Pile Capacity
Pile Capacity
Pile Capacity
Capacities
What are the various capacities of pile commonly used in practice?
• Axial Capacity
• Pull‐put capacity or Tension Capacity
• Lateral Capacity
The allowable load‐carrying capacity of Seel, Concrete and Timber piles are;
Concrete
Steel Timber
Where
= ݏܣ area of cross section of steel
= ܿܣ area of cross section of concrete
= ܣ average area of cross section of the pile
݂= ݏ allowable stress of steel
݂ܿ = allowable stress of concrete
݂= ݓ allowable stress for the timber
Pile Capacity Design - Structural Capacity (Cont.)
The structural design must consider both axial (compression or tension) and lateral
(shear and moment) loads in the foundation. Torsion loads are usually negligible. The
axial tension or compression stress at a depth z in a foundation subjected to axial
and/or lateral loads is:
(1.1)
• When using a working stress design method, the allowable axial and
flexural stresses are Fa and Fb, respectively, and the design must satisfy
the following equation:
(1.8)
• For analysis purposes, neglect any interaction between the shear loads and
the axial or moment loads. For a working stress analysis, the shear stress,
fy must not exceed the shear capacity, Fy
(1.10)
Therefore,
Note: Please refer to Applications 3.1
and 3.2 in the lecture notes
Pile Capacity Design – Geotechnical Capacity Note 1
As shown in here, there are
many methods for
determining axial pile capacity.
Geotechnical Engineers have developed methods of evaluating axial load capacity.
However, we are going to limit
the number of methods
covered.
1. 2. 3.
Note 2
• CAPWAP® (Case Pile
Wave Analysis Program)
is a software program
that estimates total
bearing capacity of a
pile.
• The French (LCPC,
Laboratoire Central des
Ponts et Chausees)
method is based on
experimental work of
Bustamante and
Gianeselli (1982) for
Methods of Evaluating Axial Load Capacity of Piles the French Highway
Department.
Pile Capacity Design – Geotechnical Capacity (Cont.)
1. The most reliable way to determine the axial load capacity is to conduct a
full‐scale load test on a prototype pile. However, these tests are expensive
and may not be cost‐effective for small to medium‐size projects.
2. The second way to determine the axial load capacity is to perform a static
analysis. These methods are based on laboratory or in‐situ soil tests. Static
methods are not as precise as load tests because we do not fully
understand the changes that occur in the soil during pile driving or the way
pile transfer load into ground. However, these analysis are less expansive
to perform.
3. The third way is to use dynamic methods. These predict the static load
capacity based on the dynamics of pile driving. Dynamic methods can be
used to supplement pile load tests and as a construction control.
4. The uncertainties in pile capacity predictions can be reduced by using more
than one method of analysis and integrating the results.
Full-Scale Load Tests
Weighted platform used as jacking reaction Anchor piles and girder used to provide reaction for jacking
Full-Scale Load Tests (Cont.)
• Most precise way to determine axial load capacity. All other methods
are indirect.
• Quite expensive thus use judiciously.
• Two types: controlled stress or controlled strain, also quick and slow
versions. In a CONTROLLED STRESS test, the force is increased at a
given rate. Usually, the rate of increase of the force is maintained
constant. In a CONTROLLED STRAIN test, the test is conducted in such
a way that the strain increases at a given rate (i.e. 0.25 mm/min or
1.25 mm/min) .
• The total load on tests should be 200% of the proposed design load.
• Results are open to interpretation:
-There are several ways to interpolate load-settlement plots from full-scale load
tests.
Full-Scale Load Tests (Cont.)
0‐1800 0
1800‐3000 1
3000‐6000 2
6000‐9000 3
9000‐12000 4
Full-Scale Load Tests (Cont.)
INTERPRETATION OF PILE LOAD TEST
Curve A is typical Curve B is typical of
in soft clayey soils intermediate, stiff
clay and sandy soils
Typical load‐settlement curve Davisson’s method of interpreting pile static load test data
Full-Scale Load Tests (Cont.)
Example 1
The load-settlement data shown
in the figure were obtained from
a full-scale load test on a 400 mm
square, 17 m long concrete pile
(28-day compressive strength of
concrete, fc’= 40 MPa). Use
Davisson’s method to compute
the ultimate downward load
capacity.
Full-Scale Load Tests (Cont.)
Solution to Example 1
Davisson’s method defines the ultimate capacity as that which occurs at a settlement of 0.012Br + 0.1B/Br + PL/(AE). The last
term in this formula is the elastic compression of a pile that has no skin friction. B= Diameter of the pile Br= Reference width
= 300 mm P = Applied load L= Length of the pile
Application 3.8
Given;
A 305 mm diameter pipe pile with a length
of 15 m was subjected to a pile load test.
The results of the test were plotted and the
load‐settlement curve shown in AP 3.8.
The local building code states that the
allowable pile load taken as one‐half of that
load which produces a net settlement of not
more than 0.28 mm/ton, but in no case more
than 19 mm.
Required;
Allowable pile load.
Fig. AP 3.8
* ‘Note’
0.28 (mm/tone) x 45 = 12.6 (mm)
Solution: 0.28 x 90 = 25.2 (mm), ……….
Since a test load of 181 tons produces a net
settlement of 18.4 (mm) and the maximum allowable
settlement of 19 (mm).
Therefore,
Allowable Load = 181/2 = 90.5 (tons)
Note: Conversion factor from KN to ton‐force is 9.964 Typical load versus settlement graph
Analyses Based on Static Soil Tests – Static Methods
There is general agreement that piles drive their load carrying ability from two sources:
1. The development of shear between the surface of shaft and the earth with which it is contact. This shear is
usually called skin friction when referring to cohesionless soils, and adhesion when referring to cohesive soils.
2. End bearing between the tip of the element and the soil upon which it bears.
The ultimate capacity may be computed numerically by the following formula:
Q ultimate = Q shear + Q bearing
D f
Q bearing
Factors contributing to the ultimate load
resistance of a pile
The determination of skin friction
Analyses Based on Static Soil Tests – Static Methods (Cont.)
(Eq. 1.11)
(Eq. 1.20)
(Eq. 1.21)
Applications from 3.3 3.5
3.4 3.6
the lecture notes
Analyses Based on Static Soil Tests – Static Methods (Cont.)
Analysis Based on In‐situ Tests
• Modern methods of pile design often make extensive use of 'in situ' test data;
1. Analysis Based on Standard Penetration Tests, and
2. Analysis Based on Cone Penetration Tests.
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
Analyses Based on Static Soil Tests – Static Methods (Cont.)
Analysis Based on Standard Penetration Tests;
• The Standard Penetration Test, SPT, is still the most commonly used in-situ test.
• Apart from its main applications in soil characterization, SPT N-value has also been
extensively used for designing structural foundations and other earth structures,
particularly, for the bearing capacity of piles.
(Eq. 1,35) (Eq. 1.37)
(Eq.1.36) (Eq. 1.38)
Briaud et. Al
(1985) (Eq. 1.39) (Eq. 1.40)
“Note” Please refer to Application 3.9 for a sample calculation
Analyses Based on Static Soil Tests – Static Methods (Cont.)
Please note that for the application 3.9 the corrected value for N’60 for is;
Analyses Based on Static Soil Tests – Static Methods (Cont.)
Analysis Based on Cone penetration Tests;
• In recent years, the Cone Penetration Test (CPT) has become the preferred in‐situ test for pile design and analysis
• Due to the similarity between the cone and the pile, the determination of pile capacity from the CPT data is among the
earliest applications of the CPT.
• The CPT measures the cone tip resistance and sleeve friction simultaneously during intrusion.
• This is because the CPT is simple, fast, relatively economical, and provides continuous records with depth that are
interpretable on both empirical and analytical bases.
• Many approaches are used for the application of CPT data to pile design.
• This section presents determination of the Bearing capacity of a Pile by the Van der Veen’s approach;
The Van der Veen’s approach;
“Note” Please refer to Application 3.10 for a
sample calculation
“Note” Additional information for Application 3.10
BSP cased piles: These are typical
composite piles using steel and in‐situ
concrete. Cased piles are bearing piles
consisting of a driving tube which is filled
with in‐situ concrete
Analyses Based on Pile Driving Dynamics – Dynamic Methods
• Dynamic analysis is another technique used to evaluate the capacity of a pile, though
presently many engineers prefer to use static analysis.
• Concept of forming an energy balance to predict pile capacity
• Energy imparted by the hammer per blow = (pile resistance) (penetration per hammer blow)
W h x H = Q b x S
Where,
W h = Hammer Weight
H = Height of fall of the hammer
S = pile penetration
• Many dynamic equations are available, but their accuracy has been debated. The most
popular formula are:
o Engineering New Formula
o Danish Formula
o Hiley’s Formula (more complicated than the other two formulas).
Engineering News Record (ENR) formula
According to the ENR formula, the pile resistance is the ultimate load ܳݑ, expressed as
Where,
W h = Hammer Weight
H = Height of fall of the hammer
S = Average penetration per hammer blow.
Danish formula
Where,
Hiley Formula
Example 2
A precast concrete pile 300 (mm) x 300 (mm) in cross section is drive by a hammer. Given;
Maximum rated hammer energy = 40 x 10 6 (N‐mm).
Hammer efficiency 0.8
Pile length = 24.4 (m)
E p = 20700 (MPa)
Average penetration per hammer is
Estimate the allowable pile capacity by the Danish formula (use FS = 4).
Solution;
= = 14.45 (mm)
= 1813031 (N)
= 1813 (KN)
Therefore, Q all = 1813/4 = 455.25 (KN)
Analyses Based on Pile Driving Dynamics – Dynamic Methods
Comparison – Static vs Dynamic
STATIC DYNAMIC
Advantageous Advantageous
• More familiar • Reduce costs – more testing
• Failure criterion well known (Davisson) • Fast – setup is simple
Disadvantages • Load distribution (SF, EB)
• Expensive Disadvantages
• Reduced number of tests • Req. experienced personnel
• Setup very time consuming • FS req. usually greater than 2
• Req. to provide instrumentation to
obtain load distribution along pile.
Negative Skin friction
• Negative skin friction is the process through which skin friction due to soil acts downward.
• When skin friction is acting downwards, therefore pile capacity decreases.
Negative Skin friction (Cont.)
The cause of negative skin friction are as follows;
• Placement of sandy fill on clay soils
• Placement of clay fill on sandy soils
• Change in groundwater level
Negative Skin friction (Cont.)
Placement of sandy fill on clay soils
THE UNIT NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION AT ANY DEPTH FROM Z=0 TO
Z = L1
“Note” Please refer to Application 3.16 for asample calculation
Negative Skin friction (Cont.)
Placement of sandy fill on clay soils (Cont.)
Example
Due to larger fill load acting on the left of the building, negative skin
friction acting on pils A will be greater than Pile B. Therefore, pile A would
undergo larger settlement than pile B. This may caused some tension
cracks.
“Note” Please refer to Application 3.15 for a sample calculation
Negative Skin friction (Cont.)
Change in groundwater level
When ground water level in a site goes down, buoyancy force diminishes. Hence, the effective stress in clay will increase,
causing the clay layer to settle. Settling clay layer would generate a negative skin friction on the pile.
Example
Negative skin friction due to groundwater
drawdown
Solution
• Effective stress at point A (case 1 – prior to
drawdown) = Ɣ . X 1 + (Ɣ ‐ Ɣ w) . Y1
• Effective stress at point A (case 2 – after
drawdown) = Ɣ . X 2 + (Ɣ ‐ Ɣ w) . Y2
• As can be seen, effective stress at point A is
larger in case 2 since X 2 is grater X 1. Higher
effective stress would cause the clay to
consolidate.
Negative Skin friction (Cont.)
≈ 0.85
Settlement of Pile caused by the Load transmitted along the Pile Shaft
Example
Solution