History

Chapter 4

Assessment: 4.1.1

1. Below is a presentation of a primary source. Make an interpretation of the details presented

here and examine how it can be used to support your argument regarding the location of First
Mass in the Philippines.

One is the log kept by Francisco Albo, a pilot of one of Magellan’s ship, Trinidad.
He was one of the 18 survivors who returned with Sebastian Elcano on the ship Victoria
after they circumnavigated the world. The other, and the more complete, was the
account of Antonio Pigafetta, Primo viaggio intorno al mondo (First Voyage around the
World). Pigafetta, like Albo, was a member of the Magellan expedition and an
eyewitness of the events, particularly, of the first Mass. After analysing the primary
sources from Pigafetta and Albo’s account, and some of the secondary sources that the
researchers used as related studies from the historians conducted research to support
our claims regarding to the first Mass. The researcher lead to a conclusion that Antonio
Pigafetta’s account is more firm than Albo because Pigafetta’s account is more complete
and supported by evidences including the date of event and also the location. In Albo’s
account he didn’t mention the first Mass but only the planting of the cross upon a
mountain top from which could be seen three islands to the west and southwest unlike
Pigafetta he mention in his account that the first Mass is held in Butuan on Easter
Sunday, March 31. Pigafetta also seen as a is a credible source because his work was
instantly became classic that prominent in the west like William Shakespeare, Michel de
Montaigne, and Giambattista Vico referred to the book in their interpretation of the new
world. The chronicle of Pigafetta was one of the most cited documents by historians who
wished to study the pre-colonial Philippines. In the Account of Francisco Albo, he did not
mention about the first mass in the Philippines but only the planting of the cross upon a
mountain top from which could be seen three islands to the west and southwest, where
they were told there was much gold. This also fits the southern end of Limasawa.
 Assessment: 4.2.1

1. Write a critical essay on the possible biases of both versions regarding Cavite
mutiny.

Cavite Mutiny, (January 20, 1872), brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and
workers at the Cavite arsenal, which became the excuse for Spanish repression of the
embryonic Philippine nationalist movement. Ironically, the harsh reaction of the Spanish
authorities served ultimately to promote the nationalist cause.
The mutiny was quickly crushed, but the Spanish regime under the reactionary governor
Rafael de Izquierdo magnified the incident and used it as an excuse to clamp down on
those Filipinos who had been calling for governmental reform. A number of Filipino
intellectuals were seized and accused of complicity with the mutineers. After a brief
trial,
three priests—José Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, and Mariano Gómez—were publicly
executed. The three subsequently became martyrs to the cause of Philippine
independence.
Both the Filipino and Spanish versions presented that the reason of the mutiny was due
to the unfair decision of the Gobernador General in the abolition of the privileges in
terms
of taxes and force labor. However, Vidal and Izquierdo's accounts became biased and
added some information.

2. In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of employing critical tools in
interpreting historical events through primary sources? Justify your answer.

Advantages: Primary sources directly address your topic and often provide information
that is unavailable elsewhere. For example, the questions you compose for an interview
or a survey will likely target your unique interest in the topic. Similarly, to test a particular
hypothesis, you can design your own experiment.

Disadvantages: Some primary sources, such as eyewitness accounts, may be too close
to the subject, lacking a critical distance. Others, such as interviews, surveys, and
experiments, are time consuming to prepare, administer, and analyze. Finally, unless
you have been trained in accepted methodologies, your own primary research in certain
fields of study may not be recognized as valid.
Assessment: 4.3.1

1. Based on evidences and argumentations presented in different primary sources, what do

you think of the most valid and precise assertion, those who are saying that the First Cry of
the Katipunan happened in Pugad Lawin or those says that it happened in Balintawak?
Support your answer with evidences.

I think, the first cry of the katipunan happened in pugad lawin because from
1928-1940, valenzuela maintained that cry happened on 24 August at the house of
tandang Sora ( Melchora Aquino) in pugad lawin , which he now situated near
Pasong Tamo Road.
After the discovery of the Katipunan, Spanish authorities made several arrests to
identify their members. ... This led to an event called the 'Cry of Pugad Lawin', where
revolutionaries took part in a mass tearing of cedulas (community tax certificates),
symbolizing their fight against Spain.
Assessment: 4.4.1

1. Write a Position Paper. Below is the guideline on how to organize it:

The retraction of Rizal.

Since Rizal's retraction letter was discovered by Father Manuel Garcia, CM. in 19
35, its
Content has become a favorite subject of dispute among academicians and
Catholics. "I’ll letter,
Dated December 29, 1896, was said to have been signed by the National Hero
himself.
It stated "I declare myself a Catholic and in this religion in which I was bond and
educated I
Wish to live and die. I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings,
publications
And conduct has been contrary to my character as son of the Catholic Church. "
"I’ll controversy whether the National Hero actually wrote a retraction document
only lies in
The judgment of its reader, as no amount of proof can probably make the two
opposing
Groups—the Masonic Realists (who firmly believe that Rizal did not withdraw)
and the
Catholic Realists (who were convinced Rizal with each other.
Proofs, documents
History books tell most people that the first draft of the retraction was sent by
Archbishop
Bernardino Nuzzled to Rizal's cell in Fort Santiago the night before his execution
in
Bagumbayan. But Rizal was said to have rejected the draft because it was
lengthy.
According to a testimony by Father Vicente Beleaguer, a Jesuit missionary who
befriended the
Hero during his exile in Capitan, Rizal accepted a shorter retraction document
prepared by the
Superior of the Jesuit Society in the Philippines, Father Poi Pi.
Rizal then wrote his retraction after making some modifications in the document.
In his
Retraction, he disavowed Masonry and religious thoughts that opposed Catholic
belief.
"Personally, I did not believe he retracted, but some documents that was
purchased by the
Philippine government from Spain in the mid-1990s, the Corrode Vigilance de
Manila,"
Showed some interesting points about the retraction, said Jose Victor Tones,
professor at the
History department of the De La Salle University.
Popularly known as the Katipunan and Rim documents. The Cuerpo Vigilance
N'LaniLa
A laxity of 'cements on the Philippine revolutions that t INS confidential I reports.
Transcripts. Clippings. And pho to graphs from Spa nigh and Philippine
newspapers.
Despite the Tortes said his perception of the Filipino martyr •would not change
even I f the
Verses were true.
•Even though it would easy to say he retracted all that t he wrote alk3ut the
Church. It still did
Not change the fact that his writings lagan the wheels of change in Philippine
colonial I *Piety
During the Spanish period—a change that led to our in&p-endence. • Tones
Retraction just one aspect of the life. And of Rizal •
But then. Tortes noted that t the very irrelevant today.
Way Rink taught in schools today. The retraction means nothing. • He said.
Med fact'
Filipino n Nicolas Zafar considered the contmvetsy as •a plain unadorned fact of
History. Having all the ma a ND indications of historical certainty and reality in his
look•
Historicity of Rim I's Retraction.
Or. Augusto De Ivana. Head of USI's Deepak It mint of History. A laxly. ‘Is that
retracted?
And as id the National just renounced from the Masonry and not from his mouse
Nation ballistic
•He (Rink) retracted as a CA and a proof that he as a CA was he was
Buried inside the sacred group of Pace Cemetery said Ivana. Who compared the
ma tyro?
With Apollinaire X'Labini. A revolutionary and free who was buried in a
Cemetery.
De Via an said it not possible that the retraction letter had been forged luaus "it
nesses
Were present while Rink was signing it.
He that the evince speaks for itself and moves on to the question on Rival’s
character
As some argue that the retraction not in line "it Rind's mature lx•liefs and penalty.

Said letter contains that &Clare as a catholic a that he retract

Everything that he had sail. Mitten. Published and did age isn’t the CA the
church. Opinion
Regarding this issue would not the same some may agree a ND some may not
There
So ma NY question speculating his retraction if in the first place All of this what
the really
Fought for From N. Beleaguer•; version on the 29th day of Decemlxr in 1896 Rim
mote and
Signed the retraction paper in front of him and with the other result priest present
at the deal the
Assessment: 5.1.1

1. Make a contextual analysis of the content of the Preamble of the 1987 Constitution.
Make an analysis of how it represents the Philippines as a nation. What are the main
issues of the country that are being addressed and focused on what it says?

A preamble is an introductory statement in a document that explains the

document's philosophy and objectives. In a Constitution, it presents the intention
of its framers, the history behind its creation, and the core values and principles
of the nation.
The preamble is important because it will tell you why a particular clause on the
Philippine Constitution is there. It would tell you what the Filipino people is
striving for, what they aspire to be, and what they believe in. The preamble is like
a Constitution’s “abstract.” It tells you the goals, aspirations, and what to expect
on a nation’s set of laws.

The preamble plays a very important role in shaping the destiny of the country.
The preamble gives a brief idea to the makers of the constitution so that the
constituent assembly make plans and formulates the constitution.
Often called the "Freedom Constitution", this constitution was intended as a
transitional constitution to ensure democracy and the freedom of the people. The
Freedom Constitution provided for an orderly transfer of power while a
Constitutional Commission was drafting a permanent constitution.

The sovereignty of the Philippines refers to the status of the Philippines as an

independent nation. This article covers sovereignty transitions relating to the
Philippines, with particular emphasis on the passing of sovereignty from Spain to
the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1898), signed on December 10, 1898 to
end the Spanish–American War.

SECTION 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty

resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.

SECTION 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy,

adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of
the land and adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom,
cooperation, and amity with all nations.
ARTICLE III

Bill of Rights

SECTION 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due

process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.

SECTION 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,

papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever
nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant
of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by
the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the
witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched
and the persons or things to be seized.

SECTION 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be

inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order
requires otherwise as prescribed by law.

(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be
inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.

SECTION 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of

expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and
petition the government for redress of grievances.

SECTION 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or

prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious
profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be
allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political
rights.

SECTION 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits
prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court.
Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national
security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.

SECTION 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern

shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents, and papers
pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government
research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen,
subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.

SECTION 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and
private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not
contrary to law shall not be abridged.

SECTION 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just
compensation.

SECTION 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.

SECTION 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate
legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.

SECTION 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an
offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to
have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the
person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one.
These rights
SECTION 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect
and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall
equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception.
The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for
civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support
of the Government.

SECTION 13. The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building
and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and
social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and
encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.

SECTION 14. The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and
shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.

SECTION 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the
people and instill health consciousness among them.

SECTION 16. The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a
balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.

SECTION 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and technology,
arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social
progress, and promote total human liberation and development.

SECTION 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall
protect the rights of workers and promote their welfare.

SECTION 19. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national
economy effectively controlled by Filipinos.

SECTION 20. The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector,
encourages private enterprise, and provides incentives to needed investments.

SECTION 21. The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and
agrarian reform.

SECTION 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous
cultural communities within the framework of national unity and development.

SECTION 23. The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based,

or sectorial organizations that promote the welfare of the nation.

SECTION 24. The State recognizes the vital role of communication and
information in nation-building.

SECTION 25. The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments.

SECTION 26. The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public
service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law.
SECTION 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service
and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption.

SECTION 28. Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State

adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions
involving public interest.
CHAPTER 5
ASSESSMEMENT 5.2.1
1.

The Basic and Fundamental Aspect of Agrarian Reform Program

Economic Aspect of Agrarian Reform

1. Vital position of agricultural in national economy.
2. Obstacles to agricultural productivity.
3. Agrarian reform, an instrument for increasing agricultural productivity.

`Socio-cultural Aspect of Agrarian Reform

1. Agrarian reform, a multifaceted program.
2. Assumptions about Filipino tenant farmers. To mention only the relevant ones, these are,
namely: a. The tenancy problem has its roots in pre-Spanish and Spanish pasts. It is,
therefore, a centuries old problem; b. deeply rooted in history, the tenancy system created a
kind of tenants who are strongly traditional and highly dependent-minded

Religious Aspect of Agrarian Reform

1. Biblical background.
2. Papal teachings
3. Church estates

Moral Aspect of Agrarian Reform Agrarian

reform is demanded by the moral laws under so many titles.
1. One reason concerns the peace and internal stability of a country.
2. Another reason for agrarian reform is the fact that the land-owner has been more than
compensated for his investment on land, while the tenant who made the landlord’s profits
possible is still immersed in poverty
3. There is also the question of injustice involved in landlordism.
4. Another consideration concerns the innate tendency of everyman to own land.
5. A final consideration concerns the economy.

Legal Aspect of Agrarian Reform

1. Two vantage points. ---- strictly legal and sociological.
2. Agrarian reform legislations to conform with Constitution.
3. Constitutional mandates.
4. Policy development concerning agrarian reform.

Political Aspect of Agrarian Reform

1. Agrarian reform, a top-priority goal of government.
2. Agrarian reform as a political process.
 TAXATION
Taxation is a term for when a taxing authority, usually a government, levies or imposes a
tax. The term "taxation" applies to all types of involuntary levies, from income to capital
gains to estate taxes. Though taxation can be a noun or verb, it is usually referred to as
an act; the resulting revenue is usually called "taxes."

TAXATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

The policy of taxation in the Philippines is governed chiefly by the Constitution of the
Philippines and three Republic Acts. Taxes imposed at the national level are collected by
the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR), while those imposed at the local level (i.e., provincial,
city, municipal, barangay) are collected by a local treasurer's office. The most basic function
of taxation is to fund government expenditures.
2.
Agrarian reform and conflict in the rural areas of the Philippines are closely intertwined.
The weak government implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program, inherent loopholes in the law, strong landowner resistance, weak farmers’
organizations, and the continuing espousal by the New People’s Army of its own
agrarian revolution combine to make the government’s agrarian reform program only
partially successful in breaking up land monopolies. This is why poverty is still
pronounced in many rural areas. The rise of an agrarian reform movement has
significantly contributed to the partial success of the government’s agrarian reform
program. But the government has not been able to tap the full potential of this
movement to push for faster and more meaningful agrarian reform.
Agrarian Reform beneficiary refers to farmers who were granted lands under
Presidential Decree No. 27, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law and Republic Act
No. 10000. Compact Farmers refer to those farmers with adjoining farms operating as a
single unit under one management, farm plan and budget.
The agrarian reform dynamics between pro- and anti-agrarian reform actors create
social tensions that often lead to violence, of which land-rights claimants are often the
victims. This is exacerbated and in many ways encouraged by the government’s failure
to fulfill its obligation to protect the basic human rights of land-rights claimants. This
report outlines the pace and direction of agrarian reform in the Philippines and its role in
fighting poverty and promoting peace in rural areas. It emphasizes the importance of
reform-oriented peasant movements and more effective government implementation to
the success of agrarian reform. The report also asserts the need for the government
and the armed left to respect human rights and international humanitarian law in
promoting the full participation of land-rights claimants in shaping and crafting public
policy around land rights.