DOMESTIC WIRING - PDF

DOMESTIC WIRING AND INDUSTRIAL MOTOR CONTROL
DOMESTIC WIRING
WIRING SYSTEM
A wiring system is a network of wires connecting various accessories for the
distribution of electrical energy from the supplier’s meter board to the numerous
electrical energy consuming devices such as lamps, fans and other domestic
appliances through controlling and safety devices.
The supplier’s service cable feeding an installation terminates in what is usually
called the service fuse or MCB. In an ordinary house the service fuse is known as
a service cut out, such cut outs including service meters remain the property of
the supplier and represents the furthest point of the supplier responsibility. The
point at which the consumer’s wiring is connected into the cut out is known as
the point of commencement of supply or consumer’s terminal.
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FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOSING TYPE OF WIRING

The following factors should be considered before selecting a particular type of
wiring
a) Safety. The first and foremost consideration is safety to the person using
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electricity against leakage and shock

b) Durability. The wiring must be durable i.e. should be of proper
specification and in accordance with the assessed life and type of
building.
c) Appearance. The wiring should be good looking
d) Initial cost. The wiring selected should suit the pocket of the owner of the
building
e) Accessibility. In the wiring system there should be facilities for extension,
renewal and alterations.
f) Permanency. The wiring must not deteriorate unduly by action of weather,
fumes, dampness etc.
g) Mechanical protection. The wiring must be protected from mechanical
damage during use.
h) Maintenance cost. The wiring should have, as far as possible, the lowest
maintenance costs.
The other factors to consider, in addition to the above are load, voltage to be
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employed, type of building etc.
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METHODS OF WIRING
There are two methods of wiring, these being
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a) Joint box or Tee system

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b) Loop in system
Joint box or Tee system: In the joint box system the connections to the lamps
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are made through joints made in joint boxes by means of suitable connectors or
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joint cut-outs.
Loop in system: This system is universally employed for connections of various
lamps and other appliances in parallel. In this system when a connection is
required at a light or switch, the feed conductor is looped in by bringing it direct
to the terminal and then carrying it forward again to the point to be fed
SYSTEMS OF WIRING
The types of internal wiring usually employed include
1. Cleat wiring
2. Wooden casing and capping wiring
3. CTS or TRS wiring
4. Metal or lead sheathed wiring
5. Conduit wiring
a) Surface or open type
b) Recessed or concealed type
1. Cleat wiring. In this system the VIR or PVC conductors are supported in
porcelain cleats. These cleats are made in two halves one of which is
grooved to receive the wire and the other half is put over it and the whole of it
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is fixed on the wall by means of screws which further tightens the grip of the
wires between the two halves of the cleats.
Advantages
1. It is the cheapest method of internal wiring
2. Its installation and dismantling is easy and quick
3. Material is recoverable after dismantlement
4. Inspection, alterations and additions can easily be made
5. Skill required is little
Disadvantages
1. It is not good looking
2. It is quite temporary and perishes quickly
3. The wires are exposed to mechanical injury
4. The insulation catches dampness from the atmosphere and a common
salt like substance appears on the insulation which lowers the insulation
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resistance and causes leakage. Hence this system of wiring can not be
used in damp places. S
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5. Oil and smoke are injurious to VIR insulation

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Application
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The wiring of this type is suitable for temporary installations in dry places.
This is also acceptable where appearance is not so important and cheapness
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is the main consideration. This system is not suitable for use in domestic
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premises.
2. Wooden casing and capping wiring. In this system VIR or PVC or any other
approved insulated cables are carried through wooden casing enclosures,
which are made from first class seasoned teak wood. The casing consists of
V-shaped grooves (usually two to hold the cables of different polarities in
different grooves),
which is covered at the top by means of a rectangular strip of wood known as
capping, of the same width as the casing. The capping is screwed to the
casing by means of wood screws.
Advantages
1. Cheap in cost as compared to lead sheathed and conduit wiring system.
2. Easy to install and rewire
3. It provides good insulation as conductors are a good distance apart.
4. Free from trouble of condensation, so advantageous in tropical countries
where there might be trouble of condensation of moisture in steel
conduits.
5. Easy to inspect by opening the capping,
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Disadvantages
1. This type of wiring even when coated with paint or shellac varnish is not
damp proof, so it can not be used in damp places.
2. Since the risk of fire is high it can not be used where there is a possibility
of a fire hazard.
3. Since it requires better workmanship, it has a high labour cost.
4. This type of wiring can only be used on the surface, it can not be
concealed in the plaster.
Application
This type of wiring is suitable for low voltage domestic installations in dry
places and where there is no risk of fire hazard.
3. CTS or TRS Wiring. Tough rubber sheathed wiring (TRS) is sometimes called
cable-tyer sheathed wiring (CTS). In this system of wiring the cables used
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may be single core, twin core or three core TRS cables with a circular oval
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shape. Usually single core cables are preferred. TRS cables are sufficiently
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chemical proof, water proof, steam proof and are unaffected by acids, alkalis
and climatic variations but are slightly affected by lubricating oil. TRS cables
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may be run on the surface of the wall or buried in plaster but usually the
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cables are run on well seasoned, perfectly straight and well varnished (on all
four sides) teak wood batten of thickness of about 10mm.The width of the
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batten depends on the number and size of cables to be carried by it. The
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cables are held on the wooden batten by means of tinned brass link clips
already fixed on the batten with brass pin spaced at intervals.
Advantages
1. Its installation is easy and quick, saving in labour which largely
compensates for the extra cost of cable.
2. Its life is long
3. It can withstand the action of most chemicals such as acids and alkalis.
4. Within certain limits it is fire proof.
5. It is cheaper than other types of wiring except cleat wiring.
6. If the job is carried out with proper attention, it gives a nice appearance.
Disadvantages
1. Good workmanship is required to make a sound job in TRS wiring.
2. This type of wiring is not recommended for use in situation open to the
sun or rain unless preventive steps are taken to preserve the insulation of
the cable.
Application
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The TRS wiring is suitable for low voltage installations and is extensively
used for lighting purposes everywhere i.e. in domestic, commercial or
industrial buildings except workshops where it is liable to mechanical injury.
4. Lead sheath wiring. This type of wiring employs conductors insulated with
VIR and is covered with an outer sheath of lead aluminium alloy containing
about 95% lead. This metal sheath gives protection to the cable from
mechanical injury, dampness and atmospheric corrosion. The whole lead
covering is made electrically continuous and is connected to the earth at the
point of entry to protect against electrolytic action due to leakage currents
and to provide safety against the sheath becoming alive. The cables are run
on wooden batten and fixed by means of link clips as in TRS wiring.
Advantages
1. It provides protection against mechanical injury better than provided by
TRS wiring.
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2. It is easy to fix as it can be run in buildings without damaging decorations
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and can be painted to suit colour scheme of surrounding.
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3. Its life is long if proper earth continuity is maintained.

4. It can be used in situations exposed to rain and sun provided no joint is
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exposed.
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5. It can be used in damp situations provided protection against moisture

effect on the ends of the cable is given.
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Disadvantages
1. It is more costly than TRS wiring
2. It is not suitable for places where chemical corrosion may occur.
3. Skilled labour and proper supervision is required.
4. In case of damage of insulation the metal sheath becomes live and gives
shock, to provide safety against electric shock it is necessary that the
sheath is properly earthed and an earth wire is run side by side with it and
all pieces are properly bonded or joined together so that not a single cover
is left unearthed.
Application
This type of wiring system is suitable for low voltage (up to 250V)
installations. It may be used in places exposed to the sun and rain provided no
joint is exposed. It may also be used in damp places with a suitable protective
covering. It should not be used in places where chemical corrosion may occur.
This type of wiring is not very common these days except for small
installations and distribution boards.
5. Conduit wiring. In this system of wiring steel or PVC tubes, known as

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conduits are installed on the surface of walls by means of saddles or pipe

hooks or are buried under plaster. The wiring with the conduit on the surface
is known as surface conduit wiring whereas wiring with the conduit buried
under plaster is known as recessed conduit wiring. Afterwards VIR or PVC
cables are drawn into the conduit pipes.
Advantages
1. It provides protection against mechanical damage
2. It provides complete protection against fire due to short circuits. (in
metallic conduits).
3. The whole system is water proof
4. Replacement and alteration of defective wiring is easy
5. Its life is long if the work is properly executed
6. It is shock proof
Disadvantages
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1. It is a costly system of wiring
2. It’s erection is not so easy and requires time S
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3. Experienced and highly skilled labour is required for carrying out the job
4. Internal condensation of moisture may cause damage to the insulation
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unless the system outlets are properly drained and ventilated.

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Application
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As conduit wiring provides protection against mechanical damage and

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dampness, it is the only approved method of wiring for

i) Places where considerable dust or puff is present such as in textile mills,
saw mills, floor mills etc.
ii) Damp situations
iii) In workshops for lighting and motor wiring
iv) Residential and public buildings, where the appearance is the prime
thing.
CONDUIT ACCESSORIES
The general accessories required for the conduit installation are couplings,
elbows, Conduit bushings, conduit boxes and conduit saddles.
Couplings. Since the conduits are available in smaller lengths, so to obtain a

continuous length of the conduit the two conduits are coupled/joined together
by means of couplings
Elbows. The change of direction in the direction of the conduit wiring is always
made by means of an elbow which provides a 90o bend. The internal diameter
of the Elbow should not reduce as the wires are to be pulled through the
conduits after installation.
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Conduit Bushings. These are used when a conduit enters a conduit box or a
hole. Bushings serve a double purpose, firstly it prevents the insulation on the
cable from being pilled off due to rubbing against the sharp edges of the
conduit when they are pulled in; secondly it helps in securing the conduit to the
conduit box.
Conduit box. Conduits are normally terminated at outlets into a box, which may
be round, square or octagonal. The boxes are provided with knockout punch
out at the time of manufacture and are held there by small sections of
knockouts, the knockouts are removed by hammering or with the twist motion
of the pliers or a blunt tool. The conduit boxes are also referred to as outlet
boxes since they are usually used for outlets. The boxes are provided with a
cover held by screws on it.
After removing the knockout the conduit is attached to the box by means of a
coupling and bushing. The conduit boxes are usually used for
∙ To provide connection for lights, fans, heaters etc in which case they are
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called outlet boxes.
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∙ To facilitate the pulling of conductors in the conduit in which case they are
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known as inspection boxes.

∙ To house the junction of conductors in which case they are known as
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junction boxes.
∙ To provide snap switches.
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Conduit saddles or conduit clamps or conduit straps. The conduit saddles are
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used to fix the conduit to the wooden plugs in the wall. Saddles are usually
made from sheet steel.
Installation of wires/cables. There are two methods of installing wires in
conduits these being
1. Pushing
2. Drawing
In the pushing method the cables are pushed into the conduits form one end of
the outlet by exerting manual pressure on them but this method is only used
when the conduit runs are small and straight. In the drawing method the wires
are pulled through the conduit with the help of a wire. Such a method of
drawing the wires is also called fishing.
Comparison of various wiring systems
S. Particulars Cleat Wood TRS Lead Conduit

No wiring casing wiring sheathed wiring
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capping wiring
wiring
1 Materials Cleats, VIR Teak wood Teak wood Teak wood Conduit
required or PVC casing and batten, TRS batten, lead pipe, VIR or
cables, capping VIR or PVC sheathed PVC
screws, or PVC cables cables, cables,
gutties, cables, wooden wooden saddles or
blocks, wooden gutties, gutties, pipe hooks,
boards etc gutties, screws, screws, clips screws,
screws nails, link or joint clips couplings,
blocks, clips, boards, bushes,
boards etc boards etc round boxes etc
boards etc
2 Cost Very low medium low costly Very costly
3 Voltage Low up to Low up to Low up to Low up to Low or
250V 250V 250V 250V medium up
to 660V
4 Life Very short long long long Very long
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5 Protection Poor no fair Good Very good
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against fire
6 Mechanical no Fairly good good Fairly good Very good
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7 Dampness no poor good good Fairly good

protection
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8 Appearance Not good fair good fair Very good

Types of Semi skilled Highly skilled skilled skilled Highly
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labour skilled
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required
10 General Poor Good Good Fairly good Very good
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11 Additions or Very easy Difficult easy Not very Most

alterations to difficult difficult
the existing
wiring
13 Fields of For For For Only used Mainly for
application temporary residential, residential, for service workshop
installations commercial commercial mains and public
and office and office building
buildings but buildings
nowadays
being
replaced by
TRS wiring on
account of
additional
advantages
LIGHTING CIRCUITS
These are circuits that are used to supply power to luminaries or lamps. The
following are some of the circuits used to supply lamps with power,
1. One way lighting circuit
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2. Two way lighting circuit

3. Intermediate lighting circuit
The following should be noted,

§ The cable size that is used for lighting circuits is usually 1.5mm2
§ The MCB rating used for lighting circuits is 5A or 10A depending on the size
of load.
§ The height of the switch from the floor/ground is about 1.3m to about 1.5m
or approximately shoulder height.
ONE WAY LIGHTING CIRCUIT

This is a lighting circuit that is used to switch on/off one or more lamps from
one switching position using a one way switch.
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TWO WAY LIGHTING CIRCUIT

This is a circuit that is used to switch on/off one or more lamps from two
different positions using two 2way switches.
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Two way lighting circuit

INTERMEDIATE LIGHTING CIRCUIT
This is a circuit that is used to switch on/off one or more lamps from three
different switching positions, using two 2 way switches and an intermediate
switch.
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SOCKET OUTLETS
The following are the circuits that are used to wire 13A socket outlets
1. Radial circuits
2. Ring circuits
3. Spur
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The following should be noted when wiring socket outlets

§ The cable size used is usually 2.5mm2
§ The rating of the MCB used is 15A, 20A and 30A MCB’s are sometimes used
depending on the size of load and type of wiring (ring or radial).
§ The height of the socket outlet is usually about 30cm to about 50cm from the
floor/ground or approximately knee height.
RADIAL CIRCUIT
A radial circuit is a circuit that commences at the distribution board loops into
various socket outlets and ends at the last socket.
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RING CIRCUIT
A ring circuit is a circuit that commences at the distribution board loops into
various socket outlets and returns to the distribution board.
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SPUR
A spur is a branch cable that supplies a socket outlet and is connected to a ring
or radial circuit. They are two types of spurs i.e. fused and non fused spur.
The cable size that is used for a spur should be the same as that of the main
circuit.
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COOKER CONTROL CIRCUIT

This is a circuit that is used to supply power to a cooker or stove. The cooker
should be connected at a distance not more than two metres (2m) from the
cooker control unit.
The following should be noted when wiring cooker control circuits,

§ The cable size used is usually 4mm2 or 6mm2
§ The MCB rating is 30A or 45A
§ The height of the cooker control unit from the floor/ground is approximately
1.5m
Note: The cable size and MCB rating to be used depend on the size of the cooker
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WATER HEATER CONTROL CIRCUIT

This is a circuit that is used to supply power to a water heater (geyser) and
controls its operations.
The following should be noted when wiring a water heater control circuit
§ The cable size to be used depends on the size of the water heater as regards
to load but the following cable sizes can be used 2.5mm2, 4mm2 and 6mm2
§ The MCB rating to be used depends on the size of the water heater as
regards to load. The following MCB ratings can be used 15A, 20A, 25A, 30A
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and 45A.
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PROJECT ONE
Given the following layout and wiring circuit diagram, wire the given circuit in
accordance with the given specification.
1. Switch S1 should switch on lamp 1 only and switch S2 should switch on
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lamp 2 only.
2. When either switch or lamp is off the other lamp/switch can still be
switched on or off. (the operation of S1 is not affected by S2)
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WIRING DIAGRAM
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PROJECT TWO
Wire the following two way lighting circuit in accordance with the given
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specifications.
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WIRING DIAGRAM
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PROJECT THREE
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Wire the following intermediate lighting circuit in accordance with the

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specifications below.
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WIRING DIAGRAM
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PROJECT FOUR
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Wire the circuit below in accordance with given layout diagram.

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WIRING DIAGRAM
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PROJECT FIVE
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Wire the circuit below in accordance with the given specifications.

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WIRING DIAGRAM
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PROJECT SIX
Wire the circuit below in accordance with the given specifications.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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PROJECT SEVEN
Wire the circuit below in accordance with the given specifications
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EARTHING
Earthing is defined as the effective connecting of exposed and extraneous
conductive parts or metal works of an installation to the general mass of the
earth using a conductor of low or negligible impedance so that it has a zero or
near zero potential.
The purpose of earthing is two fold
1. It is to minimise/prevent or ensure the safety of human beings against the
risk of electric shocks.
2. It is for ensuring that no current carrying conductor rises to a potential
with respect to the general mass of the earth than its designed insulation.
The degree of danger of electric shock depends on the amount of current and
the length of time that the current flows. At 3mA a shock is felt, 10mA to 15mA
tightening of muscles may be experienced, acute discomfort is felt. Between
25mA to 30mA the dangerous level is reached, with the extension of muscular
tightening, particularly the thoracic muscles and breathing may be impaired.
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Over 50mA results in the fibrillation of the heart which is generally lethal if
immediate specialist treatment is not given. Fibrillation of the heart is due to the
irregular contraction of the heart muscles. However, earthing reduces the
amount of current available for passage through the human body in the event of
an earth fault.
An Earthing system to be totally effective must satisfy the following conditions:
∙ Provide a low impedance path to earth for personnel and equipment
protection and effective circuit relaying.
∙ Withstand and dissipate repeated fault and surge currents.
∙ Provide corrosion allowance or corrosion resistance to various soil
chemicals to ensure continuous performance during the life of the
appliance being protected
∙ Provide rugged mechanical properties for easy driving with minimum
effort and rod damage.
EARTH ELECTRODES
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Earth electrodes are conductors of low or negligible resistance (impedance) that
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are used to connect an installation, equipment or device to the general mass of
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the earth. The following are the types of earth electrodes that are used for
earthing pipes, plates, rods, strip or conductor, cable armour and tapes.
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Note: Gas and water pipes should not be used as earth electrodes.
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NATURE OF AN EARTH ELECTRODE SYSTEM

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Resistance to the flow of current through an earth electrode system has the
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following three components:

∙ Resistance of the ground rod itself and connection to it.
∙ Contact resistance between the ground rod and the earth adjacent to it.
∙ Resistance of the surrounding earth.
EFFECT OF SOIL RESISTIVITY ON EARTH ELECTRODE RESISTANCE

Soil resistivity is the key factor that determines the resistance of a grounding
electrode and the depth to which it must be buried to obtain low earth
resistance. The resistivity of the soil varies widely through out the world and
changes with seasons. Soil resistivity is determined largely by its content of
electrolyte, consisting of moisture, minerals and dissolved salts. Dry soil has a
high resistivity but it should also be noted that wet soil that contains no soluble
salts has a high resistivity. The depth to which the earth electrode is to be driven
would vary depending on the type of soil and its moisture content but the best
results are obtained if the earth electrode reaches the permanent moisture level.
The earth resistance is dependent upon many factors which also include;
∙ Material used to make the earth electrode and the earth wire.
∙ Size of electrode and earth wire
∙ Temperature of the soil
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∙ Moisture of the soil

∙ Depth to which it is embedded
∙ Quantity of coal and charcoal in the earth electrode pit.
METHODS OF REDUCING EARTH RESISTANCE

In general, a low earthing resistance means high earth fault currents but low over
voltages during fault conditions. The lower the ground resistance, the safer the
grounding or earthing. A ground resistance of less than one ohm should be
aimed at all the time (up to a max of 5 ohms). When circumstances exist which
make it difficult to obtain the desired ground resistance, several methods of
lowering the ground resistance can be employed. These include,
∙ Driving the electrodes deeper into the earth substantially reduces the
resistance.
∙ Increasing the rod length i.e. doubling the rod length reduces the
resistance by about 40%. Increasing the rod diameter does not materially
reduce its resistance. Doubling the diameter reduces the resistance by
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less than 10%.
∙ By connecting the earth electrodes in parallel. S
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∙ Chemical treatment of the soil, i.e. alternate layers of coke or charcoal

and salt are used to increase the effective area of the earth and to reduce
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the earth resistance respective. (Charcoal and salt have the property of
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absorbing and retaining moisture)

∙ A clay known as bentonite may be used for reducing the earthy resistance
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due to its property of absorbing and retaining moisture.

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∙ Artificial treatment of the soil with fly ash (from coal based thermal power
stations). Fly ash offers better grounding compared to the conventional
earthing of salt charcoal or soft coke.
Note: In order to have an effective earth in summer, 3 to 4 buckets of water

can be poured around the earth electrode area.
SPECIFICATIONS REGARDING EARTHING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
1. Distance of earth from building. An earth electrode should not be situated

within a distance of 1.5m from the building whose installation system is to be
earthed.
2. Size of the earth continuity conductor: An earthing conductor is the
conductor through which the metallic casing of an equipment or appliance is
connected to the earth. The size of the earth the earth continuity conductor
should not be either less than 2.5mm2 or half of the installation’s conductor
size.
3. Resistance of the earth: There is no hard and fast rule. The main principle
regarding earth resistance is that earth resistance should be low enough to
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cause the flow of current sufficient to operate protective relays, or blow fuses
in an event of a fault. The value of the earth resistance does not remain
constant but changes with the change in weather, as it depends upon the
moisture content of the soil and is maximum during the dry season. As a
general rule the lower the value of earth resistance the better it is.
4. The earth wire and earth electrode should be of the same material.
5. The earth electrode should be placed in the vertical position inside the earth
or pit so that it has contact with the different soil types.
6. The earth wire shall be taken through GI/PVC pipe for at least 30cm length
below the ground surface to the earth electrode to protect it against
mechanical damage.
EARTHING SYSTEMS
The following are some of the earthing methods or systems of earthing, TT, IT,
TN-S, TN-C, TN-C-S.
The letter T comes from French word Terre’ which means earth, it indicates
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direct contact to the general mass of the earth.
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The supply earthing: This is indicated by the first letter T which means that one
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or more points of the supply are directly connected to earth and I means the
supply is not earthed or one point is earthed through a fault limiting impedance.
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The installation earthing: This is indicated by the second letter where T means
the exposed conductive parts are connected directly to earth and N means the
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exposed conductive parts are connected directly to the earthed point of the
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source of the electrical supply.
The earthed supply conductor: This is indicated by the third letter where S means
a separate neutral and protective conductor and C means that the neutral and
protective conductors are combined in a single conductor.
TT SYSTEM
In this type of earthing system the neutral point of the supply transformer is
directly connected to the earth by means of an earth electrode and the
consumer’s installation is connected to the earth through a separate earth
electrode. This is the type of system that is mostly found if the installation is fed
from overhead cables.
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TN-S SYSTEM
In this earthing method, the star point of the supply transformer or the energy
source is connected to the earth by means of an earth electrode however,
instead of the consumer’s installation being directly earthed to the earth, the
earthing terminal of the installation is connected to the outer metallic sheath of
the distribution cable and ultimately the service mains or cable is also connected
to the star point. In the absence of an underground cable or sheath a continuous
earth wire (CEW) is used. Therefore, a TN-S has a separate earth or CEW and
neutral conductors through out the whole system.
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TN-C SYSTEM
In this kind of earthing system the neutral and protective functions are combined
in a single conductor throughout the system, in short one conductor acts as a
neutral and earth wire. All the exposed conductive parts of an installation are
connected to the PEN conductor. A TN-C system has a combined earth and
neutral throughout inside the consumer’s installation.
The application of this supply system is limited to privately owned generating

plants or transformers where there are no metallic connections between the
TN-C system and the public supply.
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TN-C-S SYSTEM
The basic principle in this method is that the neutral, besides fulfilling its normal
function of carrying the load current, it also carries the earth fault current from
the consumer’s premises to the supply transformer. Thus in a TN-C-S the supply
is TN-C while the arrangement at the consumer’s installation is TN-S. This type
of earthing is also known as protective multiple earthing (PME) and the PEN
conductor is referred to as the combined neutral and earth (CNE) conductor. The
supply system PEN conductor is earthed at several points and an earth electrode
may be necessary at or near a consumer’s installation. All the exposed
conductive parts of an installation are connected to the PEN conductor via the
main earthing terminal and the neutral terminal and the neutral terminal, these
terminals being linked together. There is a separate earth and neutral inside the
consumer’s installation although there is a combined and neutral from the
supply.
This type of earthing is mainly used when an installation is supplied using an
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IT SYSTEM
In this system of earthing all the exposed and conductive parts of the
consumer’s installation are connected to an earth electrode while the source or
supply is either connected to the earth through a deliberately introduced
impedance or is isolated from the earth. Since the supply is isolated from the
earth, therefore, there is no risk of shock or fire involved when a fault occurs.
This type of supply is used in mines, quarries and chemical processes where
interruption of the process may create a hazardous situation. The system must
not be connected to a public supply.
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METHODS OF EARTHING
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Strip or wire earthing. In this system of earthing strip electrodes of cross

sectional area not less than 25mm x 1.6mm if of copper and 25mm x 4mm if of
galvanised iron or steel are buried in horizontal trenches of minimum depth 2.5
metres. If round conductors are used their cross sectional area should not be
less than 3mm2 if of copper and 6mm2 if of galvanised iron or steel. The length of
the buried conductor should be of sufficient length to give the required earth
resistance. The electrodes should be as widely distributed as possible,
preferably in a single straight or circular trench or in a number of trench or in a
number of trenches radiating from a point. If the conditions require the use of
more than one strip, they shall be laid either parallel or radiating trenches.
This type of earthing is used at places which have rocky soil earth bed because
at such places excavation work for plate earthing is difficult.
Rod earthing. In this system of earthing 12.5mm diameter solid rods of copper
and 16mm diameter solid rods of galvanised iron or steel of length not less than
2.5m are driven vertically into the earth either manually or by a pneumatic
hammer. The electrode shall be driven to a depth of at least 1.25m, but if rock is
encountered, they may be buried in a horizontal trench and shall not be less than
2.5m deep.
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This system of earthing is suitable for areas which are sandy in character. This
system of earthing is very cheap as no excavation work is involved unless under
special cases.
Pipe earthing. Pipe earthing is the best form of earthing and is very cheap in
cost.
In this system of earthing, a galvanised and perforated pipe of approved length
and diameter is placed up right in a permanently wet soil. The size of the pipe
depends on the current to be carried and the type of soil. Usually the pipe used
for this purpose is of diameter 38mm and 2m in length for ordinary soil and may
be increased to 2.75 metres in case of dry rocky soil. The depth to which the pipe
is to be buried depends upon the moisture content of the soil, usually the pipe is
placed at a depth of 4.75m but in case the soil provides sufficient moisture it is
buried at a lower depth. The pipe at the bottom is surrounded by broken pieces
of coke and salt for a distance of about 15cm around the pipe. The alternate
layers of coke or charcoal and salt are used to increase the effective area of the
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earth and to reduce the earth resistance respectively.
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Plate earthing. In this system of earthing a plate of either copper of dimensions

60cm x 60cm x 3mm or galvanised iron of dimensions 60cm x 60cm x 6mm is
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buried into the ground with its faces vertical at a depth not less than 3m from the
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ground level. The earth plate is embedded in alternate layers of coke and salt for
a minimum thickness of about 15cm. The earth wire (GI wire for GI plate earthing
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and copper wire for copper plate earthing) is securely bolted to an earth plate
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with the help of a bolt, nut and washer made of copper in the case of copper
plate earthing and of galvanised iron in the case of GI plate earthing.
A small masonry brick wall enclosure with a cast iron cover on the top or an RCC
pipe round the earth plate is provided to facilitate its identification and for
carrying out periodic inspection and tests.
DIVERSITY FACTOR
This factor takes into account the fact that all the total connected loads
supplied by a cable will not be in use at the same time. The main application of
the diversity factor is to sub main cables which supply distribution boards to
which several outgoing sub circuits are connected.
By the application of diversity factor to the respective circuits, the current rating
of the switchgear and cables and hence the cost is considerably reduced
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IEE Regulation Table 1B Allowances for diversity
Purpose of final circuitIndividual Small shops, Small hostels,

fed from conductor or household stores, offices boarding houses,
switchgear to which installation, and business guest houses etc.
diversity applies including premises
individual
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1. Lighting 66% of total 90% of total 75% of total

current demand current demand current demand
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2. Heating and power ( 100% of total 100% f.l. current !00% f.l. current
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see 3 and 8 below current demand of largest of largest

up to 10 appliance + 75% appliance + 80%
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amperes + 50% f.l current of f.l. current of

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of any current remaining second largest

demand in appliance appliance + 60%
excess of 10 f.l. of remaining
amperes. appliances
3. Cooking appliances 10 amperes + 100% f.l. of 100% f.l. of
30% f.l. of largest of largest appliance
connected appliance + 80% + 80% f.l of
cooking f.l, of second second largest
appliances in largest appliance appliance + 60%
excess of 10 + 60% f.l. of f.l. of remaining
amperes + 5 remaining appliances
amperes if appliances
socket outlet
incorporated in
unit
4. Motors (other than 100% f.l. of 100% f.l. of
lift motors which are largest motor + largest motor +
subject to special 80% f.l. of 100% of second
consideration second largest largest appliance
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motor 60% f.l. of + 25% f.l. of

remaining remaining
motors. appliances
5. Water heater 100% f.l. of 100% f.l. of 100% f.l. of
(instantaneous largest largest appliance largest appliance
type)* appliance + + 100% f.l of + 100% f.l of
100% of second second largest second largest
largest appliance + 25% appliance + 25%
appliance + 25% f.l of remaining f.l of remaining
f.l. of remaining appliances appliances
appliances.
6. Water No Diversity+ No diversity No diversity
heater(thermostatic allowance allowance allowance
ally controlled)
7. Floor warming No diversity + No diversity No diversity
installation allowance allowance allowance
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8. Thermal storage No diversity + No diversity No diversity
space heating allowance S
allowance allowance
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installations
9. Standard 100% of current 100% of current
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arrangements of final demand of demand of

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circuits in accordance largest circuit + largest circuit +

with Appendix five. 40% of current 50% of current
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demand of demand of every

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every other other circuit

circuit
10. Socket outlets 100% current 100% current 100% current

other than those demand of demand of demand of
included in 9 above largest point of largest point of largest point of
and stationary utilisation + 40% utilisation + 75% utilisation + 75%
equipment other than of current of current of current
those listed above. demand of demand of every demand of every
every other other point of other point in
point of utilisation main rooms
utilisation (dinning rooms
etc) + 40% of
current demand
of every other
point of
utilisation
* For the purpose of this table an instantaneous water heater is deemed to be a

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water heater of any loading which heats water only while the tap is turned on and
therefore uses electricity intermittently.
+
It is important to ensure that the distribution boards are of sufficient rating to
take the total load connected to them without the application of any diversity.
To illustrate the application of diversity factor consider a typical household

cooking appliance. It will rarely have all its cooking elements switched on at one
time, and if it did, it won’t be too long before the oven timer starts and the energy
regulators automatically operate cutting out the elements which have reached
their desired temperature.
Diversity may be applied to a cooker final circuit used in a house hold and it is
calculated as follows
The first 10A of the rated current, plus 30% of the remainder of the rated current,
plus 5A if a socket outlet is incorporated in the control unit. An illustration of this
is shown below
If the total connected load of a cooker is 9KW and the cooker unit contains a
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socket outlet, what will be the anticipated maximum demand after applying
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Full load current: P = VI

I = P/V
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= 9 000/240
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= 37.5A
Anticipated maximum demand after applying diversity
I = 10A + 30 x (37.5 10)/100 + 5

= 23.25A
It can be seen that the application of diversity reduces the conductor size
required.
Example
Mr Mwalusi’s newly built house supplied at 240V consists of the following
connected loads
Lighting 1000W
Power points two 30A ring circuits of 13A socket outlets
Cooker 12KW
Water heater 6 KW
Determine the maximum demand for the installation after applying diversity
factor.
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Solution
Before Diversity After diversity
Lighting I = P/V = 1000/240 = 4.17A 4.17A x 0.66 = 2.75A
Power points I = 30A + 30A = 60A 30 + (40% x 30A) = 42A
Cooker I = P/V = 12 000/240 = 50A 10A + (30% x (50 10)) + 5= 27A
Water heater I = P/V = 6 000/240 = 25A 6 000/240 = 25A
Total load before diversity = 139.17A Load after diversity = 96.75A
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INDUSTRIAL MOTOR CONTROL

Industrial control engineers are frequently called upon to solve unusual
problems, design special circuits that must fulfil definite specifications, modify
existing circuits, to improve operating conditions, or to develop circuit
arrangements that employ new types of equipment. Considerable experience as
well as specialized training is necessary if the assignments indicated are to be
carried out so that the circuits not only are safe and reliable but do not
malfunction under the most adverse condition or even when the operator fails to
follow instruction properly. To reduce cost and minimize servicing requirements,
the designer must use as few components as possible.
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The full advantage of an electric motor drive can be achieved only when there is
compatibility between the following three major components.
- The drive motor
- The Driven machine
- The control Equipment
There are many forms of motor starting methods and at least many forms of
speed control.
Requirements for motor control equipment

The prime function of a motor starter is to connect the motor and its coupled
machine to supply mains without disturbance to other machines and users. It
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must do this with due consideration to the mechanical inertia of the driven
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machine, its permitted acceleration and to the allowable time taken to get it up
to operating speed. Under these conditions the selection of a motor starter must
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take into due consideration the following factors:

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1. The limitation of starting current to values acceptable to the supply

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authority, thus causing minimal disturbance to other local users as

regards to line voltage.
2. Control of starting and accelerating torque from the viewpoint of
mechanical shocks to the machine system and the motor driving shaft.
3. Protection of the motor against overloads and overheating.
4. Isolation of the motor in an event of a fault.
5. Provision for interlocking the motor operating with that of other motors
and machines.
6. Motor reversal
7. Speed control
8. Motor braking
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Mastery of an art, craft or profession demands knowledge of the tools and

materials at your disposal. While the novice struggles to jerry rig a solution to a
problem, the professional will apply a solution based on utilizing of the proper
tools and equipments. Proficiency then is not so much a matter of knowing
tricks of the trade as it is to know what devices are available to serve the trade.
Conventional control Circuits that is those employing electromechanical rather

than solid state component account for most of the control circuitry in the
industrial plant. Such circuits essentially fall into eight basic categories: power
sources: disconnect devices, protective devices, pilot devices, control relays,
controllers, miscellaneous auxiliary devices, and the controlled devices or loads.
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Power sources: Control circuit power is normally taken from a control power
transformer. It can however, be at line voltage that is the same voltage as the
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controlled equipment or it can be supplied from a battery or uninterruptible

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power supply.
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Disconnect devices: These can be considered to be the shut off valves of an

electrical circuit. Usually operated, they are used to kill power to the circuit for
the purpose of safety clearance e.g. isolators or knife switch.
Protective devices: These are the safety valves of an electrical system while
devices such as fuses and circuits breakers are located in the power portion of
the electrical circuit other protective devices must be considered part of the
control circuit. Notable among these are the motor overload devices commonly
found in motor starters and protective relays connected in a configuration which
interrupts the control circuit.
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Pilot devices: These are electrical components that initiate action in a control
circuit or must be the go (closed) position for action to take place. Common
control devices falling in this category are push buttons selector switches, limit
switches, pressure switches, float switches and thermostats.
Control relays: These are devices which relay a signal into one or more paths.
Control relays are usually actuated by pilot devices such as push buttons or limit
switches. When actuated, a control relay in turn, operates to change the status of
its contacts to effect changes in other portions of the circuit, or to initiate
actions in a distinctly isolated circuit. A simple relay usually consists of two or
more sets of contacts whose position changes from open to closed or vice
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versa, when the coil is energized or de-energized.
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There are two important special versions of the simple control relay. One is
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known as the latching relay. A latching relay actually latches into position when
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the relay coil is energized. Removing power from the coil will not cause the
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contacts to revert to the normal position. A second trip coil must be energized
to release the latching mechanism. This feature is desirable in many types of
industrial situations where it might be undesirable, or even dangerous, for a relay
to drop out on loss of control power.
The other important version of the standard control relay is the time delay (TD)
relay. The time delay relay comes in two versions; time delay on energizing
(TDOE) and time delay on de-energizing (TDOD) of the relay coil.
Controllers: These are generally the final output in a control or the last step in the
sequence of getting power to the load device. The controller can be a simple
load rated contractor, ordinary across the line motor starters or relatively
complex reduced voltage starters. The most common controller encountered in
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the industrial plant is the ordinary magnetic motor starter.
The basic function of a magnetic motor starter is to permit remote control of a

motor. Most motor starters embody the following features.
1. Provide a disconnect means to positively kill power to the motor circuit,
eliminating the possibility of accidentally energizing the motor.
2. Provide start circuit protection for motor feeder wiring.
3. Provide motor feeder wiring overload protection.
4. Provide better personnel safety by permitting low voltage control (120V or
less) of motor circuits up to 600V.
5. Provide under voltage release. If power should fail, equipment will not
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automatically start up again when power is restored, resulting in more
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protection for personnel and equipment.

6. Provide auxiliary contacts so that the controller can also send control
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signals to other control circuits.

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The Load or controlled devices: Controlled operation of the load device is the
end objective of the entire control system. Large loads such as motors are
usually served trough a controller (motor starter). Heavy loads such as electrical
heaters will also require a load rated device as the final control circuit
component ahead of the load.
Other auxiliary devices: Other devices considered part of the control system are
indicating lights, audible alarms, meters, and position indicators. Such devices
are informational only and do not contribute to nor detract from, the operation of
the load.
Transducers; these devices were not categorized into any of the eight classes
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that were defined for component normally found in electromechanical control

circuit
A transducer is a device that converts a non electrical quantity such as
temperature, pressure or fluid flow into an equivalent electrical output.
COMPONENT ANALYSIS
START PUSH BUTTON (Normally open push button)

This is a device that is used to close (or energize) a circuit by pressing the button
which makes a complete circuit.
A start push button is normally green in color with number 3 and 4 on it.
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STOP PUSH BUTTON (Normally closed push button)

This is a device that is used to open (or de-energize) a circuit when it is pressed,
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i.e. when it pressed it cuts or stops the power flow to the circuit.
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A stop push button is normally colored red with numbers 1 and 2.

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CONTACTOR
A contactor is a mechanical switching device capable of making, carrying and
breaking electric current under normal circuit conditions including operating
overload conditions.
The contactors are designed according to the method of energizing the control
circuit namely
∙ Electromagnetic
∙ Pneumatic
∙ Electro-pneumatic
Electromagnetic contactor is a contactor in which the opening and closing of the
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main contactor is achieved by means of an electromagnet.

Electro-pneumatic contactor is a contactor in which the force of closing and
opening the main contacts is provided by an electrically operated pneumatic
device.
On a contactor the lines labeled L1, L2 and L3 are normally used as inputs to the
contactor and T1, T2 and T3 are outputs to a contactor the power circuit of
power control is normally connected to the above contacts
The contacts labeled 13 and 14 are known as auxiliary contacts and are normally
open; they are mainly used as hold on contacts. Other contactor makes also
have contacts 21 and 22 which are normally closed. For a contactor to energize
the contactor coil has to be supplied with current at the rated voltage of the coil,
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if the coil is not supplied with power at the rated voltage it will not energize. A
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contactor coil is normally labeled A1 and A2.

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OVERLOAD RELAY
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An overload is a protective device that protects against excess current due to

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overloading
TIMER
A timer is a device that is used to count (or measure) the time required for a
particular process or operation to take place or to start taking place
TYPES OF TIMERS
- Time delay on energizing (TDOE) or on delay timer
- Time delay on de-energizing (TDOD) or off delay timer
ON DELAY TIMER OPERATION

When the timer coil is energized (i.e. supplied with current) the timer starts
counting, after a preset time, the normally open contacts close and the normally
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closed contacts open. The contacts will remain in this state until the timer coil is
de-energized upon which the contacts will go back to their normal state.
OFF DELAY TIMER

When the timer coil is supplied with current (energized), the contacts change
there and then i.e. the normally opened contacts close while the normally closed
contacts open, these contacts will remain like this until the coil is de-energized.
When the coil is de-energized that is when the timer starts counting (while the
normally open is still closed and the normally closed is still open), after a preset
time the contacts go back to their normal state i.e. the N/O closes while the N/C
opens.
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THREE PHASE MOTOR STARTERS

The following methods of motor starting are commonly used:
1. Direct on line (DOL)
2. Star delta
3. Primary resistance
4. Auto transformer
5. Electronic
6. Secondary résistance
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7. Past winding starting
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Each method of starting has advantages and disadvantages, with the exception
of DOL starting; each method limits the starting current in varying degrees. The
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second, third, fourth and fifth methods reduce the voltage applied to the phase
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windings. Electronic starting often has provision for controlling motor current
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independently of the motor voltage. The effect of reducing motor voltage is to

reduce the starting torque of the motor.
DIRECT ON LINE STARTING (DOL)

Direct on line starting is the simplest way to start induction motor. Full voltage is
applied directly to the stator winding of a stationary motor. The effect is often
severe. At the instant of connection to the supply, the stator is completely
de-energized and the resistance being so low, there is a high inrush of current
from the mains. The rotor bars behave as a short circuited secondary windings
and aggravated the effect. It is quite usual for the starting current to reach a
value seven (7) times that of normal full load current.
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The torque produced is two to three `times the full load torque. The value is
transmitted to shafts, bearings, belts and the driven machine so quickly that a
considerable mechanical shock is transmitted to all connected parts. If the
motor is capable of starting the connected load, acceleration is swift. For very
large motors which (which implies a heavy load), the mechanical shock from
DOL starting can shear shafts or cause severe belt slip which results in
accelerated wears.
APPLICATION
Direct on line starting restricted to comparatively small size motors. Motors up
to 4KW (or 5HP) are normally started by DOL but in special circumstances
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motors up to 25KW have been started by this way. DOL starting is normally
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restricted to situations where there is little or no load on the motor when being
started. DOL starting a centrifugal pump is one instance where the major part of
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the load appears after the motor has been started when the load is gradually
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imposed by an increase in pressure on the liquid being forced through the pump.
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STAR-DELTA MOTOR STARTER

As the name implies, in this method the controller connects the motor in wye
(star) during the starting period and then in delta when the motor has
accelerated to the RUN mode.
This type of starting is used in starting squirrel induction motors (SCIM) to
reduce the phase voltage to 58% of the line voltage when the motor is started.
Consequently, by this method (Y-D) of the motor acceleration the line in rush
current and starting torque are one third of their full voltage values. This type of
starter is used for starting motors with loads that require a long acceleration
period, such as in fans, blowers, air conditioning, pumps etc. It does not have the
flexibility found in other types of reduced voltage starter.
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DIRECT ON LINE STARTER

The figure below shows control and power circuits of a 3 phase induction motor,
(connected to the full supply voltage)
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Explanation of operation
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1. When the isolator and a triple pole MCB are closed a yellow indicator
lamp comes on.
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2. When the start push button is pressed, current flows in the order L fuse
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O/L Stop P.B Start P.B Coil M N, thereby exciting contactor coil M.
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3. When the contactor coil M gets energized the hold on contact M closes,
the 3 phase induction motor starts running, the yellow indicator lamp goes
off and a green lamp come on due to the closing of contact M.
4. The induction motor will continue running until the stop P.B is pressed or
an overload occurs thereby causing the motor to stop running, and the
green indicator lamp goes off, yellow indicator lamp comes ON.
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CONTROL CIRCUIT
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FIG.1
POWER CIRCUIT
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FIG. 2
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POWER CIRCUIT FOR A SINGLE PHASE MOTOR
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FIG. 3
FORWARD AND REVERSE OPERATION OF A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The figure below shows the control and power circuits of a 3 phase induction
motor operating in the forward and reverse direction.
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1. When the isolator and a triple pole MCB are closed a red indicator lamp
comes ON.
2. When the forward start button (start F) is pressed current flows though
the order L fuse O/L stop start F R contactor coil F, thereby
energizing contactor coil F.
3. When contactor F is energized, the hold on contact F closes resulting in

the motor running in the forward direction, when the motor is running in
the forward direction due to the energizing of coil F, the red lamp goes off
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due to opening of contact F4, green indicator lamp comes on due to the
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closing of F3, the contact F2 opens thus providing an interlock which
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prevents the motor to run in the reverse direction when the start R is
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pressed while running in the forward direction.

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4. When the stop P.B is pressed contactor coil F de-energizers the motor
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stops running in the forward direction, the green indicator lamp goes off,
the red indicator lamp comes on again, F2 and F4 closes again.
5. When the second start P.B is pressed (start R), the contactor coil R
energizes causing the hold on contract R1 to close, red lamp goes off due
to the opening of R3, yellow lamp comes on due to the closing of R2, R4
opens (interlocks) and the motor runs in the reverse direction.
6. When the stop P.B is pressed or an overload occurs the motor stops
running in the reverse direction due to the de-energizing of coil R and all
the contacts return to their original state.
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FIG.5
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POWER CIRCUIT FOR A SINLGE PHASE MOTOR FORWARD AND REVERSE
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FIG. 6
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STAR DELTA MANUAL STARTER OF A 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The figures below show the operation of a 3 phase induction motor using a
manual starter
1. When the isolator and the triple pole MCB are closed a green indicator
lamp comes on.
2. When the start button is pressed current flows in order L - fuse - O/L
stop P.B start P.B ∆4 closed contact – Y contactor coil – N. (it also
flows through Y2 and energizes coil M).
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3. When the start P.B is pressed continue holding it so that the motor starts
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running in star. When running in star contactor coil Y and M are energized,
green lamp goes off, blue lamp comes on, the interlock Y1 opens
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preventing the energizing of the delta contactor (while the start button is
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held in the closed position the motor continues running in star)

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4. When the start push button is depressed the motor immediately starts
running in delta i.e. contactor ∆ energizes, M remains energized while
contractor Y de-energizes.
5. When running in delta the yellow lamp comes on, blue lamp goes off ∆ 2
and ∆ 4 opens, ∆ 1 closes.
6. When an overload occurs the motor stops running, a white lamp comes
on and which ever lamp was on goes off.
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FIG. 7
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POWER CIRCUIT
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FIG. 8
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STAR / DELTA SEMI AUTOMATIC STARTER

1. When the isolator and the triple pole MCB are closed a green indicator
lamp comes on.
2. When the start push button is pressed current flows through the order L
fuse O/L stop P.B contactor coil M timer coil T N. current also
flows through T1, ∆1 and energizes coil Y.
3. The pressing of the start P.B causes the motor to run in star for a preset
time and later automatically changes to delta. When the motor is running
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in star the blue indicator lamp comes on (Y2 closes), while the green
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indicator lamp goes off due to the opening of Y3.

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4. After a preset time (say 30 seconds) Timer contact T1 opens (motor stops
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running in star) and T2 automatically closes resulting in the motor running

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in delta and the blue lamp goes off.

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5. When the motor is running in delta a yellow indicator lamp comes on, ∆3
opens, ∆1, opens (interlock)
6. When the stop P.B is pressed the motor stops running in delta yellow
lamp goes off and green lamp comes on.
7. In an event of an overload the motor will stop running and a white

indicator lamp will automatically come on.
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CONTROL CIRCUIT
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FIG. 9
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POWER CIRCUIT
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FIG. 10
INDEPENDENT RUNNING OF A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR IN STAR AND IN

DELTA
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed a green indicator lamp
comes on.
2. When the start push button Y is pressed the current flows in the order L
fuse O/L stop –start Y – ∆1 contact – contactor coil Y - N
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3. When the start button is pressed contactor coil Y energizes resulting in Y1
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closing, Y2 opening (interlock), Y3 closing (energizes the main contactor M)
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and the motor will be running in star

L
A
4. When it starts running in star the green lamp goes off and the blue lamp
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comes on.
M
5. When the stop P.B is pressed the motor stops running in star, blue lamp
goes off and green indicator lamp comes on again.
6. When the start button ∆ is pressed the motor starts running in delta
(contactor coils ∆ and M are energized), the green indicator lamp goes off
while the yellow indicator lamp comes on.
7. When the stop P.B is pressed or an overload occurs the motor will stop
running in delta.
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FIG. 11
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POWER CIRCUIT
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FIG 12
STAR/DELTA SEMI AUTOMATIC STARTER FOR A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB is closed a green indicator comes
on.
2. When the start P.B is pressed the contactor coil Y, Timer coil T and the
main contactor coil M energizes resulting in the motor running in star.
3. When the motor is running in star the green indicator lamp goes off while
the blue indicator lamp comes on.
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4. After a preset time of say 40 seconds, the normally closed of timer T1,
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opens (de-energizing contactor coil Y) and T2 closes energizing contactor

L
coil ∆ and the motor begins to run in delta.

A
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5. When it starts running in delta the blue lamp goes off and a yellow
M
indicator lamp comes on.
6. When running in delta contactors coils M and ∆ are energized
7. The contacts Y3 and ∆1 acts as inter locks
8. When an overload or the stop push button is pressed the motor stops
running and a green indicator lamp comes on again
SJM@LBTC Page 76
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FIG. 13
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POWER CIRCUIT
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SJM@LBTC Page 79
FIG. 14
STAR DELTA FORWARD AND REVERSE
The figure below shows how a 3 phase induction motor that is star/delta
connected can be run in forward and reverse.
1. when the isolator and triple pole MCB are switched on the circuit can be
energized
I
2. when the forward start button is pressed the motor runs in forward star
S
and then in delta i.e. contactor coil M, timer coil T1 contactor coil Y are
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energized instantly and the motor starts running in forward star and later
L
contactor coil ∆ is also energized.

A
3. After a preset time (say 40 seconds) the normally closed to T1 opens while
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the normally open closes resulting in the motor running in delta.

M
4. When the motor is running in the forward direction a brown indicator lamp
comes on. The contacts C2 and M2 are interlocks for the forward and
reverse operation while contacts Y1 and ∆1, are interlocks for the delta
operation.
5. When the stop button is pressed or an overload takes place the motor
stops running and a brown indicator lamp goes off.
6. When the reverse start P.B is pressed the motor starts running in star and
then later in delta i.e. contactor coils C, Timer coil T2, contactor coil Y and
later contactor coil ∆ are energized.
7. After a present time (say 40 seconds) the normally closed of T2 opens and
the normally open of T2 closes resulting in the motor running in reverse
while delta connected.
SJM@LBTC Page 80
8. When the motor is running in reverse (star/delta) a blue indicator lamp will
be on.
9. When the overload trips or a stop P.B is pressed the motor stops running
in the reverse direction.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
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FIG. 15
POWER CIRCUIT
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FIG. 16
DOL STARTING OF TWO 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR WITH ONE MOTOR
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INCORPORATING A TIME DELAY OF STOPPING
1. When the isolator and the triple pole MCB are closed the circuit can then
be energized.
2. When the start button is pressed contactor coil M, Timer coil T are
energized resulting in the normally open contact of Timer T, instantly
closing and energizing contactor coil N.
3. The pressing of the start push button energizes both contactors M and N
and both motors start running at the same time. When both motors start
running the indicators lamps (yellow lamp and green lamp) both come ON
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at the same time.
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4. When the stop P.B is pressed motor No. 1 stops immediately (Coil M
de-energizes) and the yellow indicator lamp goes off, While motor No. 2
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comes to a stop after some time (depending on the set time on the Timer
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T) and the green indicator lamp goes off as well.

M
5. In an event of an overload on motor No.1, motor No.1 will stop instantly

while motor 2 will only stop after a time delay (say 4 seconds).
6. In an event of an overload of motor No. 2 both motors will stop
immediately
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CONTROL CIRCUIT
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FIG. 17
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POWER CIRCUIT
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FIG. 18
ROBOT CIRCUIT
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed, the circuit can then be
energized.
2. When the start P.B is pressed contactor coil M, Timer T1 are energized and
a red indicator lamp comes on.
3. After a preset time of (say 20 seconds) Timer contact T1 which is
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normally closed opens causing the red indicator lamp to go off while
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timer contact T1 which is normally opened closes and a yellow indicator

lamp comes on.
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4. After a preset time the yellow lamp goes off and a green indicator lamp
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comes on i.e. T2 NC opens and T2 NO closes.

M
5. After a preset time the green indicator lamp goes off and a red indicator
lamp comes on.
6. The above process will continue until a stop P.B is pressed to stop the
operation.
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CONTROL CIRCUIT
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SJM@LBTC Page 88
FIG. 19
DOL STARTER INCORPORATING A TIME DELAY ON ENERGIZING

1. When the isolator and triple pole are closed, the circuit can be energized.
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2. when you press the start P.B the warning bell starts ringing, after the
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preset time (say 30 seconds) the warning bell stops ringing and at the
same time the brown lamp comes on to show that the motor is ready to
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be energized (T2 of timer closes).

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3. When the second start push button (ST2) is pressed the motor starts
M
running and a blue indicator lamp comes on.

4. When the motor is running (K3 opens), the relay M, the timer and bell are
completely de-energized.
5. When the stop push button is overload is pressed or trips the motor stops
running.
SJM@LBTC Page 89
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POWER CIRCUIT
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FIG. 21
AUTOMATIC REPETIT1VE OPERATION OF A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR (DOL)
SJM@LBTC Page 91
1. When the isolator and the triple pole MCB are switched on, the circuit can
now be energized
2. When the start push button is pressed, the relay coil MC is energized causing
MC1 and MC2 to close resulting in the energizing of TR1 and coil M
3. When coil M is energized the motor starts running for the timed interval, after
which it stops due to the opening of normally closed of timer contact TR1
4. When TR1 closes contactor coil B is energized and the timer TR2 is energized,
after a present time TR2 closes energizing coil D, which will result in the
de-energizing of contactor coil B due to the opening of normally closed of D.
5. When coil B gets de-energized contact B2 closes again resulting in the motor
beginning to run automatically and the whole process will begin over again.
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Note: the motor will run and stop, restart running and stop on its own until the
P.B is pressed to stop the whole process.
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CONTROL CIRCUIT
SJM@LBTC Page 92
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FIG. 22
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POWER CIRCUIT
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FIG. 23
SJM@LBTC Page 94
MANUAL FORWARD AND AUTOMATIC REVERSE STARTING OF A THREE PHASE

INDUCTION
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed the circuit can now
energized
2. When the forward start push button is pressed, the motor will start running in
the forward direction
3. With the motor running in the forward direction, pressing the reverse button
will cause the motor to decelerate, stop and after a brief time delay, it will
start in the reverse direction
4. At the same time the timer will de-energize (as it runs in reverse)
5. When the stop push button or an overload trips the motor will stop running
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POWER CIRCUIT
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FIG. 25
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SEQUENTIAL STARTING OF FOUR 3 PHASE INDUCTORS
Explanation of opening
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed the circuit can now be
energized
2. When the start push button is pressed all the four motor will start running
starting with M,N,P and R
3. Pressing the stop push button or tripping the overload will stop all motors
running.
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CONTROL CIRCUIT
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SJM@LBTC Page 97
FIG. 26
POWER CIRCUIT
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SJM@LBTC Page 98
FIG. 27
SEQUENTIAL STARTING OF FOUR 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed the circuit can now be
energized
2. When the start push button for motor one (1) is pressed the contactor coil
1M is energized, motor number one starts running and also 1M closes
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3. When motor one is running then motor two can be started by pressing the
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second start push button

4. When motor one and motor two are running, that is when motor 3 can be
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started, by pressing the third start button

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5. When either motor 2 or motor 3 is running that is when motor 4 can be

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started, by pressing the fourth start button

6. When the stop push button for motor 1 is pressed or overload 1 trips all the
motor stops running
7. When the stop push button of motor number 2 or the overload (O/L2) trips
only the 3rd and 4th motor will stop running while motor 1 will still be running
8. When the stop push button of motor 3 is pressed or the overload trips (O/L3)
only motor 3 will stop running motor1, 2 and 4 will continue running
9. When the stop push button of motor 4 is pressed or the overload trips or
operates (O/L4) only motor 4 will stop motor 1, 2 and 3 continue running
SJM@LBTC Page 99
CONTROL CIRCUIT
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SJM@LBTC Page 100

FIG. 28
POWER CIRCUIT
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FIG. 29
DOL JOGGING INCHING
SJM@LBTC Page 101

1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed the red indicator lamp
comes on
2. When the start push button is pressed the motor will start running due to the
energizing of coil M and a yellow indicator lamp comes on while a red
indicator lamp goes off
3. When the twin start/stop push button (with 1 NC and 1NO contacts) is
pressed the motor begins to jog or inch
4. When the stop push button is pressed the motor stops running and the yellow
indicator lamp goes off while the red indicator lamp comes on
5. When the overload trip a green indicator lamp comes on and the motor stops
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running
FIG. 30
SJM@LBTC Page 102

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FIG. 31
SJM@LBTC Page 103

SEQUENTIAL STARTING OF FIVE 3 PHASE INDICATOR MOTORS
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed then the circuit can now be
energized
2. When motor No 1 (B) is started, motor No 2 (C) will also be started after a
short time delay and will run only while motor No.1 is in operation
3. It is not possible to start motor 3(D), 4(E) and 5(G) unless motor 1 and 2 are
running
4. It is not possible to start motor No. 3 when motor No.4 is running or No. 4
when motor No. 3 is running
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5. When the overload of motor No. 1 or 2 is tripped all the motors stops running
U
6. When the overload of motor No. 5 is tripled, motor No. 5 stops and motor No.
3 or 4, which ever is running will stop
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SJM@LBTC Page 104

CONTROL CIRCUIT
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SJM@LBTC Page 105

FIG. 32
POWER CIRCUIT
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FIG. 33
SEQUENTIAL STARTING OF TWO 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed then the circuit can be
energized
SJM@LBTC Page 106

2. Pressing the start push button shall start motor No. 1 and 30 seconds later
motor No. 2 shall start running
3. After motor No. 2 has been running for 1 minute, it shall stop, while motor No.
1 shall continue to run
4. The pressing of the stop button shall stop both motors
5. If during operation, the overload of motor No. 2 trips, both motors will stop
running
6. The operating cycle of motor No. 2 will not be affected by the tripping of
overload of motor No. 1
CONTROL CIRCUIT
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SJM@LBTC Page 107

FIG. 34
POWER CIRCUIT
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SJM@LBTC Page 108

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FIG. 35
SJM@LBTC Page 109

DOL STARTING OF TWO MOTORS INDEPENDENTLY
1. When the isolator or triple MCB is closed then the circuit can now be
energized.
2. Pressing the start push button will start motor No.1, it will continue running
until the stop push button is pressed or the overload trips
3. When motor No.1 stops, motor No.2 will start running and after running for
same time (say 3 minutes) it will stop.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
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SJM@LBTC Page 110

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FIG. 37
SJM@LBTC Page 111

DOL STARTING OF TWO 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS, WITH DELAYED

STARTING WITH WARNING BEFORE STARTING (SEQUENTIAL)
1. When the isolator and MCB are closed the circuit can now be energized
2. When the start push button is pressed, the bell starts ringing to signal that
motor No. 1 is about to start
3. After a preset time, say 20 seconds, motor No. 1 starts running and the siren
goes off, and the green indicator lamp comes
4. In an invent of fault on motor 1 due to an overload, motor No. 2 should
immediately start running, and a yellow indicator comes on, motor 1 will stop
running
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5. If a fault occurs on motor No. 2 all the system must be de-energized and a
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blue indicator lamp comes on

6. When the stop push button is pressed any of the two motors running will stop
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running
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SJM@LBTC Page 112

CONTROL CIRCUIT
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SJM@LBTC Page 113

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FIG. 39
SJM@LBTC Page 114

LOCAL AND REMOTE STARTING OF A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Note: remote place is the place where monitor panels of centralized control are
put. Local place is the place where apparatus of the motor etc are put
1. when the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed, the green indicator lamp of
local and remote comes on
2. When the start push button for remote or local is pressed the motor starts
running both green indicator lamps for local and remote go off. At the same
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time the red indicator lamps for local and remote comes on
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3. when either the local and remote stop pushing button is pressed the motor
stops running, red indicator lamps for local and remote go off while the green
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indicator lamp for L and R comes on again

W
4. when an overload trip occurs, the motor stops running, red indicator lamps go
M
off while the yellow indicator lamps will come on for L and R and a bell/siren
will start ringing
SJM@LBTC Page 115

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FIG. 40
SJM@LBTC Page 116

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FIG. 41
SJM@LBTC Page 117

PROCESS DIAGRAM FOR A 3 CONVEYOR SYSTEM (SEQUENTIAL)
1. When the isolators and MCB are closed, the circuit can now be operated
2. Once the start push button is pressed the three conveyors start running in the
sequence of C1, C2 and C3 and there would be a delay of say 20 seconds
between the start of conveyors C1, C2 and C3
3. Once the stop push button is pressed the conveyors will be stopped in the
sequence of C3, C2 and C1 and there will be a time delay of 20 seconds
between the stopping of each conveyor
4. And overload trip on any conveyor will stop all the conveyors
5.
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Note: On starting each conveyor is dumping material onto the next conveyor
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SJM@LBTC Page 118

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FIG. 42
SJM@LBTC Page 119

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FIG. 43
RUNNING OF A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AT INTERVALS
1. When the isolator and the triple MCB are closed a yellow indicator lamp
comes on
2. When the start push button is pressed, the motor starts running, the green
indicator lamp comes on, and the yellow indicator lamp goes off.
3. After the motor has run for the preset time, the timer relay operates causing
contact TR to open, the motor stops running, the green indicator lamp goes
off while the yellow indicator lamp comes on again
SJM@LBTC Page 120

4. When the overload trips the blue indicator lamp comes on and the motor
would stop running.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
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FIG. 44
SJM@LBTC Page 121

POWER CIRCUIT
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FIG. 45
SJM@LBTC Page 122

SEQUENTIAL RUNNING OF TWO 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed, the circuit can then be
energized
2. When the first start push button ST1 is pressed, motor No. 1 (R1) starts
running and a red indicator lamp comes on.
3. After motor No. 1 has run for a certain amount of time (depending on the set
time on the timer) that is when motor No. 2 can be started.
4. When the second start push button ST 2 is pressed the second motor R2
starts running and a yellow indicator lamp comes on.
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5. When the second stop push button or an overload occurs on any motor both
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motors stop running.

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SJM@LBTC Page 123

FIG. 46
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FIG. 47
SJM@LBTC Page 124

DOL STARTER INCORPORATING A TIME DELAY ON STARTING
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed a blue indicator lamp
comes on.
2. When the start push button is pressed, the timer relay starts counting the blue
indicator lamp goes off while the green indicator lamp comes on.
3. After the preset time, the motor starts running, the bell starts ringing and the
green lamp goes off.
4. When an overload occurs the motor would stop running and a white lamp
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would come on.
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5. When the stop P.B is pressed the motor would stop running and the bell
would go off.
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SJM@LBTC Page 125

CONTROL CIRCUIT
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FIG. 48
SJM@LBTC Page 126

AUTOMATIC REPETITIVE ORDER OPERATION CONTROL SYSTEM
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed the circuit can then be
energized
2. When the start push button is pressed the contactor coil MC energizes
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resulting in the closure of coil MC1 and MC2.
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3. As the result of closing of MC2, the timer relay TR1 is energized and the motor
1M starts running.
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4. After the timed interval of the timer relay TR1(the duration of the motor 1M
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running) TR1 closes exciting timer relay TR2 and the second motor 2M starts
M
running while motor 1M stops running due to the opening 0f the normally
open of 2M
5. After the timed interval of the timer relay TR2 (duration of motor 2M running)
TR2 closes exciting timer relay TR3 and the third motor 3M starts running while
the second motor 2M stops running due to the opening of Normally closed of
3M
6. After a timed interval of the timer relay TR3 (duration of motor 3M running),
TR3 closes exciting contactor coil N and the third motor 3M will stop running
due to the opening of the normally closed contact of N.
7. When N opens motor 3M stops running, and motor 1M starts running again
since the normally closed of 3M and 2M would be closed
8. In the circuit below motor 1M runs and stops after a timed operation of TR1
SJM@LBTC Page 127

and then motor 2M runs and stops after the timed operation of TR2 and then
motor 3M starts running and stops after the timed operation of TR3, after
motor 3M runs and stops motor 1M starts again and the above process will
continue until the stop P.B or an overload occurs on any motor.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
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SJM@LBTC Page 128

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SJM@LBTC Page 129

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FIG. 50
SJM@LBTC Page 130

LOCAL AND REMOTE STARTING OF A STAR DELTA MOTOR STARTER
1. When the isolator, and the triple pole MCB are closed a red indicator lamp
comes on
2. When the change over switch/selector switch is placed on remote ( R ) and
then the remote start push button is pressed the motor starts running in star,
green indicator lamp comes on, red lamp goes off
3. After a preset time the motor starts running in delta, orange lamp comes on,
green lamp goes off
4. When the stop push button is pressed the motor stops running in delta and
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the red indicator comes on
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5. When the overload trips the running and a bell/siren starts ringing
6. When the change over switch (COS) is placed on L (local), the motor can then
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be started from the local station and the above process will be the same
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(repeated)
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SJM@LBTC Page 131

CONTROL CIRCUIT
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SJM@LBTC Page 132

FIG. 51
MAY THE LOVE OF GOD THE FATHER, THE GRACE OF

JESUS CHRIST AND THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE HOLY SPIRIT
BE WITH YOU, ALL THE DAYS OF YOUR LIFE
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AMEN
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THE END
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SJM@LBTC Page 133

DOMESTIC WIRING - PDF

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DOMESTIC WIRING AND INDUSTRIAL MOTOR CONTROL

FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOSING TYPE OF WIRING

electricity against leakage and shock

a) Joint box or Tee system

5. Oil and smoke are injurious to VIR insulation

3. Its life is long if proper earth continuity is maintained.

5. It can be used in damp situations provided protection against moisture

5. Conduit wiring. In this system of wiring steel or PVC tubes, known as

conduits are installed on the surface of walls by means of saddles or pipe

unless the system outlets are properly drained and ventilated.

As conduit wiring provides protection against mechanical damage and

dampness, it is the only approved method of wiring for

Couplings. Since the conduits are available in smaller lengths, so to obtain a

known as inspection boxes.

Comparison of various wiring systems

S. Particulars Cleat Wood TRS Lead Conduit

7 Dampness no poor good good Fairly good

8 Appearance Not good fair good fair Very good

11 Additions or Very easy Difficult easy Not very Most

2. Two way lighting circuit

The following should be noted,

ONE WAY LIGHTING CIRCUIT

TWO WAY LIGHTING CIRCUIT

Two way lighting circuit

The following should be noted when wiring socket outlets

COOKER CONTROL CIRCUIT

The following should be noted when wiring cooker control circuits,

WATER HEATER CONTROL CIRCUIT

Wire the following intermediate lighting circuit in accordance with the

Wire the circuit below in accordance with given layout diagram.

Wire the circuit below in accordance with the given specifications.

NATURE OF AN EARTH ELECTRODE SYSTEM

following three components:

EFFECT OF SOIL RESISTIVITY ON EARTH ELECTRODE RESISTANCE

∙ Moisture of the soil

METHODS OF REDUCING EARTH RESISTANCE

∙ Chemical treatment of the soil, i.e. alternate layers of coke or charcoal

absorbing and retaining moisture)

due to its property of absorbing and retaining moisture.

Note: In order to have an effective earth in summer, 3 to 4 buckets of water

SPECIFICATIONS REGARDING EARTHING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

1. Distance of earth from building. An earth electrode should not be situated

source of the electrical supply.

The application of this supply system is limited to privately owned generating

Strip or wire earthing. In this system of earthing strip electrodes of cross

Plate earthing. In this system of earthing a plate of either copper of dimensions

IEE Regulation Table 1B Allowances for diversity

Purpose of final circuitIndividual Small shops, Small hostels,

1. Lighting 66% of total 90% of total 75% of total

see 3 and 8 below current demand of largest of largest

amperes + 50% f.l current of f.l. current of

of any current remaining second largest

motor 60% f.l. of + 25% f.l. of

arrangements of final demand of demand of

circuits in accordance largest circuit + largest circuit +

demand of demand of every

every other other circuit

10. Socket outlets 100% current 100% current 100% current

* For the purpose of this table an instantaneous water heater is deemed to be a