DBMSHBM

MEERUT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,MEERUT
N.H. 58, Delhi-Roorkee Highway, Baghpat Road Bypass Crossing,

Meerut-250005, UP(India)
LAB MANUAL
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

RCS-551
Department of Information Technology

Odd Semester
Submitted by :
Ms. Sonika Jalhotra
INDEX
1. Lab Prerequisute
2. Lab Manual Objective
3. Outcome
4. Program List
5. Basic Concepts of Programs
6. Value Addition
7. Appendix
LAB PRE-REQUISITE
The basic pre-requisite for Database Management System is the basic programming skills and
knowledge about relational database model.
Developing and managing efficient and effective database applications require understanding
the fundamentals of database management systems, techniques for the design of databases,
and principles of database administration.
LAB MANUAL OBJECTIVE
This D.B.M.S. manual is primarily written according to the unified syllabus of

“DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ” of Third year B.tech(CSE) A.K.T.U. syllabus.
This manual clearly explains the concepts of D.B.M.S. and the principles deployed behind
databases.
The Objective in writing of this lab manual is to produce a general , comprehensive text that
treats all the essential core area of D.B.M.S.
The Goal is to describe the real world constraint and realities of Database Management
Systems.
I have done my best to hunt down and eradicate all errors in this manual.
Lab OUTCOME
After undergoing this laboratory module, the students should be able to:
 Understand and effectively explain the underlying concepts of database

technologies
 Design and implement a database schema for a given problem-domain
 Normalize a database
 Querying a database using SQL DML/DDL commands.
 Declare and enforce integrity constraints on a database using a state-of-the-

art RDBMS
 Programming PL/SQL including stored procedures, stored functions, cursors,

packages
PROGRAM LIST
1. Write SQL queries to implement DDL commands.

2. Write SQL queries to implement DML commands.
3. Write SQL queries to implement TCL commands.
4. Write SQL queries to implement Keys constraints.
5. Write SQL queries to implement Joins.
6. Write SQL queries to implement Views.
7. Write SQL queries to SELECT data using SET UNION ,INTERSECTION and
MINUS operations.
8. Write SQL queries using AGGREGATE functions.
9. Write SQL queries to implement Nested queries.
10. Write a PL/SQL code block to find factorial of a number.
11. Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Indexes.
12. Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Procedures.
13. Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Triggers.
VALUE ADDITION
1. Implementation of cursors
2. Program for Student Grade Calculation
3. Database Design using E-R Model and Normalization.
4. Database Design and Implementation of Pay Roll Processing
5. Design and Implementation of Banking System.
…………………………………………………….
NAME & SIGNATURE OF CONCERNED FACULTY
BASIC CONCEPTS OF PROGRAMS
It is used to communicate with database. DDL is used to:

o Create an object
o Alter the structure of an object
o To drop the object created.
The commands used are:

 Create
 Alter
 Drop
 Truncate
 Rename
1. COMMAND NAME: CREATE

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: CREATE command is used to create objects in the database.
2. COMMAND NAME: DROP

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: DROP command is used to delete the object from the database.
3. COMMAND NAME: TRUNCATE

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: TRUNCATE command is used to remove all the records from the
table
4. COMMAND NAME: ALTER

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: ALTER command is used to alter the structure of database
5. COMMAND NAME: RENAME

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: RENAME command is used to rename the objects.
DML (DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE)

 SELECT
 INSERT
 DELETE
 UPDATE
1. COMMAND NAME: INSERT

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: INSERT command is used to Insert objects in the
database.
2. COMMAND NAME: SELECT

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: SELECT command is used to SELECT the object from the
database.
3. COMMAND NAME: UPDATE

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: UPDATE command is used to UPDATE the records from
the table
4. COMMAND NAME: DELETE

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: DELETE command is used to DELETE the Records form
the table
TCL (TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE)

 COMMIT
 ROLL BACK
 SAVE POINT
1. COMMAND NAME: COMMIT

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: COMMIT command is used to save the Records.
2. COMMAND NAME: ROLLBACK

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: ROLL BACK command is used to undo the
Records.
3. COMMAND NAME: SAVE POINT

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: SAVE POINT command is used to undo the
Records in a particular transaction.
Constraints are part of the table definition that limits and restriction on the value entered into
its columns.
TYPES OF CONSTRAINTS:
1) Primary key : A PRIMARY KEY constraint is a unique identifier for a row within a
database table. Every table should have a primary key constraint to uniquely identify
each row and only one primary key constraint can be created for each table. The
primary key constraints are used to enforce entity integrity.
2) Foreign key/references : A FOREIGN KEY constraint prevents any actions that would
destroy link between tables with the corresponding data values. A foreign key in one table
points to a primary key in another table. Foreign keys prevent actions that would leave rows
with foreign key values when there are no primary keys with that value. The foreign key
constraints are used to enforce referential integrity.
3) Check : A CHECK constraint is used to limit the values that can be placed in a column.
The check constraints are used to enforce domain integrity.
4) Unique : A UNIQUE constraint enforces the uniqueness of the values in a set of columns,
so no duplicate values are entered. The unique key constraints are used to enforce entity
integrity as the primary key constraints.
5) Not null : A NOT NULL constraint enforces that the column will not accept null values.
The not null constraints are used to enforce domain integrity, as the check constraints.
6) Default : The DEFAULT constraint provides a default value to a column when

the INSERT INTO statement does not provide a specific value.
CONSTRAINTS CAN BE CREATED IN THREE WAYS:
1) Column level constraints

2) Table level constraints
3) Using DDL statements-alter table command
5.Write SQL queries to implement Joins.
SQL joins are used to query data from two or more tables, based on a relationship between
certain columns in these tables.
SQL COMMANDS
COMMAND NAME: INNER JOIN

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when there is at least one
match in both tables.
COMMAND NAME LEFT JOIN

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table
(table_name1), even if there are no matches in the right table (table_name2).
COMMAND NAME : RIGHT JOIN

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The RIGHT JOIN keyword Return all rows from the right table
(table_name2), even if there are no matches in the left table (table_name1).
COMMAND NAME : FULL JOIN

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The FULL JOIN keyword return rows when there is a match in one
of the tables.
6.Write SQL queries to implement Views.
Views Helps to encapsulate complex query and make it reusable.
• Provides user security on each view - it depends on your data policy security.
• Using view to convert units - if you have a financial data in US currency, you can create
view to convert them into Euro for viewing in Euro currency.
SQL COMMANDS
1. COMMAND NAME: CREATE VIEW

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: CREATE VIEW command is used to define a view.
2. COMMAND NAME: INSERT IN VIEW

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: INSERT command is used to insert a new row into the view.
3. COMMAND NAME: DELETE IN VIEW

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: DELETE command is used to delete a row from the view.
4. COMMAND NAME: UPDATE OF VIEW

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: UPDATE command is used to change a value in a tuple
without changing all values in the tuple.
5. COMMAND NAME: DROP OF VIEW

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: DROP command is used to drop the view table
7.Write SQL queries to SELECT data using SET UNION ,
INTERSECTION and MINUS operations.
UNION
It returns a union of two select statements. It is returning unique (distinct) values of them.
SELECT * FROM table1

UNION
MINUS
MINUS (also known as EXCEPT) returns the difference between the first and second
SELECT statement. It is the one where we need to be careful which statement will be put
first, cause we will get only those results that are in the first SELECT statement and not in the
second.

MINUS
SELECT * FROM table2;
INTERSECT
INTERSECT is opposite from MINUS as it returns us the results that are both to be found in
first and second SELECT statement.

INTERSECT
SELECT * FROM table2;
8.Write SQL queries using AGGREGATE functions.
An aggregate function is a function where the values of multiple rows are grouped together
as input on certain criteria to form a single value of more significant meaning or
measurement such as a set, a bag or a list.
The functions include:
o count() - counts a number of rows

o sum() - compute sum
o avg() - compute average
o min() - compute minimum
o max() - compute maximum
9.Write SQL queries to implement Nested queries.
Nested Query can have more than one level of nesting in one single query. A SQL nested
query is a SELECT query that is nested inside a SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE
SQL query.
SQL COMMANDS
1. COMMAND NAME: SELECT

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: SELECT command is used to select records from the table.
2. COMMAND NAME: WHERE

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: WHERE command is used to identify particular elements.
3. COMMAND NAME: HAVING

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: HAVING command is used to identify particular elements.
4. COMMAND NAME: MIN (SAL)

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: MIN (SAL) command is used to find minimum salary.
10Write a PL/SQL code block to find factorial of a number.
declare
n number;
i number;
f number:=1;
begin
n:=&n;
for i in 1..n
loop
f:=f*i;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(n||'! = '||f);
end;
Output:
Enter value for n: 5
old 6: n:=&n;
new 6: n:=5;
5! = 120
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
11.Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Indexes.
, . . . ,column_nameN)
[COMPUTE STATISTICS];
A collection is an ordered group of elements having the same data type. Each element is
identified by a unique subscript that represents its position in the collection.
PL/SQL provides three collection types:
 Index-by tables or Associative array
 Nested table
 Variable-size array or Varray
An index-by table (also called an associative array) is a set of key-value pairs. Each key
is unique and is used to locate the corresponding value. The key can be either an integer
or a string.
Syntax for creating an INDEX in Oracle SQL / PLSQL is:
CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index_name

ON TABLE table_name (column_name1,column_name2
12.Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Procedures.
A procedure is created with the CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE statement. The

simplified syntax for the CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE statement is as follows:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name

[(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])]
{IS | AS}
BEGIN
< procedure_body >
END procedure_name;
Where,
 procedure-name specifies the name of the procedure.
 [OR REPLACE] option allows modifying an existing procedure.
 The optional parameter list contains name, mode and types of the parameters. IN
represents that value will be passed from outside and OUT represents that this
parameter will be used to return a value outside of the procedure.
 procedure-body contains the executable part.
 The AS keyword is used instead of the IS keyword for creating a standalone

procedure.
13.Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Triggers.
Trigger automatically associated with DML statement, when DML statement execute
trigger implicitly execute.
We can create trigger using the CREATE TRIGGER statement. If trigger activated,
implicitly fire DML statement and if trigger deactivated can't fire.
PL/SQL trigger define using CREATE TRIGGER statement.
CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name

BEFORE | AFTER
[INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE [COLUMN NAME..]
ON table_name
Referencing [ OLD AS OLD | NEW AS NEW ]

FOR EACH ROW | FOR EACH STATEMENT [ WHEN Condition ]
DECLARE
[declaration_section
variable declarations;
constant declarations;
]
BEGIN
[executable_section
PL/SQL execute/subprogram body
]
EXCEPTION
[exception_section
PL/SQL Exception block
]
END;
VALUE ADDITION
IMPLEMENTATION OF CURSORS
CURSOR PROGRAM FOR ELECTRICITY BILL CALCULATION:
SQL> create table bill(name varchar2(10), address varchar2(20), city varchar2(20), unit
number(10));
Table created.
SQL> insert into bill values('&name','&addess','&city','&unit');
Enter value for name: yuva
Enter value for addess: srivi
Enter value for city: srivilliputur
Enter value for unit: 100
old 1: insert into bill values('&name','&addess','&city','&unit')
new 1: insert into bill values('yuva','srivi','srivilliputur','100')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: nithya
Enter value for addess: Lakshmi nagar
Enter value for city: sivakasi
new 1: insert into bill values('nithya','Lakshmi nagar','sivakasi','200')

1 row created.
Enter value for name: maya
Enter value for addess: housing board
Enter value for city: sivakasi
new 1: insert into bill values('maya','housing board','sivakasi','300')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: jeeva
Enter value for addess: RRR nagar
Enter value for city: sivaganagai
new 1: insert into bill values('jeeva','RRR nagar','sivaganagai','400')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from bill;
NAME ADDRESS CITY UNIT
---------- -------------------- -------------------- ---------

yuva srivi srivilliputur 100
nithya Lakshmi nagar sivakasi 200
maya housing board sivakasi 300

SQL> declare
2 cursor c is select * from bill;
3 b bill %ROWTYPE;
4 begin
5 open c;
6 dbms_output.put_line('Name Address city Unit Amount');
7 loop
8 fetch c into b;
9 if(c % notfound) then
10 exit;
11 else
12 if(b.unit<=100) then
13 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b.uni t*1);
14 elsif(b.unit>100 and b.unit<=200) then
15 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b. unit*2);
17 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b. unit*3);
19 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b.unit*
4);
20 else
21 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b.unit*
5);
22 end if;
23 end if;
24 end loop;
25 close c;
26 end;
27 /
Name Address city Unit Amount
yuva srivi srivilliputur 100 100
nithya Lakshmi nagar sivakasi 200 400
maya housing board sivakasi 300 900
jeeva RRR nagar sivaganagai 400 1600

PROGRAM FOR STUDENT GRADE CALCULATION
SQL> create table std(name varchar(10), rollno number(3),mark1 number(3), mark2

number(3), mark3 nu
mber(3));
Table created.
SQL> insert into std values('&name','&rollno','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3');
Enter value for name: gowri
Enter value for rollno: 101
Enter value for mark1: 78
old 1: insert into std values('&name','&rollno','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')
new 1: insert into std values('gowri','101','78','89','99')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: prem
new 1: insert into std values('prem','102','88','99','9’)

1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: ravathi
new 1: insert into std values('ravathi','103','67','89','99')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: arun
new 1: insert into std values('arun','104','56','66','77')
1 row created.
SQL> set serveroutput on;

SQL> declare
2 tot number;
3 average number;
4 cursor c is select * from std;
5 s std %ROWTYPE;
6 begin
7 open c;
8 dbms_output.put_line('Name Rollno Mark1 Mark2 Mark3 Total Average Grade');
9 loop
10 fetch c into s;
11 tot:=s.mark1+s.mark2+s.mark3;
12 average:=floor(tot/3);
13 if(c % notfound)then
14 exit;
15 else
16 if(s.mark1<50 or s.mark2<50 or s.mark3<50)then
17 dbms_output.put_line(s.name||' '||s.rollno||' '||s.mark1||' '||s.mark2||' '||s.mark3||
' '||tot||' '||average||' '||'F');
18 elsif(average>=90 and average<=100)then
' '||tot||' '||average||' '||'S');
20 elsif(average>=80 and average<90)then
' '||tot||' '||average||' '||'A+');

' '||tot||' '||average||' '||'B');
' '||tot||' '||average||' '||'C');
26 else
' '||tot||' '||average||' '||'D');
28 end if;
29 end if;
30 end loop;
31 close c;
32 end;
33 /
Name Rollno Mark1 Mark2 Mark3 Total Average Grade
gowri 101 78 89 99 266 88 A+
prem 102 88 99 90 277 92 S
ravathi 103 67 89 99 255 85 A+
arun 104 56 66 77 199 66 C
RESULT:
Thus the program to implement cursors was executed and output was verified successfully.
Database design using E-R model and Normalization
ER diagram:
Chen Notation
 ORDER (OrderNum (key), OrderDate, SalesPerson)

ORDERITEMS (OrderNum (key)(fk) , ItemNum (key), PartNum, Quantity, Cost)

 In the above example, in the ORDERITEMS Relation: OrderNum is the Foreign
Key and OrderNum plus ItemNum is the Composite Key.
Chen Notation
In the ORDER Relation: OrderNum is the Key.
Representing Relationships
 1:1 Relationships. The key of one relation is stored in the second relation.
 Look at example queries to determine which key is queried most often.
 1:N Relationships.
Parent - Relation on the "1" side.
Child - Relation on the "Many"
side.
 Represent each Entity as a relation.

Copy the key of the parent into the child relation.
 CUSTOMER (CustomerID (key), Name, Address, ...)

ORDER (OrderNum (key), OrderDate, SalesPerson, CustomerID (fk))
 M:N Relationships. Many to Many relationships can not be directly implemented in
 relations.
 Solution: Introduce a third Intersection relation and copy keys from original two
relations.
Chen Notation
 SUPPLIER (SupplierID (key), FirmName, Address, ...)

COMPONENT (CompID (key), Description, ...)
SUPPLIER_COMPONENT (SupplierID (key), CompID (key))
 Note that this can also be shown in the ER diagram. Also, look for potential added
attributes in the intersection relation.
RESULT:
Thus the ER Database design using E-R model and Normalization was implemented
successfully.
___________________________________________________________________
DATABASE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION PAY ROLL

PROCESSING
STEPS:
1. Create a database for payroll processing which request the using SQL
2. Establish ODBC connection
3. In the administrator tools open data source ODBC
4. Click add button and select oracle in ORA home 90, click finish
5. A window will appear given the data source home as oracle and select TNS source name
as lion and give the used id as SWTT
6. ADODC CONTROL FOR SALARY FORM:-
7. The above procedure must be follow except the table , A select the table as salary
8. Write appropriate Program in form each from created in VB from each from created in
VB form project.
SQL>create table emp(eno number primary key,enamr varchar(20),age number,addr
varchar(20),DOB date,phno number(10));
Table created.
SQL>create table salary(eno number,edesig varchar(10),basic number,da

number,hra number,pf number,mc number,met number,foreign key(eno) references
emp); Table created.
TRIGGER to calculate DA,HRA,PF,MC
SQL> create or replace trigger employ
2 after insert on salary
3 declare
4 cursor cur is select eno,basic from salary;
5 begin
6 for cur1 in cur loop
7 update salary set

8 hra=basic*0.1,da=basic*0.07,pf=basic*0.05,mc=basic*0.03 where hra=0; 9 end loop;
10 end;
11 / Trigger created.
PROGRAM FOR FORM 1
Private Sub emp_Click() Form
2.Show End
Sub Private
Sub exit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub Private
Sub salary_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub
PROGRAM FOR FORM 2
Private Sub add_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew MsgBox "Record added"
End Sub Private
Sub clear_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
Text4.Text = ""
Text5.Text = ""
Text6.Text = ""
End Sub Private Sub delte _Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.Delete MsgBox "Record
Deleted" If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True Then
Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End
Sub Private Sub exit_Click()

Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub main_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub modify_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Update
End Sub
PROGRAM FOR FORM 3
Private Sub add_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew MsgBox "Record added"
End Sub
Private Sub
clear_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
Text4.Text = ""
Text5.Text = ""
__________________________________________________________________________
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF BANKING SYSTEM

________________________________________________________________________
DETAILS OF THE STEP
1.Create the DB for banking system source request the using SQL
2.Establishing ODBC connection
3.Click add button and select oracle in ORA home 90 click finished
4.A window will appear give the data source name as oracle and give the user id as scott
5.Now click the test connection a window will appear with server and user name give user as
scott and password tiger Click ok
6.VISUAL BASIC APPLICATION:-
Create standard exe project in to and design ms from in request format
To add ADODC project select component and check ms ADO data control click ok
Now the control is added in the tool book
Create standard exe project in to and design ms from in request format
7.ADODC CONTEOL FOR ACCOUNT FROM:- Click customs and property window and
window will appear and select ODBC data source name as oracle and click apply as the
some window.
CREATE A TABLE IN ORACLE
SQL>create table account(cname varchar(20),accno number(10),balance

number); Table Created
SQL> insert into account values('&cname',&accno,&balance);
Enter value for cname: Mathi
Enter value for accno: 1234
Enter value for balance: 10000
old 1: insert into account values('&cname',&accno,&balance)
new 1: insert into emp values('Mathi',1234,10000) 1 row created.
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM1
Private Sub ACCOUNT_Click()

Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub
EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub
TRANSACTION_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM 2
Private Sub CLEAR_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub
DELETE_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.DELETE MsgBox "record deleted"
Adodc1.Recordset.MoveNext If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True Then
Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End Sub
Private Sub EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub
HOME_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub
INSERT_Click() Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew
End Sub
Private Sub
TRANSACTION_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub
Private Sub UPDATE_Click() Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE MsgBox "record updated
successfully"
End Sub
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM 3
Private Sub ACCOUNT_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub CLEAR_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub
DEPOSIT_Click()
Dim s As String s = InputBox("enter the amount to be deposited")
Text2.Text = Val(Text2.Text) + Val(s) A = Text2.Text MsgBox "CURRENT BALANCE IS
Rs" + Str(A) Adodc1.Recordset.Save Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE
End Sub
Private Sub
EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub
HOME_Click()
Form1.Show End
Sub Private Sub
WITHDRAW_Click()
Dim s As String s = InputBox("enter the amount to be deleted")
Text2.Text = Val(Text2.Text) - Val(s) A = Text2.Text MsgBox "current balance is Rs" +
Str(A)
Adodc1.Recordset.Save
Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE
End Sub
M.I.E.T. MEERUT
Result:
Thus the banking system was designed and implemented successfully.
D.B.M.S. PROGRAM FILE

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
APPENDIX
DDL commands used are:

o Create
o Alter
o Drop
o Truncate
QUERY: 01 Write a query to create a table employee with empno, ename, designation, and
salary.
Syntax for creating a table:
SQL: CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), COLUMN

NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) ……………………………);
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER (4),

ENAME VARCHAR2 (10),
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2 (10),
SALARY NUMBER (8,2));
Table created.
QUERY: 02 Write a query to display the column name and datatype of the table employee.
Syntax for describe the table:
SQL: DESC <TABLE NAME>;
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- -------------
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
ALTER & MODIFICATION ON TABLE
QUERY: 03 Write a Query to Alter the column EMPNO NUMBER (4) TO EMPNO
NUMBER(6).
Syntax for Alter & Modify on a Single Column:
SQL > ALTER <TABLE NAME> MODIFY <COLUMN NAME> <DATATYPE> (SIZE);
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY EMPNO NUMBER (6);

Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(6)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)
QUERY: 04 Write a Query to Alter the table employee with multiple columns (EMPNO,
ENAME.)
Syntax for alter table with multiple column:
SQL > ALTER <TABLE NAME> MODIFY <COLUMN NAME1> <DATATYPE> (SIZE),
MODIFY <COLUMN NAME2> <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
………………………………………….;
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY (EMPNO NUMBER (7), ENAME

VARCHAR2(12));
Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(7)
ENAME VARCHAR2(12)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2);

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
QUERY: 05 Write a query to add a new column in to employee
Syntax for add a new column:
SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> ADD (<COLUMN NAME> <DATA TYPE>
<SIZE>);
SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP ADD QUALIFICATION VARCHAR2(6);

Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(7)
ENAME VARCHAR2(12)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)
QUALIFICATION VARCHAR2(6)
QUERY: 06 Write a query to add multiple columns in to employee
SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> ADD (<COLUMN NAME1> <DATA TYPE>
<SIZE>,(<COLUMN NAME2> <DATA TYPE> <SIZE>,
………………………………………………………………);
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP ADD (DOB DATE, DOJ DATE);

Table altered
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(7)
ENAME VARCHAR2(12)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)
DOB DATE
DOJ DATE
REMOVE / DROP

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
QUERY: 07 Write a query to drop a column from an existing table employee
SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> DROP COLUMN <COLUMN NAME>;
SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP DROP COLUMN DOJ;

Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- -------------
EMPNO NUMBER(7)
ENAME VARCHAR2(12)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)
DOB DATE
QUERY: 08 Write a query to drop multiple columns from employee
SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> DROP <COLUMN NAME1>,<COLUMN

NAME2>,…………………………….. ;
SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP DROP (DOB, QUALIFICATION);

Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- --------------
EMPNO NUMBER(7)
ENAME VARCHAR2(12)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)
REMOVE
QUERY: 09 Write a query to rename table emp to employee

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
SQL> ALTER TABLE RENAME <OLD NAM E> TO <NEW NAME>
SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP RENAME EMP TO EMPLOYEE;
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- --------------
EMPNO NUMBER(7)
ENAME VARCHAR2(12)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)
DML (DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE)

 SELECT
 INSERT

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
 DELETE
 UPDATE
INSERT
QUERY: 01 Write a query to insert the records in to employee.
Syntax for Insert Records in to a table:
SQL :> INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES< VAL1, ‘VAL2’,…..);
INSERT A RECORD FROM AN EXISTING TABLE:
SQL>INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(101,'NAGARAJAN','LECTURER',15000);

1 row created.
SELECT
QUERY: 02 Write a query to display the records from employee.
Syntax for select Records from the table:
SQL> SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME>;
DISPLAY THE EMP TABLE:
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;
EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATION SALARY

---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 15000
INSERT A RECORD USING SUBSITUTION METHOD
QUERY: 03 . Write a query to insert the records in to employee using substitution

method.
Syntax for Insert Records into the table:

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
SQL :> INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES< ‘&column name’, ‘&column
name 2’,…..);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP

VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY');
Enter value for empno: 102

Enter value for ename: SARAVANAN
Enter value for designatin: LECTURER
Enter value for salary: 15000
old 1: INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(102,'SARAVANAN','LECTURER','15000')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for ename: PANNERSELVAM
Enter value for designatin: ASST. PROF
new 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(103,'PANNERSELVAM','ASST.
PROF','20000')
1 row created.
SQL> /

Enter value for ename: CHINNI
Enter value for designatin: HOD, PROF
new 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(104,'CHINNI','HOD, PROF','45000')
1 row created.

---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
102 SARAVANAN LECTURER 15000
103 PANNERSELVAM ASST. PROF 20000

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000
UPDATE
QUERY: 04 Write a query to update the records from employee.
Syntax for update Records from the table:
SQL> UPDATE <<TABLE NAME> SET <COLUMNANE>=<VALUE> WHERE

<COLUMN NAME=<VALUE>;
SQL> UPDATE EMP SET SALARY=16000 WHERE EMPNO=101;

1 row updated.

---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
102 SARAVANAN LECTURER 15000
UPDATE MULTIPLE COLUMNS
QUERY: 05 Write a query to update multiple records from employee.
Syntax for update multiple Records from the table:
SQL> UPDATE <<TABLE NAME> SET <COLUMNANE>=<VALUE> WHERE

<COLUMN NAME=<VALUE>;
SQL>UPDATE EMP SET SALARY = 16000, DESIGNATIN='ASST. PROF'

WHERE EMPNO=102;
1 row updated.
EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATOIN SALARY

---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF 16000

M.I.E.T. MEERUT

DELETE
QUERY: 06 . Write a query to delete records from employee.
Syntax for delete Records from the table:
SQL> DELETE <TABLE NAME> WHERE <COLUMN NAME>=<VALUE>;
SQL> DELETE EMP WHERE EMPNO=103;

1 row deleted.

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATOIN SALARY
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
TCL (TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE)

 COMMIT
 ROLL BACK
 SAVE POINT

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
SAVEPOINT:
QUERY: 01 Write a query to implement the save point.
Syntax for save point:
SQL> SAVEPOINT <SAVE POINT NAME>;
SQL> SAVEPOINT S1;

Savepoint created.

---------- ------------ - --------- ----------
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(105,'PARTHASAR','STUDENT',100);

1 row created.

----- ------------ ---------- ----------
105 PARTHASAR STUDENT 100
ROLL BACK
QUERY: 02 Write a query to implement the Rollback.

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
Syntax for save point:
SQL> ROLL BACK <SAVE POINT NAME>;
SQL> ROLL BACK S1;

Rollback complete.
EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATIN SALARY

---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
COMMIT
QUERY: 03 Write a query to implement the Rollback.
Syntax for commit:
SQL> COMMIT;
SQL> COMMIT;
Commit complete.
Constraints are part of the table definition that limits and restriction on the value entered into
its columns.
TYPES OF CONSTRAINTS:

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
1) Primary key
2) Foreign key/references
3) Check
4) Unique
5) Not null
6) Null
7) Default
CONSTRAINTS CAN BE CREATED IN THREE WAYS:

1) Column level constraints
2) Table level constraints
3) Using DDL statements-alter table command
Column level constraints Using Primary key
QUERY 1. Write a query to create primary constraints with column level
Syntax for Column level constraints Using Primary key:
SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>

(SIZE)<TYPE OF CONSTRAINTS> , COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
……………………………);
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMPNO NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY,

ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
JOB VARCHAR2(6),
SAL NUMBER(5),
DEPTNO NUMBER(7));
Column level constraints Using Primary key with naming convention
QUERY 2. Write a query to create primary constraints with column level with naming
convention
SQL: >CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>

(SIZE)CONSTRAINTS <NAME OF THE CONSTRAINTS> <TYPE OF THE

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
CONSTRAINTS> , COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)

……………………………);
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMPNO NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINT

EMP_EMPNO_PK PRIMARY KEY,
ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
JOB VARCHAR2(6),
SAL NUMBER(5),
DEPTNO NUMBER(7));
Table Level Primary Key Constraints
QUERY 3. Write a query to create primary constraints with table level with naming
convention
Syntax for Table level constraints Using Primary key:
SQL: >CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>

(SIZE) , COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), CONSTRAINTS <NAME OF THE
CONSTRAINTS> <TYPE OF THE CONSTRAINTS>);
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (EMPNO NUMBER(6),

ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
JOB VARCHAR2(6),
SAL NUMBER(7),
DEPTNO NUMBER(5),
CONSTRAINT EMP_EMPNO_PK PRIMARY
KEY(EMPNO));
Table level constraint with alter command (primary key):
QUERY 4. Write a query to create primary constraints with alter command

(SIZE), COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) );
SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> ADD CONSTRAINTS <NAME OF THE

CONSTRAINTS> <TYPE OF THE CONSTRAINTS> <COLUMN NAME>);
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMPNO NUMBER(5),

ENAME VARCHAR2(6),
JOB VARCHAR2(6),

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
SAL NUMBER(6),
DEPTNO NUMBER(6));
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP3 ADD CONSTRAINT EMP3_EMPNO_PK PRIMARY KEY

(EMPNO);
Reference /foreign key constraint
Column level foreign key constraint:
QUERY 5. Write a query to create foreign key constraints with column level
Parent Table:

……………………………);
Child Table:
Syntax for Column level constraints Using foreign key:

(SIZE), COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) REFERENCES <TABLE NAME>
(COLUMN NAME> ……………………………);
SQL>CREATE TABLE DEPT(DEPTNO NUMBER(2) PRIMARY KEY,

DNAME VARCHAR2(20),
LOCATION VARCHAR2(15));
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP4

(EMPNO NUMBER(3),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2) REFERENCES DEPT(DEPTNO),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(10));
Table Level Foreign Key Constraints
QUERY 6. Write a query to create foreign key constraints with Table level
Parent Table:

……………………………);
Child Table:

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
Syntax for Table level constraints using foreign key:

(SIZE), COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), CONSTRAINT <CONST. NAME>
REFERENCES <TABLE NAME> (COLUMN NAME> );
SQL>CREATE TABLE DEPT

(DEPTNO NUMBER(2) PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR2(20),
(EMPNO NUMBER(3),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(10)CONSTRAINT ENP2_DEPTNO_FK FOREIGN
KEY(DEPT NO)REFERENCESDEPT(DEPTNO));
Table Level Foreign Key Constraints with Alter command
QUERY 7. Write a query to create foreign key constraints with Table level with alter
command.
Parent Table:

……………………………);
Child Table:
Syntax for Table level constraints using foreign key:
SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)

, COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE));
SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> ADD CONSTRAINT <CONST. NAME>

REFERENCES <TABLE NAME> (COLUMN NAME>);
SQL>CREATE TABLE DEPT

(DEPTNO NUMBER(2) PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR2(20),
(EMPNO NUMBER(3),

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
DEPTNO NUMBER(2),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(10));
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP6 ADD CONSTRAINT EMP6_DEPTNO_FK FOREIGN

KEY(DEPTNO)REFERENCES DEPT(DEPTNO);
Check constraint
Column Level Check Constraint
QUERY 8. Write a query to create Check constraints with column level
Syntax for column level constraints using Check:
SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)

CONSTRAINT <CONSTRAINTS NAME> <TYPE OF CONSTRAINTS>
(CONSTRAITNS CRITERIA) , COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE));
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP7(EMPNO NUMBER(3),

ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(15),
SAL NUMBER(5)CONSTRAINT EMP7_SAL_CK CHECK(SAL>500 AND
SAL<10001),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2));
Table Level Check Constraint:
Query 9. Write a query to create Check constraints with table level
Syntax for Table level constraints using Check:

(SIZE), (COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), CONSTRAINT <CONSTRAINTS
NAME> <TYPE OF CONSTRAINTS> (CONSTRAITNS CRITERIA)) ;

ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
SAL NUMBER(5),DEPTNO NUMBER(2),
CONSTRAINTS EMP8_SAL_CK CHECK(SAL>500 AND SAL<10001));
Check Constraint with Alter Command

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
Query 10. Write a query to create Check constraints with table level using alter command.
Syntax for Table level constraints using Check:

(SIZE), (COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), CONSTRAINT <CONSTRAINTS
NAME> <TYPE OF CONSTRAINTS> (CONSTRAITNS CRITERIA)) ;
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP9(EMPNO NUMBER,

ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
SAL NUMBER(5));
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP9 ADD CONSTRAINTS EMP9_SAL_CK CHECK(SAL>500

AND SAL<10001);
Unique Constraint
Column Level Constraint
Query 11. Write a query to create unique constraints with column level
Syntax for Column level constraints with Unique:
SQL :> CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (<COLUMN NAME.1> <DATATYPE>

(SIZE) CONSTRAINT <NAME OF CONSTRAINTS> <CONSTRAINT TYPE>,
(COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)) ;

ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
DESGIN VARCHAR2(15)CONSTRAINT EMP10_DESIGN_UK UNIQUE,
SAL NUMBER(5));
Table Level Constraint Alter Command
Query 12. Write a query to create unique constraints with table level
Syntax for Table level constraints with Check Using Alter
(SIZE), (COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)) ;
SQL> ALTER TABLE ADD <CONSTRAINTS> <CONSTRAINTS NAME>

<CONSTRAINTS TYPE>(COLUMN NAME);

M.I.E.T. MEERUT

(EMPNO NUMBER(3),
ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
SAL NUMBER(5));
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP12 ADD CONSTRAINT EMP12_DESIGN_UK

UNIQUE(DESING);
Not Null
Query 13. Write a query to create Not Null constraints with column level
Syntax for Column level constraints with Not Null:


(EMPNO NUMBER(4),
ENAME VARCHAR2(20) CONSTRAINT EMP13_ENAME_NN NOT NULL,
SAL NUMBER(3));
Null
QUERY 14. Write a query to create Null constraints with column level
Syntax for Column level constraints with Null:


(EMPNO NUMBER(4),
ENAME VARCHAR2(20) CONSTRAINT EMP13_ENAME_NN NULL,
SAL NUMBER(3));

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
5. Write SQL queries to implement Joins.
SQL joins are used to query data from two or more tables, based on a relationship between
certain columns in these tables.
SQL commands are :
 INNER JOIN
 LEFT JOIN
 RIGHT JOIN
 FULL JOIN
LEFT JOIN or LEFT OUTTER JOIN
Table:1 - ORDERS
SQL> CREATE table orders(O_Id number(5),

Orderno number(5),
P_Id number(3));
Table created.
SQL> DESC orders;
Name Null? Type

--------------------- -------- -----------
O_ID NUMBER(5)
ORDERNO NUMBER(5)
P_ID NUMBER(3)
INSERTING VALUES INTO ORDERS
SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id);

Enter value for o_id: 1
Enter value for orderno: 77895
Enter value for p_id: 3
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(1,77895,3)
1 row created.


M.I.E.T. MEERUT

1 row created.

1 row created.

1 row created.

1 row created.
TABLE SECTION:
SQL> SELECT * FROM orders;
O_ID ORDERNO P_ID

---------- ---------- ----------
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 1
4 24562 1
5 34764 15
TABLE -2: PERSONS

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
SQL> CREATE table persons(p_Id number(5),

LASTNAME varchar2(10),
Firstname varchar2(15), Address varchar2(20),
city varchar2(10));
Table created.
SQL> INSERT into persons values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city');

Enter value for lastname: Hansen
Enter value for firstname: Ola
Enter value for address: Timoteivn 10
Enter value for city: sadnes
old 1: INSERT into persons values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city')
new 1: INSERT into persons values(1,'Hansen','Ola','Timoteivn 10','sadnes')
1 row created.

Enter value for lastname: Svendson
Enter value for firstname: Tove
Enter value for address: Borgn 23
Enter value for city: Sandnes
new 1: INSERT into persons values(2,'Svendson','Tove','Borgn 23','Sandnes')
1 row created.

Enter value for lastname: Pettersen
Enter value for firstname: Kari
Enter value for address: Storgt 20
Enter value for city: Stavanger
new 1: INSERT into persons values(3,'Pettersen','Kari','Storgt 20','Stavanger')
1 row created.
SQL> SELECT * FROM persons;
P_ID LASTNAME FIRSTNAME ADDRESS CITY

---------- ---------- --------------- ------------------- ----------
1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
LEFT JOIN SYNTAX
SQL> SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name1
LEFT JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
LEFT JOIN EXAMPLE
SQL> SELECT persons.lastname,persons.firstname,orders.orderno

FROM persons
LEFT JOIN orders
ON persons.p_Id = orders.p_Id
ORDER BY persons.lastname;
OUTPUT
LASTNAME FIRSTNAME ORDERNO

------------------ ------------------ ---------------
Hansen Ola 22456
Hansen Ola 24562
Pettersen Kari 77895
Svendson Tove
FULL OUTTER JOIN
SQL> SELECT * FROM persons;
P_ID LASTNAME FIRSTNAME ADDRESS CITY

---------- --------------- -------------------- ---------------- ----------
1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
SQL> SELECT * FROM orders;
O_ID ORDERNO P_ID

---------- ---------- ----------
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 1
4 24562 1
5 34764 15

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
FULL OUTER JOIN SYNTAX
SQL>SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
FULL JOIN table_name2
FULL OUTER JOIN EXAMPLE

FROM persons
FULL OUTER JOIN orders
RIGHT OUTTER JOIN
RIGHT OUTTER JOIN SYNTAX
SQL>SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo

FROM Persons
RIGHT JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName
RIGHT OUTTER JOIN EXAMPLE

FROM persons
RIGHT OUTER JOIN orders

------------------- ------------------ ---------------
Hansen Ola 24562
Hansen Ola 22456
INNER JOIN
SQL>SELECT column_name(s)

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
FROM table_name1
INNER JOIN table_name2
INNER JOIN EXAMPLE

2 FROM persons
3 INNER JOIN orders
4 ON persons.p_Id = orders.p_Id
5 ORDER BY persons.lastname;
------------------ ------------------ ---------------
Hansen Ola 22456
Hansen Ola 24562

------------- --------------- ----------
Hansen Ola 22456
Hansen Ola 24562
Svendson Tove 34764
6 rows selected.

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
6. Write SQL queries to implement Views.
Views Helps to encapsulate complex query and make it reusable.
SQL COMMANDS
 CREATE VIEW
 INSERT IN VIEW
 DELETE IN VIEW
 UPDATE OF VIEW
 DROP OF VIEW
CREATION OF TABLE
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (

EMPLOYEE_NAMEVARCHAR2(10),
EMPLOYEE_NONUMBER(8),
DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10),
DEPT_NO NUMBER (5),DATE_OF_JOIN DATE);
Table created.
SQL> DESC EMPLOYEE;
NAME NULL? TYPE

------------------------------- -------- ------------------------
EMPLOYEE_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
EMPLOYEE_NO NUMBER(8)
DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
DEPT_NO NUMBER(5)
DATE_OF_JOIN DATE
SYNTAX FOR CREATION OF VIEW
SQL> CREATE <VIEW> <VIEW NAME> AS SELECT <COLUMN_NAME_1>,

<COLUMN_NAME_2> FROM <TABLE NAME>;
SQL> CREATE VIEW EMPVIEW AS SELECT EMPLOYEE_NAME, EMPLOYEE_NO,

DEPT_NAME, DEPT_NO, DATE_OF_JOIN FROM
EMPLOYEE;
VIEW CREATED.

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
DESCRIPTION OF VIEW
SQL> DESC EMPVIEW;

NAME NULL? TYPE
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPLOYEE_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
EMPLOYEE_NO NUMBER(8)
DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
DEPT_NO NUMBER(5)
DISPLAY VIEW:
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPVIEW;
EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO

---------- ----------- ---------- ----------
RAVI 124 ECE 89
VIJAY 345 CSE 21
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67
INSERTION INTO VIEW
SQL> INSERT INTO <VIEW_NAME> (COLUMN NAME1,………)

VALUES(VALUE1,….);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMPVIEW VALUES ('SRI', 120,'CSE', 67,'16-NOV-1981');

1 ROW CREATED.

---------- ----------- ---------- ----------
RAVI 124 ECE 89
VIJAY 345 CSE 21
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67
SRI 120 CSE 67
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;
EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO DATE_OF_J

---------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
RAVI 124 ECE 89 15-JUN-05

VIJAY 345 CSE 21 21-JUN-06
RAJ 98 IT 22 30-SEP-06
GIRI 100 CSE 67 14-NOV-81
SRI 120 CSE 67 16-NOV-81
DELETION OF VIEW:
SQL> DELETE <VIEW_NMAE>WHERE <COLUMN NMAE> =’VALUE’;
SQL> DELETE FROM EMPVIEW WHERE EMPLOYEE_NAME='SRI';

1 ROW DELETED.

---------- ----------- ---------- ----------
RAVI 124 ECE 89
VIJAY 345 CSE 21
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67
UPDATE STATEMENT:
SQL>UPDATE <VIEW_NAME> SET< COLUMN NAME> = <COLUMN NAME>

<VIEW> WHERE <COLUMNNAME>=VALUE;
SQL> UPDATE EMPKAVIVIEW SET EMPLOYEE_NAME='KAVI' WHERE

EMPLOYEE_NAME = 'RAVI';
1 ROW UPDATED.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPKAVIVIEW;

---------- ----------- ---------- ----------
KAVI 124 ECE 89
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67
DROP A VIEW:
SQL> DROP VIEW <VIEW_NAME>
SQL>DROP VIEW EMPVIEW;

VIEW DROPED

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
7. Write SQL queries to SELECT data using SET UNION ,INTERSECTION and
MINUS operations.
select empno,ename,sal from emp

UNION
select empno,ename,salary from oldemp
SELECT empno FROM emp

INTERSECT
SELECT empno FROM oldemp;
SELECT empno FROM emp

MINUS
SELECT empno FROM oldemp;

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
8. Write SQL queries using AGGREGATE functions.
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)

FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value;
SELECT Employees.LastName, COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS NumberOfOrders FROM

(Orders
INNER JOIN Employees
ON Orders.EmployeeID=Employees.EmployeeID)
GROUP BY LastName
HAVING COUNT(Orders.OrderID) > 10;
SELECT Shippers.ShipperName, Employees.LastName,

COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS NumberOfOrders
FROM ((Orders
INNER JOIN Shippers
ON Orders.ShipperID=Shippers.ShipperID)
INNER JOIN Employees
ON Orders.EmployeeID=Employees.EmployeeID)
GROUP BY ShipperName,LastName;

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
9. Write SQL queries to implement Nested queries.
Nested Query can have more than one level of nesting in one single query. A SQL nested
query is a SELECT query that is nested inside a SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE
SQL query.
SQL COMMANDS:
 SELECT
 WHERE
 HAVING
 MIN(SALARY)
SQL: CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE),

COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) ……………………………);
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP2(EMPNO NUMBER(5),

ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
JOB VARCHAR2(20),
SAL NUMBER(6),
MGRNO NUMBER(4),
DEPTNO NUMBER(3));
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2

VALUES(1001,'MAHESH','PROGRAMMER',15000,1560,200);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1002,'MANOJ','TESTER',12000,1560,200);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2
VALUES(1003,'KARTHIK','PROGRAMMER',13000,1400,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1004,'NARESH','CLERK',1400,1400,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1005,'MANI','TESTER',13000,1400,200);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1006,'VIKI','DESIGNER',12500,1560,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1007,'MOHAN','DESIGNER',14000,1560,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1008,'NAVEEN','CREATION',20000,1400,201);
1 ROW CREATED.

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1009,'PRASAD','DIR',20000,1560,202);

1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1010,'AGNESH','DIR',15000,1400,200);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> SELECT *FROM EMP2;
EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL MGRNO DPTNO

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1001 MAHESH PROGRAMMER 15000 1560 200
1002 MANOJ TESTER 12000 1560 200
1003 KARTHIK PROGRAMMER 13000 1400 201
1004 NARESH CLERK 1400 1400 201
1005 MANI TESTER 13000 1400 200
1006 VIKI DESIGNER 12500 1560 201
1007 MOHAN DESIGNER 14000 1560 201
1008 NAVEEN CREATION 20000 1400 201
1009 PRASAD DIR 20000 1560 202
1010 AGNESH DIR 15000 1400 200
SQL: CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE),

COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) ……………………………);
SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPT2(DEPTNO NUMBER(3),

DEPTNAME VARCHAR2(10),
Table created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(107,'DEVELOP','ADYAR');

1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(201,'DEBUG','UK');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(200,'TEST','US');
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(201,'TEST','USSR');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(108,'DEBUG','ADYAR');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(109,'BUILD','POTHERI');
1 ROW CREATED.

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
SQL> SELECT *FROM DEPT2;
DEPTNO DEPTNAME LOCATION

---------- ---------- ---------------
107 DEVELOP ADYAR
201 DEBUG UK
200 TEST US
201 TEST USSR
108 DEBUG ADYAR
109 BUILD POTHERI
6 rows selected.
GENERAL SYNTAX FOR NESTED QUERY:
SELECT "COLUMN_NAME1"
FROM "TABLE_NAME1"
WHERE "COLUMN_NAME2" [COMPARISON OPERATOR]
(SELECT "COLUMN_NAME3"
FROM "TABLE_NAME2"
WHERE [CONDITION])
SYNTAX NESTED QUERY STATEMENT:
SQL> SELECT <COLUMN_NAME> FROM FRORM <TABLE _1> WHERE

<COLUMN_NAME> <RELATIONAL _OPERATION> ‘VALUE’
(SELECT (AGGRECATE FUNCTION) FROM <TABLE_1> WHERE <COLUMN
NAME> = ‘VALUE’
(SELECT <COLUMN_NAME> FROM <TABLE_2> WHERE <COLUMN_NAME=
‘VALUE’));
NESTED QUERY STATEMENT:
SQL> SELECT ENAME FROM EMP2 WHERE SAL>

(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP2 WHERE DPTNO=
(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT2 WHERE LOCATION='UK'));
Nested Query Output:
ENAME
----------
MAHESH
MANOJ

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
KARTHIK
MANI
VIKI
MOHAN
NAVEEN
PRASAD
AGNESH

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
10.Write a PL/SQL code block to find factorial of a number.

declare
n number;
i number;
f number:=1;
begin
n:=&n;
for i in 1..n
loop
f:=f*i;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(n||'! = '||f);
end;
Output:
Enter value for n: 5
old 6: n:=&n;
new 6: n:=5;
5! = 120

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
11.Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Indexes.
SQL> SELECT * FROM vendor_parts
2 WHERE part_no = 457 AND vendor_id = 1012
3 ORDER BY vendor_id;
VENDOR_ID PART_NO UNIT_COST
--------- ------- ----------
1012 457 4.95
1 row selected.
SQL> CREATE INDEX ind_vendor_id
2 ON vendor_parts (part_no, vendor_id);
Index created.

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
12.Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Procedures.
Begin
i:=1;
tot:=0;
while(i<=n)
loop
j:=1;
c:=0;
while(j<=i)
loop
if(mod(I,j)=0) then
c:=c+1;
end if;
j:=j+1;
end loop;
if(c=2) then
dbms_output.put_line(i);
tot:=tot+1;
end if;
i:=i+1;
end loop;
end;
Sql>procedure created.
declare

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
t number;
begin
prime_proc(10,t);
dbms_output.put_line(‘the total prime no .are’||t);
end;
Valid Test Data:
sql>set serveroutput on
OUTPUT
sql>/
The total prime no.are 4
Pl/sql procedure successfully completed.

M.I.E.T. MEERUT
13.Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Triggers
Begin
2 For I in 1.. 10 loop
3 If mod(i,2) <> 0 then
4 Dbms_output.put_line(' I am an odd number :'||i);
5 else
6 Dbms_output.put_line(' I am an even number :'||i);
7 End if;
8 End loop;
9* end;
SQL> /
I am an odd number :1
I am an even number :2

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MEERUT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,MEERUT

N.H. 58, Delhi-Roorkee Highway, Baghpat Road Bypass Crossing,

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Department of Information Technology

2. Lab Manual Objective

5. Basic Concepts of Programs

This D.B.M.S. manual is primarily written according to the unified syllabus of

 Understand and effectively explain the underlying concepts of database

 Design and implement a database schema for a given problem-domain

 Querying a database using SQL DML/DDL commands.

 Declare and enforce integrity constraints on a database using a state-of-the-

 Programming PL/SQL including stored procedures, stored functions, cursors,

1. Write SQL queries to implement DDL commands.

1. Write SQL queries to implement DDL commands.

It is used to communicate with database. DDL is used to:

The commands used are:

1. COMMAND NAME: CREATE

2. COMMAND NAME: DROP

3. COMMAND NAME: TRUNCATE

4. COMMAND NAME: ALTER

5. COMMAND NAME: RENAME

DML (DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE)

1. COMMAND NAME: INSERT

2. COMMAND NAME: SELECT

3. COMMAND NAME: UPDATE

4. COMMAND NAME: DELETE

TCL (TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE)

1. COMMAND NAME: COMMIT

2. COMMAND NAME: ROLLBACK

3. COMMAND NAME: SAVE POINT

6) Default : The DEFAULT constraint provides a default value to a column when

CONSTRAINTS CAN BE CREATED IN THREE WAYS:

1) Column level constraints

COMMAND NAME: INNER JOIN

COMMAND NAME LEFT JOIN

COMMAND NAME : RIGHT JOIN

COMMAND NAME : FULL JOIN

Views Helps to encapsulate complex query and make it reusable.

1. COMMAND NAME: CREATE VIEW

2. COMMAND NAME: INSERT IN VIEW

3. COMMAND NAME: DELETE IN VIEW

4. COMMAND NAME: UPDATE OF VIEW

5. COMMAND NAME: DROP OF VIEW

SELECT * FROM table1

SELECT * FROM table1

SELECT * FROM table1

The functions include:

o count() - counts a number of rows

1. COMMAND NAME: SELECT

2. COMMAND NAME: WHERE

3. COMMAND NAME: HAVING

4. COMMAND NAME: MIN (SAL)

PL/SQL provides three collection types:

 Index-by tables or Associative array

 Variable-size array or Varray

Syntax for creating an INDEX in Oracle SQL / PLSQL is:

CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index_name

A procedure is created with the CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE statement. The