firmly shut. A surprising number through the control column and rudder Above It was not unusual for aircraft to
fighter squadrons. The remainder of the Predicted Catastrophe increasing numbers of fighter squadrons fighter squadrons to be sent to France,could send acollapsed
messageentirely.
to ‘StandNow,
Down’ Unable to communicate
it .only remained appeared to be over the roar ofIf Hitler Above
probability. was Their relaxed look perhaps would carry out a little good luck routine pedal inputs, were all necessary just to return damaged after an engagement
RAF force in France comprised largely When the fighting had broken out in were sent across the Channel, urged on such appeals were rejected. However, Other times,forit called
Britishpilots toand
forces, some units the
readiness, Merlin engine,
of the the his
to impose pilot and
will onrigger concealing the tension, these Hurricane
the British people, like feeling for a lucky charm, or even keep station. It was incredibly hard work, and with pilots wounded. This brand-
light bombers and Army Co-Operation earnest on 10 May 1940, aircraft of the by desperate appeals from the French further squadrons of Hurricanes were and then to French
the heart-pounding order:
army, to evacuate exchanged thumbs
via Dunkirk up signals, the rigger
then he could apparently only do so pilots of 501 Squadron pose for the camera crossing themselves. and mentally and physically draining. new Spitfire had just been delivered to
squadrons. Eventually, however, the Air Component were in almost constant Prime Minister, Paul Reynaud. Dowding deployed over France, but they remained‘SCRAMBLE!’ in what was Operation ‘Dynamo’. RAF slapping hisby pilot on thethe
crossing shoulder
EnglishtoChannel andduring the summer of 1940. All of them Now, the workload was high, and still By now, the squadron was ‘on oxygen’, 602 Squadron at RAF Westhampnett
‘Sitzkrieg’ became the ‘Blitzkrieg’. combat, and losses had to continually saw his resources ‘slipping away like based in the UK. Years afterwards, veterans ofatthe
Fighter Command Battle
home convey reassurance
continued dictatingand
his good-luck
terms fromasWestminster.
he sawToaction. Several of them shot down they needed to concentrate on formation masks clamped securely to pilot’s faces when it was hit by cannon shells from a
of Britain told how they hated the sound leapt from the wing. As he jumped, the enemy aircraft and some of them were keeping while permanently keeping as cold began to permeate the cockpits. Messerschmitt 109 in a combat on 18
E OF B R
of a ringing telephone. aircraft was already rolling, and the rigger killed. a wary eye open for the enemy and Now, with all the hard work of take-off, August 1940. The aircraft was written off
6 On the order to scramble, there 7 was dodged out of the way of the tail-plane, quartering the sky in a relentless search. formation flying and getting to altitude, and Flight Lieutenant Dunlop Urie wounded
L
a mad rush by pilots to their allotted buffeted by the slipstream which was what it was they were intercepting. It A moment of relapse could litterally spell came further nervous tension with in his feet.
TT I
aircraft where the fitter and rigger were kicking up dust and grass. Getting out may have been an instruction along the death. The squadron ‘Weaver’, winding realisation that the enemy were near.
ready and waiting: the rigger on the wing of the way, he was hit by a blast of hot lines of: “MITOR Squadron, ANGELS from side to side, kept a rather more wary Then, a tight knot of fear returned as chance of a well-ordered textbook:
006-011 Background to Battle_AS_W ME.indd 6 22/05/2020 12:36 006-011 Background to Battle_AS_W ME.indd 7 ready to help in his pilot, and the fitter exhaust gasses. Now, the aircraft gathered 22/05/2020
18, Vector 12:36
Two-three-zero. Fifty Plus. eye open than the rest, as the squadron the gunsight was checked and the SAFE ‘Number One Attack’. Instead, it was
standing by with the starter plugged in on speed ahead, into wind, bouncing and BUSTER.” Listening in, the other pilots got closer by the second to their quarry. and FIRE ring on the gun button turned, every man for himself, but with ‘wing
the starboard side of the engine. Heaving rocking across the grass airfield. Others could interpret these coded instructions: Brief instructions might crackle through ready, to the FIRE position. Goggles men’ desperately trying to maintain
TA
BA
himself into the cockpit, the pilot went careered along around it, in the organised “41 Squadron to climb to 18,000 ft on a the headphones: ‘Close up Red 2’ or, on pulled down. And then the shout: station and protect their section leader.
through a number of tasks: helmet pulled chaos that was a squadron scramble. heading of 230 degrees. Fifty plus enemy receipt of further instructions from the ‘BANDITS! Ten o’clock, above. Coming Now, the pilots were climbing and
on, oxygen plugged in, radio jack-plug in Getting airborne, the pilots aircraft. Maximum cruising speed.” Fighter Controller: ‘Turning to Port. Go!’ down now! Break, break, break….’ hanging on their props, the sun glaring
its socket, magneto switches ‘on’, Ki-Gas concentrated on keeping station as Meanwhile, pilots fiddled with the and blinding as they turned, all the while
IN
cylinder priming pump given a couple they selected ‘Gear Up’, closing the Mentally and Physically Draining radio tuner, struggling to tune and re- Chatter Of Gunfire listening out and looking out. Now,
of brief strokes and thumb ready on cockpit canopy while listening out Settling into the climb, the pilots tune their wireless sets in a constant Suddenly, to avoid the ‘bounce’ of there were shouts: “Behind you Blue
the starter. Meanwhile, leaning into the for instructions from the CO or flight automatically slid into section order battle to receive and properly understand fighters coming out of the sun, the 3!”, permeated by chattering gunfire.
cockpit, the Fitter helped the pilot with commander who was talking to the and the preferred squadron formation. the messages. Sometimes, a squawk squadron had dispersed in a pre-ordered A cacophony of shouts and static
COM
his parachute harness straps, then his Sector Operations Room and garnering Meanwhile, the CO or flight commander of static drowned out everything, plan. Now, the enemy fighters were made communication unintelligible.
Sutton seat harness. instructions as to heading, altitude and concentrated on setting course as the sometimes resulting in one section among them. This time, there was no One pilot may be drawing a bead on a
19 21
UE
EM
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016-029 Pilots Day_AS ME.indd 19 22/05/2020 07:46 016-029 Pilots Day_AS ME.indd 21 22/05/2020 07:46
SS
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DOWNLOAD NOW ORDER A PAPER COPY
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