SPECIAL ASSIGNMENT OF CRITICAL THINKING ESSAYS

SUBJECT: LAW, POVERTY, AND DEVELOPMENT

Name- Deesha Pathak

Submitted to- Dr. Eritriya Roy

Semester- III

Section-C

Roll no: 45

ID No.- 20/2020/2255

__________________________________________________________
_____

Date of Submission: 7/12/2021

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 SACE 1
ANSWER:

REGIONAL IMBALANCE: THE CONCEPT AND THE MEANING

Regional Imbalance refers to a kingdom of imbalance in phrases of financial and social elements
that prevails throughout the panorama among regions. It is a situation wherein an economic
system fails to offer equitable advantages to all sections of the United States of America or social
strata. Regional Imbalance has impact at the everyday lives of the human beings. “Unequal
nearby improvement withinside the United States of America is a main developmental constraint
and an financial issue, with backward areas displaying variations withinside the stage of
commercial improvement, employment opportunities, according to capita income, intake pattern,
literacy, scientific infrastructure, get admission to to financial assets, and different services
figuring out an good enough fashionable of residing. As a end result of this nearby imbalance, an
alarming percent of human beings in backward areas remain denied their developmental rights
and the threat to stay their lives to the fullest.” There were disparities even withinside the nearby
improvement and structure. Not all components of the United States of America have identical
get admission to to bodily and human assets to capitalize on financial opportunities, and due to
the fact beyond discrepancies have now no longer been resolved, functional attempt is needed to
prevent massive nearby imbalances. Following independence, India's splendid development in a
few areas and sectors contrasts sharply with the low degrees of improvement that persist in lots
of locations. As a end result, it become felt that the authorities may want to play a good sized
position in removing disparities. This devotion become meditated withinside the Constitution
and making plans objectives.

Certain essential elements of the nearby imbalance are-

• It is primarily based totally at the financial and social standards of the companies residing in a
selected area.

• It is the character or a kingdom wherein the authorities isn't capable of broaden positive regions
and which brought about disparities.

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• It is a end result of the heterogenous person of the earth, which means that it's far frequently
primarily based totally upon the bodily elements like land, water, choppy ground, etc. How can
nearby imbalance be decreased?

Regional imbalance may be decreased through the subsequent ways- • Identifying the backward
regions and right usage of the allotted fund.

• There have to be enough allocation of price range for the improvement of the backward areas.

• A robust political will is needed for the nearby improvement and to save you the nearby
imbalances. • Group of incentives have to be supplied for the human beings residing withinside
the backward areas to help and enhance their lifestyles.

• The government in characteristic mast inspect the state of affairs and prioritize their moves
after studying the state of affairs and situation properly.

Following independence, the Finance Commission and the NITI Aayog (Planning Commission)
have been important our bodies tasked with trying to decrease nearby disparities. The Finance
Commission's position is limited. As a end result, the NITI Aayog has been granted multiplied
responsibility (Planning Commission). India's successive Five-Year Plans have emphasised the
want of enhancing the United States of america's backward regions. Public quarter businesses
have been evolved in backward sections of the state for the duration of the early stages of
financial making plans so that it will foster nearby balanced growth.

REGIONAL IMBALANCE AND VIOLATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL

RIGHT

HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT

Human rights are required for the whole improvement of a character's identification and joy.
Human rights aren't simplest essential for the improvement of a character's identification,
however in addition they result in a first rate residing. Humans are logical beings who, via way
of means of distinctive feature in their humanity, have a few primary freedoms called human

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rights. Human rights, as a delivery proper, are inherent in all folks, no matter cast, faith, religion,
or gender. “Human rights is a large idea that encompasses civic rights, civil freedoms, in addition
to socioeconomic and cultural rights. Human rights are important for the safety of an character's
dignity and for growing situations wherein each person can broaden his or her character to the
maximum diploma possible. Human rights are extensively recounted to be vital in global systems
due to the fact they've felony, moral, and political implications. Human rights are felony in view
that they entail the enforcement of rights and the necessities in their felony framework, which
can be additionally identified in global treaties. It is ethical due to the fact human rights are a
value-primarily based totally framework for maintaining human dignity, and it's miles political
as it consists of each the authorities and people in its functioning, restricting the authority of the
authorities over people.” Human rights are same, universal, indivisible, interrelated and inter
dependent. “On tenth December 1948 United Nations made announcement of Human rights
while human rights widely represent 2 classes of rights”:

• Rights which can be important for dignified human life i.e., proper to have primary human
desires like food, clothing, shelter, training, hospital treatment etc.

• Rights which can be important for ok improvement human character inclusive of proper to
training, proper to freedom of culture, proper to freedom of speech and expression and proper to
unfastened movement.

RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT

With the global consensus on the prevailing concept of human rights, the 1/3 era of human rights
has arisen in current years. In the overall assembly, a announcement at the proper to
improvement turned into issued, which turned into brought to the listing of recent human rights.
The announcement, issued on December 4, 1986, defines improvement as a comprehensive,
economic, social, cultural, and political manner geared toward the non-stop development of the
health of the complete populace and of people thru their active, unfastened, and significant
participation in improvement and the equitable distribution of advantages due to it. “The proper
to improvement perception strives to sell improvement as a human proper. Some of the vital
additives of developmental rights had been highlighted because the proper to food, the proper to

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training, and the proper to health. The proper to improvement ought to make sure employment,
hospital treatment, training, and social security, and it's miles the authorities's obligation to
maintain such human rights. The proper to improvement accommodates all human rights which
might be reachable without discrimination. The proper to improvement can be described as an
innate human proper that entitles each character withinside the financial system to take part in,
make contributions to, and advantage from economic, social, cultural, and political progress. The
proper to improvement encompasses all factors of improvement, which includes the proper to
same possibility and get entry to to assets, the proper to equitable distribution of improvement
advantages, and the proper to recognize and experience civil, political, economic, and social
rights.” As a result, with the efficacy of the proper to improvement, which incorporates the ideas
of equality, non-discrimination, participation, accountability, transparency, and global business
enterprise in a holistic and systematic manner. It is the authorities's obligation to make sure that
everyone human have same and sufficient get entry to primary assets to be able to aid honest
developmental rules and steadily decorate the residing requirements of its inhabitants. It may be
concluded that the Right to improvement is multi-dimensional in characters incorporating all of
the rights essential for the general improvement of an character and protective his lifestyles,
liberties and dignity.

RIGHT TO EQUALITY

Article 14 of the Constitution of India ensures equality to all its citizen earlier than the
regulation. It additionally talks approximately the same safety of regulation withinside the u . s ..
It is primarily based totally at the concept of Justice and herbal regulation precept and serves
because the primary and essential cornerstone human and essential proper. Sir AV Dicey gave 3
ideas for the guideline of thumb of regulation. The regulation should be Supreme and there
should now no longer be any arbitrary electricity and monarchy. Law should be enforced via way
of means of courts and courts should have the electricity to make laws. No one is above the
regulation and there will be equality earlier than the regulation. Indian political parties, earlier
than independence positioned forth the call for of same rights in numerous spherical desk
meetings and committees however the equal had been rejected via way of means of the Simon
fee on numerous grounds. The very foundation of those essential rights is the American and the

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French announcement. Government of India act 1935 additionally lays down the inspiration of
equality for the general public offices. Declaration of the proper of equality accompanied via
way of means of the right implementation and alertness should be the premise of equality in each
aspect. Article 14 to 18 of the Constitution of India gives the provisions associated with the
equality. According to the ideas of equality, like ought to be dealt with gently and while folks are
at the equal footings and situations are equal, regulation should deal with those folks equally.
This article applies to each residents and non-residents. It is primarily based totally at the idea of
fairness and equality. Equality earlier than the regulation manner that there should be no
discrimination and there will be absence of privilege for any character and all folks are same
withinside the eyes of regulation. Equal safety of regulation is a high-quality idea and applies
that there will be same remedy of folks withinside the same situations. The important purpose of
those standards is to offer the same justice and remedy to all folks. Geographical Differentiation
and Right to equality- The parliament and the judiciary are empowered to defend the pursuits of
the backward lessons. There are positive sections of the residents who be afflicted by
backwardness due to the geographical separation and nearby imbalances, and authorities is
empowered to defend their pursuits. Geographical differentiation may be served as the premise
of class for the same remedy and bringing backward lessons to the same footing and protective
their pursuits.

REGIONAL IMBALANCE: VIOLATION OF THE RIGHT TO EQUALITY AND

DEVELOPMENT

There is a enormous truth that disparities and indifferences among states and areas inside states,
among towns and suburbs, and among distinctive sections of the populace had been regularly
developing in current years, and that the advantages of speedy enlargement have now no longer
been dispensed calmly throughout the u . s . and to all segments of the populace. It violates the
very proper of equality assured via way of means of the Constitution of India. The authorities is
empowered to defend the rights of the backward humans residing withinside the undeveloped
and underdeveloped areas of the society. Regional imbalances compromise the rights loved via
way of means of the backward humans and violates the equality main. Right to improvement it's
miles an vital a part of the human proper and no improvement withinside the backward regions

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via way of means of which bad humans and backward lessons suffered the maximum is violation
of the human proper that's to be had to each human. Every character has the proper to experience
the proper to improvement and is empowered to experience the enjoy the distribution of assets.
The proper to improvement it additionally comes up with numerous associated rights as an
instance proper to training and proper to lifestyles in broader sense. Regional imbalance and
absence of improvement in a place jeopardizes those related rights of the humans residing in that
location and additionally compromises the main of equality. Regional imbalances and unequal
improvement result in the differentiation withinside the lessons of humans and sections residing
on this society and serves as the premise of differentiation and discrimination. It could be very
vital to maintain the human proper and the essential proper of equality for the humans residing
withinside the backward regions and right help should be furnished via way of means of the
authorities to be able to meet their desires. From the above textual content and precise
explanation, it's miles glaring that the nearby imbalances and unequal improvement violates the
proper to equality and proper to improvement. It is the violation of essential proper and
authorities should renowned the equal and offer help to the humans residing withinside the
nearby imbalanced regions. The authorities should make sure this is no proper, especially
essential proper, citizen is violated and judiciary should function the protector of the essential
rights.

REFORMS BY THE GOVERNMENT TO ENSURE THAT REGIONAL IMBALANCE

DO NOT VIOLATE THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT OF THE CITIZEN

The authorities has devised numerous measures so as to triumph over the discrimination and
violation of rights confronted through the backward instructions of humans dwelling withinside
the backward areas. Several packages were added up through the authorities to make sure the
non-violation of rights. These packages are labeled on the idea of human useful resource
improvement packages and place improvement packages. Human useful resource improvement
consists of the capital formation and the general improvement of someone in phrases of
Nutrition, fitness and training etc. These packages have been carried out with the goal of selling
man or woman to make contributions withinside the financial increase of the us of a.

Some of the packages which are carried out through the authorities discover the human useful
resource improvement are as follows-

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• Sarvshiksha Aabhiyan- this application changed into released withinside the year 2001 with the
primary goal to teach all youngsters from the age of 6 to fourteen through 2010.

• Digital India application changed into released withinside the yr 2005 through the Indian
authorities to facilitate the virtual training withinside the us of a and enhance on line
infrastructure and net connectivity all around the country.

• Mid-day meal scheme is one of the maximum well-known and a success packages released
withinside the yr 1995. It changed into released to offer mid-day meal to the faculty youngsters
and enhance their dietary reputation throughout.

• Mission Indra Dhanush changed into released through the Narendra Modi authorities in 2014
with an purpose to attain 90% vaccination for sure illnesses all around the country through 2020.

• Ayushman Bharat scheme changed into released withinside the yr 2018 with an goal to provide
the general public medical insurance and assist the low-profits earners with the unfastened
clinical insurance.

AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

Area improvement packages were applied to deal with local imbalances and lift the extent of
socioeconomic improvement in backward regions. Because the backwardness of a selected
region, referred to as a unique place (hill, wilderness, drought prone, border regions), has an
effect at the lives of people who stay there, the authorities has devised long-time period
techniques to make investments closely in those ecologically and economically susceptible
regions. The govt. has delivered sure packages namely –

1. Tribal Area Development Program- The Indian constitution "presents a complete

framework for socioeconomic improvement" and indigenous populace welfare. Initiatives were
made for the improvement of tribal areas, inclusive of boosting the rural economy, developing
industries in tribal remote locations, enhancing energy and transportation, and making extensive
development in supplying equitable possibility to tribes and tribal territories. TRIFED ambitions
to empower tribal human beings with knowledge, tool, and channels of information, a good way
to adopt their operation in extra systematic, clinical and superior manner.

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2. Hilly place improvement application- The initiative seeks to sell socioeconomic increase,
infrastructure improvement, and the surroundings of hilly regions. The application focuses in
general on modernizing agricultural techniques, fostering the established order of small-scale
companies and cottage industries on the village level, and producing commodities in excessive
call for withinside the market. Western ghats Development application- The Western Ghat hill
tiers run "extra or much less parallel to Maharashtra's west coast, starting with the Tapti River
close to Dhule and completing at Kanyakumari." The application consists of efforts for
improvement in horticulture, plantation, afforestation, minor irrigation, animal husbandry, and
tourism. It focuses on "elevating human being’s cognizance and instructing them" so that it will
make sure their energetic involvement in financial development and to useful resource their
increase via specific improvement application.

3. Border Area Development Program- "The application is supported with the aid of using the
vital authorities, and its intention is to offer balanced improvement of touchy border regions via
the delivery of infrastructure and the introduction of a feel of protection a few of the
neighborhood human beings." The application is a extra complete technique to the improvement
of human resources, appreciably college schooling, technical and vocational schooling in
network improvement blocks and border communities." The kingdom of Punjab, Rajasthan,
Gujarat, and Jammu and Kashmir are all blanketed with the aid of using the application.

4. Desert Development Program- It consists of the new wilderness areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan,
and Haryana, in addition to the bloodless wilderness areas of J&K and HP. This application's
desires encompass minimizing the results of droughts in affected areas, restoring ecological
stability in affected regions, and growing land and water manufacturing in affected regions.

CONCLUSION

Regional imbalances have proved to be a chief deterrent in increase of the human beings
dwelling withinside the underdeveloped areas. It violates the proper to equality and proper to
improvement. The authorities has applied numerous measures but there may be nonetheless want
to enhance the state of affairs with the assist of extra reforms and measures with the aid of using
the judiciary and the authorities.

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 SACE 2
ANSWER:

LEGAL AID: CONCEPT AND UNDERSTANDING

Legal useful resource is the criminal help that is supplied to the character in want, this is to the
negative and needy humans withinside the society who because of poverty and different
constraints can't find the money for the criminal offerings. Legal Aid involves presenting loose
criminal help to the negative and needy who can't find the money for to rent a attorney to
symbolize them in a courtroom docket or earlier than an authority. Legal Aid is a method used to
assure that nobody is denied expert criminal suggest and help because of a loss of cash and
sources. As a nutshell, the essential purpose of presenting equality beneath the regulation is to
make it to be had to the impoverished, downtrodden, and weaker sections of society. The
Constitution of India additionally gives an implicit backing for the proper to loose criminal to the
needy and the negative sections of the society. Article 21 and 39A of the Constitution offers with
the Right to Free criminal useful resource. Article 39A gives the definition of Legal Aid that is as
follows- “State shall steady that the operation of the criminal gadget promotes justice on a
foundation of identical opportunity, and shall in particular, offer loose criminal useful resource,
via way of means of appropriate law or schemes or in every other manner, to make sure that
possibilities for securing justice aren't denied to any citizen via way of means of cause of
financial or different disability.”

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LEGAL AID AND CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Legal Aid idea turned into 1st brought via way of means of Justice PN Bhagwati in 1971,
beneath Legal Aid Committee. Justice PN Bhagwati turned into a main preacher of the criminal
useful resource. According to him, Legal useful resource involves making preparations in society
in order that the approach of management of justice is freely to be had to the negative humans
and now no longer out of attain of individuals who want to apply it to put in force the rights
granted to them via way of means of regulation. The negative and uneducated sections of the
society ought to be allowed to get entry to the offerings of justice rendered via way of means of

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the courts, and their lack of awareness and poverty ought to now no longer save you them from
looking for justice from the courts. Legal useful resource ought to be made to be had to the
impoverished and uneducated who lack get entry to to the courts. Legal useful resource is
associated with the herbal regulation precept and goals to assure that the constitutional
dedication is carried out in shape and spirit, and that identical justice is to be had to the
impoverished, oppressed, and prone individuals of society. It is really well worth noting that the
Indian Constitution states that the country shall make sure that the operation of the criminal
gadget promotes justice on a foundation of identical opportunity, and shall, in particular, offer
loose criminal useful resource, thru suitable law or schemes or in every other manner, to make
sure that possibilities for securing justice aren't denied to any citizen because of financial or
different disability. The Indian Constitution establishes an impartial and unbiased judiciary, and
the courts are empowered to maintain the charter and defend humans’ rights irrespective of their
economic condition. Because the charter's purpose is to offer justice to everyone, and the
directive concepts are an inherent detail of the charter, the judiciary has a responsibility to
maintain the rights of the negative in addition to the rights of society as a whole. The Supreme
Court withinside the case of Hussainara Khatoon developed the idea of criminal useful resource
in India. The petitioner argued that there are numerous prisoners who've served the punishment
an awful lot greater than they deserved and might have served if the trial has began on time. The
primary cause in the back of the postpone turned into that the prisoners have been now no longer
capable of have interaction a attorney and have been now no longer capable of searching for the
criminal advice. Therefore, the Supreme Court interpreted Article 39A and held that furnish of
the loose criminal useful resource to the individuals who can't find the money for to searching
for the criminal suggest is an implicit responsibility of the State and is impliedly cited in Article
21 of the Constitution. It is the Constitutional mandate that the State has to offer the loose
criminal useful resource to the negative and needy humans.

FORMS AND MODES OF THE LEGAL AID

The criminal useful resource may be granted to the negative humans in shape of the Court prices,
manner and the alternative styles of costs which can be incurred at the same time as looking for
the criminal assist. Lawyer illustration and suggest need to additionally be supplied to the
negative and improvised institution of humans. There need to be criminal attention due to the

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fact humans aren't aware about the idea of criminal useful resource and continue to be ignorant in
this factor. In addition to this, illiterate humans need to be supplied with the facts and manner of
the criminal useful resource. The documentation expenses and different halfway costs need to
additionally be supplied. Right to honest trial and presumption of innocence are the 2 primary
additives of the proper to loose criminal useful resource.

RIGHT TO FAIR TRIAL

Fair trials are an critical factor of the criminal useful resource and are important thing of
regulation and social justice that protects equality. Trials in courtroom docket paperwork an
critical a part of granting justice to the society and need to be executed effectively that allows
you to be without unjust bias and unfairness. The proper to honest trial consists of and approach
the character’s capacity to enchantment to the in a position courtroom docket for the furnish of
justice, proper to self-defense, proper to be attempted earlier than the courtroom docket, someone
need to be believed to be harmless until validated responsible. If the Court believes that an
accused does now no longer have ok sources to rent criminal offerings for the defense, it's miles
the State's obligation to provide criminal assist and help on the way to save you the compromise
of justice. In that situation, the Court will employ a attorney on the State's value beneath the
authorities allotted price range. This provision assures that the trial isn't skewed due to the fact
all aspects are represented equally. It is the obligation of the country to offer the criminal assist
to the negative and needy sections of the society in order that the trial can be began in a higher
manner and justice is granted. It needs to additionally incur all of the middleman expenses which
can be regularly incurred for the duration of the graduation of trials.

PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE BY A PERSON OF VULNERABLE GROUP

UNLESS PROVEN GUILTY

Presumption of innocence is an critical factor of justice and honest trial. It prevents the wrongful
and unjust convictions and guarantees justice. Everyone charged is presumed harmless until
proved responsible until and till determined responsible. A presumption of innocence refers back
to the belief that during a crook trial, each defendant is believed harmless until validated
responsible. As a result, that allows you to convict someone, the prosecution need to show past

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an inexpensive doubt that the defendant devoted the offence. Proof of every detail of a criminal
offense need to be produced that allows you to do so. A presumption of innocence, on the
alternative hand, does now no longer assure that someone will live loose till the belief in their
trial. In a few circumstances, someone may be stored in custody. Black Stone Ratio- The
presumption of innocence is primarily based totally at the concept this is referred to as because
the Black Stone Ratio. It states that it's miles premiere to loose the 10 those who are determined
responsible than to make go through an man or woman who's harmless. Most critically, the
presumption of innocence protects a man or woman's proper now no longer to be wrongly
convicted. It is an critical detail of the criminal useful resource precept. The accused is being
required to set up the innocence and there's no presumption of guilt and the character isn't
convicted unfairly. A backward onus clause isn't justified via way of means of a stability of
opportunity criterion and the opportunity and tilt isn't considered, for the reason that
responsibility at the accused is ultimate, which means that failure to satisfy this burden might
quit withinside the conviction of that character. In crook regulation, the load of evidence
performs a sizeable function withinside the trial phase. It aids withinside the behavior of a loose
and honest trial and keeps justice via way of means of maintaining each aspect at the identical
gambling field.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GOVERNMENT SUPPORT IN THE LEGAL AID

The authorities perform an critical function withinside the furnish of the criminal useful resource
and guarantees that the beliefs and concepts of the social justice aren't violated. The authority’s
contribution withinside the criminal useful resource is important and the State acts as a effective
medium to furnish justice to the negative and improvised sections of the society. Government is
the primary driving force of the loose criminal useful resource offerings withinside the country
and acts because the felicitator of justice to the negative. Allocation of price range for the right
implementation of the criminal useful resource offerings is crucial on the way to keep the honor
of justice. There are numerous methods wherein the authorities help the criminal useful resource
offerings and the criminal useful resource is granted via way of means of the authorities in
numerous methods- 1. Providing the seasoned bono offerings- The authorities has released a
internet site that works because the portal to help the seasoned bono cases. The authorities

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encourage the legal professionals to offer the seasoned bono offerings for the negative and needy
humans of the society. 2. Free criminal assist and financial help- The authorities give the
criminal help and suggest guide to the negative and marginalized sections of the society. It
additionally gives the rest withinside the courtroom docket prices and different relaxations. 3.
Setting up authorities- The authorities have additionally installation numerous countrywide and
country stage establishments that assist in supporting and felicitating the authorities withinside
the criminal useful resource applications and offerings. For examples- NALSA, State Legal
Service Authorities, and District Legal Service Authorities amongst different bodies. 4. Free
criminal useful resource to positive groups- People from the marginalized sections of the society,
just like the oppressed castes, Scheduled Tribe individuals, human trafficking victims, people
with disabilities, senior residents, etc. These institutions of residents get rest withinside the
criminal trials and get furnish from the country.

ALLOCATION OF FUND BY THE GOVERNMENT IN THE LEGAL AID

According to the reports by TATA trusts, in the last quarter of decade, not much people have
received legal aid and the figure remain only to 1.5 crore people. The spending by the centre
remains minimal and only Rs 1.05 per capita in 2019-20. While the number of beneficiaries
receiving the Legal aid has been increasing according to the India justice report, the per capita
expenditure and overall expenditure by the centre remain minimal. There have been no proper
infrastructure and specific place for the human resource development authorities and Legal aid
institutions. There has been no proper utilization of the funds by the Centre and nonfunctioning
of the Lok Adalats have also worsen the case. In the year 2019, round 18 States with a
population of over 10 million have improved in the granting of Legal aid to the poor and needy
people and have improved their ranking. Among the top five states, Maharashtra, Punjab and
Haryana have retained their position.

According to the India Justice report-

 The total number of the District Legal Service Authorities is 669.

 However, there is the non-fulfilment of the 40 seats of the secretaries in the DLSA. In
addition to this, there were only 573 full time secretaries.

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  The total number of seven states and union territories do not have full time secretary in
their district legal services authorities. This is because they do not have large jurisdictions
and hence there are a smaller number of judicial officers.
 If we talk about the national level, the proportion of women among the panel of lawyers
remain 18%.
 There is no policy or any specific scheme that deals with the legal aid that is provided to
the prisoners in the police stations.
 There is no maintenance of data regarding the legal aid and hence this proves to be the
deterrent in the grant of legal aid to the poor.
 The lack of lawyers and inexperience is also the impediment in the grant of the legal aid
to the needy and poor.

GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES THAT ASSIST IN PROVIDING THE LEGAL AID

SERVICES

The government and judiciary have set up the authorities that help in assisting the legal aid
services and providing justice to the poor. For examples- NALSA, State Legal Service
Authorities, and District Legal Service Authorities, Taluk Legal Service Committee, etc.

NALSA (National Legal Service Authority)- This authority has been formed under the Legal
Services Authority Act, 1987 with the primary objective to provide the free legal services and
assistance to the weaker sections of the society. It also organizes the Lok Adalats for the smooth
and better settlement of the disputes. NALSA works closely with state and district legal service
authorities, as well as other organizations, to oversee the implementation and performance of
different legal aid initiatives. Its members include the CJI as chairman, a current Supreme Court
judge as executive chairman, and other members. The present Chairman of the NALSA is the
current Chief Justice of India, Justice N. V. Ramana.

SLSA (State Legal Service Authorities)- Like NALSA works in the national level. State Legal
Service Authorities work in the State level and ensures justice to the poor and needy people. It
comprises of CJ of HC, as Patron-in-chief; a Serving or retired judge of HC, and other members.
SLSA promotes conflict resolution and works in collaboration with government agencies, non-

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governmental organizations, voluntary social institutions, universities, and other entities involved
in the task of advancing the cause of providing legal services to the improvised sections of the
society who are not able to afford the legal assistance.

DLSA (District Legal Service Authorities)- These authorities work in the micro level and
ensures that poor people are given the legal assistance and free legal aid. It has District Judge as
its head and comprises of other members. It is set up by the government in every district with an
objective to secure justice for the poor people and free legal aid. It works at the grassroot level
and provide justice to the improvised sections of the society.

Taluk Legal Service Committees- These committees are constituted in the taluk levels for the
better coordination and providing legal service to the poor. Head of these committees is the civil
judge and performs functions as authorized by the district level authorities.

CONCLUSION

Legal aid is legal assistance provided to those who are in need, that is, to the poor and needy
members of society who cannot afford legal services due to financial constraints. The Indian
Constitution also implicitly supports the right of the poor and disadvantaged to free legal
representation. The Constitution mandates that the state provide free legal assistance to the
impoverished and indigent. Fair trials are a fundamental component of the rule of law and social
justice that promotes equality, and they are an essential part of legal help. A presumption of
innocence is the concept that every defendant in a criminal trial is presumed innocent until
proven guilty. The government's commitment to legal aid is vital, and the state serves as a
powerful vehicle for delivering justice to society's poor and disadvantaged.

The government provides assistance to legal aid agencies in a variety of ways. There was no
suitable infrastructure or a defined location for human resource development agencies and legal
assistance organizations. The Centre has not used finances properly, and the Lok Adalats have
not functioned properly, which has exacerbated the situation.

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REFERENCES

 SHUKLA, V. N., & SINGH, M. P. (1990). V.N. Shukla's Constitution of India.

Lucknow, Eastern Book Co
 Rs 1.05 per capita spend by Centre on legal aid in 2019-20: Report. The Economic
Times. (2021). Retrieved 6 December 2021, from
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rs-1-05-per-capita-spend-
by-centre-on-legal-aid-in-2019-20-report/articleshow/80512108.cms?from=mdr.
 Regional Imbalances & Concept Of Balanced Growth - UPSC. Lotus Arise. (2021).
Retrieved 6 December 2021, from https://lotusarise.com/regional-imbalances-upsc/.
 ‘15% of funds allocated to State legal services stay unused’. The Hindu. (2021).
Retrieved 6 December 2021, from https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/15-of-
funds-allocated-to-state-legal-services-stay-unused/article24911399.ece#:~:text=The
%20total%20fund,amount%20remain%20unutilised.

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