Experimental Heat Transfer

A Journal of Thermal Energy Generation, Transport, Storage, and

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ISSN: 0891-6152 (Print) 1521-0480 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ueht20

Single phase thermal and hydraulic performance

analysis of a V-pattern dimpled obstacles air
passage

Anil Kumar, Raj Kumar, Ranchan Chauhan, Muneesh Sethi, Anita Kumari,
Narinder Verma & Rahul Nadda

To cite this article: Anil Kumar, Raj Kumar, Ranchan Chauhan, Muneesh Sethi, Anita Kumari,
Narinder Verma & Rahul Nadda (2016): Single phase thermal and hydraulic performance
analysis of a V-pattern dimpled obstacles air passage, Experimental Heat Transfer, DOI:
10.1080/08916152.2016.1269139

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2016.1269139

Accepted author version posted online: 21

Dec 2016.

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 1  Single phase thermal and hydraulic performance analysis of a V-pattern dimpled obstacles
2  air passage

3  Anil Kumar a, Raj Kumar a, Ranchan Chauhan a, Muneesh Sethi a, Anita Kumari b, Narinder
4  Vermac, Rahul Naddaa

a
5  School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering Shoolini University Solan, India.

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b

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6  Department of Higher Education, Government Senior Secondary School Kalhog, (Solan) India.

c
7  Faculty for School of Business Management and Liberal Arts.

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8  Abstract

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9  This work deals with the experimental investigation on heat transfer, friction factor and thermal
10  hydraulic performance of V-pattern dimpled obstacles in an air passage. The experiments were
11 
12 
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conducted in a turbulent flow regime with Reynolds number ranging from 5,000 to 17,000
using air as the working fluid under uniform wall heat flux boundary condition. The
13  experimental investigation encompassed the geometrical parameter namely, relative dimpled
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14  obstacles width varied from to , ratio of dimpled depth to print diameter ( )
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15  from 0.50 to 2.0, relative dimpled pitch ( ) from 8.0 to11.0, relative dimpled height
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16  of 0.037 and the angle of attack ( ) varied from 35° to 75°. The experimental results revealed
17  that both heat transfer and friction factor of the air passage fitted with V-pattern dimpled
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18  obstacles were significantly higher than those of the smooth surface air passage. The optimum

19  data of thermal and hydraulic performance obtained at , 1.0, = 9.0,

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20  = 0.037 and = 55°. The current study shows that the thermal hydraulic performance of
21  multi type V-pattern dimpled obstacles shape is around 7% higher as compared to other obstacles
22  shapes air passage.
23 
24  Keywords: Energy, turbulence, flow passage, single phase heat transfer, print diameter.
25 
26 
27  1. Introduction
28  In the past decades, energy price increase has motivated a lot of interest for heat transfer
29  augmentation techniques in order to raise the thermal performance of air passage, leading to
30  energy savings [1-2]. The increasing necessity for saving energy and material caused by the
31  world resource shortage and environmental concerns has prompted to develop more effective
32  heat transfer equipment [3-4].

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33  In many conventional heat exchanger systems, the thermal performance is generally poor due to

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34  the development of thermal boundary layer, leading to low convective heat transfer coefficient
35  between working fluid and the heated surface of such system [5-6]. A thinner thermal boundary

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36  layer in heated surface of the heat exchanger system is needed for enhancing convective heat

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37  transfer and reducing overall thermal resistance, leading to smaller heat exchanger size and
38  saving energy [7-8].
39  Heat transfer augmentation techniques are recurrently used in air passage systems in order to
40 
41 
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enhance heat transfer and improve the thermal performance. Several methods are applied to
improve the thermal performance of heat transfer devices such as treated surfaces, rough surfaces
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42  as well as incorporations of obstacles (such as ribs and baffles) [9-10]. The techniques of thermal
43  performance improvement attract the interests of researchers. Obstacles are often used to
44  improve local heat transfer among the wall and fluid because they cause stream separation and
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45  reattachment, consequently resulting in destroying the laminar viscous layer [11-13].
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46 
47  Obstacles roughness on the surface of heated plate can be provided by ribs, blockages and by
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48  forming dimpled, ellipse, triangular, V-pattern obstacles shapes as has been reported by various
49  researchers. Sethi et al. [14] experimentally examine the influence of artificial roughness on
50  and in an air passage which is having dimpled shaped elements on heated plate. The
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51  study encompasses the ranges from 3600 to 18,000. The air passage has an of 11,

52  range of 10 to 20, range of 0.021 to 0.036 and range of 45˚ to75˚. The highest data

53  of has been found corresponding to of 0.036, of 10 and of 60˚. Yadav et al.
54  [15] experimentally investigated the performance analysis of air passage with dimpled shaped
55  roughness in arc shaped manner on heated wall. The and are presented for
56  ranging from 3600 to 18,100, as 12 to 24, as 0.015 to 0.03 and as 45 to 75˚. Saini
57  and Verma [16] improving the thermal performance of an air passage by utilizing dimple

58  roughness on heated plate. Investigation encompasses the varied from 2000 to12, 000,

59  from 0.018 to 0.037 and from 8 to 12. They observed utmost data of for of

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60  0.0379 and of 10.

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61  Bhushan and Singh [17] experimentally investigated the performance of a staggered dimple type

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62  roughness air passage. The outcome indicates that the greatest improvement of and
63  factor was 3.8 and 4.15 times respectively in comparison to smooth passage. Hwang et al. [18]

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64  studied the performance of a dimple-protrusion roughened surface of compact heat exchangers.
65  Experimentation covered a wide range of parameter such as ranging from 1000 – 10000,
66 

67  print diameter is 1.15. The

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ratio of protrusion depth to passage height is 0.25, and the ratio of passage height to protrusion
improvements is superior in the lesser because of the
68  effective vortex interactions and and rises with decreasing the . Chang et al. [19]
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69  examine the comparative full-field distribution on two opposing improved passage walls,
70  including and the thermal performance factor of the two radially rotating obstacles passage
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71  with and without dimpled obstacles.

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72  Katkhaw et al. [20] examine the effect of ellipsoidal dimple roughness on and of air
73  passage. The stream of air flows over the heated surface with dimples. The outcomes show that
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74  the maximum for roughened surfaces is about 15.8% superior as compared with without
75  dimpled surface. Chen et al. [21] studied the in turbulent passage stream over dimpled
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76  surface. It was observed that the optimum dimple configuration for improving measured in
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77  terms of the volume goodness factor is received for the case of asymmetric dimple with
78  e/ of 15%. Shen et al. [22] examine the effect of rotation on fluid stream and heat transfer
79  performance of turbine blade with U-shaped passage with the combined structure of obstacles,
80  dimples or protrusions. The outcome shows that rib-protrusion structure found to be the most
81  efficient structure while rib-dimple structure has only minor advantage than ribbed passage.
82  Kumar and Kim [23] investigated the thermal hydraulic performance of a three dimensional
 83  obstacles-roughened air passage having of 12.0. They found that thermal hydraulic
84  performance for V-pattern shaped obstacles combined with dimpled obstacles is superior as
85  compared with dimpled obstacles shape and V-pattern obstacles shape air passage.

86  Lian et al. [24] investigated the and behaviours of air stream through a passage with
87  hemispherical protrusion/dimple on the heated plate. The outcome shows that the hemispherical
88  dimple roughened air passage is the better choice as compared with smooth passage. Xie et al.

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89  [25] numerically examine the effect of dimples and secondary protrusion on roughened air
90  passage. It was found that the inference of secondary protrusion will significantly raise the

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91  inside dimple cavity. Lan et al. [26] investigated the effect of combination of obstacles, dimples
92  and protrusions on the air passage. It was found that obstacles protrusion method in air passage

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93  offer improved enhancement with minimum . Momin et al. [27] analyzed the effect of
94  geometrical parameters of V-shaped obstacles on and of air passage. The highest
95 
96 
improvement of and an
as a outcome of V-shaped obstacles has been found to be
respectively 2.30 and 2.83 times that of smooth passage for of 60˚. Pitak et al. [28]
97  numerically examine the turbulent periodic stream, and in a square passage with
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98  broken V-obstacles installed on both sides of a heated plate which was diagonally positioned in a
99  square passage to create longitudinal vortex stream through the investigated section.
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100  Lee et al. [29] examine the effects of on in air passage with two distinct V-shaped
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101  obstacle configurations such as continuous V-shaped obstacles and multiple (staggered) V-
102  shaped obstacle configurations with of 60° and 45° respectively. Maithani and Saini [30]
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103  experimentally studied the and of artificial roughness in the shape of V-obstacles with
104  symmetrical gaps. They observed that the greatest improvement of the is 3.6 times
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105  compared with smooth passage. Karwa and Chitoshiva [31] investigated the thermo-hydraulic
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106  performance of an air passage with 60° V-down discrete obstacles roughness on the air stream
107  side of the heated wall. The improvement in the thermal efficiency because of the artificial
108  roughness on the heated wall is observed to be 12.5 to 20%. Rajaseenivasan et al. [32] examined
109  the conventional and modified air passage with distinct varied from 6000 to 12,000. The
110  absorber plate of modified air passage is mounted with Circular and V-shape obstacles at six
111  distinct configurations. Experiment outcomes show that the system efficiency raises with a
112  number of obstacles and . Olsson and Sunden [33] studied the performance of a new swirl
113  stream passage having of 1.0 to 8.0, and multiple V-shaped obstacles are mounted to the
114  heated plate in a staggered fashion with ranging from 500 to 15,000. Han et al. [34]
115  investigated the effect of the obstacles angle orientation on the and in a square passage

116  with ranging from 15,000 to 90,000. The outcomes show that the 60˚ (or 45˚) V-pattern

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117  obstacles perform better than the 60˚ (or 45˚) parallel obstacles and, subsequently, superior to the
118  60˚ (or 45˚) crossed obstacles and the 90˚ obstacles.

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119  Hans et al. [35] experimentally studied the effect of multiple V-obstacles roughness on
120  and in an artificially roughened air passage. They found that the highest has been

121  occurred data of 6.0 while

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attains maximum data for of 10. Deo et al. [36]
122  experimentally studied the effect of multi-gap V-down obstacles combined with staggered
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123  obstacles on and in an artificially roughened air passage. Outcomes shows two peaks

124  for corresponding to the obstacles data of 6.0 and 12.0 and decrease in the was
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125  observed for rise in the obstacles height-to-hydraulic diameter data beyond 0.044. The highest
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126  improvement achieved in and was of 3.34 and 2.45 times respectively. Kumar and Kim
127  [37] numerically analysis of thermal-fluid stream characteristics in air passage having discrete
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128  multi V-obstacles with staggered obstacles roughness. They observed that average has the
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129  highest data in the discrete multi V-obstacles with staggered obstacles shape for a of 6.0 and
130  the overall thermal performance of discrete multi V-obstacles with staggered obstacles shape is
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131  around 6.0% higher as compared to other obstacles shapes.

132  Jin et al. [38] numerically studied the and in an air passage having multi V-shaped
133  obstacles mounted on the heated wall. The highest data of the thermal performance parameter
134  was found to be 1.93 for the range of parameters studied. The multi V-shaped obstacles generate
135  stream wise helical vortex flows, which promote the fluid mixing among the colder mainstream
136  fluid and the warmer fluid near to the heated wall. Kumar et al. [39] experimentally studied the
137  influence of geometrical parameters of multi V-pattern obstacles with gap on and of
138  air passage with heated plate. The thermo-hydraulic performance parameter is found to be the

139  greatest for the of 0.69 and of 1.0. Thianpong et al. [40] studied the and
140  behaviours of air stream through a passage attached with distinct heights of triangular obstacles.
141  Two obstacles arrangements, namely, in-line and staggered arrays, were attached. The
142  experimental outcomes show a considerable influence of the presence of the obstacles on the

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143  and over the without obstacles passage.
144  Literature review shows that, a transverse obstacle induces the creation of two fluid vortices

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145  immediately upstream and downstream of it. The generated vortices are stagnant relative to the
146  main stream, which raises the fluid temperature in the vortices and the wall temperature near the

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147  obstacles, resulting in a lower local heat transfer. By angling the obstacles, the vortices can move
148  along the obstacles, with the fluid entering near the leading end of the obstacles and coming out
149 
150 
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near the trailing end, and subsequently joining the mainstream, creating span wise rotating
secondary stream, which are responsible for the significant span wise variation of the local heat
151  transfer. Therefore, apart from the obstacles height and obstacles pitch, the stream attack angle of
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152  the fluid with respect to the obstacles is also a main parameter affecting the local heat transfer
153  augmentation. The secondary stream cell created by inclined obstacles produces a region of
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154  higher local heat transfer near the leading end. This high heat transfer region can be enlarged by
155  breaking a long angled obstacles into two half obstacles in a V-pattern to form two leading ends
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156  and a single trailing end. Therefore, the local heat transfer can possibly be further enhanced by
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157  using V-pattern obstacles.

158  A further enhancement of the local heat transfer can be expected when using a V- pattern
159  dimpled obstacles, as this design increases the number of secondary stream by numerous times,
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160  compared to a simple (single) V-pattern dimpled obstacles spreading over the entire width of the
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161  heated wall. It is thought that V- pattern dimpled obstacles will improve local heat transfer
162  compared to multi type V-obstacles (without dimpled) and dimpled obstacles alone. Current
163  research has been carried out with the aim of extensive experimentation on V- pattern dimpled
164  obstacles for finding the optimum value of the parameters to maximize and minimize .
165  Experimentation data has been collected to observe the effect of V-pattern dimpled obstacles on
166  heat transfer and pressure loss. Table.1 shows the previous experimental and numerical
167  investigations on various dimpled and V-pattern obstacles air passage.
168  Table 1 Previous experimental and proposed numerical investigations on various dimpled and a
169  V-pattern obstacles shapes air passage.
170 
S.N. Investigators Dimple shape Principle findings
1. Dimpled 2.66 and 3.08 times improvement
shape in in and respectively

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angular were reported over smooth wall

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fashion air passage.
[14]

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2. Protrusions in 2.59 and 2.93 times improvement
Arc Shape in and respectively
[15] were reported over smooth air
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3. Transverse 2.37 and 2.98 times improvement
dimple in and respectively
roughness  were reported over smooth air
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[16] passage. 
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4. Staggered Maximum improvement of

dimpled and has been found 3.8 and
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obstacles[17]  2.2 times respectively were over

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smooth passage.
5. Dimple and 4.16 and 5.09 times improvement
protrusion in and respectively
[18] were reported over smooth air
passage.

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6. Dimpled 4.09 and 4.83 times improvement
shape [19] in and respectively
were reported over smooth air
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7 Single V- The maximum data of thermal
d

dimples shape hydraulic performance parameter

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[23] is 2.69 corresponding to the flow

attack angle of 55°.
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8 V-shaped 2.93 and 3.18 times improvement

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obstacles in and respectively

[32] were reported over smooth air
passage.
 9 Multiple V- Their investigations show that,
shaped 6.34 and 5.78 times improvement
obstacles in and respectively
[35] were reported over smooth air
passage.

10 V-pattern Literature review shows that, V-

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dimpled pattern dimpled obstacles have
obstacles better thermal and hydraulic

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(Proposed performance than other dimple
shape) shapes and arrangement. It is

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thought that V- pattern dimpled
obstacles improve thermal

an hydraulic performance compared

to other V-pattern obstacles
(without dimpled) and simple
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dimple shapes.
171 
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172 
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173  2. Experimental Investigation

174  The investigation is performed to obtain the experimental value for and in air stream
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175  passage provided with V-pattern dimpled obstacles to improve and characteristics
176  with respect to specified blockage variations. The fabrication and the proper installation of the
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177  experimental test rig was carried out which is validated with available standard data on the air
178  passage without blockages. The validation has been found appropriate to carry out further
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179  investigation with blockages in the form of V-pattern dimpled obstacles. The experimentation for
180  air temperature at the inlet of the passage and the outlet, drop in pressure of the air across the
181  passage, the temperature of the heated wall have been estimated which is essential to meet out
182  the objective of the study. Under stable conditions i.e. the state to be steady has been confirmed
183  before data accomplishment.
184 
185 
186  2.1. Experimental test rig and evaluation methodology
187  An experimental test rig used for evaluation of the performance of V- pattern dimpled obstacles

188  constitutes a air passage having of 300 mm, of 30 mm, and the ratio of be 10. The
189  hydraulic diameter 54.54 . The complete length of the air passage is 2000 mm which

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190  is distributed among entrance division, test division and the exit division measuring 500 mm,

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191  1200 mm and 300 mm respectively. There is plenum on the exit side in order to minimize the
192  end effects on the test section as per the recommendations of ASHRAE standard [41]. The

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193  diagram showing schematic representation of the divisions and all other necessary instruments
194  installed for the achievement of the present research objective is shown in Fig. 1. It is comprised

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195  of air stream passage which is of rectangular cross-section united with the centrifugal suction
196  blower using Galvanized Iron (GI) pipe of circular cross section. The top wall of the air passage
197 
198 
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is roofed with a GI plate which is heated uniformly by a nichrome heater providing constant heat
flux over the absorber plate. A calibrated orifice meter is placed in line with the circular pipe and
199  attached with the U-tube manometer which measures the mass flow rate of the air flowing in the
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200  passage. Gate valves (2 nos.) have been placed inline which helps in regulating the air flow rate.
201  To measure the temperature at various different locations of the plate and the air at entrance and
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202  exit divisions, 0.3 mm diameter calibrated copper constantan thermocouples have been inserted,
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203  the other end of these have been connected to digital micro voltmeter (DMV) to exemplify the
204  temperature in degree Celsius. The pressure drop across the test division was evaluated using
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205  micro-manometer having least count of 0.1 Pa. The steady state was ensured every time before
206  recording the readings. The thermocouple positioning over the heated GI plate and in the air
207  passage is shown schematically in Fig. 2.
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208 
209 
210 
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Fig. 1. Systematic diagram of experimental setup
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211 

212  Fig. 2 Thermocouple positioning on the plate and in the air passage.

213 

214 
215  3. Range of Parameters

216  Air passage has an equal to 2000 while the, is set equal to 30 and is
217  300 , the hydraulic diameter, is equal to 54.54 . The dimpled parameters are
218  determined by height of dimpled obstacles pitch of dimpled obstacles , print diameter of
219  dimpled obstacles, and angle of attack and the shape of the roughness elements. The

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220  shape and photographic of V-pattern dimpled obstacles are shown in Figs. 3(A) and (B)

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221  respectively. Table 2 shows the range of parameters and Fig. 3(C) shows the roughened absorber

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222  plates with distinct value of .
223 

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224 
225  Fig. 3. (A) Discuss V- pattern dimpled obstacles.
226 
227 
228 

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229 
230  Fig. 3. (B) Photographic view of V- pattern dimpled obstacles.
231 

232 
233 

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234 
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235  Fig.3 (C). Roughened absorber plates with distinct data of .

236 
237  Table 2 Range of parameters
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238 
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S.No. Parameters Range

1. 5000 to 17000

2. 1.0 to 6.0
 3. 0.50 to 2.0

4. 8.0 to 11.0

5. 0.037

6. 35°-75°

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239 

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240  3. Data Assessment
241  The data collected during experimental investigation is used to evaluate the important dependent

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242  parameters based upon the variation in the independent geometric and operating parameters for
243  determination of heat transfer and pressure loss. The two main dependent parameters in the
244  current study are , and . The relevant expressions for computation of the above
245 
246 
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dependent parameters and some intermediate parameters have been discussed below.
The mean temperature of the heated plate, which is the average of all temperatures measured at
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247  diverse locations on the plate, is evaluated as:

248 
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249  The simple arithmetic mean of the inlet and outlet temperature of air flowing through the test
250  section gives the mean temperature of the air as:
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251 
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252 

253  Where, and

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254  The air mass flow rate ) is used to determine the velocity of the air flowing through the
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255  passage by measuring the pressure drop across an orifice meter. The velocity will compute the
256  stream using following relations:

257 
258 
259 
260 
261 
262 

263 
264 

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265 

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266  The useful heat gained by the air while flowing through the with V- pattern dimpled obstacles is
267  calculated as:

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268 

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269 
270  The convective heat transfer coefficient from heated plate to flowing air inside the test division is
271  calculated as:

272 
273 
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274 
275  The Nusselt number ( is determined as
d

276 
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277 
278 
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279  The amount of pumping power for the calculation of friction factor ( is essential to
280  determine the energy expenditure spend for obtaining the efficient thermal energy output. The
281  pressure drop across the test division is applied to determine the friction factor using the Darcy
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282  equation and is given by:

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283 
284 
285 

286  4. Validation of Experimental Test Setup

287  The data of and calculated through experimental outcomes for a smooth passage have
288  been compared with the outcomes obtained from the Dittus-Boelter equation [Eq. (10)] for the
289  , and modified Blasius equation [Eq.(11)] for the .

290  The for a smooth passage is given by the Dittus-Boelter equation as:

291 

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292  The for a smooth passage is given by the modified Blasius equation as:

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293 
294 
295  The comparison of the experimental and estimated outcomes of and as a function of

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296  the is shown in Figs. 4 and 5 respectively.

297 
298 
299 
The
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values for Dittus-Boelter equation with experimental results for Nusselt number are
shown in Fig.6 (A). The coefficient of determination (R2) values for Blasius equation with
experimental results for friction factor as shown in Fig.6 (B). The R2 value between Dittus-
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300  Boelter equation and experimental results is 0.99 for , and value between Blasius
301  equation and experimental results is 0.97 for as shown in Fig.6.
d
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302 

303 
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Fig. 4. Comparison of experimental and predicted data of .
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304 
305  Fig. 5. Comparison of experimental and predicted data of

306 
307 

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308 
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309  Fig.6. Coefficient of determination values (A) Dittus-Boelter equation vs experimental

310  results for (B) Blasius equation vs experimental results for .
311 
312 
313 
314 
315 
316  6. Results and discussion
317  The and characteristics of air passage roughened with V-pattern dimpled obstacles,
318  computed on the basis of experimental data collected for various stream and roughness
319  parameters, have been discussed below. The outcomes have been compared with those obtained
320  in case of without dimpled passages operating under similar operating situation to discuss the

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321  improvement in and on account of obstacles roughness generated in the form of V-

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322  pattern dimpled obstacles.
323  6.1. Heat transfer and fluid flow

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324  In an air passage the effect of on in the flow of air are presented. The outcomes

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325  have been compared with those obtained in case of without dimpled surface working under

326  similar experimental conditions. For kept other obstacles rough parameters such as = 1.0,  

327   = 9.0, = 0.037 and

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the data of a function of for the data of
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328  as shown in Fig. 7(A). It has been found that rises with rise in from 1.0 to

329  5.0, and gets highest possible data corresponding to data of 5.0 and thereafter it reduces
d

330  with rise in . Fig. 7(B) shows the data of the as a function of for a V-
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331  pattern dimpled obstacles at distinct selected . As expected, in all the cases the V-pattern
332  dimpled obstacles wall produces higher as compared to without dimpled wall. A superior
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333  is given by V-pattern dimpled obstacles because the dimple top induces secondary streams
334  jets. These secondary stream jets have the form of two counter rotating vortices which carries
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335  cold fluid from the central core area towards the dimpled walls. These secondary stream jets
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336  interacts with the main stream affect the stream reattachment and recirculation among dimples
337  and interrupt boundary layer growth downstream of the reattachment regions.

338  It can be observed that as the data of of 3.0 is increased, the number of leading end and
339  trailing end also increased which rises the secondary stream cells resulting in expected

340  improvement in . However increased continuously only up to a data of of

341  5.0. With further increase in the data of , the data of decreases. V-pattern dimpled
342  obstacles induces strong secondary stream jet along the limbs and promotes turbulence mixing
343  when jets passing from V-pattern dimpled obstacles reattach and mix with main stream. The V-
344  pattern dimpled obstacles used across the width of the heated wall increases number of leading
345  and trailing edges also raise the number of jets as observed Fig. 8. These jets are responsible for

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346  rise in heat transfer. It is found that the data is the highest for the of 5.0 for all

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347  data of

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348   
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349  Fig. 7. (A) Effect of on (B) Effect of on at selected .

350 
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351 

352  Fig. 8. Air flow pattern of V-pattern dimpled obstacles for (A) (B)

353  (C)
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354 

355  Fig.9(A) shows the variation of with for distinct data of  

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=5.0,  
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356  . The other roughness parameters were kept

357  = 9.0, = 0.037 and . It is observed that the rises with rise in  
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358  for all data of due to increased flow stream which causing more turbulence, thereby,
359  resulting in rise in . The highest is received at  
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360  of 1.0. Fig. 9(B) shows the data of the as a function of for a V-pattern dimpled

361  obstacles air passage at distinct selected . It can be observed that at any , the is the

362  highest for the = 1.0 for all data of .

363   
364   

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365   

366  Fig.9. (A) Variation of with at distinct (B) Variation of with at distinct
367  selected .
368 

369  Fig. 10(A) shows the variation of as a function of for distinct data of  

370  and fixed data of other passage parameters as, = 5.0, = 1.0, = 0.037 and

371  For all , the greatest data of has been observed corresponding to the

372  data of 9.0, whereas the smallest data of has been found to occur at the data of 11.0

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373  for the range of investigations. Fig. 10(B) shows the data of the as a function of for

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374  a V-pattern dimpled obstacles air passage at distinct selected . It can be observed that at any

375  the is the highest for the = 9.0 for all data of .

us
376   

377  Fig. 11(A) shows the variation of with for distinct data of and fixed data of other

378  passage parameters as = 5.0,

an
= 1.0 = 9.0, and = 0.037. In this plot,
379  has been plotted as a function of for some selected data of and fixed data of other
M
380  passage parameters. rises with rise in , attains a highest data corresponding to =
381  55° and then decreases with further rises in the data of . The likely reason for this
d

382  phenomenon may be separation of stream resulting from the presence of V-pattern dimpled
te

383  obstacles and the movement of resulting vortices combining together to yield an optimum data of
384  angle of attack. Fig. 11(B) shows the data of the as a function of for V- pattern
ep

385  dimpled obstacles air passage at distinct selected . It can be observed that at any ,
386  the is the highest for the = 55° for each data of .
c

387   
Ac
 t
ip
cr
us
an
M
d
te
c ep
Ac

388   

389  Fig. 10. (A) Variation of with at distinct . (B) Variation of with at
390  distinct selected .
391   
392   

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
d
te
c ep
Ac

393   

394  Fig. 11. (A) Variation of with at distinct . (B) Variation of with at
395  distinct selected .
396   

397  Invariable use of roughness in the form of V-pattern dimpled obstacles on heated wall
398  significantly improves from heated wall of air passage however there occurs a
399  corresponding rise in friction losses. In this experimental investigation it was studied that how
400  friction characteristic of the air passage were affected when V-pattern dimpled obstacles

t
401  roughness parameter has been varied and other roughness parameter are kept as = 1.0

ip
402  , = 9.0, = 0.037 and as shown in Fig.12 (A). The change in with

cr
403  for distinct data of . It has been observed that rises with decrease in in every

us
404  case. It can observed from the Fig.12 (B) that rises monotonically with rise in . At

405  of 6.0, the highest data of has been observed. This is due to the fact that the angling
406  an
of the dimple helps in the pro passage of secondary stream jets.

407  The number of secondary stream jets are increased within the increasing data of . This
M
408  leads the rise in the data of up to of 5.0. Further raise in the beyond 5.0
409  may outcomes in partition of stream from top dimple wall which reduces . With the raise in
d
te

410  the data of rises and attain a utmost data corresponding to data of 6.0 in the
411  range of parameter considered. Due to separation of stream, the data of goes on account of
ep

412  configuration of vortices. Several vortices rise mixing of air due to which rises. Because of
413  this reason, the from plate to air rises but these vortices also rises the huge through
c

414  the stream across the air passage. The number of vortices is more in case of of 6.0 as
Ac

415  compared to of 5.0. Therefore in case of of 6.0, vortices and air mixing is more
416  which causes the higher . This extreme formation of vortices and mixing of fluid also does

417  not contribute in rising the with further rise in the data of .
418   

419   
 t
ip
cr
us
an
M
d
te
c ep
Ac

420   

421  Fig. 12. (A) Effect of on . (B) Effect of on at selected

422 

423 
424   

425  The variation of with for distinct data of has been plotted in Fig. 13(A). The other

426  roughness parameters were kept as = 5.0, = 9.0, = 0.037 and . It

427  has been observed from this plot that for a given data reduces with rise in . Fig. 13(A)

t
ip
428  clearly shows that rises with rise in and the greatest data of correspond to data of

cr
429  0.50. Fig. 13(B) shows the data of the as a function of for V-pattern dimpled obstacles air

us
430  passage at distinct selected . It can be observed that at , the is the highest for the =

431  1.0 for all data of . It is due to the fact that with the rise in data, dimple extends more and
432 
433   
an
more into the core stream resulting in rise in turbulence level as well as the .
M
434  Fig. 14(A) shows the variation of with for distinct data of and fixed data

435  of other roughness parameters as = 5.0, = 1.00, = 0.037 and . It has

d

436  been observed from Fig. 14(A) that for all data of , reduces with rise in . For,
te

437  data of 9.0 and 11.0 yield the highest and lowest data of respectively. Fig. 14(B)
ep

438  shows the data of the as a function of for V-pattern dimpled obstacles air passage at

439  distinct selected . It can be observed that at , the is the highest for the = 9.0
c

440  for all data of .

Ac

441   
 t
ip
cr
us
an
M
d
te
c ep
Ac

442   

443  Fig. 13. (A) Variation of with at distinct . (B) Variation of with at distinct
444  selected .
445 
446 

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
d
te
c ep
Ac

447   

448  Fig. 14. (A) Variation of with at distinct . (B) Variation of with at
449  distinct selected .
450 

451 

452 

453  The variation of with for distinct data of and fixed data of other dimple

t
454  parameters as = 5.0, = 1.00, = 9.0 and = 0.037 has been shown in Fig.

ip
455  15(A). It has been observed that for all the data of , reduces with rise in . It has been

cr
456  found that rises with rise in from 35° to 55° and thereafter it reduces with rise in and
457  gets highest possible data corresponding to data of 55°. The smallest and highest data of

us
458  have been obtained corresponding to data of 35° and 55° respectively. Fig. 15(B) shows the
459  data of the as a function of for V-pattern dimpled obstacles air passage at distinct
460 

461 
selected
of .
. It can be observed that at
an
, the is the highest for the = 55˚ for all data
M
462   

463   
d
te
c ep
Ac
 t
ip
cr
us
an
M
d
te
c ep
Ac

464   

465  Fig. 15. (A) Variation of with at distinct . (B) Variation of with at distinct
466  selected .
467 
468 

469  6.2. Thermal hydraulic performance

470  From the investigation of and behaviors it is concluded that in the V- pattern
471  dimpled obstacles air passage is improved with a considerable rise in the . So it is important
472  to choose geometry that should not only outcomes in but also retain the at its
473  mimimum possible level. In order to achieve this purpose of simultaneous consideration of

t
ip
474  thermal hydraulic performance, Lewis [44] proposed a thermal hydraulic parameter known as

cr
475  efficiency parameter ‘ ’ designates the by the , , , and of V-pattern
476  dimpled obstacles per unit pumping power comparing with the for entirely developed

us
477  turbulent stream in the passage with smooth walls is given by the following Eq. (12) [45-46].

478 
an
M
479  Figs. 16(A) to (D) show the effect of dimpled parameters on thermal hydraulic performance
d

480  parameter , as function of . In Table 3 those data of roughness geometry parameters

te
ep

481  have been presented for which thermo hydraulic performance parameter data have
c
Ac

482  been found to be higher. The highest absolute data of has been observed to be 3.27

483  corresponding to = 5.0, = 1.0, = 9.0, = 0.037 and = 55o for all data of
484  considered for the current examination.
485 
 t
ip
cr
us
an
M
486 
d

487  Figs. 16 Effect of dimpled parameters on thermal hydraulic performance (A) (B) (C)
te

488  (D) .
ep

489  Table 3 V- pattern dimpled obstacles roughness parameters corresponding to highest

c

490 
Ac

Roughness Fixed parameters Optimum data of

parameters
 5.0
0.037, = 1.0, = 9.0, and
o
= 55 .

1.0
= 5.0, 0.037, = 9.0,
and = 55o

t
9.0

ip
= 5.0, 0.037, = 1.0,
and = 55o

cr
0.037
      =  5.0,    = 1.0,

us
= 9.0,
and = 55o

= 5.0, 0.037,an = 9.0,

55o

and = 1.0
M
491 
d
te
c ep
Ac

492 
493  Fig.17 Comparison of thermal hydraulic performance with previous studies.
494 
495  The outcomes of thermal hydraulic performance determined for this shape of V- pattern dimpled
496  obstacles have been compared with the corresponding data for transverse dimpled obstacles [16],
497  staggered dimpled obstacles [17], dimpled shape in angular fashion [14], dimpled obstacles [20],
498  single V-dimpled obstacles [23], V-obstacles (without dimpled) [35] and with V- pattern

t
499  dimpled obstacles [present study] as shown in Fig.17. It can be seen that the with V- pattern

ip
500  dimpled obstacles outcomes is highest thermal hydraulic performance as compared other similar
501  obstacle shapes air passage.

cr
502 

us
503  7. Conclusions
504  Experimental study pertinent to and behaviours of air passage with V-pattern dimpled
505  obstacles surface showed considerable rise in and over smooth air passage. Based on
506 

507  The and

an
the present investigation, following conclusions can be drawn:
 both increases with an increase in the value of for all
M
508  configurations of air passage. Significantly higher values of and yielded by V-
509  pattern dimpled obstacles surface air passage in comparison to a smooth air passage under
510  similar conditions.
d


te

511  For rises with rise in , attains a highest values corresponding to

512  value of 5.0 and with further increase in the value of , decreases. However,
ep

513  increases with increase in and attains a highest value corresponding to

514  value of 6.0.
c
Ac

515   An increase in outcomes in an increase in and attaining the highest value

516  corresponding to of 1.0 and the data of these parameter decreases with further increase

517  of .

518   Both and have been found to increase with increase in , attaining the

519  highest value at of 9.0 and then decrease with further increases in .
520   Both and increase with increase in and attain the highest data corresponding
521  to value of 55˚. With further increase in the value of beyond 55˚, and
522  decreases.
523   A significant enhancement in the value of the thermal hydraulic performance has been
524  found. The data of the thermal hydraulic performance varies between 2.22 and 3.26 for the
525  range of parameters investigated.

t
526   The optimum value of thermal hydraulic performance has been found corresponds to

ip
527  of 5.0, of 1.0, of 9.0 of 0.037 and of 55˚. The optimum value of

cr
528  thermal hydraulic performance has been found to be 3.26 for of 16,000 within the
529  range of the parameters investigated. Air passages with V-dimpled obstacles are found to

us
530  have better thermal hydraulic performance than those other obstacle shapes.
531 
532 

533  Appendix-A :Uncertainties analysis

an
M
534  The experimental data obtained during investigation may differ from its true data because of
535  presence of lot of factors which come into play while evaluation and recording. The deviation of
d

536  the measured data from the true data is the uncertainty in measurement. The measurement
537  uncertainty of various important quantities has been evaluated [43] and is in control limits. The
te

538  procedure for computation of uncertainty is discussed below:

539  The uncertainty in measurement of “y” when the parameter is calculated using specific measured
ep

540  quantities is given by:

c

541 
Ac

542  Where, , , , …. are the possible error in measurement of , , , ….. .

543  is absolute uncertainty and the relative uncertainty.

544  The uncertainty associated with various instruments used in measurement of dependent process
545  parameters is given in Table A1.
546  Table A1. Uncertainty intervals of various measurements.
 Measurement Instrument Uncertainty

Passage dimensions Vernier calliper

Steel rule

Pressure drop Micro-manometer

t
U-tube manometer

ip
Temperature Thermocouple

cr
547 

us
548  In the present experiment, important parameters considered for uncertainty analysis are Reynolds
549  number, heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, friction factor. The data of measured
550  parameters are given as Table A2.

551 

552 
an
M
553  Table A2. Measured parameters and their respective data.

S. No. Parameter Data

d

1. Length of test section,

te

2. Width of the air passage,

ep

3. Height of air passage,

4. Diameter of pipe,
c

5. Diameter of orifice meter,

Ac

6. Pressure drop across orifice meter,

7. Pressure drop across test section,

8. Atmospheric pressure,

9. Outlet air temperature,

 10. Inlet air temperature,

11. Rise in temperature of air,

12. Mean bulk air temperature

13. Mean plate temperature,

554 

t
ip
555  The thermo-physical properties of air have been determined by following standard correlations:

cr
556 

us
557 

558  an
559 
M
560 
561  A1. Uncertainty in Area of heated plate ( )
d

562 
te

563 
ep

564 
c
Ac

565 

566 

567  A2. Uncertainty in Area of flow ( )

568 
569 

570 

t
571 

ip
572 

cr
573 

us
574 

575 

576 
an
577 
M
578  A3. Uncertainty in measurement of Hydraulic diameter ( )
d

579 
te

580 
ep

581 
c

582 
Ac

583 

584 

585 
586 

587  A4. Uncertainty in Area of orifice meter ( )

588 

589 

t
ip
590 

cr
us
591 

592 

593 

594 
an
M
595  A5. Uncertainty in density measurement ( )
d

596 
te

597 
ep

598 
c
Ac

599 

600  Taking

601 

602  A6. Uncertainty in mass flow rate measurement ( )

603 

604 

605 

t
ip
606 

cr
607  The data of

us
608 

609  The uncertainty in , for U-tube manometer is

610 
an
M
611 

612  A7. Uncertainty in measurement of air velocity in channel ( )

d
te

613 
ep

614 
c

615 
Ac

616  A8. Uncertainty in useful heat gain ( )

617 

618 

619  Uncertainty in specific heat is  

620  So, equation becomes

621 

622  A9. Uncertainty in heat transfer coefficient ( )

623 

t
ip
624 

cr
us
625 

626 

627 

628 
A10. Uncertainty in Nusselt number (
an
)
M
629 
d
te

630 

631  A11. Uncertainty in Reynolds Number ( )

ep

632 
c
Ac

633 

634 

635 

636  A12. Uncertainty in friction factor ( )

637 

638 

t
639 

ip
640 

cr
641 
642 

us
643 
644  A13. Uncertainty in thermal hydraulic performance parameter ( )

an
645 
M
646 
d

647 
te

648 
ep

649  As the uncertainty calculation was done on a single test run (constant Reynolds number), the
650  uncertainty analysis for complete test run for single geometry (complete set of Reynolds number)
651  was carried out and outcomes are given as Table A3.
c

652 
Ac

653  Table A3. Range of uncertainty in the measurement of essential parameters.

S. No. Parameters Error range, %

1. Mass flow rate ( ) 1.36 - 3.34

2. Useful heat gain ( ) 1.90 - 3.59

3. Heat transfer coefficient ( ) 2.77 - 4.17

 4. Nusselt number ( ) 2.89 - 5.14

5. Friction Factor ( ) 1.78 - 4.78

6. Reynolds Number ( ) 1.89 - 4.55

7. Thermo-hydraulic performance parameter ( ) 3.73 - 5.23

654   

t
655  Nomenclature

ip
656  Surface area of heated plate,

cr
657  Area of orifice,
658  Coefficient of discharge

us
659  Specific heat of air,
660 
661 
Hydraulic diameter of air passage, an
Print diameter of dimpled obstacles
662  Friction factor of dimpled obstacles
M
663  Friction factor without dimpled obstacles

664  Convective heat transfer coefficient,

d

665  Height of air passage,

te

666  Height of dimpled obstacles,

ep

667  Thermal Conductivity of air,

668  Length of test section,
c

669  Relative dimpled obstacles height

Ac

670  Ratio of dimpled depth to print diameter

671  Mass stream rate of air,

672  Nusselt number of dimpled obstacles air passage
673  Nusselt number of air passage without dimpled obstacles
674  Pitch of dimpled obstacles,
675  Relative dimpled obstacles pitch

676  Pressure drop across test section,

677  Pressure drop across orifice plate,

678  Useful heat gain,
679  Reynolds number

t
680  Mean air temperature,

ip
681  Inlet temperature of air,

cr
682  Outlet temperature of air,
683  Plate temperature of air,

us
684  Velocity of air,
685  Width of air passage,
686  Width of dimpled obstacles an
687  Relative dimpled obstacles width
M
688  Relative width ratio

689  Passage aspect ratio

d

690  Solar air heater

te

691  SAC Solar air channel

692 
ep

693  Greek symbols

694  Angle of attack,
c

695  Ratio of orifice meter to pipe diameter

Ac

696  Density of air,

697  Kinematic viscosity of air,

698  Thermo hydraulic performance
699   

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ip
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cr
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ip
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ep

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814   
 815 
 
Ac
cep
te
d
M
an
us
cr
ip
t