Ethics Qip

Ethics CAP
Psychology Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour;
moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service
Emotional intelligence
Sociology Human Values lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and
administrators; role of family society and educational institutions in inculcating values.
Ethics - in private and public relationships.
Philosophy Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.
Governance Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration
Probity in Governance
Ethical Governance
Social level Tolerance

Individual level
Justice
Equality Value conflict Dignity and Honour
Fraternity Autonomy/Freedom
Ethical Ecosystem Persuasion Rights (& Implied
Public Good duties)
Peace
Public Interest
Common Good
Social Contract
Sarvodaya
Trusteeship
A building permitted for three floors, while being extended illegally to 6 floors by a builder, collapses. As
a consequence, a number of innocent labourers including women and children died. These labourers
are migrants of different places. The government immediately announced cash relief to the aggrieved
families and arrested the builder.
Give reasons for such incidents taking place across the country.
Mohan was very shy. As soon as the school bell rang, he collected his books and hurried home. Other boys chatted
and stopped on the way; some to play, others to eat, but Mohan always went straight home. He was afraid that the
boys might stop him and make fun of him. One day the School Inspector visited Mohan's school. He took spelling test
of five English words. Mohan could write four words correctly, but he could not write the fifth word 'Kettle'. The class
teacher observed that only Mohan is unable to write all the words correctly. He made a sign behind the Inspector's
back that he should copy the word from his neighbour's slate. But Mohan ignored his signs. After the Inspector left,
the teacher scolded him. He angrily remarked, "I told you to copy from your neighbour". "Couldn't you even do that
much correctly?". Everyone laughed.
However, as Mohan went home that evening, he was not unhappy, despite being scolded by class teacher and
mocked by fellow students.
Based on your reading of above passage, Why do you think Mohan was not unhappy?
Action as per value and attitudes
Gandhiji said, is when what we think, say and do are in harmony with each other.
Immanuel Kant has said, like happiness must be desired for . Safeguarding
virtue also gives happiness.
Kant also famously said, things awe me the most, the starry sky above me and the moral law
within . Mohan might also be feeling pride for his morality.
Escaping moral erosion
Gives a sense of achievement

Psychologically honesty is morally uplifting. It boosts dignity and self-respect.
Value expression
Virtue based ethics declare summum bunum
giving more importance to virtue than spelling test, must be satisfied.
having the conviction that honesty will ultimately help him.

Corruption is addictive
Gandhiji said, the return for service is the service itself.

To be beautiful as lotus, one has to rise above the surrounding mud.
If you salute your Duty, you no need to Salute Anybody, But if you pollute your Duty, You have to Salute Everybody.
APJ Abdul Kalam
Krishna, explains to Arjuna in Bhagwat Gita, desire and anger as the two vices that lead an individual to his
downfall.
In Buddhism, desire or greed is the fundamental hindrance in achieving moksha.
concept of mean over end
Oh, what a tangled web we weave when first we practice to deceive. Sir Walter Scott
Karl Barth said that joy is the simplest form of gratitude.
The secret of happiness you see does not lie in seeing more, but in developing the capacity to enjoy less
Socrates.
If I have to give one reason for fall of Roman empire, it was corruption - Edward Gibbon
Corruption is the worst form of violence Supreme Court
Corruption has -
o Demonstrative effect
o Domino effect
o Bandwagon effect.
Unethical ecosystem will be developed that will hamper my personal development.
John veil of ignorance tomorrow the corrupt practices may be encouraged in our own organisation/
bidding process
conception of in society
Legal action against me.

Work culture, organizational value,
Integrity of the process.
My duty
Call of duty constitutional and civil service obligation.
Opportunity to improve the system, categorical imperative.
Nishkama Karma
Gandhiji said, needs to wait for anyone else to adopt a humane and enlightened course of
.
Rabindranath Tagore has written, tor daak sune keu naa aashe, tabe ekle chalo . If they answer
not to your call walk alone.
Not all battles are fought for victory some are fought to tell the world that someone was there on the
battlefield.
What shall I do?
Internal
Control my negative emotion of greed; hedonism
Increase my cognition corruption is worst form of violence
Conviction and fortitude
Motivation
o Gandhiji Vaishnav jan
o Nelson Mandela Invictus
External
Show your uncorrupt able nature
Persuasion
Ethical Alliance with like-minded people
It has been widely reported in media that a civil servant has ordered his subordinates to break the heads of the
protesting farmers if they cross through the unauthorized area. This has created lots of resentfulness and
anxiety among various stakeholders.
No action has been taken against the concerned civil servant. Rather a transfer, suggested by many as a
promotion, has been made.
Farmers have been protesting for a prolong period. Their protests has also caused road blockages and
inconvenience to the commuters. Multiple talks between farmer groups and government has failed.
You are heading a district administration in a particular department. Your senior officer calls you
from the State Headquarters and tells you that a plot in Rampur village is to have a building
constructed on it for a school. A visit is scheduled during which he will visit the site along with the
chief engineer and the senior architect. He wants you to check out all the papers relating to it
and to ensure that the visit is properly arranged. You examine the file which relates to the period
before you joined the department. The land was acquired from the local Panchayat at a nominal
cost and the papers show that clearance certificates are available from the two of the three
authorities who have to certify the suitability. There is no certification by the architect
available on file. You decide to visit Rampur to ensure that all is in order as stated on file. When
you visit Rampur, you find that the plot under reference is part of Thakurgarh Fort and that the
walls, ramparts, etc., are running across it. The fort is well away from the main village, therefore a
school here will be a serious inconvenience for the children. However, the area near the village
has potential to expand into a larger residential area. The development charges on the existing
plot, at the fort, will be very high and the question of heritage site has not been addressed.
Moreover, the Sarpanch, at the time of acquisition of the land, was a relative of your
predecessor. The whole transaction appears to have been done with some vested interest.
1.List the likely vested interests of the concerned parties.

You are the manager of a spare parts company A and you have to negotiate a deal with the manager of a large
manufacturing company B. The deal is highly competitive and sealing the deal is critical for your company. The deal
is being worked out over a dinner. After dinner the manager of manufacturing company B offered to drop you to
the hotel in his car. On the way to hotel he happens to hit motorcycle injuring the motorcyclist badly. You know the
manager was driving fast and thus lost control. The law enforcement officer comes to investigate the issue and you
are the sole eyewitness to it. Knowing the strict laws pertaining to road accidents you are aware that your honest
account of the incident would lead to the prosecution of the manager and as a consequence the deal is likely to be
jeopardized, which is of immense importance to your company.
What are the dilemmas you face? What will be your response to the situation?
The case presents dilemma for me on various fronts:
a) Dilemma to choose between profitability of my company and justice to the accident victim.
b) To choose between my values of loyalty to my company and empathy and social responsibility.
c) To choose between my professional well-being by facilitating the seal of the deal and my integrity.
d) Whether to cooperate with law enforcement officer and suffer potential personal and social loss.
Various ethical considerations:
i. o avoid any inner dissonance and crisis of conscience I must act ethically. Then only I can be happy from within
ii. I will use talisman to resolve the dilemma which says to act in the interest of the weak who in this case is the
accident victim.
iii. As per categorical imperative I have to treat humanity as an end and value the life of the accident victim.
iv. I will take decision as per John veil of ignorance. Tomorrow I or my family and friends could be victim of rash
driving. So it is in my own interest to cooperate with the authority.
v. Rules like traffic rule cannot be enforced without cooperation. It is my legal responsibility to help enforce the
rule by punishing the violators and creating deterrence.
vi. My decision will help the accident victim get justice.
vii. My virtue and integrity will be safeguarded.
Along with this I will persuade my company to willingly accept my decision. My personal integrity my also increase
managements trust in me and help me assume greater responsibility.
Ethics QIP-Lec:2
Sociology Human Values lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers
and administrators; role of family society and educational institutions in
inculcating values.
Ethical Governance

Individual level
Justice
Public Good duties)
Peace
Public Interest
Common Good
Social Contract
Sarvodaya
Trusteeship
What does ethics seek to promote in human life? Why is it all the more important in
public administration?
It is often said that poverty leads to corruption. However, there is no dearth of instances where
affluent and powerful people indulge in corruption in a big way. What are the basic causes of
corruption among people? Support your answer with examples [ 2014]
Gandhiji said, the return for service is the service itself.

To be beautiful as lotus, one has to rise above the surrounding mud.
If you salute your Duty, you no need to Salute Anybody, But if you pollute your Duty, You have to Salute Everybody.
APJ Abdul Kalam
Krishna, explains to Arjuna in Bhagwat Gita, desire and anger as the two vices that lead an individual to his
downfall.
In Buddhism, desire or greed is the fundamental hindrance in achieving moksha.
Oh, what a tangled web we weave when first we practice to deceive. Sir Walter Scott
Karl Barth said that joy is the simplest form of gratitude.
The secret of happiness you see does not lie in seeing more, but in developing the capacity to enjoy less
Socrates.
If I have to give one reason for fall of Roman empire, it was corruption - Edward Gibbon
Corruption is the worst form of violence Supreme Court
Corruption has -
o Demonstrative effect
o Domino effect
o Bandwagon effect.
concept of mean over end

Unethical ecosystem will be developed that will hamper my personal development.
John veil of ignorance tomorrow the corrupt practices may be encouraged in our own organisation/
bidding process
Work culture, organizational value,
Integrity of the process.

conception of in society
Legal action against me.

A fresh engineering graduate gets a job in a prestigious chemical industry. She likes the work. The
salary is also good. However, after a few months accidentally discovers that a highly toxic waste is
being secretly discharged into a river nearby. This is causing health problems to the villagers
downstream who depend on the river for their water needs. She is perturbed and mentions her
concern to her colleagues who have been with the company for longer periods. They advise her to keep
quite as anyone who mentions the topic is summarily dismissed. She cannot risk losing her job as she is
the sole bread-winner for her family and has to support her ailing parents and siblings.
At first, she thinks that if her seniors are keeping quiet, why should she stick out her neck. But her
conscience pricks her to do something to save the river and the people who depend upon it. At heart
she feels that the advice of silence given by her friends is not correct though she cannot give reasons
for it. She thinks you are a wise person and seeks your advice. [2016]
a) What arguments can you advance to show her that keeping quiet is not morally right?
b) What course of action would you advise her to adopt and why?
What is meant by public interest? What are the principles and procedures to be followed by the civil
servants in public interest? [2018]
Ethical Governance

Individual level
Justice
Public Good duties)
Peace
Public Interest
Common Good
Social Contract
Sarvodaya
Trusteeship
You are heading a leading technical institute of the country. The institute is planning to convene an interview panel
shortly under your chairmanship for selection of the post of professors. A few days before the interview, you get a
call from the Personal Secretary (PS) of a senior government functionary seeking your intervention in favour of the
selection of a close relative of the functionary for this post. The PS also informs you that he is aware of the long
pending and urgent proposals of your institute for grant of funds for modernization, which are awaiting the
i. What are the options available to you?

ii. Evaluate each of these options and choose the option which you would adopt, giving reasons.
Suppose you are the CEO of a company that manufactures specialized electronic equipment used by a
government department. You have submitted your bid for the supply of this equipment to the department.
Both the quality and cost of your offer are better than those of the competitors. Yet the concerned officer is
demanding a hefty bribe for approving the tender. Getting the order is important both for you and for your
company. Not getting the order would mean closing a production line. It may also affect your own career.
However, as a value-conscious person, you do not want to give bribe.
Valid arguments can be advanced both for giving the bribe and getting the order, and for refusing to pay the
bribe and risking the loss of the order. What those arguments could be? Could there be any better way to
get out of this dilemma? If so outline the main elements of this third way, pointing out its merits. [2014]
You are the manager of a spare parts company A and you have to negotiate a deal with the manager
of a large manufacturing company B. The deal is highly competitive and sealing the deal is critical for
your company. The deal is being worked out over a dinner. After dinner the manager of
manufacturing company B offered to drop you to the hotel in his car. On the way to hotel he
happens to hit motorcycle injuring the motorcyclist badly. You know the manager was driving fast
and thus lost control. The law enforcement officer comes to investigate the issue and you are the
sole eyewitness to it. Knowing the strict laws pertaining to road accidents you are aware that your
honest account of the incident would lead to the prosecution of the manager and as a consequence
the deal is likely to be jeopardized, which is of immense importance to your company. What are the
dilemmas you face? What will be your response to the situation? (250 Words, 20) [2017]
Issues and values involved
The case presents dilemma for me on various fronts:

a) Dilemma to choose between profitability of my company
and my responsibility to safeguard my professional
ethics/civil service values and organisational values.
b) To choose between my values of loyalty to my company
and empathy and social responsibility.
To choose between my professional well-being and my
personal well-being.
Arguments
i.
ii. Corruption has -
a) Addictive effect
b) Demonstrative effect
c) Domino effect
d) Bandwagon effect.
ii. Culture of bribery develops which will hamper efficient clearance system/bidding/tender as a common good.
Integrity of the process will be destroyed. Common good will be eroded.
iii. Satyamev Jayate, honesty is morally uplifting it boosts dignity and self-respect; Virtue, like happiness, must be
desired for themselves; two things awe me most, the starry-sky above me and the moral law within me.
iv. Work culture; organisational value.
v. Opportunity to improve the system; . As human beings we have certain moral rights
and duties. It's an absolutist view - right is right and must always be done, regardless of the circumstances.
vi. tomorrow the corrupt practices may be encouraged in our own organisation/
bidding process
vii. Laws against bribery Investigations in future will lead to penalization of all involved in my company and may
lead to blacklisting.
viii. My moral duty to provide ethical guidance to my company.
ix. Will develop social capital for the institution/company.
In such scenario, it is important that I listen to my conscience and do what is ethically correct. There is procedure for
grievance redressal and making the officer do what is best for the organisation. I will take following action:
a) Conveying our zero tolerance policy towards corruption to officer in strict words
b) Submitting my quotation with all details of prices and quality.
c) I will make public the quality and specifications of our product so that there will be pressure on officials to not
choose an inferior product.
d) Let the officer take the decision.
e) If he decides in favour of another company, then I will file an RTI asking on what basis decision has been taken.
f) On basis of RTI, I will contact with the higher officials and will register my complaint including getting a stay on the
decision.
Though, it may take some time to get the matter solved, but it will surely be a good development for the long term.
Meanwhile, I can create brand awareness about my product , which would ensure that non-selection of branded good
would not go unquestioned in public thus enforcing sort of social audit on the decision making.
You have been working on the post of Joint Secretary in one of the departments of Defense Ministry. A
research organisation under your department has developed a helicopter which has been working well
for the defense forces of your country. The helicopter also has great potential market in many
developing countries which lack indigenous technology.
The defense minister has assigned you the job of getting orders for this helicopter from these countries,
so that revenues can be generated for further development.
While negotiating with the officials of one country which has shown interest in buying more than 100
helicopters, you realized that stiff competition is there from many European countries. But this
competition can be countered by bribing the officials. Corruption is huge in this interested country and
European sellers are quick enough to catch the opportunity.
You are an honest officer and your product is also superior to the helicopters offered by others. In
context of this situation:
a) Explain what are the ethical issues involved in this case?
b) What steps you can take to resolve the situation?
Ethics QIP-Lec:3
inculcating values.
Ethical Governance

Individual level
Justice
Public Good duties)
Peace
Public Interest
Common Good
Social Contract
Sarvodaya
Trusteeship
Effective utilization of public funds is crucial to meet development goals. Critically
examine the reasons for under-utilization and mis-utilization of public funds and their
implications. [2019]
Public funds are collected from public in trust. It is fiduciary responsibility of government to spend public fund
only for public welfare.
Reasons for under-utilization and mis-utilization of public funds
Wrong cognition eg - small corruption is okay.

Lack of values of integrity, honesty, dedication, commitment etc
Negative emotions greed etc
Absence of fully developed conscience leading to no inner check on hedonism and corruption.
Negative attitude towards respect for law.
Wrong conception of life that happiness comes from wealth and not service.
Lack of social influence to create law abiding citizens.
Absence of ethical ecosystem Politico-bureaucratic-corporate nexus; absence of rule of law.
Poor planning and project implementation.
Absence of skilled manpower
Implication
Violation of social contract

Loss of trust among people this will lead to violation of social contract by people in terms of non-
payment of taxes etc.
Erosion of social capital this will lead to difficulty in program implementation.
Poor governance and lack of development
Inequality - increases in society due to corruption.
Absence of rule of law leading to injustice
-performance of duty by a public servant is a form of . Do you agree
with this view? Justify your answer.
-performance of duty by a public servant is a form of . Do you agree
with this view? Justify your answer.
Non-performance of duty by a public servant is a form of corruption:
Loss of integrity, a moral corruption.

Inner dissonance standing guilty in the court of conscience.
Injustice
Inequality, absence of fraternity and breaking down of social fabric
If our civilization fails, it will be mainly because of breakdown of administration W. B. Donham.
- Mahatma Gandhi
Destroys the spirit of public service; work culture; culture of dedication; organizational values; Integrity
of the process.
Increases the challenges of corruption.
Information about severity of the problem was highlighted -
Cognition
Air quality Index was used to give live date at major cross roads.
(belief)
Public transportation is also cost effective
Data on 50% children being affected by respiratory diseases in Delhi
emotion of love, care, compassion etc
New relations due to carpooling friendship.
Emotion Frustration due to traffic jam is now reduces.
Fear of heavy fine.
On the first day instead of issuing fine rose were given to develop positive
emotion.
People started realizing that the scheme is saving their time due to less
Behaviour traffic.
(Past Number of buses were increased, metro frequency was increases, whole
experience) public transport was strengthened.
Carpooling in Ola and Uber were initiated.
Techniques of Persuasion
i. By Instruction by parents, teachers, social institutions etc

ii. Instrumental conditioning Reward and punishment
Behaviour or attitudes that are followed by the consequences are reinforced and are more likely to
be repeated than behaviour and attitudes that are followed by negative consequences.
iii. Observation learning
Children watch the behaviour of people around then and imitate what they see. Bobo doll
focused on how children learn aggression through observation.
iv. Role modelling
People, particularly children, try to emulate the people they admire, and this include accepting the
attitudes held by these people as own.
v. Social comparison
When owns attitude corroborates with those held by significant others, they are accepted as being
accurate response to attitude object.
Ethics in Public administration
laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical

guidance
accountability and ethical governance
corporate governance.
Philosophical basis of governance and probity

Information sharing and transparency in government
Right to Information
Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct
Work culture
Quality of service delivery
Utilization of public funds
Challenges of corruption.
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world
A fresh engineering graduate gets a job in a prestigious chemical industry. She likes the work. The
salary is also good. However, after a few months accidentally discovers that a highly toxic waste is
being secretly discharged into a river nearby. This is causing health problems to the villagers
downstream who depend on the river for their water needs. She is perturbed and mentions her
concern to her colleagues who have been with the company for longer periods. They advise her to keep
quite as anyone who mentions the topic is summarily dismissed. She cannot risk losing her job as she is
the sole bread-winner for her family and has to support her ailing parents and siblings.
At first, she thinks that if her seniors are keeping quiet, why should she stick out her neck. But her
conscience pricks her to do something to save the river and the people who depend upon it. At heart
she feels that the advice of silence given by her friends is not correct though she cannot give reasons
for it. She thinks you are a wise person and seeks your advice. [2016]
a) What arguments can you advance to show her that keeping quiet is not morally right?
b) What course of action would you advise her to adopt and why?
I will advise her following course of action:
Do some ground research and come up with concrete report about number of people getting
affected and the potential harm caused to health. This will increase her persuasion power and
she will be taken seriously.
take it to senior management

Remind the company of corporate social responsibility and responsibility towards society
Trust and faith of people is required for the long term interest of the company. Once it is lost
then sale of company will be plummeted.\
Present a case study where companies lost business due to loss of confidence of people
Present the pertinent environmental laws and punishment for violation to instil fear deterrent
the concerned authority and create awareness among people.
She must not be worried about her job as she will find other one but if integrity is lost, its one forever.
A building permitted for three floors, while being extended illegally to 6 floors by a builder, collapses. As a
consequence, a number of innocent labourers including women and children died. These labourers are
migrants of different places. The government immediately announced cash relief to the aggrieved families
and arrested the builder.
Give reasons for such incidents taking place across the country. Suggest measures to prevent their
occurrence.
Following steps can be taken to prevent such accidents
a) Clear guidelines and policy regarding building designs and construction.

b) Proper accountability of builders & contractors, engineers, designers and authority giving the
clearances etc.
c) Rule of law efficient police, speedy justice against violation of law.
d) Regulation of real state sector registration of all builders, ensuring safety at construction site, audit
of quality of construction materials etc
e) Use of ICT for monitoring the height of buildings in the city.
f) Awareness of workers regarding the permissible height of buildings and encourage them to not
work at illegal sites
g) Encouraging participation of citizens through RTI and complaining to appropriate authority against
illegal construction.
Gunnar Mrydal, a Swedish economist-sociologist has termed Asian economies including India as soft state
that does not have motivation to legislate laws or enforce the already legislated laws and does not have
any discipline in public life. We need to overcome such impression of and stop illegal
constructions in our nation causing huge social, economic, political and environmental losses.
protesting farmers if they cross through the unauthorized area. This has created lots of resentfulness and anxiety
among various stakeholders.
No action has been taken against the concerned civil servant. Rather a transfer, suggested by many as a promotion,
has been made.
Farmers have been protesting for a prolong period. Their protests has also caused road blockages and inconvenience
to the commuters. Multiple talks between farmer groups and government has failed.
a)Why do you think such orders are given by senior officers.

b)How can ethical training of such officers be carried out?
Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to join active politics. Suggest steps to
motivate them to come forward.
Ethics QIP-Lec:4
inculcating values.
Ethical Governance
Spirit of Public Service
Civil service values
Ethical laws, rules,
Social level Tolerance regulations.
Individual level Tools of ethical
Justice Value conflict
Equality Dignity and Honour governance:
Fraternity Persuasion Autonomy/Freedom Probity
Ethical Ecosystem Rights (& Implied Accountability
Public Good EI duties) Transparency
Peace Codes of Ethics,
Codes of Conduct
Social Contract Public Interest Charters
Common Good Work culture
Sarvodaya participation
Trusteeship Quality service delivery
e-governance
Corporate governance.
Information about severity of the problem was highlighted -
Cognition
Air quality Index was used to give live date at major cross roads.
(belief)
Public transportation is also cost effective
Data on 50% children being affected by respiratory diseases in Delhi
emotion of love, care, compassion etc
New relations due to carpooling friendship.
Emotion Frustration due to traffic jam is now reduces.
Fear of heavy fine.
On the first day instead of issuing fine rose were given to develop positive
emotion.
People started realizing that the scheme is saving their time due to less
Behaviour traffic.
(Past Number of buses were increased, metro frequency was increases, whole
experience) public transport was strengthened.
Carpooling in Ola and Uber were initiated.

iv. Role modelling

guidance

Work culture
Ethical Governance
Codes of Conduct
e-governance
Youth are the trustees of national progress. Their positive attitude in active politics is important to meet this end.
For this a comprehensive strategy covering all aspects (cognitive, affective and behavioral) of persuasion and
attitude change must be targeted simultaneously.
In one old Hindi patriotic song it has been said addressing to the youth: Ye desh hai tumhara, Neta tumhi ho
kal k (This country is yours; you are the leader of tomorrow!)
Youth parliament must be conducted to instill interest in political issues and desire to become political leader.
Healthy political debates to involve more intellectual and rational youths.
Role modeling highlighting the stature and role of important leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Netaji Subhash
Chandra Bose, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri etc in nation building.
Examples of foreign nation with young leaders heading their countries must be highlighted.
Use of Emotional intelligence to rouse the feeling of patriotism and projecting politics and a mean to express
the value of the love for nation.
Politics over religion, caste, reservation, language etc must be replaced by politics over development and
justice.
Voters must also demand person of strong ethical conduct and integrity to become their representative. NOTA
can be used in this regard.
As it is said in the same song referred before: Rakh do ge ek din tum sansar ko badal (One day you will change
the whole world)
What is the concept probity in governance? Suggest innovative measures for ensuring probity in government.
What is the concept probity in governance? Suggest innovative measures for ensuring probity in government.
Probity in governance refers to not only carrying out the process of governance with integrity and absence of
corruption, but also developing the right perception among people. People must perceive government to be
open, honest and efficient.
Probity in governance develops trust in and credibility of government. It develops social capital and effective
governance process.
Measures for ensuring probity in governance
Development of right cognition
Development of ethical ecosystem
Principle of accountability and transparency must be integrated in process of governance through citizens
charter, audit etc.
Open government RTI Act etc must be effectively implemented.
Citizen governance strengthening local governance, social audit etc.
Participatocentricry governance eg In development of New National Education Policy all skate holders
were consulted.
Declaration of information related to asset etc.
Management of conflict of interest
protesting farmers if they cross through the unauthorized area. This has created lots of resentfulness and anxiety
among various stakeholders.
No action has been taken against the concerned civil servant. Rather a transfer, suggested by many as a promotion,
has been made.
Farmers have been protesting for a prolong period. Their protests has also caused road blockages and inconvenience
to the commuters. Multiple talks between farmer groups and government has failed.
a)Why do you think such orders are given by senior officers.

b)How can ethical training of such officers be carried out?
It is a State where prohibition is in force. You are recently appointed as the Superintendent of
Police of a district notorious for illicit distillation of liquor. The illicit liquor leads to many death,
reported and unreported, and causes a major problem for the district authorities.
The approach till now had been to view it as a law and order problem and tackle it accordingly.
Raids, arrest, police cases, and criminal trials all these had only limited impact. The problem
remains as serious as ever.
Your inspections show that the parts of the district where the distillation flourishes are
economically, industrially and educationally backward. Agriculture is badly affected by poor
irrigation facilities. Frequent clashes among communities gave boost to illicit distillation. No major
initiatives had taken place in the past either from the side or from social
organizations to improve the lot of the people.
Which new approach will you adopt to bring the problem under control? (250 words)
A big corporate house is engaged in manufacturing industrial chemicals on a large scale. It proposes to
set upon the additional unit. Many states rejected its proposal due to the detrimental effect on the
environment. But one state government acceded to the request and permitted the unit close to a city,
brushing aside all opposition.
The unit was set up 10 years ago and was in full swing till recently. The pollution caused by the
industrial effluents was affecting the land, water and crops in the area. It was also causing serious
health problems to human beings and animals. This gave rise to a series of agitation thousands of
people took part, creating a law and order problem necessitating stern police action. Following the
public outcry, the State government ordered the closure of the factory.
The closure of the factory resulted in the unemployment of not only those workers who were engaged
in the factory but also those who were working in the ancillary units. It also very badly affected those
industries which depended on the chemicals manufactured by it.
As a senior officer entrusted with the responsibility of handling this issues, how are you going to
address it? (250 words)
Ethics QIP-Lec:5&6
A big corporate house is engaged in manufacturing industrial chemicals on a large scale. It proposes to set upon the
additional unit. Many states rejected its proposal due to the detrimental effect on the environment. But one state
government acceded to the request and permitted the unit close to a city, brushing aside all opposition.
The unit was set up 10 years ago and was in full swing till recently. The pollution caused by the industrial effluents
was affecting the land, water and crops in the area. It was also causing serious health problems to human beings
and animals. This gave rise to a series of agitation thousands of people took part, creating a law and order problem
necessitating stern police action. Following the public outcry, the State government ordered the closure of the
factory.
The closure of the factory resulted in the unemployment of not only those workers who were engaged in the
factory but also those who were working in the ancillary units. It also very badly affected those industries which
depended on the chemicals manufactured by it.
As a senior officer entrusted with the responsibility of handling this issues, how are you going to address it? (250
words)
This case presents the challenge of balancing environmental justice with growth and industrialization. The competing
rights of citizens have to be fulfilled by government to honor its social contract with the citizens.
I as a senior officer entrusted with the responsibility of handling this issue will have to consider demands and grievances
of various stakeholders
a) Living in pollution free environment is a fundamental right of citizens.
As Rudyard Kipling has explained in his poem Dawn the joy of living in pristine environment.
"At two o'clock in the morning, if you open your window and listen,
You will hear the feet of the Wind that is going to call the sun."
a) Degradation of land and water in the area will irreversibility destroy the ecology and also the way of life of farmers.
Further it will also threaten food security.
A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself. Forests are the lungs of our land, purifying the air and giving fresh
strength to our people. - Franklin D. Roosevelt
a) Diseases caused by pollution will be passed on from generation to generation.

b) Workers engaged in the factory and ancillary units have been denied right to work.
Other factories dependent on the chemical factory will suffer because of decision taken by state government.
I will act under the principle of ethical governance to have empathetic, compassionate, sensitive & responsive
governance -
a) Law and order must immediately be restored as factory has already been closed.
b) Compensation and medical help can be given to victim of mob confusion and protest.
c) Workers unemployed must be upgraded in skill to be absorbed elsewhere or given some credit facility for self-
employment.
d) New supplier can be arranged for industries dependent on the chemicals from other parts of the country or
neighboring countries. Import tariff can also be reduced temporarily to prevent economic shock.
e) Scientific measures must be taken to restore soil and water health in the region.
f) The root cause of the problem discharge of untreated effluents, must be addressed. In this regard two steps have
to be taken
Environmental regulation and monitoring have to be strengthened. Transparency and accountability in this regard
must be ensured.
Technology to treat factory discharge cost effectively has to be developed.
Gandhiji once said bow my head in reverence to our ancestors for their sense of the beautiful in Nature and for their
foresight in investing beautiful manifestations of nature with a religious significance. Learning from him we must take
holistic view of development to ensure rights of all citizens are protected.
inculcating values.
Ethical Governance
Codes of Conduct
e-governance

iv. Role modelling

guidance

Work culture
Duties
So act that your principle of action might safely be made a law for the whole world Immanuel Kant
Golden Rule - Do unto others what you expect others to do unto you.
Gandhiji emphasized on duties over right
Kant gave three categorical imperative:
o Formula of universal law Act only on that principle which can be a universal law.
o Formula of end in itself Do not use any person including yourselves as only means.
o Act as a member of kingdom of ends. A kingdom of ends is an ideal society of rational beings following moral
law. Everyone in this kingdom is sovereign i-e he imposed moral law upon himself and also subject himself to it.
Nishkama Karma, self-less or desireless action, is philosophy of Bhagwat Gita which urges one to do duty
without expectation of anything in return.
If you salute your Duty, you no need to Salute Anybody, but if you pollute your Duty, You have to Salute Everybody.
Human values
Two things awe me most, the starry sky above me and the
moral law within me.
act as to treat humanity, whether in their own person
or in that of any other, in every case as an end withal, never
as means .
Autonomy is the root of human dignity and the sources of
all morality.
Virtues, like happiness, must be desired for themselves.
Aristotle
Socrates said that All human beings naturally desire
happiness .
Justice and equality

It is in justice that the ordering of the society is centered.
Preamble begins with the value of justice then liberty and equality and then it talk about fraternity. The
fundamental importance of justice is duly recognised.
I believe that virtually all the problems in the world come from inequality of one kind or another. Amartya Sen
The progress of a society can be judged by the freedom enjoyed by individual member. Amartya Sen
Rawls argues that a rational individual wearing the veil of ignorance will only choose to establish the society that
will at least conform to the following two rules:
o Liberty principle each person is to have equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with
similar liberty for others.
o Difference principle Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both
Reasonably expected to be to everyone's advantage
Attached to positions and offices open to all.
Rawls first the most extensive liberty for each, consistent with similar liberty for others. The second
requires that opportunities which he related to the concept of should be open to all
members of society.
Love and compassion

Ultimately we must endeavor to establish model of the just society which is that of a healthy organism where
all the parts function for the benefit of the whole and whole benefits the parts.
- Sarvodaya through Antyodaya
Till I loved, I never lived Emily Dickenson
One's life has value so long as one attributes value to the life of others Simone de Beauvoir
Service to man as service to God - Swami Vivekananda
who have not found the heaven below, will fail of it - Emily Dickenson
way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others. Mahatma Gandhi
The poet W. H. Auden once wrote on the eve of World War II, We must love one another or . We must choose to
love.
The end of all knowledge is service to others.
Nelson Mandela "There can be no greater gift than that of giving one's time and energy to help others without
expecting anything in return"
live is the rarest thing in the world. Most people exist, that is all. Oscar Wilde.
One's life has value so long as one attributes value to the life of others - Simone de Beauvoir
Love and compassion

GDP the measure that was invented in the manufacturing age is no longer valid. Gross compassion quotient (GCQ)
will be the new measure for the new age. It will show the new light to the humanity.
Mahabharata teaches that compassion is the root of Dharma.
Gandhi ji has said, There is no hope for the aching world except through the narrow and straight path of non-
violence."
Persuasion
Socrates defined knowledge as knowing what to do in certain situation. He said that no one knowingly does what
is bad. This view is known as moral intellectualism.
Aristotle has said that man is a rational creature.
Immanuel Kant has said there is nothing above reason. All our knowledge begins with the senses, proceeds then
to the understanding, and ends with reason. There is nothing higher than reason.
Real politik
For Machiavelli, the highest purpose of social political life is to attain and hold power.
It is better to be feared than to be loved, if you cannot be both.
harm of John Stuart Mill In On liberty John Stuart Mill argued that, only purpose for which
power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm
to .
Bhai bin hoye na preeti Tulsidas
Rationality/Reasoning/Introspection
An unexamined life is not worth living Socrates
Socrates equated knowledge with virtue, which ultimately leads to ethical conduct. He believed that the only life
worth living was one that was rigorously examined.
is a rational Aristotle
telos is rational. In other words, our function is
to realise our full potential as rational being. If we are not fully rational, we are falling short of our true nature.
All our knowledge begins with the senses, proceeds then to the understanding, and ends with reason. There is
nothing higher than reason.
William Shakespeare believed that is no darkness but ignorance.

Good governance
According to Rousseau s social contract theory, people come together and surrender some freedom to state so that the
state can serve public interest. This makes the government a trustee.
Kant gives his ideas of Governance in Perpetual Peace: A philosophical sketch: The state of peace is not a state of nature,
which is rather a state of war, so must the state of peace is established .
Socrates said that Country should be run by virtuous people, people who are knowledge seeker.
Plato gave the concept of Philosopher King in his book The Republic.
Aristotle laid the foundation of good governance. The one that is ruled is like the master of flutes and the ruler is the flute
player who makes use of it.
Ultimately we must endeavor to establish Plato s model of the just state which is that of a healthy organism where all the
parts function for the benefit of the whole and whole benefits the parts.
We need a government, writes Peter Drucker, the father of modern management, which knows how to govern and
does so. Not a government which administers, but a government which truly governs .
Prudence
As per Aristotle there are no absolute moral standard and any ethical theory must be firmly grounded in the
reality of human nature and ground reality.
Aristotle's theory of golden mean Moral behavior is the mean between two extremes - at one end is excess, at
the other deficiency
Deficiency Virtue Excess

Cowardice Courage foolhardiness
Shamelessness Modesty Shyness
Excessive repression Self-control Overindulgence
of desire
Self-indulgence Temperance Insensibility
Sloth Ambition Greed
ATTEMPTING QUOTE BASED QUESTIONS
Introduction: Explain the quote in your own words

Body:
o Use some theory of the paper and philosophy to explain the idea of the
quote
o Give examples to reinforce the idea of the quote
Conclusion: Give an opposite/alternate viewpoint, if there is such scope.
Else/and give prescription.
Mahatma Gandhi
Cowardice is lack of courage. When situation demands speaking out the whole truth and acting accordingly, silence or
neutrality would mean lack of moral courage, conviction and fortitude.
Moral intellectualism required action. Values of empathy, compassion, fraternity, social responsibility among others must
get expression when situation demands so.
Socrates called for speaking truth to power . As per Dante s inferno the darkest places in Hell are reserved for those who
in time of moral crisis preserve their neutrality . As per John Rawl s veil of ignorance one must act to help weak and
exploited. Also as per Kant s categorical imperative it is irrational not to help others in time of need when we know we can
be in similar position and need help. A famous couplet of Namdhari Singh Dinkar also gives the same message
,
,
(Time will speak for truth, not only criminals will be punished,
Whoever is neutral, time will write their crime too)
In the context of civil services neutral bureaucracy is not required. We need bureaucrats who give free and fair advice to
political executives, stand for the rights of weak and vulnerable and fulfill the constitutional promise of justice and equality.
However state must also bring provisions like strengthening of whistle blower act to encourage citizens to express their
values and shed neutrality.
Swami Vivekananda
Tolerance is making room for opposite view, idea and ideology. It is important for a multicultural society to have
tolerance to have unity in diversity. However Swamiji message is not just tolerance but positively embracing other
because there is inherent superiority complex in tolerance against the one who is tolerated. Hence greatness of human
beings lies in embracing differences.
The idea of Swamiji is an old teaching of Indian literature. Following verse from the Hitopadesha provides that
enlarged, enlightened, all-encompassing view.
Ayam nijah paroveti ganana Laghuchetasam,
Udaara Purushaanam tu vasudhaiva Kutumbakam
(To consider some of our fellow beings as our own and others as not our own reflects a poor understanding.
In contrast, the enlightened persons see the entire world as one family).
This view emanates from second key principle in Indian thought: World as a manifestation of the divine. The whole
world including all the animate and inanimate objects are composed of the same elements and have the same divine
energy within them.
As the Ishavasya Upanishad says,
Ishavasyam idam sarvam, yat kinchit Jagtyam jagat,
tena tyaktena bhunjithah maa grudhah kasya svidh dhanam
(The divine principle pervades every atom in this universe.
So, enjoy the bliss of being a part of this universe and share the joy of living on this bountiful,
beautiful earth with all your fellow beings and other objects without excessive greed and avarice).
Do to others the same you expect them to do to you

India after Independence adopted a socialistic form of governance but we also allowed elements of capitalism to
coexist and contribute to nation building.
For the message of Swamiji to come true we must inculcate compassion in ourselves as Mahabharata teaches that
compassion is the root of Dharma.
- Saint Augustine
Human beings apart from enjoying rights also have duties. It is a moral responsibility to act when one
sees some wrong. The action must be proportional to the violation of human rights and moral
principles. The same is said by Saint Augustine in the above quote. This idea reverberates in many
philosophies and thinking.
Rousseau in his social contract theory has said that people has the right to overthrow sovereign
authority if sovereign authority fails to protect their rights. Dante's Inferno says darkest places in
hell are reserved for those who in time of moral crisis preserve their .
In the present context we can see correct application of Saint Augustine idea in context of Arab Spring,
war against ISIS, Fight against Naxalism etc.
However, we should also take the meaning of peacefulness as of and violence as
to fulfill our constitutional and moral responsibility. In context of climate change steps like
steeply increasing funding on R&D, changing national policies and full implementation of international
climate agreements, must be taken.
Wisdom and emotional intelligence is required to judge the timing and proportion of violence.
man must decide whether he will walk in the light of creative altruism or in the darkness of
destructive selfishness. Examine this statement with suitable examples in the context of a public
servant discharging his/her duties.
Altruism is the principle and moral practice of concern for happiness of other human beings, without any self-interest.
Creative altruism can refer to using new ideas and possibilities for welfare of others.
Selfishness is a negative attitude of being self-centric at the cost of others. Selfishness is a moral hazard, breeding
emotion of greed that always leads to destruction.
The quote compellingly says that decide between the two. It takes into account the ability of human beings
to think and reason as Aristotle said, Man is a rational creature . Further, decide as one leads to
happiness and justice and other to destruction.
A civil servant has moral, legal and constitutional duty to serve people. But can truly be achieved in the
light of creative altruism. Armstrong Pame, DM of Manipur, built road through crowd funding, in absence of
fund in the district. This led to socio-economic justice in the region.
Creative altruism develops social capital for a civil servant, making administration easy and smooth. It also brings
motivation and happiness by bring change in life of others, as John Keats wrote, A thing of beauty is a joy forever .
On the other hand, selfishness leads to corruption, embezzlement of funds, inefficiency and injustice. 2G scam, Coal
block scam, Vyapam scam etc, cost enormously to the exchequer happened due to selfishness of civil servants.
Recently Safeer Karim, an IPS officer, was arrest for using illegal means to fulfill greed of becoming an IAS officer.
We must have fully awakened conscience so that we can choose creative altruism over destructive selfishness.
Greed is a bottomless pit which exhausts the person in an endless effort to satisfy the need without
ever reaching satisfaction. Discuss. How it can be managed and controlled?
Greed is the feeling of an excessive desire to acquire or possess more than one need or deserve, especially of money,
wealth, food, or other possessions. According to Buddhism, greed or is a fundamental hindrance to
enlightenment.
Greed stems from a basic fear of life, insecurity, fundamental sense of deprivation, a need for something that is lacking
or unavailable. One only looks at own need and overlook the rights of others. This creates emotion of
intolerance, lack of empathy and compassion, lack of brotherhood and helpfulness and makes one self-centric. Due
to this there is no intrinsic control on desire, resulting ultimately in self-destruction.
Excessive greed for gold overpowered the thinking capacity of the king Midas and brought miseries to him by
making him alone.
Due to greed of fame and power Dhuryodhana was jealous and envy of Bhim and other pandava. This greed finally
led to the destruction of Kuru Empire.
Due to greed of ever expanding urban centres, environment values have been undermined. More and more species
of plants and animals are getting extinct. Greed of money and virtual success has widened the separation of
parents and children. It is rightly said when greed goes out of control it kill breed.
For managing and controlling greed one has to make distinction between need and greed. One can personalize the idea
of Gandhiji in this regard.
Falsehood takes the place of truth when it results in unblemished common good. - Tirukkural
Unblemished common good is the highest goal of humanity. This is also the goal of our constitution of creating just
and equitable society, Indian ethos of and Gandhian philosophy of Sarvodaya.
Unblemished common good is such an important end that sometimes to meet this end falsehood can take place of
truth. End values of empathy and compassion, equality and justice may trump mean values like objectivity,
rationality and scientific temperament.
For instance
a) Many religions teach that humanity has born out of one parent (Adam and Eve). Although this may not be
corroborated by science but is acceptable as it helps in creating the spirit of universal brotherhood.
b) As per Indian philosophy divine principle pervades every atom in this . Scientifically non-living
entity does not have senses but considering then also as part of divine being has helped we Indians to live in
consonance with environment and conserve rivers, mountains etc since time immemorial.
c) Uttarakhand high court has declared River Ganga and Yamuna as living entity. That may not true but decision was
taken in the spirit of conserving the river systems which are common good.
d) If there is security threat from terrorist attack or bomb explosion then security agencies and senior officials in
government may declare situation to be under control, even its not, to avoid panic in public.
e) Some state government comes with report on - stating very high death rate due to snake bite.
Data may be flawed but helps the cause of making state open defecation free.
Truth however has its own way of getting known. No philosophy, idea, thought can sustain on falsehood. As Gandhiji
said is the best .
If you shut up truth and bury it under the ground, it will but grow, and gather to itself such explosive power that the
day it bursts through it will blow up everything in its way. - Emile Zola
"When trust collides with falsehood, falsehood perishes; for falsehood by its nature is bound to perish." Quranic
verse, Chapter 17.
It is against human dignity to try and influence behaviour based on wrong information. We must rather try to
develop unblemished common good on the principle of truth that will be sustainable and acceptable to all.
What is the difference between:
a) Sportsmanship and Gamesmanship
b) Misogyny and Blasphemy
Sportsmanship often occurs when an athlete plays fair, follows the rules of the game, respects the judgement of
the officials and treats the opponents with respect.
Gamesmanship is when athletes use methods that are dubious, or seemingly improper but not strictly illegal; in
other words, trying to gain an advantage without breaking any rules. It has an element of circumvention of rules.
Maintaining the integrity of the rules and conventions of the game is the crucial difference between
Sportsmanship and Gamesmanship.
As per categorical imperative one must behave as creature of kingdom of end do what is right
irrespective of result. Gandhiji also emphasized on over .
Happiness does not come only through winning the game. Happiness also comes through maintaining our
integrity and virtues. As Aristotle said, like happiness must be desired for .
Hence spirit of Sportsmanship must be inculcated among players rather than Gamesmanship.
Misogyny is dislike of or ingrained prejudice against women. Blasphemy is the act of insulting or
showing contempt or lack of reverence for God. Both behaviour stems out of some attitude
formation.
Misogynistic attitude is against
natural right of women to be treated with dignity and respect
their constitutional right to equality and
fundamental duty of men to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
Value of tolerance.
Socrates has taught us to question our environment and it is also fundamental duty to develop
scientific temperament and spirit of inquiry. One can be atheist or agnostic unless one is convinced
of the existence of God. However one must also have emotional intelligence to understand the
religious sensitivity of others. Insulting the faith of others exhibits lack of tolerance.
Inculcation of values like tolerance, brotherhood, fraternity, equality among others will help to
change both misogynistic attitude and tendency for Blasphemy.
Prejudice and discrimination
Prejudice and discrimination are understood as related but different concepts. Prejudice is the
affective component of stereotyping (stereotype is itself the cognitive component). Discrimination is
one of the behavioral components of prejudicial reactions.
In the view of intergroup attitudes, prejudice represents the emotional response and discrimination
refers to actions.
Prejudice is prejudgment, or forming an opinion before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a
case. The word is often used to refer to preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments toward people
or a person because of gender, political opinion, social class, age, disability, religion, sexuality,
race/ethnicity, language, nationality or other personal characteristics.
Discrimination is actions based on prejudice leading to marginalization of certain section.
For Examples: Recent attacks on African nationals in India:
Prejudice - negative emotions of hate and disgust against them.
Discrimination disallowing Africans to live in certain locality in Goa.
Edward Snowden, a computer expert and former CIA administrator, released confidential Government documents
to the press about the existence of Government surveillance programmes. According to many legal experts and
the US Government, his action violated the Espionage act of 1971, which identified the leak of State secret as an
act of treason. Yet, despite the fact that he broke the law, Snowden argued that he had a moral obligation to act.
He gave a justification for his whistle blowing by stating that he had a duty to inform the public as to that
which is done in their name and that which is done against them.
According to Snowden, the Government s violation of privacy had to be exposed regardless of legality since more
substantive issues of social action and public morality were involved here. Many agreed with Snowden. Few
argued that he broke the law and compromised national security, for which he should be held accountable.
Do you agree that Snowden s actions were ethically justified even if legally prohibited? Why or why not? Make an
argument by weighing the competing values in this case (250 words)
Laws are part of ethics and purpose of making any law is enforcement of societal morality. But sometime laws may come
in conflict with the prevailing morality and this creates ethical dilemma.
If Edward Snowden followed the Espionage act of 1971 and did not leak state secret then
a) He would have followed professional ethics and contract. He would be loyal to his organisation, CIA.
b) He would have not allegedly put national security in jeopardy.
c) International reputation of his government would not have been marred.
However stand of Snowden can be justified based on following ethical principle
a) Gandhiji advocated for breaking the unjust law. He said, unjust law is itself a species of .
b) As per the social contract theory people do give up some of their rights to the sovereign power to protect
rest of their rights. However how much right has to be given up will be decided by people. In this case permission of
surveillance will have to be taken by government; otherwise social contact will be broken.
c) Socrates also advocated for truth to if sovereign authority is using power unjustly.
d) As per third Principle of categorical imperative one has to behave like a of kingdom of . This
means that one has to impose moral principle on oneself.
e) This will also enable value of transparency and accountability in administration.
Based on above analysis I agree that actions were ethically justified even if legally prohibited. Government
cannot beak the trust reposed by people. Even Chanakya has mentioned in but it was declared
state policy.
If such surveillance is in national interest then government must pass a law on it and inform people. This will ensure
apolitical use of it, only for national interest.
Ethics QIP-Lec:7
Thomas Hobbes advocated that Laws have moral foundation. Laws in fact are the subset of ethics. Purpose of law is
to bring justice in society, which as per Aristotle, is the foundation for stability in society.
However when injustice becomes law, resistance becomes duty
Gandhiji has said, An unjust law itself is specie of violence .
St. Augustine who said, law is no law at
In Bhagwad Gita, Lord Krishna asked Arjuna to raise his weapons and destroy the enemy to establish Dharma in
the society.
Gandhiji fought to overthrow the British Empire due to their unjust rule. Dadabhai Naoroji, G. K. Gokhale, M.G.
Ranade resisted the British financial Plunder from India.
There was huge protest in India against section 66A of the IT act which violated freedom of speech. People also
protected against proposal to distort . There has also been movement against Section 377 which
criminalizes homosexuality, infringing on the fundamental rights of autonomy, intimacy, and identity of LGBT
community.
Resistance by citizens have yielded in removal of unjust laws and harmonizing laws with ethics.
one indivisible whole." - Mahatma Gandhi
Plato gave the concept of Unity of virtues. As per him, a person cannot possess one of the cardinal virtues
(prudence, temperance, courage, and Justice) without possessing them all. Elvis Presley said values are like
fingerprints. are the same, but you leave them all over everything you do . Hence we cannot do
right in one department whilst attempting to do wrong in another department. Our character will affect our
behaviour in every sphere of our life.
For instance we cannot do immoral act of domestic violence, and be ethically blind towards practices of child
labour and patriarchy and at the same time be ethically competent in professional sphere. It will hamper work
culture, dedication among others and can also lead to corporate fraud.
Mahatma Gandhi while working for independence of India also was compassionate towards animals. He used
to do community service and clean his own toilets. He has one wholesome character.
To make life one indivisible whole we must inculcate the value of integrity in us - to make our behaviour non-
selective.
Examine the relevance of the following in the context of civil service:
(a) Transparency
(b) Fairness and justice
(c) Courage of conviction
(d) Spirit of service
Transparency
Transparency means that the criteria, process and systems of decision-making are openly known to all in a
public manner.
It requires spirit of public service, work culture of record keeping and information sharing.
It helps in:
Creates trust and credibility in administration.

It enhances participation
Tools of good governance RTI act, social audit, charter can be used to increase accountability
Fairness and Justice are constitutional obligations on civil servants. It involves giving people their due.
It requires fulfillment of social contract principles, duties, inclusive ethical standard, and ethical governance
principles.
It is prerequisite for the credibility of the administration, acceptance of its decision and sense of equality.
Fairness and justice is exhibited in affirmative actions like agriculture subsidy, reservations; tribal displacement
and proper rehabilitation; temple entry, triple talaq and other issues of women; balanced regional growth etc to
bring into reality the slogan of ka Saath Sab ka .
Courage of conviction is the ability to stand for decision even in adverse situation.
Strong conviction and emotions of empathy and compassion is required to exhibit courage.
Courage is fundamental to exhibit integrity. Due to high level of political corruption, hostile work
environment, non-cooperating citizens in militant or naxal prone areas etc civil servants need to have courage
of conviction to maintain their integrity and act on higher civil service value of public service.
Officers like Satyendra Dubey and S. Manjunath gave their life to fight corruption in civil services.
Spirit of service spirit of service is dedication with high emotional component.
It requires Emotional intelligence to understand the suffering of others and internal motivation through
philosophies like Nishkama Karma.
It is important for fulfilling constitutional promise of justice and equality; Antyodaya reaching to the last
person and hence creating of a society.
For example recently DM of Manipur built road by pooling money by various stakeholders. New emerging
challenges like disaster management, migration to digital ecosystem, issues in cooperative federalism etc.
with old, persistent and humungous problem of poverty and illiteracy calls for spirit of service to energize
and transform our nation.
Emotion Vs Reason
Different schools of philosophy are divided in this regard. Rationalists in moral philosophy hold that
moral judgment can be based on reasoning alone.
Socrates inspired people to raise questions and search for answers. He said. unexamined life is
not worth .
Aristotle said, is a rational . He laid emphasis on using the mind.
Immanuel Kant lying emphasis on reason said, is nothing above .
Utilitarian Principle of John Stuart Mill aims to bring greatest good for greatest number of people.
This is also based on reason.
Our constitutional philosophy also makes it a duty of citizens to develop scientific temper and
spirit of enquiry.
Max Weber wanted to keep emotion out of bureaucracy to create rational .
Emotion Vs Reason
But many philosophies give importance to emotion, in contrast to reason.

David Hume, Smith, and their British contemporaries argued that one cannot arrive at a moral
belief without experiencing appropriate emotion at some point e.g. by feeling compassion
toward victims or anger toward perpetrators.
Jainism says to not kill even a microorganism. The idea is based on compassion and love.
talisman is based on emotion to understand the vulnerability of others.
As per Mahabharata, moral sentiment is born in human heart, which is full of empathy for others.
Emotions play very important role in expression of value like compassion and also in good
governance like affirmative action for weak and vulnerable.
Emotion Vs Reason
Few philosophies have given weightage to both emotions and reason.

Plato suggests that justice comes only when desires, emotions and knowledge are integrated in right
manner.
Bhagwad Gita also talks about both Bhakti Marg as well as Gyan Marg to achieve Moksha.
When awareness is brought to an emotion, power is brought to your life. Tara Meyer Robson
Thus, what is required in decision making is channelizing emotion and using it with reasons. This can be
done by developing emotional intelligence. Morality is not about victory of reason over emotion or
vice-versa, but correct decisions come from the unique intersection of both.
Attributes of an emotionally intelligent person
1. Sound at components of emotional intelligence - Self-awareness; Self-regulation; Social awareness; Empathy and
Motivation
2. Effective communication about his emotional perception, assimilation and state of mind.
3. Satisfied and contended - due to control of negative emotion of greed and hedonism.
4. Positive attitude despite unfavorable conditions. Christopher Nolan puts beautifully in his movie (Batman Begins)
Why do we fall?. So that we learn to pick ourselves .
5. Value expression if one can manage negative emotion of fear
6. Commitment and dedication - Nishkama Karma
7. Not get disturbed by accusation or rumors - as Gandhiji said, Nobody can hurt me without my permission .
8. Endurance in adversity - As Sahir lyrics says
Main Zindagi Ka Saath Nibhata Chala Gaya
Har Fikar Ko Dhuen Mein Udata Chala Gaya

1. Happy state of mind working as per message of Karl Barth, Joy is the simplest form of gratitude .
2. Easy adaptability and quick learning Charles Darwin proved that emotion helps in adaptability. As Plato said, All
learning has an emotional base.
3. Predictability in behaviours - due to control of emotions of anger etc.
4. Healthy personal relation due to management of emotion.
5. Efficient professional performance 80% of adult success depends on EQ as per Daniel Goleman.
6. Persuasive power - The only way to change someone's mind is to connect with them from the heart. - Rasheed Ogunlaru
Quotes on emotional intelligence
Nobody can hurt me without my permission Mahatma Gandhi

As more and more artificial intelligence is entering into the world, more and more emotional intelligence must
enter into leadership
Plato
Eric Jensen
"Anyone can be angry-that is easy. But to be angry at the right time, for the right reason, at the right person and in
the right intensity must truly be brilliant." Aristotle
Emotions can get in the way or get you on the way. - Mavis Mazhura
The only way to change someone's mind is to connect with them from the heart. - Rasheed Ogunlaru
It is very important to understand that emotional intelligence is not the opposite of intelligence, it is not the
triumph of heart overhead--it is the unique intersection of both. David Caruso
Whatever is begun in anger, ends in shame. Benjamin Franklin
No one cares how much you know, until they know how much you care. Theodore Roosevelt
Your intellect may be confused, but your emotions will never lie to you. Roger Ebert
Emotional Intelligence is the Difference That Makes the Difference
Carl Sagan
When awareness is brought to an emotion, power is brought to your life Tara Meyer Robson
Your pain is the breaking of the shell that encloses your understanding. Khalil Gibran
Karen McCown
Ethics and administration
Kant gives his ideas of Governance in Perpetual Peace: A philosophical sketch. He says state of peace is not a state
of nature, which is rather a state of war, so must the state of peace is .
So to maintain peace and order in society a system of governance must be established. Such a system has been
proposed by Rousseau. He says in his Theory of social contract that people come together and surrender some
freedom to state so that the state can serve public interest. This makes the government a trustee. The idea was further
strengthened by John Locke.
In the governance setup the responsibility of government is very high
Socrates said that Country should be run by virtuous people, people who are knowledge seeker.
Plato gave the concept of Philosopher King in his book The Republic.
Aristotle laid the foundation of good governance. The one that is ruled is like the master of flutes and the ruler is the
flute player who makes use of it.
Ultimately we must endeavor to establish model of the just state which is that of a healthy organism where all
the parts function for the benefit of the whole and whole benefits the parts.
need a writes Peter Drucker, the father of modern management, which knows how to govern and
does so. Not a government which but a government which truly .
Administration is the management of public affair. Sovereign authority gets the right of administration through
social contract. Value driven administration is honoring this contract and working for the welfare of people. In
fact, the term has been derived from Latin word administrare meaning to . Thus
administration inherently has the value of .
Various ancient and modern texts has emphasized on value based administration
Arthashastra urged the ruler to remain compassionate towards his subject. It says about the king, the
happiness of his subjects lies his happiness; in their welfare his .
of Plato talks about the statecraft and administration based on ethics and
morality.
Indian constitution has made India a with the obligation of safeguarding fundamental rights
and liberty of citizens.
To strengthen value based administration, 2 nd ARC has recommended foundational values of civil services
which include empathy, compassion, tolerance, impartiality, non-partisanship among others.
Value based administration ensures equity and sustainability

Value of inclusiveness has resulted in Tribal Pansheel Policy of government of India, helping both integration of
tribals in mainstream and protection of their culture.
To fulfill the promise of socio-economic equality Indian administration has taken affirmative action for women,
scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, farmers old aged etc.
When morality is separated from administration there is destruction of civilization. For instance fall of Roman
Empire.
Due to corruption, East India Company had to take financial help from British parliament which ultimately resulted
in seizure of their trade rights.
Effort to infuse and to separate from economic administration has brought crisis like
2008 economic crisis, scams like 2G etc.
Nordic nations have achieved excellence in public administration. They top most of the socio-economic rankings.
Hence if administration is bereft of values, it will lose both its meaning and purpose.
Quest for greater good in life
Right conception of life
Working as per message of Karl Barth, Joy is the simplest form of gratitude .
From John Keats' epic poem, Endymion, 1818:
A thing of beauty is a joy forever:
Its loveliness increases; it will never
Pass into nothingness
The Joy Of Little Things written by Robert William Service
Take wealth, take fame, but leave to me,
O Lord of Life, just Little Things.
The secret of happiness you see does not lie in seeking more, but in developing the capacity to enjoy less.
Socrates.
Virtues like happiness must be desired for themselves. Aristotle
Happiness is when what we think, what we say and what we do are in harmony. Mahatma Gandhi
Emotional development
1. Satisfied and contended - due to control of negative emotion of greed and hedonism.
2. Not get disturbed by accusation or rumors - as Gandhiji said, can hurt me without my
.
3. Endurance in adversity - As Sahir lyrics says
4. One's life has value so long as one attributes value to the life of others - Simone de Beauvoir
Positive attitude despite unfavorable conditions.
Christopher Nolan puts beautifully in his movie (Batman Begins) Why do we fall?. So that we
learn to pick ourselves .
have been bent and broken, but I hope into a better Emily Dickenson
We must live like different cells of an organism, where health of one affects the health of others.
Quotes on Life
What is life but a continuous adventure Hellen Keller

.
Those who have not found the heaven below, will fail of it above Emily Dickenson
Till I loved, I never lived. Emily Dickenson
If I can stop one heart from breaking,
I shall not live in vain;
If I can ease one life the aching,
Or cool one pain,
Or help one fainting robin
Unto his nest again,
I shall not live in vain.
What is this life if, full of care,
We have no time to stand and stare.
Ethics and religion
Religion is to morality what water is to the seed that is sown in the soil. The essence of every religion is to follow the
path of morality to realize the God. Thus, morality is implicit in every religion. In fact, there is no religion higher than
Truth and Righteousness.
Religion is one source of morality but correct understanding and interpretation is required. Many people have used
religion very positively in public sphere like Gandhi ji. Emily Dickenson wrote -
For Gentlemen who see!

But Microscopes are prudent
In an Emergency!
All religion demands moral behavior from its followers. For instance
Swamiji, in one his lectures, says, Love and charity for the whole human race, that is the test of true
religiousness.
Islam makes charity compulsory in form of Zakat for its followers.
Buddhism and Jainism also lay down the ethical path for achieving Nirvana (liberation).
Ethics and religion
Being religious is not a precondition for being ethical.

Morality can be derived from laws, social norms, and conscience of a person, secular principles, theory and philosophies
as well.
Like, constitutional morality guides the governance process in our country.
Socrates principle of truth to four cardinal virtues, mean
Utilitarianism and John Rawls theory of Justice, are all source of secular ethics and are not based on
religious doctrine.
In the transparency Perception of corruption Index, atheist nations like Sweden and Norway often
tops the list. They also have high level of development, signaling ethics in public administration. On the other side,
India has high corruption despite of most people showing religious orientations.
There are religious fundamental groups who use religion to justify killing innocent people.
Gandhi ji has rightly said: - As soon as we lose the moral basis, we cease to be religious. There is no such thing as
religion overriding morality. Man, for instance cannot be untruthful, cruel and incontinent and claim to have God on his
side
Right to rebel
Human Rights Declaration of the U.N states that man has the right to rebel against tyranny. It says it is
essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and
oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law.
As per Edward Coke for rule of law to operate, people must be the source of rule of law.
Rousseau in his social contract theory has said that people has the right to overthrow sovereign authority if
sovereign authority fails to protect their liberty.
Gandhiji has said, An unjust law itself is specie of violence .
St. Augustine who said, law is no law at
Peacefulness in the face of a grave wrong that could only be stopped by violence would be a sin. - Saint Augustine.
In Bhagwad Gita, Lord Krishna asked Arjuna to raise his weapons and destroy the enemy to establish Dharma in the
society.
Dante's Inferno says the darkest places in hell are reserved for those who in time of moral crisis preserve their
neutrality .
Utilitarianism also supports violence, but only if the intended good is much more than the harm caused by violence.
Harm principle of John Stuart Mill
Arjuna in Mahabharata says: - see no being in this world without violence.
Right to rebel
However, it is also true that as long as people use violence to combat violence, we will always have violence.
True progress comes through peace and forgiveness. Gandhi ji has said, There is no hope for the aching world
except through the narrow and straight path of non-violence."
Thus, what is required is a negative attitude towards violence. It shall be used only as a last resort. Wisdom and
emotional intelligence are required to judge the timing and proportion of violence. It must also be proportional
to the violation of human rights and moral principles, and its objective must be to re-establish peace.
Should state take tough measure in national interest, constricting citizens rights
Socrates believed that philosophy should achieve practical results for the greater well-being of society.
As per Aristotle there are no absolute moral standard and any ethical theory must be firmly grounded in the
reality of human nature and ground reality.
Kautilya
Machiavelli
Friedrich Nietzsche has also glorified the war and takes it as an agent of change and progress.
Peacefulness in the face of a grave wrong that could only be stopped by violence would be a sin. - Saint Augustine.
In Bhagwad Gita, Lord Krishna asked Arjuna to raise his weapons and destroy the enemy to establish Dharma in the
society.
Dante's Inferno says the darkest places in hell are reserved for those who in time of moral crisis preserve their
neutrality .
National interest is summum Bonum in many philosophies.
The crisis of ethical values in modern times is traced to a narrow perception of the good life. Discuss.
Law and ethics are considered to be the two tools for controlling human conduct so as to make it conducive to
civilized social existence. (a) Discuss how they achieve this objective. (b) Giving examples, show how the two
differ in their approaches.
Do you think civil disobedience is ethical?
Our attitudes towards life, work, other people and society are generally shaped unconsciously by the
family and social surroundings in which we grow up. Some of these unconsciously acquired attitudes and
values are often undesirable in the citizens of modern democratic and egalitarian society. (a) Discuss
such undesirable values prevalent in educated Indians. (b) How can such undesirable attitudes be
changed and socio-ethical values be cultivated in the aspiring and serving civil servants?
weak can never forgive; forgiveness is the attribute of the
strong.
As a senior officer in the Ministry, you have access to important policy decisions and upcoming big
announcements such as road constructions projects before they are notified in the public domain. The
Ministry is about to announce a mega road project for which the drawings are already in place. Sufficient
care was taken by the planners to make use of the government land with the minimum land acquisition from
private parties. Compensation rate for private parties was also finalized as per government rules. Care was
also taken to minimize deforestation. Once the project is announced, it is expected that there will be a huge
spurt in real estate prices in and around that area.
Meanwhile, the Minister concerned insists that you realign the road in such a way that it comes closer to his
20 acres farmhouse. He also suggests that he would facilitate the purchase of a big plot of land in your wife
name at the prevailing rate which is very nominal, in and around the proposed mega road project. He also
tries to convince you by saying that there is no harm in it as he is buying the land legally. He even promises
to supplement your savings in case you do not have sufficient funds to buy the land. However, by the act of
realignment, a lot of agricultural lands has to be acquired, thereby causing a considerable financial burden
on the government, and also the displacement of the farmers. As if this is not enough, it will involve cutting
down of a large number of trees denuding the area of its green cover.
Faced with this situation, what will you do? Critically examine various conflicts of interest and explain what
your responsibilities are as a public servant. (250 words)
inculcating values.
Ethical Governance
Codes of Conduct
e-governance

iv. Role modelling

guidance

Work culture
Ethics QIP-Lec:9
Theme: Persuasion to change the societal attitude
You are recently posted as district development officer of a district. Shortly thereafter you found that there is
considerable tension in the rural areas of your district on the issue of sending girls to schools.
The elders of the village feel that many problems have come up because girls are being educated and they
are stepping out of the safe environment of the household. They are of the view that the girls should be
quickly married off with minimum education. The girls are also competing for jobs after education, which
have traditionally remained in boys’ exclusive domain, adding to unemployment amongst male population.
The younger generation feels that in the present era, girls should have equal opportunities for education and
employment, and other means of livelihood. The entire locality is divided between the elders and the
younger lot and further sub-divided between sexes in both generations. You come to know that in Panchayat
or in other local bodies or even in busy crossroads, the issue is being acrimoniously debated.
One day you are informed that an unpleasant incident has taken place. Some girls were molested, when they
were en route to schools. The incident led to clashes between several groups and a law and order problem
has arisen. The elders after heated discussion have taken a joint decision not to allow girls to go to school
and to socially boycott all such families, which do not follow their dictate.
1. What steps would you take to ensure girls’ safety without disrupting their education?
2. How would you manage and mould matriarchic attitude of the village elders to ensure harmony in the
inter-generation?
Sivakasi in Tamil Nadu is known for its manufacturing clusters on firecrackers and matches. The local
economy of the area is largely dependent on firecrackers industry. It has led to tangible economic
development and improved standard of living in the area.
So far as child labour norms for hazardous industries like firecrackers industry are concerned, International
Labour Organization (ILO) has set the minimum age as 18 years. In India, however, this age is 14 years.
The units in industrial clusters of firecrackers can be classified into registered and non-registered entities.
One typical unit is household-based work. Though the law is clear on the use of child labour employment
norms in registered/non-registered units, it does not include household-based works. Household-based
work means children working under the supervision of their parents/relatives. To evade child labour norms,
several units project themselves as household-based works but employ children from outside. Needless to
say that employing children saves the costs for these units leading to higher profits to the owners.
On your visit to one of the units at Sivakasi, the owner takes you around the unit which has about 10-15
children below 14 years of age. The owner tells you that in his household-based unit, the children are all his
relatives. You notice that several children smirk, when the owner tells you this. On deeper enquiry, you figure
out that neither the owner nor the children are able to satisfactorily establish their relationship with each
other.
1. Bring out and discuss the ethical issues involved in the above case.
2. What would be your reaction after your above visit?
You are the Sarpanch of a Panchayat. There is a primary school run by the government in your area. Midday
meals are provided to the children attending the school. The Headmaster has now appointed a new cook in
the school to prepare the meals. However, when it is found that the cook is from Dalit community, almost
half of the children belonging to higher castes are not allowed to take meals by their parents. Consequently
the attendance in the school falls sharply. This could result in the possibility of discontinuation of midday
meal scheme, thereafter of teaching staff and subsequent closing down the school.
1. Discuss some feasible strategies to overcome the conflict and to create right ambience.
2. What should be the responsibilities of different social segments and agencies to create positive social
ambience for accepting such changes?
Theme: Balancing the interest of two or more section of society
There is ethical dilemma as one vulnerable section has to be given

special treatment in preference to the other.
Objectivity from the public officer –
Transparency, providing timely information –
Decentralization in decision making, participation of people, -
Principle like Sarvodaya through Antyodaya
Difference principle of John Rawls social contract theory.
Positive discrimination is accepted principle in Indian constitution.
Social cohesion, unity, interdependence must be maintained.
ABC Ltd. is a large transnational company having diversified business activities with a huge shareholder base.
The company is continuously expanding and generating employment. The company, in its expansion and
diversification programme, decides to establish a new plant at Vikaspuri, an area which is underdeveloped.
The new plant is designed to use energy efficient technology that will help the company to save production
cost by 20%. The company’s decision goes well with the Government policy of attracting investment to
develop such underdeveloped regions. The Government has also announced tax holiday for five years for the
companies that invest in underdeveloped areas. However, the new plant may bring chaos for the inhabitants
of Vikaspuri region which is otherwise tranquil. The new plant may result in increased cost of living, aliens
migrating to the region, disturbing the social and economic order. The company sensing the possible protest
tried to educate the people of Vikaspuri region and public in general that how its Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) policy would help overcome the likely difficulties of the residents of Vikaspuri region. In
spite of this the protests begin and some of the residents decided to approach the judiciary as their plea
before the Government did not yield any result.
(a) Identify the issues involved in the case.
(b) What can be suggested to satisfy Company’s goal and to address the resident’s concern.
There is a disaster-prone State having frequent landslides, forest fires, cloudbursts, flash floods and
earthquakes, etc. Some of these are seasonal and often unpredictable. The magnitude of the disaster is
always unanticipated. During one of the seasons, a cloudburst caused devastating floods and landslides
leading to high casualties. There was major damage to infrastructure like roads, bridges and power
generating units. This led to more than 100000 pilgrims, tourists and other locals trapped across different
routes and locations. The people trapped in your area of responsibility included senior citizens, patients in
hospitals, women and children, hikers, tourists, ruling party’s regional president along with his family,
additional jail. As secretary State and prisoners in jail.
As a civil services officer of the State, what would be the order in which you would rescue these people and
why? Give justifications.
Theme: Good and ethical governance: inclusiveness of vulnerable section
Suppose the Government of India is thinking of constructing a dam in a mountain valley bond by forests and
inhabited by ethnic communities. What rational policy should it resort to in dealing with unforeseen
contingencies
In our country, the migration of rural people to towns and cities is increasing drastically. This is causing
serious problems both in the rural as well as in the urban areas. In fact, things are becoming really
unmanageable. Can you analyze this problem in detail and indicate not only the socio-economic but
also the emotional and attitudinal factors responsible for this problem? Also, distinctly bring out why —
1. Educated rural youth are trying to shift to urban areas;
2. Landless poor people are migrating to urban slums;
3. Even some farmers are selling off their land and trying to settle in urban areas taking up petty jobs.
What feasible steps can you suggest which will be effective in controlling this serious problem of our
country?
Land needed for mining, dams and other large-scale projects is acquired mostly from Adivasis, hill
dwellers and rural communities. The displaced persons are paid monetary compensation as per the
legal provisions. However, the payment is often tardy. In any case, it cannot sustain the displaced
families for long. These people do not possess marketable skills to engage in some other occupation.
They end up as low paid migrant labourers. Moreover, their living is destroyed. Thus, the benefits of
traditional ways of community development go to industries, industrialists and urban communities
whereas the costs are passed on to these poor helpless people. This unjust distribution of costs and
benefits is unethical. Suppose you have been entrusted with the task of drafting a better
compensation-cum-rehabilitation policy for such displaced persons, how would you approach the
problem and what would be the main elements of your suggested policy?
Theme: You are facing resistance as an honest officer to work with integrity in the organisation
You are a no-nonsense, honest officer. You have been transferred to a remote district to head a department that is
notorious for its inefficiency and callousness. You find that the main cause of the poor state of affairs is the indiscipline of
a section of employees. They do not work themselves and also disrupt the working of others. You first warned the
troublemakers to mend their ways or else face disciplinary action. When the warning had little effect, you issued a show
cause notice to the ringleaders. As a retaliatory measure, these troublemakers instigated a woman employee amongst
them to file a complaint of sexual harassment against you with the Women’s Commission. The Commission promptly
seeks your explanation. The matter is also publicized in the media to embarrass you further. Some of the options to
handle this situation could be as follows :
1. Give your explanation to the Commission and go soft on the disciplinary action.
2. Ignore the Commission and proceed firmly with the disciplinary action.
3. Brief your higher-ups, seek directions from them and act accordingly.
Suggest any other possible option(s). Evaluate all of them and suggest the best course of action, giving your reasons for
it.
Values one must show:
i. Courage
ii. Fortitude
iii. Integrity
iv. Honesty – virtue, like happiness must be desired for themselves. Honesty is morally uplifting, it boosts dignity and self-
respect.
Arguments:
▪ As per Kant’s categorical imperative one has to act as per one’s moral duty in every circumstance.
▪ Nishkama Karma –
▪ Gandhiji said, “Nobody needs to wait for anyone else to adopt a humane and enlightened course of action”.
▪ Rabindranath Tagore has written, “Jodi tor daak sune keu naa aashe, tabe ekle chalo re”. If they answer not to your call
walk alone.
▪ Self-esteem is higher human need as per Maslow’s need of hierarchy
▪ Virtue, like happiness must be desired for themselves.
▪ Satya mev Jayate
Steps one can take:
i. Emotional intelligence
ii. Yoga/meditation
iii. Listening to devotional songs
Theme: Arguments against corruption
Suppose one of your close friends, who is also aspiring for civil services, comes to you for discussing some of the
issues related to ethical conduct in public service. He raises the following points :
1. In the present times, when unethical environment is quite prevalent, individual attempts to stick to ethical
principles may cause a lot of problems in one’s career. It may also cause hardship to the family members as
well as risk to one’s life. Why should we not be pragmatic and follow the path of least resistance, and be
happy with doing whatever good we can?
2. When so many people are adopting wrong means and are grossly harming the system, what difference would
it make if only a small minority tries to be ethical? They are going to be rather ineffective and are bound to
get frustrated.
3. If we become fussy about ethical considerations, will it not hamper the economic progress of our country?
After all, in the present age of high competition, we cannot afford to be left behind in the race of
development.
4. It is understandable that we should not get involved in grossly unethical practices, but giving and accepting
small gratifications and doing small favours increases everybody’s motivation. It also makes the system more
efficient. What is wrong in adopting such practices?
Critically analyze the above viewpoints. On the basis of this analysis, what will be your advice to your friend?
Psychology Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral
and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.
Sociology Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers
inculcating values.
Ethical Governance
• Spirit of Public Service

• Civil service values
Social level • Ethical laws, rules,
Tolerance
Individual level regulations.
• Justice Value conflict • To o l s o f e t h i c a l
• Equality • Dignity and Honour governance:
• Fraternity Persuasion • Autonomy/Freedom ▪ Probity
• Ethical Ecosystem • Rights (& Implied ▪ Accountability
EI
• Public Good duties) ▪ Transparency
• Peace ▪ Codes of Ethics, Codes
of Conduct
Social Contract Public Interest
Common Good ▪ Citizen’s Charters
Sarvodaya ▪ Work culture
Trusteeship ▪ People’s participation
• Quality service delivery –
e-governance
• Corporate governance.
• Challenges of corruption.
i. By Instruction – by parents, teachers, social institutions etc

ii. Instrumental conditioning – Reward and punishment
Behaviour or attitudes that are followed by the consequences are reinforced and are more likely to be
repeated than behaviour and attitudes that are followed by negative consequences.
Children watch the behaviour of people around then and imitate what they see. “The Bobo doll
experiment” focused on how children learn aggression through observation.
iv. Role modelling
attitudes held by these people as one’s own.

guidance
• Philosophical basis of governance and probity

• Information sharing and transparency in government
• Right to Information
• Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct
• Citizen’s Charters
• Work culture
• Quality of service delivery
• Utilization of public funds
• Challenges of corruption.

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Ethics CAP

Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service

Ethics - in private and public relationships.

Governance Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration

Social level Tolerance

Escaping moral erosion

Gives a sense of achievement

having the conviction that honesty will ultimately help him.

Gandhiji said, the return for service is the service itself.

Legal action against me.

1.List the likely vested interests of the concerned parties.

Various ethical considerations:

Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service

Ethics - in private and public relationships.

Governance Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration

Social level Tolerance

Gandhiji said, the return for service is the service itself.

concept of mean over end

Work culture, organizational value,

Integrity of the process.

Legal action against me.

Social level Tolerance

i. What are the options available to you?

The case presents dilemma for me on various fronts:

Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service

Ethics - in private and public relationships.

Governance Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration

Social level Tolerance

Reasons for under-utilization and mis-utilization of public funds

Wrong cognition eg - small corruption is okay.

Violation of social contract

Non-performance of duty by a public servant is a form of corruption:

Loss of integrity, a moral corruption.

i. By Instruction by parents, teachers, social institutions etc

laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical

Philosophical basis of governance and probity

take it to senior management

the concerned authority and create awareness among people.

a) Clear guidelines and policy regarding building designs and construction.

a)Why do you think such orders are given by senior officers.

Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service

Ethics - in private and public relationships.

Governance Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration

i. By Instruction by parents, teachers, social institutions etc

laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical

Philosophical basis of governance and probity

a)Why do you think such orders are given by senior officers.

a) Diseases caused by pollution will be passed on from generation to generation.

Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service

Ethics - in private and public relationships.

Governance Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration

i. By Instruction by parents, teachers, social institutions etc

laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical

Philosophical basis of governance and probity

Justice and equality

Love and compassion

Love and compassion

William Shakespeare believed that is no darkness but ignorance.

Deficiency Virtue Excess

Introduction: Explain the quote in your own words