Various purification Techniques of Domestic Water

Treatment
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements

of micro-project

Environmental Studies

By

Ved Patel

ROLL NO: - 20
ENROLLMENT NO: - 1809640118

SUBJECT INCHARGE

Mrs. Yogita Wasu

Department of Computer Engineering

Academic Year 2020-2021

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the micro project

"Various purification Techniques of Domestic Water Treatment "

Is done by

“Dhruv Patel, Ved Patel”

Is Summited for
“Environmental Studies”
For
The diploma in Computer Engineering to the

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

(Autonomous) (ISO-9001-2008) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)

Subject In-charge Head of Department

(Mrs. Yogita Wasu) (Mrs.Manisha Patil)
Various purification Techniques of Domestic Water Treatment

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements

of micro-project of

Environmental Studies

By

Roll No. Name of Student Enrollment No.

19 Dhruv Patel 1809640117
20 Ved Patel 1809640118

Department of computer engineering

Academic Year 2020-21

 Report

Introduction
In this project, we learn about Various purification Techniques of Domestic Water Treatment.

Rational
Environmental study is a multidisciplinary academic field that systematically studies human
interaction with the environment. Environmental studies connect principles from the physical
sciences, commerce/economics, the humanities, and social sciences to address complex
contemporary environmental issues. It is a broad field of study that includes the natural
environment, the built environment, and the relationship between them.

Aim
Various purification Techniques of Domestic Water Treatment.

Course Outcome
1. Learned about various water treatment plant.

Literature
In ancient Greek and Sanskrit (India) writings dating back to 2000 BC, water treatment
methods were recommended. People back then knew that heating water might purify it, and
they were also educated in sand and gravel filtration, boiling, and straining. The major motive
for water purification was better-tasting drinking water because people could not yet
distinguish between foul and clean water. Turbidity was the main driving force between the
earliest water treatments. Not much was known about microorganisms or chemical
contaminants.

Actual Methodology Followed

Topic Work Done Done By

1 Gathering Information Dhruv Patel, Ved Patel

2 Report Making Dhruv Patel, Ved Patel

Skill Developed
1. Learning various types of water Purification Techniques.
2. Learning how water gets purified in the water treatment plant.

Water purification
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological
contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from water. The goal is to produce water fit for
specific purposes. Most water is purified and disinfected for human consumption (drinking
water), but water purification may also be carried out for a variety of other purposes,
including medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications. The methods
used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation; biological
processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon; chemical processes such as
flocculation and chlorination; and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet
light.

Water purification may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended
particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi as well as reduce the concentration of
a range of dissolved and particulate matter.

The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international
standards. These standards usually include minimum and maximum concentrations of
contaminants, depending on the intended use of the water.

Industrial water treatment

● Processes
Two of the main processes of industrial water treatment are boiler water treatment and
cooling water treatment. A large amount of proper water treatment can lead to the
reaction of solids and bacteria within pipework and boiler housing. Steam boilers can
suffer from scale or corrosion when left untreated. Scale deposits can lead to weak and
dangerous machinery, while additional fuel is required to heat the same level of water
because of the rise in thermal resistance. Poor quality dirty water can become a
breeding ground for bacteria such as Legionella causing a risk to public health.
Corrosion in low-pressure boilers can be caused by dissolved oxygen, acidity, and
excessive alkalinity. Water treatment therefore should remove the dissolved oxygen
and maintain the boiler water with the appropriate pH and alkalinity levels. Without
effective water treatment, a cooling water system can suffer from scale formation,
corrosion, and fouling and may become a breeding ground for harmful bacteria. This
reduces efficiency, shortens plant life, and makes operations unreliable and unsafe.

● Boiler water treatment

Boiler water treatment is a type of industrial water treatment focused on the removal
or chemical modification of substances potentially damaging to the boiler. Varying
types of treatment are used at different locations to avoid scale, corrosion, or foaming.
External treatment of raw water supplies intended for use within a boiler is focused on
the removal of impurities before they reach the boiler. Internal treatment within the
boiler is focused on limiting the tendency of water to dissolve the boiler, and
maintaining impurities in forms least likely to cause trouble before they can be
removed from the boiler in boiler blowdown.

● Cooling water treatment

Water cooling is a method of heat removal from components and industrial equipment.
Water may be a more efficient heat transfer fluid where air cooling is ineffective. In
most occupied climates water offers the thermal conductivity advantages of a liquid
with unusually high specific heat capacity and the option of evaporative cooling. Low
cost often allows rejection as waste after a single-use, but recycling coolant loops may
be pressurized to eliminate evaporative loss and offer greater portability and improved
cleanliness. Unpressurized recycling coolant loops using evaporative cooling require a
blowdown waste stream to remove impurities concentrated by evaporation.
Disadvantages of water cooling systems include accelerated corrosion and
 maintenance requirements to prevent heat transfer reductions from biofouling or scale
formation. Chemical additives to reduce these disadvantages may introduce toxicity to
wastewater. Water cooling is commonly used for cooling automobile internal
combustion engines and large industrial facilities such as nuclear and steam electric
power plants, hydroelectric generators, petroleum refineries, and chemical plants.

● Chemical treatment
Chemical treatments are techniques adopted to make industrial water suitable for use
or discharge. These include chemical precipitation, chemical disinfection, chemical
oxidation, advanced oxidation, ion exchange, and chemical neutralization.

● Physical treatment
Filtration removes particles from water either by passage through a layer of sand, such
as a rapid gravity filter or in a mechanical filter.

Dissolved air flotation removes suspended solids from the water. This is achieved by
dissolving air in the water under pressure and then releasing the water/air at
atmospheric pressure in a flotation tank. The released air forms small bubbles that
adhere to the suspended matter causing them to float to the surface of the water where
they can be removed by a skimming device or an overflow.

● Biological treatment
Slow sand filters use a biological process to purify raw water to produce potable
water. They work by using a complex biological film that grows naturally on the
surface of the sand. This gelatinous biofilm called the hypogeal layer or Schmutzdecke
is located in the upper few millimeters of the sand layer. The surface biofilm purifies
the water as it flows through the layer, the underlying sand provides a support medium
for the biological treatment layer. The Schmutzdecke consists of bacteria, fungi,
protozoa, Rotifera, and a range of aquatic insect larvae. As the biofilm ages, more
algae may develop, and larger aquatic organisms including bryozoa, snails, and
Annelid worms may be present. As water passes through the hypogeal layer, particles
of matter are trapped in the mucilaginous matrix and soluble organic material is
adsorbed. The contaminants are metabolized by bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.

Slow sand filters are typically 1 – 2 meters deep and have a hydraulic loading rate of
 0.2 – 0.4 cubic meters per square meter per hour.[12] Filters lose their performance as
the biofilm thickens and reduces the rate of flow. The filter is refurbished by removing
the biofilm and a thin upper layer of sand. Water is decanted back into the filter and
re-circulated to enable a new biofilm to develop. Alternatively, wet harrowing
involves stirring the sand and flushing the biolayer through for disposal.

How do the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) work?

Drinking water is a very precious commodity for almost half of the world.
Access to drinking water in our domestic dwellings is nothing unusual. We take a shower and
water drains away. We use a toilet and all human waste drains away through a pipeline into
the dark. We do the washing-up and water along with the dish soap disappears in the kitchen
sink drain. Did you ever think where the water ends up and what happens with the used water
afterward?

Mostly, we believe this is not our concern. At least until we start contemplating the
wastewater treatment. If you are interested in WWTPS, this is the right place for you.

In a nutshell, I will try to explain the wastewater treatment process, starting from entering the
gates of the WWTP to its transformation into service water.

But first things first. Let’s start with few basic definitions.

What is wastewater?

It is used water originating from domestic, industrial, agricultural, and medical or transport
activities. Used water becomes wastewater upon the change of its quality, composition and/or
temperature.

However, wastewater does not include water released from ponds or reservoirs for fish
farming.

Types of wastewater?
Wastewater can be divided into two major groups:

Sewage water is all wastewater used in domestic dwellings (e.g. originating from toilets,
showers, or sinks).

Industrial wastewater originates from production, industrial and commercial activities, and
has a different chemical composition to sewage water.

In broad terms, we may distinguish municipal wastewater originating from municipalities. It

has different ratios of sewage water, industrial wastewater, and unabsorbed rainwater flowing
through the public sewers.

How does the municipal wastewater treatment process work?

Step-by-step guide:

1. Firstly, wastewater is drained to the WWTP by gravity through the main sewer system
of the size of a car. Having such size, objects you could hardly imagine reach the
WWTPs, ranging from mattresses, fridges, tree branches to wallets disposed of by
thieves in order to get rid of the evidence.

2. The first mechanical stage is called preliminary treatment or rather pre-treatment.

Water flows through the gravel chamber for settling out the grit from water.
Afterward, gravel is disposed of at the dump. Water further reaches the bar screens
used to remove large objects from the wastewater. At first, come to the coarse screens
and then the fine screens which remove smaller objects such as matches, cigarette
butts, or undigested foods.

3. After the removal of large objects, grit is to be removed from the wastewater. Similar
to the gravel chamber, the grit chamber allows the settlement of grit. Then, grit is
removed from the tank and disposed of at the dump. Neither gravel nor grit can be
reused due to their high contamination.

4. The next sedimentation stage is called primary treatment during which the wastewater
 flows to so-called "pre-settling basins” or, using the technical term, primary settling
tanks.

Water is driven towards the hopper in the base of the tank. Hopper’s arm moves
around the edge of the tank at the velocity of 4cm/s. Treated water heads toward edges
and the particulates of higher sedimentation velocity than the flow velocity settle on
the bottom of the tank.

This is the point where primary pre-treatment ends and secondary wastewater
treatment starts. After the primary treatment, the level of wastewater pollution drops to
60%.

5. The secondary treatment, also called the biological stage, is based on natural
processes. WWTPs use bacteria that consume the contaminants, in particular
biodegradable organics, carbon, and phosphorus.
Dead bacteria and organic residues subsequently transform into sludge.

6. During the biological stage, the excess sludge (i.e. excess bacteria) is pumped out and
moved before the settling tanks. Here, the sludge settles and is transported to digestion
tanks for further treatment.

7. In the digestion tanks, sludge pumped out of the settling tanks is heated and mixed.
 Afterward, biogas is produced during the digestion process from the sludge which the
WWTPs can reuse, for instance for electrical and thermal energy production.

8. When sludge digestion reaches an optimal level, the second digestion stage takes place
in storage tanks. Here, the water is separated from the semi-solid sludge and
transported back for further treatment, whereas the residual semi-solid undergoes
mechanical dewatering.

9. Sludge, digested and dewatered to the optimal degree, is finally disposed of at the
dump. In about a month, sludge is adequately dried out and ripe. If it complies with
agricultural standards, it can be reused for the fertilization of industrial crops.

10. The final step of wastewater treatment is the deep inspection of service water. The aim
of this inspection is to analyze the contamination level and ensure that the treated
water complies with the highest standards, defining its release or reuse for domestic
and/or industrial purposes.

Wastewater treatment is certainly a difficult process with a noble goal which requires the
work of qualified experts.

Fig: Simplified way of water treatment.

Application
 1. Browser, multiple tabs can be different threads
2. MS Word uses multiple threads: one thread to format the text, another thread
to process inputs

Conclusion
From this project, we have learned about various types of threads and how the thread works in
the operating system.