1

Standard Model Lagrangian (including neutrino mass terms)

L = − 1 Bµν B µν − 1 tr(Wµν Wµν ) − 1 tr(Gµν Gµν ) (U(1), SU(2) and SU(3) gauge terms)
4 8 ( ) 2
νL
+(ν̄L , ēL ) σ̃ µ iDµ + ēR σ µ iDµ eR + ν̄R σ µ iDµ νR + (h.c.) (lepton dynamical term)
eL
√ [ ( )]
2 νL
− (ν̄L , ēL ) ϕM e eR + ēR M̄ e ϕ̄ (electron, muon, tauon mass term)
v eL
√ [ ( )]
2 −eL
− (−ēL , ν̄L ) ϕ∗ M ν νR + ν̄R M̄ ν ϕT (neutrino mass term)
v νL
( )
uL
+(ūL , d¯L ) σ̃ µ iDµ + ūR σ µ iDµ uR + d¯R σ µ iDµ dR + (h.c.) (quark dynamical term)
dL
√ [ ( )]
2 ¯ ¯ uL
− d
(ūL , dL ) ϕM dR + dR M̄ ϕ̄ d
(down, strange, bottom mass term)
v dL
√ [ ( )]
2 −dL
− (−d¯L , ūL ) ϕ∗ M u uR + ūR M̄ u ϕT (up, charmed, top mass term)
v uL
+(Dµ ϕ)Dµ ϕ − m2h [ϕ̄ϕ − v 2/2]2/2v 2 . (Higgs dynamical and mass term) (1)

where (h.c.) means Hermitian conjugate of preceeding terms, ψ̄ = (h.c.)ψ = ψ † = ψ ∗T, and the derivative operators are
( ) [ ]( ) ( ) [ ]( )
ν ig1 ig2 νL uL ig1 ig2 uL
D µ L = ∂µ − Bµ + Wµ , Dµ = ∂µ + Bµ + Wµ +igGµ , (2)
eL 2 2 eL dL 6 2 dL
[ ] [ ]
i2g1 ig1
Dµ νR = ∂µ νR , Dµ eR = [∂µ −ig1 Bµ ] eR , Dµ uR = ∂µ + Bµ +igGµ uR , Dµ dR = ∂µ − Bµ +igGµ dR , (3)
3 3
[ ]
ig1 ig2
D µ ϕ = ∂µ + Bµ + Wµ ϕ. (4)
2 2
ϕ is a 2-component complex Higgs field. Since L is SU(2) gauge invariant, a gauge can be chosen so ϕ has the form
√ √
ϕT = (0, v + h)/ 2 , <ϕ>T0 = (expectation value of ϕ) = (0, v)/ 2 , (5)

where v is a real constant such that Lϕ = (∂µ ϕ)∂ µϕ −m2h [ϕ̄ϕ −v 2/2]2/2v 2 is minimized, and h is a residual Higgs field.
Bµ , Wµ and Gµ are the gauge boson vector potentials, and Wµ and Gµ are composed of 2×2 and 3×3 traceless
Hermitian matrices. Their associated field tensors are

Bµν = ∂µ Bν −∂ν Bµ , Wµν = ∂µWν −∂νWµ +ig2 (Wµ Wν −Wν Wµ )/2, Gµν = ∂µ Gν −∂ν Gµ +ig(Gµ Gν −Gν Gµ ). (6)

The non-matrix Aµ , Zµ , Wµ± bosons are mixtures of Wµ and Bµ components, according to the weak mixing angle θw ,
√
Aµ = W11µ sinθw +Bµ cosθw , Zµ = W11µ cosθw −Bµ sinθw , Wµ+ = Wµ−∗ = W12µ / 2, (7)
∗
√
Bµ = Aµ cosθw −Zµ sinθw , W11µ = −W22µ = Aµ sinθw +Zµ cosθw , W12µ = W21µ = 2 Wµ+ , sin2 θw = .2315(4). (8)

The fermions include the leptons eR , eL , νR , νL and quarks uR , uL , dR , dL . They all have implicit 3-component gen-
eration indices, ei =(e, µ, τ ), νi =(νe , νµ , ντ ), ui =(u, c, t), di =(d, s, b), which contract into the fermion mass matrices
e ν u d
Mij , Mij , Mij, Mij , and implicit 2-component indices which contract into the Pauli matrices,
[( )( )( )( )]
1 0 0 1 0 −i 1 0
µ
σ = , , , , σ̃ µ = [σ 0, −σ 1, −σ 2, −σ 3 ], tr(σ i ) = 0, σ µ† = σ µ , tr(σ µ σ ν ) = 2δ µν . (9)
0 1 1 0 i 0 0 −1

The quarks also have implicit 3-component color indices which contract into Gµ . So L really has implicit sums
over 3-component generation indices, 2-component Pauli indices, 3-component color indices in the quark terms, and
2-component SU(2) indices in (ν̄L , ēL ), (ūL , d¯L ),(−ēL , ν̄L ), (−d¯L , ūL ), ϕ̄, Wµ , ( νeLL ), ( udLL ),( −e −dL
νL ), ( uL ), ϕ.
L
 2

The electroweak and strong coupling constants, Higgs vacuum expectation value (VEV), and Higgs mass are,
√
g1 = e/cosθw , g2 = e/sinθw , g > 6.5e = g(m2τ ), v = 246GeV (P DG) ≈ 2 ·180 GeV (CG), mh = 125.02(30)GeV (10)
√ √
where e = 4παh̄c = 4π/137 in natural units. Using (4,5) and rewriting some things gives the mass of Aµ , Zµ , Wµ± ,
( )
− 1 Bµν B µν − 1 tr(Wµν Wµν ) = − 1 Aµν Aµν − 1 Zµν Z µν − 1 Wµν −
W +µν + higher , (11)
4 8 4 4 2 order terms
±
Aµν = ∂µ Aν −∂ν Aµ , Zµν = ∂µ Zν −∂ν Zµ , Wµν = Dµ Wν± −Dν Wµ± , Dµ Wν± = [ ∂µ ± ieAµ ]Wν± , (12)
( ) ( √ ) ( +
)
iv g2 W12µ /2 ig2 v W12µ / 2 ig2 v Wµ
Dµ <ϕ>0 = √ = √ = √ , (13)
2 g B
1 µ /2 + g W
2 22µ /2 2 (Bµ sinθw /cosθw + W22µ )/ 2 2 −Zµ / 2 cosθw
⇒ mA = 0, mW ± = g2 v/2 = 80.425(38)GeV, mZ = g2 v/2cosθw = 91.1876(21)GeV. (14)
Ordinary 4-component Dirac fermions are composed of the left and right handed 2-component fields,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
eL1 νL1 uL1 dL1
e = , νe = , u= , d= , (electron, electron neutrino, up and down quark) (15)
eR1 νR1 uR1 dR1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
eL2 νL2 uL2 dL2
µ = , νµ = , c= , s= , (muon, muon neutrino, charmed and strange quark) (16)
eR2 νR2 uR2 dR2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
eL3 νL3 uL3 dL3
τ = , ντ = , t= , b= , (tauon, tauon neutrino, top and bottom quark) (17)
eR3 νR3 uR3 dR3
( )
0 σµ
γµ = where γ µ γ ν + γ ν γ µ = 2Ig µν. (Dirac gamma matrices in chiral representation) (18)
σ̃ µ 0
The corresponding antiparticles are related to the particles according to ψ c = −iγ 2 ψ ∗ or ψL
c ∗
= −iσ 2 ψR c
, ψR ∗
= iσ 2 ψL .
The fermion charges are the coefficients of Aµ when (8,10) are substituted into either the left or right handed derivative
operators (2-4). The fermion masses are the singular values of the 3×3 fermion mass matrices M ν , M e , M u , M d ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
me 0 0 mνe 0 0 mu 0 0 md 0 0
e e† e ν ν† u† d†
M = UL 0 mµ 0 UR , M = UL 0 mνµ 0 UR , M = UL 0 mc 0 UR , M = UL 0 ms 0 URd , (19)
ν u u d

0 0 mτ 0 0 mντ 0 0 mt 0 0 mb
me = .510998910(13)M eV, mνe ∼ .001 − 2eV, mu = 1.7 − 3.1M eV, md = 4.1 − 5.7M eV, (20)
mµ = 105.658367(4)M eV, mνµ ∼ .001 − 2eV, mc = 1.18 − 1.34GeV, ms = 80 − 130M eV, (21)
mτ = 1776.84(17)M eV, mντ ∼ .001 − 2eV, mt = 171.4 − 174.4GeV, mb = 4.13 − 4.37GeV, (22)
where the Us are 3×3 unitary matrices (U−1 = U† ). Consequently the “true fermions” with definite masses are actually
linear combinations of those in L, or conversely the fermions in L are linear combinations of the true fermions,
e′L = ULe eL , e′R = URe eR , νL′ = ULν νL , ′
νR = URν νR , u′L = ULu uL , u′R = URu uR , d′L = ULd dL , d′R = URd dR , (23)
eL = ULe† e′L , eR = URe† e′R , νL = ULν† νL′ , νR = URν† νR
′
, uL = ULu† u′L , uR = URu† u′R , dL = ULd† d′L , dR = URd† d′R . (24)
When L is written in terms of the true fermions, the Us fall out except in ū′L ULu σ̃ µ Wµ± ULd† d′L and ν̄L′ ULν σ̃ µ Wµ± ULe† e′L .
Because of this, and some absorption of constants into the fermion fields, all the parameters in the Us are con-
tained in only four components of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix Vq = ULu Ud† L and four components of the
Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrix Vl = ULν ULe†. The unitary matrices Vq and Vl are often parameterized as
( )( −iδ/2 )( )( iδ/2 )( )
1 0 0 e 0 0 c13 0 s13 e 0 0 c12 s12 0 √
V = 0 c23 s23 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 −s12 c12 0 , cj = 1 − s2j , (25)
0 −s23 c23 0 0 eiδ/2 −s13 0 c13 0 0 e−iδ/2 0 0 1
q
q
δ = 69(4) deg, s12 = 0.2253(7), q
s23 = 0.041(1), sq13 = 0.0035(2), (26)
δ l = ?, sl12 = 0.560(16), sl23 = 0.7(1), sl13 = 0.153(28). (27)
−1 †
L is invariant under a U(1) ⊗ SU(2) gauge transformation with U = U , detU = 1, θ real,
Wµ → U Wµ U − (2i/g2 )U ∂µ U , Wµν → U Wµν U , Bµ → Bµ + (2/g1 )∂µ θ, Bµν → Bµν , ϕ → e−iθ U ϕ,
† † †
(28)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
νL νL uL −iθ/3 uL νR → νR , uR → e−4iθ/3 uR ,
→e U
iθ
, →e U , (29)
eL eL dL dL eR → e eR ,
2iθ
dR → e2iθ/3 dR ,
and under an SU(3) gauge transformation with V −1 = V † , detV = 1,
Gµ → V Gµ V † − (i/g)V ∂µ V † , Gµν → V Gµν V † , uL → V uL , dL → V dL , uR → V uR , dR → V dR . (30)