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    Microstructures of Iron-Carbon Alloys: Fine Pearlite 3000X

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    Vaishu 07
    The document discusses microstructures and heat treatments of metal alloys. It describes various microstructures that can form in iron-carbon alloys like pearlite, bainite, and martensite. It also summarizes different heat treatment processes for steels like annealing, normalizing, and spheroidizing. The document outlines how alloy composition and quench medium affect the hardenability of steels based on Jominy end quench test results. It also provides an example of precipitation hardening using a 7150-T651 aluminum alloy.

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    Microstructures of Iron-Carbon Alloys: Fine Pearlite 3000X

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    Vaishu 07
    42 views9 pages
    The document discusses microstructures and heat treatments of metal alloys. It describes various microstructures that can form in iron-carbon alloys like pearlite, bainite, and martensite. It also summarizes different heat treatment processes for steels like annealing, normalizing, and spheroidizing. The document outlines how alloy composition and quench medium affect the hardenability of steels based on Jominy end quench test results. It also provides an example of precipitation hardening using a 7150-T651 aluminum alloy.

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    The document discusses microstructures and heat treatments of metal alloys. It describes various microstructures that can form in iron-carbon alloys like pearlite, bainite, and martensite. It also summarizes different heat treatment processes for steels like annealing, normalizing, and spheroidizing. The document outlines how alloy composition and quench medium affect the hardenability of steels based on Jominy end quench test results. It also provides an example of precipitation hardening using a 7150-T651 aluminum alloy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views9 pages

    Microstructures of Iron-Carbon Alloys: Fine Pearlite 3000X

    Uploaded by

    Vaishu 07
    The document discusses microstructures and heat treatments of metal alloys. It describes various microstructures that can form in iron-carbon alloys like pearlite, bainite, and martensite. It also summarizes different heat treatment processes for steels like annealing, normalizing, and spheroidizing. The document outlines how alloy composition and quench medium affect the hardenability of steels based on Jominy end quench test results. It also provides an example of precipitation hardening using a 7150-T651 aluminum alloy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 9

    Microstructures of iron-carbon alloys

    Course pearlite 3000X Fine pearlite 3000X


    Spheroidite 1000X

    Upper bainite Lower bainite

    Microstructures of iron-carbon alloys

    Austinite

    Tempered martensite X9300


    Plate martensitic microstructure
    X1220

    1
    Chapter 11 Classifications of thermal processing of
    metal alloys

    † Basic concepts
    † Annealing process
    † Heat treatment of steels
    † Precipitation hardening

    Taxonomy of metals
    Metal Alloys

    Ferrous Nonferrous

    Steels
    Steels Cast Irons
    Cast Irons Cu Al Mg Ti
    <1.4wt%C
    <1.4wt%C 3-4.5wt%C
    3-4.5wt%C

    T(°C) microstructure:
    1600 ferrite, graphite
    δ
    cementite
    1400 L
    γ+L
    1200 γ 1148°C L+Fe3C
    austenite Eutectic:
    1000 4.30

    γ+Fe3C
    α+

    α800 727°C Fe3C


    γ

    ferrite Eutectoid: cementite


    600 0.77 α+Fe3C
    400
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
    (Fe)
    Co, wt% C

    2
    Steels

    Low Alloy High Alloy


    low carbon med carbon high carbon
    <0.25wt%C 0.25-0.6wt%C 0.6-1.4wt%C

    heat austentitic
    Name plain HSLA plain plain tool
    treatable stainless
    Cr,V Cr, Ni Cr, V,
    Additions none none none Cr, Ni, Mo
    Ni, Mo Mo Mo, W
    Example 1010 4310 1040 4340 1095 4190 304
    Hardenability 0 + + ++ ++ +++ 0
    TS - 0 + ++ + ++ 0
    EL + + 0 - - -- ++
    Uses auto bridges crank pistons wear drills high T
    struc. towers shafts gears applic. saws applic.
    sheet press. bolts wear dies turbines
    vessels hammers applic. furnaces
    blades V. corros.
    resistant
    increasing strength, cost, decreasing ductility

    Nonferrous alloys

    • Cu Alloys • Al Alloys
    Brass: Zn is subst. impurity -lower ρ: 2.7g/cm3
    (costume jewelry, coins, -Cu, Mg, Si, Mn, Zn additions
    corrosion resistant) -solid sol. or precip.
    Bronze: Sn, Al, Si, Ni are strengthened (struct.
    subst. impurity aircraft parts
    (bushings, landing & packaging)
    gear)
    Cu-Be:
    NonFerrous Mg Alloys
    •
    -very low ρ: 1.7g/cm3
    precip. hardened Alloys -ignites easily
    for strength -aircraft, missles
    • Ti Alloys
    -lower ρ: 4.5g/cm3 • Refractory metals
    -high melting T
    vs 7.9 for steel • Noble metals -Nb, Mo, W, Ta
    -reactive at high T -Ag, Au, Pt
    -space applic. -oxid./corr. resistant

    3
    Basic concepts

    † Annealing: a heat treatment


    • heat up
    • hold for for an extended time period
    • cooling

    † Function of annealing:
    • relieve stress
    • increase softness, ductility and toughness
    • produce specific microstructure

    Basic concepts

    † Lower critical temp:


    eutectic temp A1

    † upper critical temp:


    A3 and Acm

    4
    Types of annealing

    † Process anneal: negate effect of cold working


    by recovery/recrystallization
    † Stress relief: reduce stresses caused by
    • plastic deformation
    • nonuniform cooling
    • phase transform
    † Normalize (steels): deform steel with large
    grains, then normalize to make grains small--
    heat up to above critical temperature followed
    by cool in air to get fine pearlite

    Types of annealing(continue)

    † Full anneal (steels): make soft steels for good


    forming by heating to get austenite. Then cool
    in furnace to get coarse pearlite

    † Spheroidizing (steels): make very soft steels for


    good machining. Heat just below TE and hold for
    15-25h

    5
    Hardenablility

    † Ability of a
    material of
    forming
    martensite

    † The Jominy
    end-quench
    test

    Hardenablility (continue)

    † Hardness vs distance from quenched end

    6
    Hardenability vs alloy content

    † Jominy end quench results, c=0.4wt%C

    Hardenability vs carbon content

    † Jominy end quench


    results, 8600 series

    † Hardenability
    increases as wt%C
    increase

    7
    Quench medium and geometry

    † Effect of quenching medium


    • air, small severity, small hardness
    • oil, moderate severity, moderate hardness
    • water, large severity, large hardness

    † Effect of geometry

    Precipitation hardening

    † Particles impede dislocations

    8
    Example: 7150-T651 Al alloy

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