Example 22: Driveability Analysis for a large, non-uniform pipe pile – Offshore Wave...

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GRLWEAP Standard Examples

Example 22 - Driveability Analysis for a large, non-uniform pipe pile – Offshore Wave
2010
The following example describes the features available in the Offshore Wave version of GRLWEAP. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the
general operation of the standard GRLWEAP program and, in particular, with the driveability analysis option. Details such as hammer, pile and soil
parameter input and basic concepts including Gain/Loss factors will not be explained in this example.

22.1 Situation
It is intended to drive an inclined 1830 mm (72 in) outer diameter pipe pile of 178.5 m (585 ft) length and 181.5 m (595 ft) before final
cut-off length through 45 m (146 ft) of water into layers of clay, silt and sand. A final penetration of 125 m (410 ft), vertically measured,
is required; in axial direction this corresponds to a penetration of 126.9 m (416 ft). This is a leg pile for a jacket platform; the jacket will
have a height above seabed of 50 m (164 ft), in other words it will extend 5 m (17 ft) above water while the final pile top elevation above
jacket top, after the final Cut-Off of 3 m, will be 0.8 m. The pile will be assembled from four sections: a bottom section plus three Add-Ons.
The wall thickness is non-uniform, varying between 40 mm (1-9/16 inches) and 60 mm (2-3/8 inches). The pile has a compound
inclination (batter) of 10 degrees. The following questions have to be answered:

(a) Will a Menck 800S hammer be safe (acceptable stresses), economical (not excessively low blow counts) and sufficient (not excessively
high blow counts) to drive the pile?

(b) What are the driving stresses including the bending stresses due to the hammer weight and pile inclination when a new add-on is begun
and the free length of the pile above the jacket is greatest.

(c) What is the expected driving resistance (blow count) due to long term bearing capacity, in other words can the pile be restarted after a
long driving interruption.

(d) What is the anticipated SRD (Static resistance to driving) before and after driving interruptions necessitated by splicing operations?

(e) What is the estimated total number of hammer blows?

(f) For fatigue studies, what are the stress peaks and how often do they occur?

22.2 Pile Details

The pile will be driving at an inclination of 10 degrees and will be assembled from four different sections as shown in Figure 22.1. The Add-
Ons making up the pile (not the first section) have a Cut-Off allowance specified. Each Add-On consists of a number of sections of different
wall thickness varying between 40 and 60 mm.

Bottom section P1 Length = 71.000 m; Cut-Off = 0

First Add-On: P2 Length = 39.000 m; Cut-Off = 1.0 m

Second Add-On: P3 Length = 37.000 m; Cut-Off = 1.5 m

Third, final Add-On: P4 Length = 37.000 m; Cut-Off = 3.0 m

The Cut-Off allowance for the third section is immaterial as far as the driveability analysis is concerned, because it will be removed after
driving has been finished. Assuming that the P2 and P3 Cut-Offs will be executed in full, the pile length during final driving (and before the
final Cut-Off of 3 m is made) is, therefore, Lt = 71.000+39.000-1.000+37.000-1.500+37.000 = 181.500 m.

Again, the Cut-Off is an allowance. Often the Cut-Off is not made at all or less pile section is removed than allowed. If it is critical to check the
pile driveability without Cut-Offs (thus the potentially longer pile, in our example of length 184.000 m) then an additional analysis has to be
performed.

Stabbing Guides are employed at the bottom of the three Add-On sections. They are made of an upper and a lower pipe section of an outside
diameter slightly less than the inside diameter of the pipe pile into which they are welded. The upper section of length L1 = 2.400 m is
welded to the inside of the bottom of the Add-On; the lower section extends out of the Add-On and has a total length of L2 + L3 = 1.800 +
1.200 = 3.000 m. The length L3 is shaped such that the bottom of the add-on forms a point. In the present case Stabbing Guide wall
thickness is 20 mm (see detail in Figure 22.1).

Please note the following modeling considerations for a Stabbing guide of length L = L1 + L2 + L3 and thickness ts:

The increase in cross section due to the Stabbing Guide generally causes an increased dynamic compression stress in the pipe pile
immediately above the Stabbing Guide and it, therefore, needs to be modeled in the wave equation analysis. The stress increase depends on
ts, L1, L2 and L3 with the length values having a greater influence if the wave is short and sharp like diesel hammers or uncushioned external
combustion hammers.

Unfortunately, exactly modeling the stabbing guide is not possible in GRLWEAP, because of the free length section (L2, L3) which does not act
together with the pile, but rather experiences stress wave propagations and reflections which are different from those in the pile. This actually
makes for a true Two-Pile problem and Standard Example 14 (Two Pile Analysis considering follower with long skirt) deals with a similar
situation. However, GRLWEAP can only model one such device in a pile and only in a bearing graph analysis without residual stress analysis.

PDI did a limited study and concluded that it is sufficiently accurate to model the stabbing guide for cushioned EC hammers by merely
representing the increased L1 section with pile thickness plus ts. For uncushioned and diesel hammers, however, it is more accurate
(producing higher, more realistic stress increases) if the thickness increases also considered the lengths L2 and L3. The thickness which
GRLWEAP automatically adds to the pipe pile thickness for diesel and uncushioned hammers will be

t-added = ts(1 + 1.16(L2 + ½L3)/L1).

Notes:

1. If it is intended to utilize GRLWEAP’s Stabbing Guide Model, then after a driving system change has been done, the Add-On input
window has to be revisited potentially causing a modification in the P1 Table.

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2. The user is encouraged to perform a simple Two Pile Analysis modeling one Stabbing Guide and Pile in a simple bearing graph analysis
to assess more accurately the stress increase. A replacement model can then be developed for the stabbing guide by proper choice of ts, L2,
L3. It is recommended that L1 not be changed from the actual value, so that the location of the maximum calculated compression stress will
occur at the proper location.

3. GRLWEAP 2010-1 modeled the stabbing guide with t-added = ts and a length above splice equal to L1 + L2. While this gives realistic
stresses it moves the point of stress increase too far up which may be non-conservative when superimposing bending stresses.

Figure 22.1: Pile details

22.3 Hammer Details

The analysis is to check whether or not a Menck MHU 800S hammer can drive the pile. The MHU 800S is a hydraulic hammer with a ram
weight of 445 kN and a rated energy of 820 kJ (corresponding to an equivalent stroke of 1.84 m.)

While this hammer model is capable of being used under water, in our example it will be employed above water. The hammer efficiency of
0.95 is applicable to that situation (under water lower efficiencies may be needed; the user is advised to check with the manufacturer for
efficiency recommendations for that application). Please note that the efficiency value of 0.95 implies that the hammer is equipped with a
(functioning) internal kinetic energy read-out device. In this example we will assume that the hammer will be run at full equivalent stroke. If
it is likely or intended to use a lower stroke then another analysis should be performed.

The MHU 800S hammer (GRLWEAP ID No. 468) is usually employed without a hammer cushion, however, a helmet which distributes the
impact force uniformly over the pile top surface is needed. At the writing of this example, the GRLWEAP hammer data driving system data file
does not show any driving system information for the 800S. Checking on the MHU 600 and MHU 1000 data entries reveals that Menck
recommends for both hammers and pile diameters between 60 and 84 inches a helmet weight of 307 kN. It is reasonable to use this helmet
in the present example analysis.

22.4 Soil Profile

A soil profile is shown in Figure 22.2; it indicates clay and sand layers in the upper 46 m and clay and silt layers below that depth. The final
depth of driving of 125 m will be in a hard clay. The soil resistance will be analyzed by the API method as described in the input description
below. Please don't input soil parameters until we input pile parameters first.

Undrained Shear
Layer Bottom Depth Soil Description
Strength
m kPa
6 Very Soft Clay 10
10 Medium Sand N/A
22.5 Stiff Clay 100
Medium Sand Poorly
36 N/A
Graded
42 Very Stiff Clay 120
46 Medium Sandy Silt N/A
61 Dense Silt N/A
67 Hard Clay 125

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71 Dense Silt N/A

95 Very Stiff Clay 130
125 Hard Clay 250

Figure 22.2: Soil Profile

22.5 Input Preparation

A driveability analysis is to be performed and the following steps have to be taken, beginning with a blank input screen. (Alternatively, and
preferably for the novice or after another analysis has been performed so as to avoid non-zero left-over input, the Input Wizard could be used
by clicking on the New Document icon).

· Click on the units drop down menu and select SI units

· Click the Driveability option on the Analysis Option drop-down menu (Top Right Hand Side) of screen.

· Click on the Main Screen icon (thereby abandoning the S1 soil input screen which we will revisit later.

· Click on the title field and enter an appropriate title.

· Select the MHU 800S hammer.

· Enter the helmet weight (307 kN)

· Enter the final installation pile length (181.5 m)

· Click on Options/Offshore/Add-on Definition to enter the Pipe Pile Input Screen.

For an efficient pipe pile input process please note:

The input in this window has been prepared exclusively for pipe piles, defaulting to steel. However, concrete pipe piles also can be modeled. If
the pile is of any other type, its input should be made in the P1 Screen.

o There are two screen types, the first one entered defines the Add-Ons; the second screen is for the sections that make up the Add-On(s).

o Definitions for Add-Ons:

· A Pile may be made up of at least one Bottom Piece which is called Add-On#0.

· The Add-On#1 bottom may be spliced (welded) to the top of the Bottom Piece and then Add-On#2 is added and so on. In our
example, the pile is made up of one Bottom Piece and three Add-Ons. Add-On#3 is the last Add-On making up the final pile.

· While pile elastic modulus and specific weight may vary from Add-On to Add-On, they cannot vary within one Add-On.

· Each Add-on except Add-On#0 can have a Stabbing Guide at its bottom; a Stabbing Guide is a short section of pipe welded inside of
and extending from the bottom of an Add-On to facilitate aligning the splicing operation.

· Each Add-On can be designed with Cut-Off (a piece of pile that is removed after pile driving of an Add-On because the driving process
may have cause certain material changes to the driven pile top.

· An Add-On is made up of several Sections. Each section has either uniform or linearly varying diameter and/or wall thickness
properties.

The Add-On Definition Screen has 5 areas.

o On the left the graphic shows the current Add-On situation; the length scale indicates the length of pile thus far entered.

o On the upper right hand corner is the

(a) The No. of the Add-On Selected (you can also select an Add-On by clicking on its graph)

(b) The Add-On elastic modulus and specific weight

(c) The Critical Section Index (if you want to assure that maximum stresses in the final summary tables are taken from a particular Add-On,
set this index to 1 and leave the index for the other sections at zero. If all are left zero the whole pile will be checked.

(d) The total pile length = sum of all Add-On lengths (thus far entered). This can only be changed by modification of the length of the
sections making up the Add-On in the Section Screen)

(e) The Cut-Off of the Add-On is assumed to be taken off from the top of the Add-On before the next Add-On is spliced on.

o Below the Add-On Display, the properties of a Stabbing Guide can be entered, one for each Add-On. The Stabbing Guide is defined by
three Length values: L1 is the length welded to the inside of the bottom of the Add-On, L2 is the uniform length extending out of the Add-On
(allowing for alignment with the next lower Add-On) and a non-uniform section with maximum length L3 which reduces to a point (facilitating
the stabbing process.) Stabbing guides can be different for each Add-On. The Stabbing Guide wall thickness is assumed to be uniform and the
outside diameter is assumed to be equal to the inside diameter of the pipe pile. In the model the stabbing guide is assumed to be attached to
the pile along its full length (not quite true). The default model of stabbing guide is decribed in 22.2 in details and “About the GRLWEAP
Stabbing Guide Model”

o There follow several Option Buttons (Add-On selection can be made by clicking on its graph or by selecting the Add-On number at the
very top. The options are:

(a) Edit selected Add-On (only useful after at least one Add-On has been entered)

(b) Add new Add-On to bottom (of current pile); this or the button below can be chosen to begin input of the first Add-On

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(c) Add new Add-On to top (of current pile)

(d) Remove selected Add-On.

o At the very bottom of the right hand side of the window, a table shows the Add-On inputs, one row per Add-On. This table should not be
edited as it will be filled automatically with information from the individual Add-On section inputs. This table is helpful as a check on the total
pile length and also on the pile length to be driven under a particular Add-On.

After clicking on the “Edit” or “Add new” buttons, the Section Screen opens up for the particular Add-On selected. This screen is laid out
similar to the Add-on screen, but allows for entering, editing and displaying the non-uniform section properties of the selected Add-On. The
following screen areas can be distinguished:

(a) A graphic area with two depth scales, one for the overall pile and one for the Add-On being edited.

(b) The upper right hand corner shows a summary of the Add-On properties. Some of the quantities displayed here were also possible inputs
in the Add-On Screen. This description also includes an input field for the number of sections which make up the Add-On. However, the Add-
On length cannot be entered here; it is calculated as the sum of the individual section length inputs.

(c) Below the Add-On description is a Control Area with several buttons

§ Add section (to bottom of Add-On)

§ Insert section (duplicates the selected section and adds it underneath it)

§ Delete Sections

§ Delete all Sections

§ Apply Changes to Selected Section

(d) There follows an explanation of the input table headings.

(e) Finally, at the bottom of the window is the actual input area where length, diameter and wall thickness are entered. The length of all
sections together make up the length of the Add-On and that is being displayed on the Add-On properties summary.

Note: “Section” refers to a piece of pile with either a uniform or linearly changing wall thickness. “Add-On” refers to a part of pile which
may be used to assemble the pile during construction by splicing and which may be composed of several “Sections”.

· Click Add new Add-on to Bottom; the Section input screen opens

o In the table at the bottom click on the L field and type 69.5 (m). This is the top uniform section of Add-On#0. Type also the outside
diameter (1830 mm) for D_top and the wall thickness (40 mm) for Th_top. Since this section is uniform the bottom (“bot”) properties need
not be filled in.

o Click on Add Section which will duplicate the first section line. We only have to correct the length (1.5 m) and the wall thickness (60
mm). This is the input for the “Driving shoe” and it completes the Add-On#0 input. (see Figure 22.3).

o Click OK which closes the Section Input window and reverts to the Add-On window.

o Click Add new Add-On on top; the Section Input Screen again opens for Add-On#1. It shows the properties of Add-On#0, however,
that is not correct and has to be edited.

o Click on L of the first line and enter 5.0 m and 50 mm for the Th_top. Click on Add Section.

o Click on L of the second line and enter 5.0 m and 45 mm for the Th_top. Click on Add Section.

o Click on L of the third line and enter 29.0 m and 40 mm for the Th_top.

o You may click Apply changes to selected section to see the completed Add-On#1 in the graphics (Figure 22.4).

o Click OK and revert to the Add-On Definition Screen.

o Add-On#1 has a Stabbing Guide which is now being input by first clicking on the upper segment in the graph to select it and then on the
Stabbing Guide Radio Button “with Stabbing Guide”. Then click successively on the t, L1, L2 and L3 inputs and enter 20, 2.4, 1.8 and 1.2,
respectively.

o Add-On#1 also has a Cut-Off of 1 m which is entered in the Add-On property section.

o Click Add new Add-On on top; the Section Input Screen again opens for Add-On#2. It shows the properties of Add-On#1, however,
that is not correct and has to be edited as described for Add-On#1.

o The Stabbing Guide for Add#2 is the same as before and that means we have to make no changes to it.

o Click Add new Add-On on top and then enter the data for Add-On#3, the last Add-On. We then click OK and revert back to the Add-On
screen which shows the completed pile input (Figure 22.5).

o At this point the pile input is complete and it is strongly recommended that the user observe the Pile Size Suggestion (Figure 22.6) and
carefully check the P1 screen (Figure 22.7), both the graphic representation and the numerical values. Both actions should be taken after the
finishing inclination and Bending related inputs in the Offshore Wave Window.

· Next Click on Inclination (batter) tab and enter the corresponding pile batter or inclination angle (10 degree). On the same screen
suggestions are provided for a reduction of efficiency and hammer and pile weights due to the pile inclination. Even for hammers with built-in
impact velocity (and thus kinetic energy) monitoring it may be wise (check with contractor and/or hammer manufacturer) to choose the
suggested stroke limitation, because the maximum hammer energy may be limited. It is, therefore recommended to transfer the associated
hammer stroke reduction suggestion to the input field by clicking on the corresponding arrow. (An even lower energy level may be chosen by
modification of Stroke on the Main Input Screen or, variably over depth, in the D table.)

The angle of inclination is also reducing the weight of hammer and pile (not their mass) in the axial direction. The corresponding reductions

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can be considered by multiplying the acceleration of gravity by the cosine of the angle of inclination. Again the suggested values can be
transferred directly to the input fields by clicking on the corresponding arrows.

In the present example, no friction reduction should be chosen for the efficiency, because friction is accounted for by the hammer’s internal
impact velocity measurement. We, therefore enter a friction factor of 0 which makes the friction loss reduction for the efficiency zero which
we can transfer to its input field. The completed Inclination Window is shown in Figure 22.8.

· Click on the Hammer/Bending tab where the input for the static bending calculation can be made. The Bending Weight should
include the total hammer weight, plus the helmet weight plus that portion of the lead weight which has to be supported by the pile (for the
standard free riding offshore leads which merely align hammer and pile, the pile has to be capable to support the transverse component of
the lead component that is not supported by the crane or other means in addition to the total weight of hammer and helmet). Of course, in a
vertical driving situation this would not be of interest. The distance between the pile top and the Center of Gravity of the Bending Weight is
the second input required for an estimate of the bending stresses that add to the dynamic stresses. Again, this input is not needed for vertical
pile driving or for cases where the leads are constructed such that the hammer weight is supported by anything but the pile. In the present
case the offshore contractor has advised us that the weights causing bending amount to 1100 kN and the Center of Gravity of these weights
is 4 m above the pile top. Figure 22.9 shows the completed Hammer/Bending Window input for this top driven case.

The Hammer Location relative to the pile top in our example is the pile top and, for that reason, the input field can be left at zero. If for
some reason it were intended to have the hammer drive at a lower location (for example at the pile toe), then it would be appropriate to
enter the distance between pile top and hammer impact location. In that case also the stiffness of the element between ram and helmet (if no
element then the ram stiffness will be used) and the stiffness between helmet and pile collar or other impact receiving device has to be
entered. The latter is a necessary input. If not provided the program will assume a stiffness value equal to that of a pile segment.

· Click on the Jacket/Template tab and enter the Water Depth (45 m) and Height of Jacket or Template above seabed (50 m).
With this information the program is able to calculate for any pile toe penetration and temporary pile length the associated pile length above
jacket or template. Figure 22.10 shows the completed input.

As discussed, for inclined piles the Bending Weight will add a static bending moment to the dynamic stresses during driving. The program
assumes that due to the hammer weight, the maximum static bending will occur at the jacket top level and that no bending stresses will
occur below that point. While this is not really correct, the most critical situation is indeed the point just above the jacket where normally a
Stabbing Guide adds high dynamic stresses due to stress wave reflections. The user is urged to carefully check whether or not for the given
pile support (maybe individual guides rather than a continuous jacket leg) the actual physical jacket leg top will yield a realistic bending
moment. Of course, it is also the program user’s responsibility to carefully review the maximum static bending stresses calculated by the
program. Again additional high stress points in the pile may occur at locations below the jacket top. Obviously, for an analysis of a vertical
pile, the Bending Weight and Center of Gravity input fields in the Hammer/Bending window may be left at zero. However, the Height
of Jacket information is not only used by the program to calculate the maximum bending, but also the temporary length for the various
analysis depths specified in the D-Table and, for that reason, the Height of Jacket input should always be completed.

After finishing this window the offshore option is completed; input of soil resistance is the next important step.

Figure 22.3: Bottom Section (Add-On #0)

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Figure 22.4: Add-On #1

Figure 22.5: Add-On Screen after input completion

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Figure 22.6: Toe Area Advice when entering P1 Screen

Figure 22.7: Completed P1 Screen – Numerical pile input data

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Figure 22.8: Inclination Screen for 5.7V/1H batter (10 degree inclination)

Figure 22.9: Hammer Location and Information for Bending Analysis

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Figure 22.10: Jacket/Template Input

· To enter the soil resistance data, while in the main screen click on the S1 icon.

o If unit shaft resistance and end bearing values and the other required soil resistance parameters have already been calculated by means
other than the GRLWEAP internal routines, this data can be entered directly entered or using the copy and paste features as follows:

§ Copy to the clipboard the resistance distribution values of the external program (e.g. a spread sheet) with depth in the first column and all
other values in the same order as in the S1 form.

§ In GRLWEAP, click on Edit, Paste Special and Soil Distribution.

§ Choose the column delimiters (e.g., Tab if data originates in Excel)

§ Click on the Convert to Column Button

§ Click OK

· If it is desired to use, for example, the internal resistance distribution routine following the API recommendations, click on and then
enter the soil data of Figure 22.2 as shown. As a reminding, we need to input 126.9m as penetration on the main input screen first because
125m is vertically measured. The completed input is shown in Figure 22.11. After completing this input, and confirming that all soil
resistance parameters have to be replaced, the S1 table is displayed.

o Notes on the S1 table

§ The “Depth” values in the S1 table are taken in axial pile direction. Thus, because of the pile inclination, the pile “Depth” values are
greater than the vertical soil layer depth values of Figure 22.2.

§ The GRLWEAP static soil analysis routines (e.g., after API) generate not only unit shaft resistance and end bearing values but also “Other
Parameters” such as quakes, damping values and set-up related input quantities (Figure 22.11). Among those inputs, the Setup Factors and
Toe Area are probably the ones needing the most thorough review and/or changes.

§ The GRLWEAP recommended Setup Factor for clay is 2.0. This is a value obtained from load tests conducted on land. On the other hand it
is known that marine clays often have significantly higher setup factors. In the present case we will assume that all clay layers have a setup
factor of 3 while the default setup factors for silt and sands (1.5 and 1.2, respectively), are deemed appropriate.

§ The Toe Area values are initially set to zero which will cause the default value of the main input screen to be used to calculate total end
bearing from the S1 table’s unit end bearing values. For large diameter open ended pipe piles this is often acceptable. For smaller pipe piles
or where it is deemed possible (or of interest to be checked) because of a high soil density, a switch from the steel annulus area to full or
partially plugged areas can be made by entering the appropriate value. (A zero value always repeats the previous input). In summary, if the
user wants to have the total end bearing as a plugged condition in some layers but not in others then the corresponding toe areas have to be
entered where the total end bearing condition changes.

§ Please note that the Toe Area input in the S1 table is not affected by the static analysis method (the Plugged/closed end option in the API
routine affects the calculation of unit shaft resistance - not the total end bearing calculation).

§ Again, it is important to review and modify the parameters shown in the S1 table (see Figure 22.12).

§ After the S1 table has been generated, checked and modified as needed, click on the Main Screen Icon and enter the desired Gain/Loss
factors. The automatically chosen values are for the shaft the inverse of the highest setup factor in the S1 table (first analysis) and 1.0
(second analysis for each depth) and for the toe 1.0 for both analyses. In this way the first analysis will be generated for fully reduced shaft
resistance (SRD) and the second one for no loss of resistance. This default is the most commonly chosen set of Gain/Loss factors, however,
intermediate values may also be of interest. Please note that only the first analysis will be subject to variable setup where waiting times and
driving after driving interruptions cause partial (or full) setup.

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Figure 22.11: API Soil Analysis input

Figure 22.12: S1 Table after setup factor modification

· To input the depth values where analyses are to be made click on the “D” icon to enter the Depth Input Table. This table shows
automatically chosen depths of analyses along with the “Temporary Length” values. The Depth values are defined as inclined distances
below mudline. The automatically generated table shows the corresponding temporary lengths which consider pile length reductions by the

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Cut-Off length and a splice/cut-off location of 1m above jacket/template support point (see Default Entries of Depths and Modifiers for
Driveability Analysis for the explanations). It is recommended that the depths of analysis do not fall on a layer change where end bearing is
not well defined but instead analyze one pile diameter before and after a layer change.

Of course, the final depth also has to be included in the list of depth to be analyzed. In our example, the final depth has to be 125 m in
vertical direction. That corresponds to a pile penetration of 126.9 m in axial direction. Please note that the cursive numbers of depth (or
penetration on the Main Screen remind the user that the penetration input is in the inclined direction.

Where splicing operations cause an interruption of driving, the first depth with the new, higher temporary length should be analyzed with a
waiting time as described in the background report and Example 11.

If the automatically chosen depth values are found to be unsatisfactory, clicking on the Reset button will bring up the window of Figure 22.13
which is self-explanatory (see Default Entries of Depths and Modifiers for Driveability Analysis for the explanations). Alternatively, all
rows can be removed and others entered as desired and described in Example 11. In this example, we use options described in Figure 22.13
and use 12 hr wait time for each increment listed in Figure 22.14

Notes:

o The program does not automatically enter wait times for splicing operations. The user may duplicate the rows with the new temporary
length and add an appropriate waiting time to those depth values. It may also be desired to add an additional input line with a depth
somewhat larger than the splicing depth (of course, with a zero waiting time) in order to check on the reduction of setup resistance following
the waiting time. An example input is shown in Figure 22.14.

If you feel that the automatic depth values are not reasonable, “Reset” to 0 and then with a “Depth Inc”rement, depth values can be
entered using the Insert or Add. The user then should calculate and enter for the temprary length values corresponding to the depth values
where the Add-Ons are made under consideration of the Cut-Off lengths. For this example,as shown in Figure 22.13, we assumed that the
splice/cut-off location is 2m (instead of a default 1m) above jacket/template supporting point and the actual lengths of add-on’s are used.

Figure 22.13: Reset Window in the D-table input

Figure 22.14: Portion of the modified D-Input table

It is time to save the input data!!!

22.6 Analysis and Output

Note: it is possible and likely that different program versions show the examples with either differing output features or with somewhat
different input/output values. The following is, therefore, intended to show the process. The individual numbers appearing in this example
description, therefore, should not be used for a program performance check.

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The Main Screen now shows the numerics and graphics of Figure 22.15:

Figure 22.15: Main Screen after completing input

Clicking on the A icon to perform an analysis which, on the screen will produce an output for the first pair of gain/loss factors. A part of this
screen display is shown in Figure 22.16. Note that to a depth of 21 m, no dynamic analysis was needed, because the soil resistance was less
than the sum of all weights acting on the pile just before impact. The headings are:

· Depth Pile tip penetration below mudline

· G-Ls Gain/Loss factor for shaft resistance

· G-Lt Gain/Loss factor for toe resistance

· Rult The ultimate capacity based on unit resistance, gain loss and setup factors

· Set Penetration per blow

· BlCt Blow count

· TopFx Maximum pile top force

· MxCS Maximum compressive stress along pile due to dynamic event

· MxC+B Maximum dynamic compressive plus static bending stress (above template/jacket)

· ENTHRU Maximum energy transferred to the pile top

· ActRes The static resistance component activated during the hammer blow

· Stroke The hammer (equivalent) stroke = energy setting divided by ram weight.

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Figure 22.16: Screen Display during analysis

Note that the maximum compressive is, in general, not the top stress and to simplify comparisons with measurements, the maximum
dynamic pile top force, TopFx, is included in this screen output.

Output review should at first include a thorough review of the Numerical results after clicking on the O icon. If it is desired to check the
individual stress values in the Extrema tables then the analysis should be repeated with the output option set to “Normal” (Options/General
Options/Output). (Note: the extrema tables must be carefully checked and, therefore, the analysis has to be performed with the
Normal output option, when a bending analysis is being performed).

Individual output components and options have been described in the Background Report and in various other examples. In the present
example the following output is of particular interest:

· The numerical output, in particular the extrema tables, for a listing vs. depth of the combined static bending plus dynamic stress in the
part of the pile extending above the jacket level. An example output is shown in Figure 22.19. Other Offshore Wave specific output includes
the following lines shown in the Numerical Output.

NSEG FREELENGTH P_MOMENT P_SHEAR B_STRESS DEFLECTION

m kN-m kN Mpa mm

37 36.20 10530.97 327.16 55.21 1623.80

NSEG are the number of segments which are subject to bending; FREELENGTH is the pile length above jacket; P Moment is the maximum
bending moment (at jacket level); P_SHEAR is the shear force at the jacket level and DEFLECTION is the pile lateral deflection (perpendicular
to the pile axis) at the pile top.

· The extreme stresses are also listed in the final driveability results. Figures 22.17 and 22.18 show the Summary over Depth Table for the
first pair of Gain/loss factors (0.333/1.000). As mentioned, to a depth of 21 m no dynamic analysis was performed, because the soil
resistance was less than the sum of all weights acting on the pile just before impact. However, the summary does show compressive stresses
in the C+B column which, because the pile is not being driven at these shallow depths, only consist of the static bending stress components
due to hammer weight and pile inclination. Note also that the “Comp. Stress” is the dynamic component only.

· The Stress Peak and Stress Range tables for fatigue studies may be of special interest to the offshore pile designer. After the analysis has
been performed a temporary file with extension “GWF” has been generated which the output driveability program can process to generate the

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two tables of interest. In order to generate and then access these results proceed as follows:

o Click O to get in the output menu

o Click Driveability which now shows the capacity, blow count, stresses etc. vs depth, both in numerical and graphical form.

o Click on Edit

o Click either Copy Stress Extrema or click No. of Blows for Stress Ranges

o In the latter case answer the question on how many stress ranges (the more, the finer the increment of stresses in each stress interval)

o Open a spread sheet or text processor

o Paste the data and then process as needed.

Portions of the resulting output tables are shown in Figures 22.20 and 22.21.

22.7 Conclusion
Please note that in this example, the blow counts become very high at the point where the last Add-On is made. Also, at the end of driving,
blow counts are higher than desirable and in a restrike situation refusal would happen much before the final depth. Furthermore, due to the
bending contribution, stresses are very high when driving begins on the Add-Ons. This makes a solution very difficult, because a heavier
hammer would add more bending stress while a hammer with greater impact velocity (if it were available) would cause a higher dynamic
compressive stress. Since it may be difficult to find a more suitable hammer it is probably necessary to choose a high steel strength and
redesign the piles with either a heavier wall thickness or shorter Add-Ons or all three. A heavier wall thickness will also help with the blow
counts.

Figure 22.17: Driveability graphical results

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Figure 22.18: Portions of the Driveability Result Table

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Figure 22.19: Portions of the Extrema Table Output Showing dynamic Compressive (C+B), maximum dynamic compressive (mxCStrss) and
Bending compressive (B Str) stresses

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Figure 22.20: Portions of the Table of No of Blows on Every Pile Segment for Certain Stress Ranges

Figure 22.21: Portions of the Extrema Stress Summary for Every Depth and No. of Blows Calculated

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