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CSS For Styling

CSS is used to style and lay out web pages. It allows specifying how HTML elements should be displayed. CSS rules consist of selectors that specify HTML elements to style paired with declarations that set property values to control aspects like fonts, colors, spacing and layout. CSS can be embedded within HTML, linked via an external stylesheet, or applied inline. Properties are inherited by default but can be overridden to style specific elements individually.

Uploaded by

Asmaa Bahgat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views

CSS For Styling

CSS is used to style and lay out web pages. It allows specifying how HTML elements should be displayed. CSS rules consist of selectors that specify HTML elements to style paired with declarations that set property values to control aspects like fonts, colors, spacing and layout. CSS can be embedded within HTML, linked via an external stylesheet, or applied inline. Properties are inherited by default but can be overridden to style specific elements individually.

Uploaded by

Asmaa Bahgat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

1 CSS for Styling

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Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
2

• Describes the appearance, layout, and presentation


of information on a web page
• HTML describes the content of the page
• Describes how information is to be displayed, not
what is being displayed
• Can be embedded in HTML document or placed
into separate .css file

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Basic CSS rule syntax
3

selector {
property: value;
property: value;
...
property: value;
} CSS
p {
font-family: sans-serif;
color: red;
} CSS

• A CSS file consists of one or more rules


• Each rule starts with a selector
• A selector specifies an HTML element(s) and then applies style
properties to them
• a selector of * selects all elements
Attaching a CSS file <link>
4

<head>
...
<link href="filename" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" />
...
</head> HTML

<link href="style.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" />


<link href="http://www.google.com/uds/css/gsearch.css"
rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
HTML

• A page can link to multiple style sheet files


• In case of a conflict (two sheets define a style for the same HTML
element), the latter sheet's properties will be used

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Embedding style sheets: <style>
5

<head>
<style type="text/css">
p { font-family: sans-serif; color: red; }
h2 { background-color: yellow; }
</style>
</head>
HTML

• CSS code can be embedded within the head of an HTML page


• Bad style and should be avoided

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Inline styles: the style attribute
6

<p style="font-family: sans-serif; color: red;">


This is a paragraph</p>

HTML

This is a paragraph

output

• Higher precedence than embedded or linked styles


• Used for one-time overrides and styling a particular element
• Bad style and should be avoided

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CSS properties for colors
7

p {
color: red;
background-color: yellow;
}
CSS

This paragraph uses the style above output

property description
color color of the element's text
color that will appear behind the
background-color
element

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Specifying colors
8

p { color: red; }
h2 { color: rgb(128, 0, 196); }
h4 { color: #FF8800; }
CSS

This paragraph uses the first style above

This h2 uses the second style above.

This h4 uses the third style above.


output

• color names: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon,
navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white (white), yellow
• RGB codes: red, green, and blue values from 0 (none) to 255 (full)
• hex codes: RGB values in base-16 from 00 (0, none) to FF (255, full)
Grouping styles
9

p, h1, h2 {
color: green;
}
h2 {
background-color: yellow;
} CSS

This paragraph uses the above style.


This h2 uses the above styles.
output

• A style can select multiple elements separated by commas


• The individual elements can also have their own styles

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CSS comments /*…*/
10

/* This is a comment.
It can span many lines in the CSS file. */
p {
color: red; background-color: aqua;
} CSS

• CSS (like HTML) is usually not commented as rigorously as


programming languages such as Java
• The // single-line comment style is NOT supported in CSS
• The <!-- ... --> HTML comment style is also NOT supported in
CSS

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CSS properties for fonts
11

property description
font-family which font will be used
font-size how large the letters will be drawn
font-style used to enable/disable italic style
font-weight used to enable/disable bold style

Complete list of font properties (http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_reference.asp#font)

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font-family
12

p {
font-family: Georgia;
}
h2 {
font-family: "Courier New";
} CSS

This paragraph uses the first style above.

This h2 uses the second style above.


output

• Enclose multi-word font names in quotes

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More about font-family
13

p {
font-family: Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif;
} CSS

This paragraph uses the above style.


output
• We can specify multiple fonts from highest to lowest priority
• Generic font names:
• serif, sans-serif, cursive, fantasy, monospace

• If the first font is not found on the user's computer, the


next is tried
• Placing a generic font name at the end of your font-family
value, ensures that every computer will use a valid font
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font-size
14

p {
font-size: 24pt;
} CSS

This paragraph uses the style above.


output
• units: pixels (px) vs. point (pt) vs. m-size (em)
16px, 16pt, 1.16em
• percentage font sizes, e.g.: 90%, 120%
pt specifies number of point, where a point is 1/72 of an inch onscreen
px specifies a number of pixels on the screen

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font-weight, font-style
16

p {
font-weight: bold;
font-style: italic;
} CSS

This paragraph uses the style above.


output

• Either of the above can be set to normal to turn them off (e.g.
headings)

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CSS properties for text
17

property description
text-align alignment of text within its element
text-decoration decorations such as underlining
line-height,
gaps between the various portions of
word-spacing,
the text
letter-spacing
indents the first letter of each
text-indent
paragraph

Complete list of text properties (http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_reference.asp#text)

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text-align
18

blockquote { text-align: justify; }


h2 { text-align: center; }
CSS

The Gollum’s Quote

We wants it, we needs it. Must have the precious. They stole it from us.
Sneaky little hobbitses. Wicked, tricksy, false!
output

• text-align can be left, right, center, or


justify

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text-decoration
19

p {
text-decoration: underline;
} CSS

This paragraph uses the style above.


output

• can also be overline, line-through, blink, or


none
• effects can be combined:
text-decoration: overline underline;

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The list-style-type property
20

ol { list-style-type: lower-roman; }
CSS

• Possible values:
i. none : No marker
ii. disc (default), circle, square
iii. Decimal: 1, 2, 3, etc.
iv. decimal-leading-zero: 01, 02, 03, etc.
v. lower-roman: i, ii, iii, iv, v, etc.
vi. upper-roman: I, II, III, IV, V, etc.
vii. lower-alpha: a, b, c, d, e, etc.
viii. upper-alpha: A, B, C, D, E, etc.
x. lower-greek: alpha, beta, gamma, etc.
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others: hebrew, armenian, georgian, cjk-ideographic, hiragana…
Body styles
21

body {
font-size: 16px;
}
CSS

• Applies a style to the entire body of your page


• Saves you from manually applying a style to each element

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Inheriting styles
23

body { font-family: sans-serif; background-color: yellow;


}
p { color: red; background-color: aqua; }
a { text-decoration: underline; }
h2 { font-weight: bold; text-align: center; }
CSS

This is a heading
A styled paragraph. Previous slides are available on the website.

• A bulleted list output

• when multiple styles apply to an element, they are inherited


• a more tightly matching rule can override a more general
inherited rule
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Styles that conflict
24

p, h1, h2 { color: blue; font-style: italic; }


h2 { color: red; background-color: yellow; }
CSS

This paragraph uses the first style above.


This heading uses both styles above.
output

• when two styles set conflicting values for the same property,
the latter style takes precedence

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CSS properties for backgrounds
26

property description
background-color color to fill background
background-image image to place in background
background-position placement of bg image within element
whether/how bg image should be
background-repeat
repeated
background-attachment whether bg image scrolls with page
shorthand to set all background
background
properties

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background-image
27

body {
background-image: url("images/draft.jpg");
}
CSS

• background image/color fills the element's content area

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background-repeat
28

body {
background-image: url("images/draft.jpg");
background-repeat: repeat-x;
}
CSS

• can be repeat (default), repeat-x, repeat-y, or no-repeat

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background-position
29

body {
background-image: url("images/draft.jpg");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: 370px 20px;
} CSS

• value consists of two tokens, each of which can be top, left,


right, bottom, center, a percentage, or a length value in px, pt,
etc.
• value can be negative to shift left/up by a given amount
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Aside: Favorites icon ("favicon")
30

<link href="filename" type="MIME type" rel="shortcut icon"


/> HTML

<link href="yahoo.gif" type="image/gif" rel="shortcut


icon" />
HTML

• The link tag, placed in the HTML page's head section, can
specify an icon
• this icon will be placed in the browser title bar and bookmark/favorite
CS380

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