UTS Lesson 3 Perspective of Psychology

Reviewer 3
Perspective in Psychology
THE ‘ME’ AND THE ‘I’
•All human thoughts are the property of some individual self.
•All thoughts are ever-changing, or never static.
•When the emphasis changes from one entity to another, there is a continuity of thought.
•Thoughts deal with things that vary from the consciousness itself and are separate.
•Consciousness can focus on a given object and not on others.
WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1910)

• American Philosopher and Psychologist
• Professor of Psychology and Philosophy at Harvard University
• Wrote a book entitled “The principles of Psychology”
• “Theory of the Self”
THE ‘ME’ SELF

• A separate object or individual to be discussed or described in the person's personal experiences.
• Divided into three components: the material self, the social self, and the spiritual self.
The material self

• The objects or items belonging to the individual or entities to which the person belongs.
• (e.g. The person’s body, his family, clothes, his money)
The spiritual self

• Refers to the more real or permanent self in contrast with the material and social self.
• The most personal and subjective aspect of the body.
• Also interested in the introspection process (self-observation).
The social self

• Refers to who the person is in a particular social situation
• Changes in behavior are usually due to the different social situations in which the individual fin
ds himself.
THE ‘I’ SELF

• Pure Ego = person’s soul or mind
• Comprises the totality of the person’s identity
GLOBAL AND DIFFERENTIATED SELF MODELS
THE GLOBAL SELF

•Represents the overall importance a individual attaches to himself.
•You are highly affected by groups of people you communicate with every day.
•The global self is the culmination of all the interactions in culture that make up the kind of person he is now.
THE DIFFERENTIATED SELF
MURRAY BOWEN (1913-1990)

• Came up with the concept of a differentiated self
• Observed that there are two forces affecting the person togetherness and
individuality (balance)
• Its capacity to distinguish feelings and thoughts is compromised by the prese
nce of others
REAL AND IDEAL SELF-CONCEPTS
CARL ROGERS (1902-1987)

Two types of self-concept:
THE REAL-SELF CONCEPT- refers
to all information and perception the
person has about himself.
THE IDEAL-SELF-CONCEPT -
refers to what the person aims for
himself to be happy and satisfied
THE SELF-DISCREPANCY THEORY
EDWARD TORY HIGGINS (1987)
• Self-guides - internalized standards to which people use to compare themselves

• When the self is found to be deviating from these guides, the result is self-
discrepancy causes emotional discomfort
MULTIPLE AND UNIFIED SELVES
• Multiple Selves Theory- suggests that there exists in the individual different aspects of the self
• A unified being is essentially connected to consciousness, awareness, and agency
THE TRUE SELF THE FALSE SELF D.W. WINNICOTT (1896-1971)
• Creative • Lacks spontaneity
• Spontaneously • Dead and empty
experiencing each day of • The mask that hides the True and false selves
their lives true person for fear of are present in all
• Appreciate being alive pain of rejection and individuals. They should
• High level of awareness in failure be functional for the
the person of who he is • At times, enable the advantage of both
• Recognizes his strengths person to form the person himself and
• Accepts his limitations superficial but his society.
• Enjoys winning and productive social
success relationships D.W. Winnicott
• Learns from mistakes
THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC

THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
ALBERT BANDURA
(1925 – PRESENT)
• Learning through observation

• Suggested that human beings are proactive, self-regulating, self-reflective, and
self-organizing
• The human agency is the essence of being human
FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY

INTENTIONALITY
Actions performed by the person with full awareness of his behavior.
FORETHOUGHT
Person’s anticipation of likely outcomes of his behavior.
SELF – REACTIVENESS
Person’s anticipation of likely outcomes of his behavior.
SELF-REGULATION
A person attempts to reactively
minimize the discrepancies between what he has
already achieved and what he still wants to
achieve
SELF-REFLECTIVENESS
• The person who looks inward and considers his
motives, beliefs, goals for life and the impact on him
of other people.
Psychology
Psychology is the empirical study of mental mechanisms and human behavior. It
is also a field of the social sciences dealing with behavior description,
explanation, prediction, and control.
ACTIVITY
Which of the selves discussed in the psychological perspective are true
for you? Offer life experiences which will help your response.
REFERENCES
Bandura, A. (1999). Social Cognitive Theory of Personality. In Pervin and John (eds)
Handbook of Personality Theory and Research. 2nd ed. Guilford Press. 134-194
Chafee, J.(2013). Who are you? Consciousness, Identity and the Self. In the
Philosoper's Way: Thinking Critically about Profound Ideas . Pearson. 106-169
Csordas, T. (1999). Self and Person. In bode (ed). Psychological Anthropology.

Praeger. 331-350
Geertz, C. (1973). The Impact of the Concept of Culture and the Concept of Man.
33- 54 and Person, Time and Conduct in Bali. 360- 411. In the Interpretation of
Culture. Basic Books
Harter, S. (1996). Historical Roots of Contemporary Issues Involving the Self Concept.
In Bracken (ed) Handbook of Self Concept: Developmental, Social, and Clinical
Considerations. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1- 37
Johnson, T. (1985). The Western Concept of Self. In Marsella (ed) Culture and Self:
Asian and Western Perspectives. Tavistock Publications. 91- 138
Lanuza, G. (2004). The Constitution of the Self. In David, R. (ed) Nation, Self and
Citizenship: An Invitation to Philippine Sociology. Anvil Publishing.
Mead, GH (1972). Mind. Self, and Society from a Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist.
The University of Chicago Press
Triandis (1989). The self and social behaviour in differing cultural contexts. Psychol.
Rev. 96.3.506-520
Wei-Ming, T. (1985). Selfhood and Otherness in Confucian Thought. In Marsella (ed)

Culture and Self: Asian and Western Perspectives. Tavistock Publications. 231- 251.

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Reviewer 3

WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1910)

THE ‘ME’ SELF

The material self

The spiritual self

The social self

THE ‘I’ SELF

GLOBAL AND DIFFERENTIATED SELF MODELS

THE GLOBAL SELF

MURRAY BOWEN (1913-1990)

REAL AND IDEAL SELF-CONCEPTS

CARL ROGERS (1902-1987)

THE SELF-DISCREPANCY THEORY

EDWARD TORY HIGGINS (1987)

• Self-guides - internalized standards to which people use to compare themselves

MULTIPLE AND UNIFIED SELVES

THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC

• Learning through observation

FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY

Csordas, T. (1999). Self and Person. In bode (ed). Psychological Anthropology.

Wei-Ming, T. (1985). Selfhood and Otherness in Confucian Thought. In Marsella (ed)

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