2019 Scig9q3

2019
LEARNING MODULE
Science G9| Q3
Earth
and Space
NOTICE TO THE SCHOOLS
This learning module (LM) was developed by the Private Education Assistance
Committee under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education. The learning
modules were written by the PEAC Junior High School (JHS) Trainers and were used as
exemplars either as a sample for presentation or for workshop purposes in the JHS In-
Service Training (INSET) program for teachers in private schools.
The LM is designed for online learning and can also be used for blended learning and
remote learning modalities. The year indicated on the cover of this LM refers to the year
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revised. For instance, 2017 means the LM was written in SY 2016-2017 and was used in
the 2017 Summer JHS INSET. The quarter indicated on the cover refers to the quarter of
the current curriculum guide at the time the LM was written. The most recently revised
LMs were in 2018 and 2019.
The LM is also designed such that it encourages independent and self-regulated learning
among the students and develops their 21st century skills. It is written in such a way that
the teacher is communicating directly to the learner. Participants in the JHS INSET are
trained how to unpack the standards and competencies from the K-12 curriculum guides
to identify desired results and design standards-based assessment and instruction.
Hence, the teachers are trained how to write their own standards-based learning plan.
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possible that some links or online resources in some parts of this LM may no longer be
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plan or learning module with respect to attainment of their school’s vision and mission.
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SCIENCE 9
Module 3: Earth and Space

Lesson 1: Volcanoes and Climate
Introduction and Focus Questions
Have you personally been to Albay or Tagaytay? Have you actually seen Mayon
Volcano or Taal Volcano? Have you ever seen a live volcanic eruption? How did
that make you feel? If you haven’t, wouldn’t you want to see an erupting volcano
in full view or at least see a real volcano in person? Have you heard about the
damage caused by the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in Zambales? Volcanic eruption
is not new in the Philippines and we’ve had several eruptions in the past decades.
Why do a number of a particular type of volcanoes exist in the Philippines?
Is it possible for volcanic eruptions to affect our climate in the Philippines or other
parts of the world? What exactly are the factors that affect the climate of a place?
Recently and in the past years, there has been much discussion about global
climate change and its effects. How can global climate change be best
controlled? These are some of the questions that you will need to find the answers
in this module.
LESSONS AND COVERAGE
This module has the following lessons:
Lesson No. Title You’ll learn to… Estimated Time

Lesson 1.1 Classification of  Describe the 10 Hours
Volcanoes and different types
Volcanic of volcanoes
Eruptions  Differentiate
between active
and inactive
volcanoes
 Explain what
happens when
volcanoes
erupt
Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 1

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 Illustrate how
energy from
volcanoes may
be tapped for
human use
Lesson 1.2 Climate:  Explain how 9 Hours
Addressing the different
Effects of Global factors affect
Climate Change the climate of
an area
 Describe
certain climatic
phenomena
that occur on a
global level
MODULE MAP
Here is a simple map of the lessons you will cover:
Volcanoes
Formation Volcanic Eruption: Its Disaster Preparedness

and Classification Cause, Events and Effects; and Risk Reduction
Geothermal Energy

Climate
Factors That Affect Addressing the Effects of

Climate Global Climate Change
EXPECTED SKILLS
To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:
1. Read the instructions carefully before starting anything.

2. Complete all the activities and worksheets. Follow instructions on how to
submit them.
3. Look up the meaning of words that you do not know.
4. You will frequently come across process questions as you go through
different lessons. Keep a notebook (or use the Notepad) where you can write
(and revise) your answers to these questions. Use also the notebook to jot
down short notes, draw diagrams, and summarize what you have just read.
5. For worksheets and reports that need to be submitted, use the provided
checklist and rubric to evaluate your work before submission.
6. Allow time for relaxation and recreation when you are mentally tired. Make a
timetable to schedule your study and recreation.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Let’s find out how much you already know about this module. Click
on the letter that you think best answers the question. Please
answer all items. After taking this short test, you will see your score.
Take note of the items that you were not able to correctly answer
and look for the right answer as you go through this module.
(A) 1. Which type of volcanoes have broad bases and steep sides, usually
have a large crater at the top and are formed by alternating layers of
magma and ash?
A. Cinder cones
B. Shield volcanoes
C. Composite volcanoes
D. Calderas
(A) 2. Why are supervolcanoes the most dangerous type of volcano?

I. The eruption significantly increases the global temperature.
II. During an eruption, enormous amounts of ash are thrown into the
atmosphere and encircles the globe.
III. The ash from an eruption lowers the temperature of the entire
planet.
IV. The lava that flows during an eruption causes damage to property.
A. I and II only
B. II and III only
C. II and IV only
D. I, II and III only
(A) 3. Which best describe a dormant volcano?
A. a volcano that is presently not erupting and that is unlikely to do so
for a very long time in the future
B. it is currently erupting or shows signs of unrest activities
C. not presently erupting but has erupted in the past and is likely to
erupt again in the future
D. also called sleeping volcano because it is presently inactive but
could erupt again
(A) 4. Julie watched an old news video of the last explosive eruption of Mount
Pinatubo. She lives in Tagaytay and thought that Taal Volcano in the
past did not erupt the way Mt. Pinatubo did because it’s located within a
lake while the other is directly situated on land. Thus, she inferred that
volcanoes erupt differently because of their composition and location.
Which among the following is not a basic feature shared by all volcanoes
if you were to explain this to Julie?

A. The magma collects in magma chambers that can be 160
kilometers beneath the surface.
B. As the rock heats, it expands, which creates even more pressure
causing the magma to seek a way out pushing toward the surface.
C. Eruption of the magma on the surface is always violent and
explosive due to the extreme heat and pressure.
D. When magma reaches the surface, it comes out and is called an
eruption.
(A) 5. In the recent past, humans have been looking for and trying out
alternative sources of renewable energy to reduce dependence on fossil
fuels. How can the energy from volcanoes be tapped for human use?
A. The lava can be used for cooking.
B. The energy from the magma can be used to heat water.
C. Geothermal energy can be tapped to produce steam used for
heating showers.
D. Geothermal energy can be used to generate electricity.
(A) 6. Wilma recently migrated to Washington, DC in the United States on

October 31st last year. She is originally from Manila, Philippines. She
knows that come November, it’s already fall season in the USA which
means it would be cold. What she finds fascinating is when she’s taking a
walk around noon time to look for a fast food chain in the city, the sun was
never positioned directly overhead as she can see from her shadow. The
sun seems to be just above the horizon. On the other hand, when she was
in Manila on the same month of the year and the same time of the day, the
sun would be directly above her and it would feel hot outside. Which
statement best explains Wilma’s observation about factors that determine
the climate of a place?
I. The amount of solar energy a particular location receives is the
most important factor in determining that location’s temperature.
II. The lower the latitude, the more sunlight an area will receive. At the
equator, days are equally long year-round and the sun is just about
directly overhead at midday.
III. The tropics are warmer than the temperate regions. The polar areas
are in between, both in latitude and average air temperature.
IV. The amount of sunlight that strikes the ground is different at each
latitude.
A. II and IV only
B. I and III only
C. I and IV only
D. II, III and IV only

(A) 7. In the image below, which is true about the greenhouse effect?
A. It is the retention of part of the sun’s energy in the Earth’s

atmosphere in the form of heat as a result of the presence of
greenhouse gases.
B. It is the heating of the atmosphere resulting from the absorption of
radiation from the sun.
C. It involves both natural and man-made greenhouse gases that
completely trap the infrared and UV radiation from the sun.
D. It refers to both the absorbed and escaped solar energy in the
atmosphere through the help of greenhouse gases.
(A) 8. Looking at the image below, which among the following statements is
incorrect about El Niño?
A. The term El Niño refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere

climate interaction linked to a periodic warming in sea surface
temperatures across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific.
B. El Niño means The Little Boy, or Christ Child in Spanish.

C. El Niño episodes represent periods of below-average sea surface
temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific.
D. Typical El Niño effects are likely to develop over North America
during the upcoming winter season.
For numbers 9-11, refer to the image below showing a map of the ring of fire.
(M) 9. Which statement accurately describes the location of the Philippines on

this particular type of map?
A. The Philippines is located above the equator.
B. The Philippines is directly within the ring of fire.
C. The Philippines slightly missed the ring of fire.
D. The Philippines is enclosed by the ring of fire.
(M) 10. The Ring of Fire is an area of frequent earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions encircling the basin of the Pacific Ocean. It is associated with a
nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, island arcs, and volcanic
mountain ranges and/or plate movements. Based on the map and this
information, is it correct to say that there are many volcanoes in the
Philippines?
A. No, that is incorrect.
B. Yes, that is correct.
C. It is partially correct because not all the islands in the Philippines
have volcanoes.
D. It is partially correct because not all the volcanoes in the Philippines
are actively erupting.

(M) 11. Several stratovolcanoes like Mt. Mayon of the Philippines, Mt. Fuji of
Japan, Mt. Sinabung of Indonesia and Mt. Saint Helens of the USA are
located in the ring of fire. Would you say stratovolcanoes are common in
the Philippines? Why or why not?
A. Yes, because approximately 75% of the world’s volcanoes are
found in the Pacific ring of fire and stratovolcanoes are common
around the ring of fire.*
B. Yes, because all of the world’s active stratovolcanoes are found in
the ring of fire.
C. Yes, because 100% of stratovolcanoes are located within the ring of
fire where plate boundaries are actively subducting.
D. No, because there are other types of volcanoes in the Philippines.
For numbers 12-13, refer to the graph below.
(M) 12. Which statement best describes the graph showing the relationship
between carbon dioxide and temperature from 1964 to 2008?
A. Temperature is inversely proportional with the carbon dioxide
concentration for this time period.
B. Temperature is direcly proportional with the carbon dioxide
concentration for this time period.
C. As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases, so does the
temperature in a span of approximately 5 decades.
D. From 1964 to 2008, the CO2 concentration is steadily increasing.
While temperature is variable, the general trend is increasing as
well.

(M) 13. Based on the graph shown above, what does this tell us about how the
global CO2 concentration will affect the global temperature in the future?
A. The trend will be the same because the period covered to complete
this data is long enough to forecast the future.
B. The trend may continue to rise for CO2 concentration if we continue
to use fossil fuels at the same rate or with a higher emission rate,
thus further causing an increase in global temperature.
C. We cannot predict the future trend because we don’t have the data
yet.
D. The global temperature is bound to increase in the future because
humans will continue to burn fossil fuels which currently are our
sole source of energy.
For number 14, use the graph below.
(M) 14. What does this projected data tell us about how human activities
contribute to global climate change?
A. The international community needs to be united and committed in
making huge and drastic efforts now to adapt to and mitigate
climate change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and establish
more carbon sinks because it will stiil take about 100 years before
CO2 and temperature will stabilize.

B. Humans, on a global level, are the main contributors to climate
change especially those from rich countries. Thus, the use of fossil
fuels should be reduced mainly by developed countries like the US.
C. Human activities are the main source of higher CO2 emissions,
thus, climate change adaptation strategies and policies must be
strictly enforced in developing countries because they will
experience the greatest impacts of climate change.
D. Human activities are causing the climate to change therefore any
climate change strategy will not significantly decrease the global
temperature in the future.
(T) 15. You observed that your neighbor has been burning dried fallen leaves,
weeds and twigs in his backyard every weekend. What appropriate
action should you take?
A. Report him to the barangay office and request the barangay captain
to make him stop.
B. Speak kindly to your neighbor and ask if he could stop burning
leaves and withered branches of trees because it’s not good for our
environment.
C. Ask your neighbor why he’s doing this and educate him on the
science behind and possible effects of his action then teach him the
benefits of composting and how to do it.
D. Advise your neighbor to at least lessen the number of times he’s
burning because it will be hard for him to break this habit and you
wouldn’t want to hurt his feelings.
(T) 16. It’s summer and you have been planning to take a vacation in Naga City
in Bicol where your parents live so you bought a bus ticket early. While
you were still in Manila a few days before your scheduled trip, you saw
the news on TV that Mt. Mayon in Albay has erupted and thousands of
people were evacuated. Is it safe for you to still go on vacation in Naga?
A. Yes, because Mayon is a 2-3 hour drive from Naga. The lava can’t
go that far and based on its past eruptions the people in Albay are
the ones mainly affected but be prepared to encounter some traces
of ash.
B. Yes, because Mayon is too far for the pyroclastic flow to reach
Naga and the bus will never pass through Albay anyway so it’s safe
to take the trip.
C. No, because the ashes will surely be flown by the wind and will
eventually reach Naga, thus, ruining your vacation.
D. No, because the eruption can continue for weeks.
(T) 17. Your father just got a promotion and his already high salary was even
doubled but your family had to move to Camiguin Island several
kilometers away from Mount Hibok-Hibok which is an active volcano.

Having known that you live near an active volcano, what information
should you know and preparations should you take in case the volcano
will show signs of an eruption?
A. Check out the website of PHIVOLCS and read on the past eruption
history of Mt. Hibok-Hibok from your local library.
B. Interview local community folks in the island about the past
eruptions of this volcano and asked what they did.
C. Be prepared for a possible volcanic eruption by keeping and
regularly maintaining a bag of clothes, footwear, non-perishable
goods, bottled water, toiletries, flashlight, batteries, and cash which
is always ready to carry anytime.
D. Search the internet or other resources for pertinent data about Mt.
Hibok-Hibok, talk to long-time residents or officials in the area, and
discuss with your family a possible volcanic disaster preparedness
plan.
(T) 18. Your family has internet access at home but no wifi connection yet. Your
younger siblings, who are currently in grade school, love watching TV
while playing with their gadgets, and surfing the internet in your family’s
desktop computer all at the same time. You have an environmental
science subject in school. What can you do in this situation to apply what
you have learned in class about climate change?
A. Tell your siblings to use only one gadget/electronic device at a time
to save on electric bills.
B. Educate them on how to save electricity for their own future
because using too much electricity contributes to climate change.
C. Teach them about the carbon cycle for kids using an animation, let
them take a fun online quiz, then give a prize for the highest scorer.
D. Show them an animation for kids of the greenhouse effect and have
them watch a short animated video about climate change then ask
them how their actions/activities contribute to climate change.
(T) 19. Given that climate change is happening, which among the above
activities has the most impact when in comes to reducing your carbon
footprint?
I. walking to/from school
II. riding a bicycle
III. carpooling
IV. using an electric motorbike
A. I and III only

B. II and IV only
C. I and II only
D. III and IV only

(T) 20. Your school has a solid waste management program. Which slogan
would you use as a guiding principle for this program to promote
awareness of climate change?
A. Segregate and Clean As You Go
B. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
C. Stop and Pick a Trash
D. May Pera sa Basura

Lesson 1.1: Classification of Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes are a sight to behold. But even with their magnificent

natural beauty, they can cause severe damage to properties and
harmful effects to our environment like the ones that happened to
our country in the past. Have you ever wondered why we have a lot
of volcanoes in this country or how these volcanoes were formed?
Why do a number of a particular type of volcanoes exist in the
Philippines?
Let’s start this module by gathering your ideas about volcanoes.
ACTIVITY 1. Video Analysis
Watch the two video clips by clicking on the links below. The first shows a 58-
second video clip from the movie “2012”. The second video is a 9.42-minute part
1 clip of Mt. Pinatubo eruption at Clark Air Base.
2012 Super Volcano Eruption Video Clip

By gantoo
www.youtube.com
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GAx
VSMwVYg
Mt. Pinatubo Explosion at Clark Air Base,

Philippines Part 1 Video Clip
By Lastog 561
www.youtube.com
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMe0V
PQftsc

Read and answer the questions that follow after watching the two
videos.
1. How will you describe the eruption of the super volcano in the movie “2012”?
2. How will you compare this eruption to the explosion of Mt. Pinatubo back in
1991?
3. What do you think caused the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo?
4. Why do you think we have many volcanoes in the Philippines several of
which are active?
5. How do volcanic eruptions affect us? How do we prepare for this natural
calamity?
6. Having seen that huge amount of energy that exploded from Mt. Pinatubo,
how can we use it in a way that would be beneficial for Filipinos?
ACTIVITY 2. Eliciting Prior Knowledge Through the Anticipation-Reaction

Guide
What were your initial answers to the questions posted in the previous activity?
Confirm your ideas about volcanoes using the Anticipation-Reaction (A-R) Guide
provided. In the Anticipation column of the A-R Guide, tick the box of the
corresponding statement in which you agree with.
ANTICIPATION STATEMENTS REACTION

1. All volcanic eruptions are violent.
2. Volcanoes are found in hot climates.
3. Volcanoes are randomly located

across the earth’s surface.
4. Volcanoes are found only on land.
5. Volcanoes only erupt straight up

through the vent.
6. If a volcano does not produce lava, it

is not dangerous.
7. If a volcano doesn’t erupt for a

hundred years, it’s extinct.

8. Magma is the word for molten
volcanic material before it erupts; lava
is what it is called after it erupts and
reaches the earth’s surface.
9. Volcanic eruptions can be predicted.
10. A volcanic eruption occurs when

there is an earthquake happening
beneath the earth’s surface.
11. An eruption is caused by pressure

of dissolved gas building up in the
magma.
End of EXPLORE
You gave your initial ideas on volcanoes by answering

the Anticipation-Reaction Guide.
Let’s find out how others would answer the above and compare their ideas to
our own. As you compare, you will find out if your ideas are in line with the
standard. You will also learn other concepts that will help you complete a
required project found at the end. This project is about participating in a
meaningful activity that promotes risk reduction of the effects of climate
change by creating a brochure.
We will start by doing the next activity.

Your goal in this section is to learn and understand the types of
volcanoes and how they are formed, the difference between active
and inactive volcanoes, and why there are many volcanoes are found in the
Philippines. You will also know more about the processes and events
involved when volcanoes erupt and discover how the energy from volcanoes
may be tapped for human use.
ACTIVITY 3. Discovering the Pacific Ring of Fire
Documentary Film-Viewing. “How the Earth Was Made: The Ring of Fire”
Discover the Pacific Ring of Fire and learn how volcanoes are formed through this
very interesting documentary film. While watching the film, jot down important
terms or concepts and get their meanings as well. Use the Vocabulary Journal to
write all the words that you will gather.
VOCABULARY JOURNAL
VOLCANOES
Term / Word / Concept Definition / Meaning / Importance
Now, click the link to watch the film. The film is 43.38 minutes long.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xs4yNL1M8Gg
Process Questions:
1. What is the Ring of Fire? Is the Philippines in the Ring of Fire? Explain.
2. Why is the Ring of Fire dotted with volcanoes?
3. How are volcanoes formed in the Ring of Fire?

ACTIVITY 4. Net Exploration
To further enhance your knowledge about volcanoes and review the information
you gained from the film, answer the following questions then click on the link
provided to check the correct answers and learn more. You may also refer to your
Vocabulary Journal from the previous activity.
Question & Answer Link

1. What is subduction? http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/eo
c/teachers/t_tectonics/p_sub
duction.html
2. What is a hot spot? http://education.nationalgeog

raphic.com/education/encycl
opedia/hot-spot/?ar_a=1
http://www.wwnorton.com/col
lege/geo/egeo2/content/anim
ations/2_6.htm
https://www.classzone.com/b
ooks/earth_science/terc/cont
ent/investigations/es0810/es
0810page03.cfm
3. What is the difference between magma and http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Livi

lava? ngWith/VolcanicPast/Notes/
magma_lava.html
http://education.nationalgeog
raphic.com/education/encycl
opedia/magma/?ar_a=1

4. What are the 3 principal types of volcanoes? http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modu
les/volcanoes/vtypesvolcan1.
html
http://facweb.stvincent.edu/a
cademics/pathways/science/
volcanoes.htm
http://msnucleus.org/member
ship/slideshows/volcano.swf
Which type of volcano is the most common in
the Philippines? http://dli.taftcollege.edu/strea
ms/geography/Animations/Vo
lcanoTypes.html
http://www.volcanodiscovery.
com/philippines.html
5. Why does the Philippines have many http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.

volcanoes? ph/index.php?option=com_co
ntent&view=article&id=50&Ite
mid=86
http://global.britannica.com/E
Bchecked/topic/118426/Ring-
of-Fire
5. What is the difference between an active and http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/cla

inactive volcano? How is dormant different sses/cs255w03/cs255student
from extinct? s/lfogle/p4/facts3.html
7. What causes a volcano to erupt and what http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/

happens when it finally erupts? tech/4972366.stm
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=uZp1dNybgfc

8. How can we tap the energy from volcanoes http://education.nationalgeog
for human use? raphic.com/education/encycl
opedia/geothermal-
energy/?ar_a=1
h?v=ClpcfhtIpt4
h?v=VdIxkTGW5VA
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/
geothermal/gpp_animation.ht
ml
PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. Why do a number of a particular type of volcanoes exist in the

Philippines?
2. Why can volcanic eruptions become deadly?
3. How can volcanoes affect the lives of people in a positive way or in a way
that is beneficial to us?
ACTIVITY 5. Common Mistakes and Misconceptions About Volcanoes and

Volcanic Eruptions
You now have heightened your knowledge about volcanoes after exploring the
web resources. Other people including reporters in the media and students may
still have some erroneous ideas about volcanoes. In this activity, you will know
more about the common mistakes committed by the media in reporting volcanic
eruptions and the common misconceptions of students about volcanoes.
Click the links below to read the articles.
http://blogs.agu.org/magmacumlaude/2010/11/09/common-mistakes-in-reporting-
on-volcanic-eruptions/ Common mistakes in reporting on volcanic eruptions
http://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/earths-changing-surface/common-
misconceptions-about-weathering-erosion-volcanoes-and-earthquakes Common
Misconceptions about Weathering, Erosion, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes

PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. Why do some journalists give erroneous reports about volcanoes?
2. What are some of the common mistakes in reporting on volcanic
eruptions? What should be the correct information?
3. What are the common misconceptions of students about volcanoes? What
should be the accurate facts?
ACTIVITY 6. Self-Assessment
It’s now time for you to do an assessment of your progress in this module.
Part 1: Half a Minute Volcano Online Quiz

Click the link to take the Volcano Online Quiz.
http://www.interactivegeography.co.uk/games/volcano_half_min.html
Part 2: Concept Mapping

Accomplish the concept map then send it to your teacher through the OHSP portal.

are formed
by/when
are found/located
are abundant in the

Philippines because
is the most common

type found in the
Philippines
are classified
into
VOLCANOES
are active if
are dormant if
are extinct if
erupt when
affect the
environment
when/by
energy may be
tapped for human which can
use in the form of generate

ACTIVITY 7. Getting to Know PHIVOLCS
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is a service

institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) that is principally
mandated to mitigate disasters that may arise from volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, tsunami and other related geotectonic phenomena.
Click on the following links to know more about PHIVOLCS, its services, programs
and projects.
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph - Official website of the Philippine Institute of

Volcanology and Seismology
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/images/IEC/safeguarding%20life.pdf - Pamphlet
from PHIVOLCS on “Safeguard Life and Investments by Understanding Geologic
Hazards”
http://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/albay-province-philippines-coexisting-
mayon-volcano-and-countermeasures-disaster - Article entitled “Albay Province,
Philippines: Coexisting with Mayon Volcano and countermeasures for disaster
preparedness
Complete the Bubble Map below by identifying some of PHIVOLCS initiatives,

programs, projects and activities focusing on volcanic disasters.

PHIVOLCS
Volcano
PROCESS QUESTION:
How should we respond to the Volcano Disaster Risk Reduction
Programs and Projects of PHIVOLCS when there is a forecast for
a volcanic eruption and when there isn’t?
ACTIVITY 8. Guide to Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Risk

Reduction
A volcanic eruption is just one of several natural disasters that can cause huge
damage to properties and even take the lives of people. Whether a disaster is
caused by nature like an earthquake, tsunami, and typhoons or man-made like a
fire from an explosion, chemical spills and war, we need to be prepared. We need
to know the facts, understand the risks and have a plan in case of an emergency
or when disaster strikes.
In this activity, your goal is to learn how to plan for an emergency in order to reduce
risks of harmful consequences and critical threat to the health, safety, security and
wellbeing of a community from a disaster.
Click the link below to know more about the seven steps to successful emergency
preparedness.

http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/toolkit/CARE_Being_Ready.pdf - Being
Ready: A Guide to the Emergency Preparedness Planning Process.
Process Questions:
1. Why should we plan for an emergency or a disaster?

2. What are the seven steps to successful emergency preparedness?
3. How will this planning process be of use to you and to the community you
belong?
At this point, your task is to write a step-by-step emergency preparedness plan for
an earthquake. Given a set-up wherein you are a student in a school here in the
Philippines, write the details that the school officials should include in their
emergency preparedness plan. Recall what you’ve learned about earthquakes in
grade 8. Also, remember that the Philippines is located within the Pacific Ring of
Fire where frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. Use the worksheet
below to write and check your work.
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PLANNING PROCESS WORKSHEET

Seven Steps to Successful Details of the School’s Earthquake
Emergency Preparedness Emergency Preparedness Plan
Step 1: Gather Information
Step 2: Identify Risks
Step 3: Analyze Risks and Develop

Scenarios
Step 4: Review Operations and

Management Considerations
Step 5: Analyze Capacity Gaps
Step 6: Document and Distribute

the Plan
Step 7: Monitor, Review for Impact

and Update the Plan

End of FIRM UP
In this section, the discussion was about the formation and

classification of volcanoes, volcanoes found in the Philippines,
volcanic eruptions, tapping the energy from volcanoes for human
use, the volcano disaster risk reduction programs and projects of
PHIVOLCS and the seven steps to a successful emergency
preparedness.
Go back to the previous section and compare your initial ideas with the discussion.
How much of your initial ideas are found in the discussion? Which ideas are
different and need revision? What new learning goal should you now try to
achieve?
Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, let’s go deeper by moving
on to the next section.
After learning the basic information about volcanoes and volcanic

eruptions, your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some
aspects of the topic. You will now focus on disaster preparedness and
risk reduction in the Philippines and how volcanic eruptions around the
world affect the global climate.
ACTIVITY 9. Article Analysis
Read each article by clicking on the link. Answer the questions that follow after
reading each article. Remember that as you read the articles, you can always
highlight significant information or jot down notes using your notepad or notebook.
Article 1:
http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/20-000-evacuated-erupting-philippine-
mayon-volcano-spits-lava-article-1.435326
Process Questions:
1. Why was the province of Albay placed under a “state of imminent disaster”?
Why were thousands of people evacuated?

2. Did people die in the past eruptions of Mayon volcano? What could be the
reason for these casualties?
Article 2:
http://www.citiesonvolcanoes7.com/vistaprevia2.php?idab=619
Process Questions:
1. What is the basic risk reduction strategy of the PDRRMC (previously

called PDCC)? Why was this employed?
2. How did the APSEMO achieve zero casualties during the past four
eruptions of Mayon volcano?
Article 3:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22430378
Process Questions:
1. Why did five people die and seven injured when they climbed Mount
Mayon?
2. What was PHIVOLCS’ explanation about the cause of explosion?
3. If PHIVOLCS has long set a Permanent Danger Zone around the volcano,
how could the climbers have reached near the summit?
Use the Volcano Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction Worksheet below to
write the significant details and events from each article. Be guided by the process
questions for each article.
Review your analysis of the three articles.

 What can you generalize about the disaster preparedness and risk
reduction programs of PHIVOLCS and the province of Albay for Mayon
volcano?
 Why does the Philippines have to strictly enforce and observe risk reduction
management programs for volcanic disasters?
 Why does a number of a particular type of volcanoes exist in the
Philippines?
Write your generalization in the worksheet below. How is your generalization

connected with the number and type of volcanoes found in the Philippines? Write
your answer in the same worksheet.
Volcano Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction Worksheet

Article 1 Article 2 Article 3

Generalization:
Why do a number of a particular type of volcanoes exist in the Philippines?
ACTIVITY 10. Inferring from Gathered and Established Data
The Philippines is just one of several countries in the Pacific Ring of Fire dotted
with many volcanoes. You are probably familiar that it is mainly hot and humid here
in our country especially during the dry season. Are volcanoes really found in hot
climates? Recall from the previous activities that it’s the geographic location along
subducting plate boundaries that mainly determines the formation and existence
of volcanoes.
You are now familiar with the volcano disaster risk reduction programs and projects
of PHIVOLCS. Take note that volcanologists forecast eruptions, but cannot predict
them. The average number of volcanic eruptions per year is about 50 to 60
globally. Remember that volcanic eruptions may be explosive or non-explosive,
that is, not all of them are violent. Have you ever wondered if this has any effect
on our climate or the global climate for that matter?
How can volcanic eruptions collectively affect the global climate? Can one volcanic
eruption change the global climate? If in case an eruption does affect climate, is
this temporary or permanent?
To find the answers to these questions, read the information and analyze the data
presented in each research/resource. Click on the available link then answer the
questions that follow.
Data from Research 1:

http://science.larc.nasa.gov/research_pinatubo.php and
http://science.larc.nasa.gov/research_pinatubo_sageIIobs.php

Process Questions:
1. Why was the SAGE II satellite instrument used? What was its purpose?
2. What were the observations made by NASA using the SAGE II? What did
these data show?
Data from Resource 2:

http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/climate_effects.html
Process Questions:
1. What is the influence of volcanic eruptions on the ozone, greenhouse and

haze effects?
2. What was the overall effect of past historic eruptions to global climate?
Data from Resource 3:

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/ClimateChanging/ClimateScienceInfoZone/Ex
ploringwhatmighthappen/2point2/2point2point2.aspx (Volcanic Eruptions in the
20th Century)
Process Questions:
1. What happened to the global temperature when there was a decrease in

volcanic activity in the first half of the 20th century?
2. What was the effect to the global temperature when volcanoes erupted
frequently since the 1960s?
Accomplish the worksheet below after going through these data. Be guided by the
following focus questions.
 What is your conclusion about the effect of volcanic eruptions to global
climate change? What is the general trend?
 Can one volcanic eruption affect the global temperature to a certain degree?
Cite an example.
 Is this change in global temperature temporary or permanent? Why?
Topic: Volcanic Eruptions and Climate Change

Problem:
Gathered/Established Data:

Conclusion:
Compress your conclusion in one sentence then present it by creating your own
speaking avatar in Voki using this link, http://www.voki.com/create.php. Submit the
worksheet through the OHSP system and email your published speaking avatar to
your OHSP teacher.
ACTIVITY 11. Revisiting the Anticipation-Reaction Guide
Now that you have a deeper understanding of volcanoes and how volcanic
eruptions affect humans on a local and global scale, it’s time to go back to the
Anticipation-Reaction Guide you filled up in the first part of this module.
This time, tick the box of the corresponding statement in which you agree with
under the Reaction column.
ANTICIPATION STATEMENTS REACTION

1. All volcanic eruptions are violent.
2. Volcanoes are found in hot

climates.
3. Volcanoes are randomly located

across the earth’s surface.
4. Volcanoes are found only on land.
5. Volcanoes only erupt straight up

through the vent.
6. If a volcano does not produce lava,

it is not dangerous.
7. If a volcano doesn’t erupt for a

hundred years, it’s extinct.

8. Magma is the word for molten
volcanic material before it erupts;
lava is what it is called after it erupts
and reaches the earth’s surface.
9. Volcanic eruptions can be

predicted.
10. A volcanic eruption occurs when

there is an earthquake happening
beneath the earth’s surface.
11. An eruption is caused by

pressure of dissolved gas building up
in the magma.
Did you notice any change in the boxes you ticked from the Anticipation column to
the Reaction column, or did you tick the same statements?
Copy the wrong statements, then write the correct statements and briefly explain
your revisions. Use the worksheet below.
CORRECT EXPLANATION
WRONG STATEMENT
STATEMENT FOR REVISION
If the statements you agreed with were reduced to statements 8 and 11 only, then
you’re on the right track. All the rest are misconceptions.

End of DEEPEN
In this section, the discussion was about volcano disaster preparedness

and risk reduction management programs in the Philippines, and the
effect of volcanic eruptions to the global climate.
What new realizations do you have about the topic? What new connections have
you made for yourself? What helped you make these connections?
Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to proceed
to the next lesson.
You are halfway through the completion of this module. Give yourself a pat on your
shoulder. Relax a bit when you’re feeling tired before moving on to the next lesson.
Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life situations. You
will be given a practical task which will demonstrate your understanding.
ACTIVITY 12. Preparing For A Volcanic Eruption
Read the situation below and follow the directions for the task you will do in this
section.
Kanlaon Volcano (also spelled Canlaon), located on the island of Negros, is one
of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines. The town of Guintubdan is situated
5 kilometers west of the volcano. Given that you are the mayor of this place, how
should you prepare your town for a possible volcanic eruption? What should you
and the town officials include in the municipality’s plan in order to reduce risks from
a volcanic disaster?
Use the planning process for successful emergency preparedness. You may vary
the seven steps you learned should you find the need to. Present your town’s
emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction plan using
www.blabberize.com and email the link or URL of your blabber to your teacher.

You may also watch the Blabberize Tutorial video to help get you started by clicking
on this link http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEtUu1r8Pe4.
Have fun blabberizing.
End of TRANSFER
In this section, your task was to create a blabber explaining the

emergency preparedness and risk reduction plan for the town of
Guintubdan near Kanlaon Volcano.
How did you find the performance task? How did the task help you see the
real world use of the topic?
You have completed this lesson. You may now proceed to the next lesson.

Lesson 1.2: Addressing the Effects of Global Climate Change
You learned about the influence of volcanic eruptions to climate and

how these affect the global temperature in the first lesson. Now, pause
for a moment and think, what exactly is climate?
Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in a different part of the
world? What would the weather be like? Since you live in a tropical country
like the Philippines, do you think you’ll be able to adapt to a new environment
if you go to a country like the United States of America or England, or perhaps
a continent like Africa or Antarctica?
Why does climate differ in other parts of the world? What contributes to the
change in climate? With all the varied weather disturbances we are
experiencing, is the global climate really changing? How can global climate
change be best controlled?
Let’s begin to explore the answers to these questions by looking at the

factors that affect climate.
ACTIVITY 1. Cartoon Analysis: Hot and Funny
Look at the three cartoon images.

Source: http://www.ecowren.net/2012/climate/
Source: http://www.climatechangedispatch.com/climate-change-hot-air.html
Source: http://teamfuelforward.weebly.com/1/post/2013/04/crazy-cartoons-on-climatechange.html

What is so amusing or funny about these cartoons? How are these images
related? What is the focus of these cartoons?
ACTIVITY 2. Drawing Out Prior Knowledge With IRF Chart
Global warming and climate change are some environmental issues we’ve been
hearing about in the news, on TV and even in movies. Before we go into that, let
us first get your ideas about climate.
Write your ideas about climate and climate change by filling in the INITIAL
column of the IRF Chart below.
INITIAL REVISED FINAL
End of EXPLORE
You just gave your initial ideas about climate using the IRF
Chart.
Let’s now find out more information about this topic by doing the next part.
What you will learn in the next sections will also enable you to do the final
project which involves creating a brochure that aims to promote awareness of
the effects of climate change and reduce its risks.
Your goal in this section is to learn and understand key concepts

about how different factors affect the climate of an area.

ACTIVITY 3. Identifying the Factors That Affect Climate
You are now about to learn more about climate. Make sure you are in a relaxed
position. This activity will require you to answer several questions. Remember to
use your notebook or notepad to write down important notes.
Click the links below to know what climate is and understand how different factors
affect the climate of a place.
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es210
1/es2101page01.cfm?chapter_no=investigation - What Factors Control Your
Local Climate
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7DLLxrrBV8 - Five Factors That Affect

Climate
http://www.slideshare.net/RhajTheWonder/factors-affecting-climate -
LAMECOWS: Factors Affecting Climate
Process Questions:
1. What is climate?
2. What are the different factors that affect the climate of a place?
3. How does each factor influence or determine the climate of an area?
4. How does latitude influence the climate at the equator and the polar
regions?
5. How do mountain ranges affect the precipitation levels of an area’s climate?
Compare the precipitation level between the side of a mountain facing the
ocean and the other side facing away from the ocean.
6. Based on the location of Quito, Ecuador, what type of climate do you think
it should have? What about Guayaquil, Ecuador? What factor influenced
the type of climate in Quito and Guayaquil? How did this factor affect the
difference in climate of these two places?
7. Recall what you’ve just read from the websites about surface ocean
currents. How would you expect the climate of western South America to
be influenced by the Pacific Ocean? Could this same effect happen in the
Northern Hemisphere? Explain.

Organize and write your answers to these questions on the worksheet below.
Definition Of Climate:
Factors Affecting Climate How These Factors Affect Climate
ACTIVITY 4. Understanding Common Climatic Phenomena
You will now study some common climate phenomena. Make sure your mind is
prepared to stay focused so you can easily understand the topics in this activity.
Should you have questions or clarifications, do not hesitate to ask your online
teacher.
Part 1: El Niño and La Niña
Have you heard the terms El Niño and La Niña before? What do these words remind
you of? To find out more about these, click on the links below. Then accomplish
the El Niño and La Niña worksheet.
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html - What are El Niño and La Niña?
http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/26_NinoNina.html
- Animation of El Niño and La Niña
http://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/animations/climatecrab/ - The Pacific

Adventures of the Climate Crab

Process Questions:
1. What is El Niño?
2. What is La Niña?
3. How are they similar and different?
4. How do they affect climate?
Compare and contrast El Niño and La Niña by filling in the worksheet below.
El Niño and La Niña Worksheet

El Niño La Niña
Part 2: Greenhouse Effect

At this point, you will learn more about another climatic phenomenon known as the
Greenhouse Effect. Click the links below. Write down the important points by
accomplishing the worksheet that follows.
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/greenhouse.html
The Greenhouse Effect (Animation)
http://www.damocles-
eu.org/education/Animation_about_the_greenhouse_effect_182.shtml Animation
about the Greenhouse Effect and Factors that Influence
http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-
overview-interactive/ The Greenhouse Effect, Greenhouse Gases and Global
Warming
Process Questions:
1. What is the greenhouse effect?

2. How is it different from the “enhanced” greenhouse effect?
3. What are greenhouse gases?
4. How do greenhouse gases contribute to global warming?

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT WORKSHEET
Greenhouse Effect:
Greenhouse Gases:
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect/Global Warming:
ACTIVITY 5. Self-Assessment
You will now check your knowledge and understanding of climate.
Part 1: Map of Main Idea
Accomplish the Map of Main Idea below by writing the five main factors that affect
the climate of an area and briefly describe how each factor affects climate. Submit
this to your teacher through the OHSP system.

CLIMATE
Part 2: Online Climate Quiz

Click the link below to take the short online climate quiz.
http://www.mcwdn.org/WEATHER/ClimateQuiz.html
Click the two links below to answer the climate map questions.
http://www4.uwsp.edu/geO/faculty/ritter/interactive_climate_map/climate_map.ht
ml Interactive Climate Map and
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=interactive-climate-map-
questions Interactive Climate Map Questions

Part 3: El Niño and La Niña Interactive Online Quiz
Click the links below to take the online quizzes about El Niño and La Niña.
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/elnino/elnino_quiz.htm El Niño Interactive

Online Quiz
http://achieve.weatherbug.com/Lessons/LessonWrapper.aspx?dir=IMS&less=IM
S040&lessname=El+Nino/La+Nina&lang=English&schname=AWS+Headquarter
&schcity=Germantown&schstate=MD&maxPages=0&Units=English&stnid=AWS
HQ&camid=AWSHQ&usertype=s&isSample=1& El Niño/La Niña Online Quiz
Part 4: Greenhouse Gases Quiz

Click the link below to take the online quiz on greenhouse gases.
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=greenhouse-gases-
quiz&user_name=Guest Greenhouse Gases Quiz
How well did you do in the online quizzes? Congratulations for completing the Self-
Assessment part of this lesson.
Remember to take a break when you feel exhausted. The next series of activities
will require a lot of reading and concentration. You will be asked to watch some
videos, thus, always remember to jot down significant notes using your notepad or
notebook. When you are asked to read from the web resources, you may also
highlight some technical words or phrases, copy and paste them directly on to the
worksheet. Then just edit your work.
You are now ready to move on to the next activity.
ACTIVITY 6. Exploring the Science Of Climate Change
You are now getting closer to the peak of this lesson. You have already
encountered the term, climate change, at the beginning of this lesson and when
you studied the greenhouse effect. What exactly is climate change? It’s time for
you to explore the science of climate change.
To learn more about climate change and the science behind it, click on the links
below. Accomplish the Climate Change Worksheet and submit it to your teacher
through the OHSP system.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ Why is the climate changing?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2dkFG2oJ3w Man versus Wild
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFsC4sGzMJ8 What is Climate Change?

Process Questions:
1. What does climate change mean?

2. What are the causes of climate change?
3. What are the evidences that indicate the climate is changing?
4. How will climate change affect us?
CLIMATE CHANGE WORKSHEET

Climate Change:
Causes:
Evidences/Indicators:
Effects:
ACTIVITY 7. Comparing the World Maps of Koppen-Geiger Climate

Classification
In this activity, you will explore the possible future effects of climate change in
different parts of the world by comparing two world maps.
The Koppen-Geiger climate classification system is the most frequently used

climate classification map. You will now study and compare the observed and
projected climate shifts from 1901 to 2100 depicted by world maps of the Koppen-
Geiger climate classification.
You are to locate and identify some parts/regions of the world that may experience
a climate shift in the future. To help you organize this information, use the
worksheet below. Compare the 1901-1925 world map with the 2076-2100 world

map, then identify the coordinates of the latitude and longitude or the range of
coordinates of latitude and longitude grid where you see a shift or change in
climate.
To know more about latitude and longitude, click these links,

http://olc.spsd.sk.ca/DE/k9mod/Mapskill/mod3fl5.swf and
http://www.diffen.com/difference/Latitude_vs_Longitude.
http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/shifts.htm Observed and Projected Climate

Shifts 1901-2100 Depicted by World Maps of the Koppen-Geiger Climate
Classification
Latitude and Longitude Shift in Climate, Precipitation

(Coordinates/Range) and Temperature
e.g.
70o-80o (or 70o-80o N) From polar, polar tundra and snow,
70o-110o (or 70o-110o E) winter dry, cool summer to snow, fully
humid, cool summer
Process Questions:
1. What was/were the most significant projected shift/s in climate in the

areas/regions you have identified?
2. What do these world maps tell you about climate change?
ACTIVITY 8. Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation
Now that you are more familiar with climate change, its causes and effects, it’s
time to ask yourself this question, “What can I do?”.

To help you explore the answers to that question, click the links below. Use your
notepad or notebook to highlight or jot down key ideas.
You may communicate or chat with your classmates and have a discussion
forum to help you better understand the web resources in this activity.
http://spark.ucar.edu/longcontent/climate-mitigation-and-adaptation Climate
Mitigation and Adaptation: Definition and discussion; Includes key mitigation
technologies and practices for 7 sectors
http://www.unep.org/climatechange/adaptation/ Climate Change Adaptation and

Mitigation; Discussion of strategies and principles involved in adaptation;
Discussion and examples of mitigation strategies across 8 sectors
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts-adaptation/adapt-overview.html
Adaptation Overview: This page presents examples of adaptation and ongoing
efforts.
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/175 Adaptation vs. Mitigation;

Graphic illustration of the place of adaptation in response to climate change; Use
of world maps to illustrate scenarios that involve no response measures at all,
adaptation alone, mitigation alone, and a combination of adaptation and
mitigation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjnV8-oo12A This animated video produced

by the Wisconsin Educational Communications Board distinguishes the roles of
mitigation and adaptation in responding to climate change.
Process Questions:
1. What is adaptation?
2. What is mitigation?
3. How are these two concepts similar and different? Discuss.
4. What are examples of adaptation strategies/efforts?
5. What are examples of mitigation strategies/efforts?
6. Why do we have to adapt to or mitigate climate change?
7. Which is better – adaptation or mitigation? Explain.

End of FIRM UP
In this section, the discussion was about factors affecting climate,

common climatic phenomena, climate change, its causes and
effects, and climate change adaptation and mitigation.
Go back to the previous section and compare your initial ideas with the
discussion. How much of your initial ideas are found in the discussion? Which
ideas are different and need revision? What new learning goal should you now
try to achieve?
You will now accomplish the Revised column of the IRF Chart.
on to the next section.
Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of

addressing the effects of global climate change.

ACTIVITY 9. Graphic Data Analysis
In this activity, you will study and analyze four graphs showing data related to
climate change.
Data No. 1:
Source: http://ourfiniteworld.com/2012/09/17/the-close-tie-between-energy-consumption-
employment-and-recession/
Question:
 How will you describe the trend of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil
fuels in this graph?
Data No. 2:
Source: http://zfacts.com/book/export/html/88

Question:
 What is the relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and global

temperature as presented in this graph?
Data No. 3:
Source: http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2013/01/sea-level-rise-where-we-stand-at-
the-start-of-2013/
Question:
 How does the change in global temperature affect the global sea level?
Data No. 4:

Source: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html
Question:
 How will you compare the graphic projections between a lower emissions
scenario and a higher emissions scenario?
Now that you’ve analyzed the four graphic data, what is your conclusion on how
we should address the effects of climate change? What is the main cause of
climate change and how does it affect us significantly on a global level? How can
global climate change be best controlled?
Use the worksheet below to write your analysis and conclusion.
GRAPHIC DATA ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

Data No. 1:
Data No. 2:
Data No. 3:
Data No. 4:

Conclusion:
How can global climate change be best controlled?
ACTIVITY 10. Analysis of Best Practices
You now have a deeper understanding of climate change and the ways and means
to address its effects. The Philippines itself, as a member of the international
community, has been actively involved in climate change adaptation and
mitigation.
Read the articles below on Best Practices in the Philippines. Click the links and
answer the questions that follow. Then accomplish the Best Practices Worksheet.
Best Practices No. 1: ABS-CBN FOUNDATION, INC.
http://climatechange.denr.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&i
d=147:climate-change-adaptation-best-practices-in-the-
philippines&catid=8:press-releases Click the green book Climate Change
Adaptation Best Practices in the Philippines to download the PDF file. Please
take note that the download time may take at least an hour. Once download is
complete, go to pages 24-27.
Questions:
1. What were the best practices of ABS-CBN Foundation, Inc.?

2. How can these practices be classified – as examples of adaptation or
mitigation? Why?
Best Practices No. 2: BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES ISLANDS
http://ayala.weboui.com/book/export/html/80 BPI Leads in Sustainable Energy

Financing
https://www.mybpimag.com/images/pdf/2_Our%20Report%20.pdf BPI’s Report

http://www.philstar.com/banking/2013/12/10/1266084/bpi-ifc-climate-change-
efforts-noted BPI-IFC climate change efforts noted

Questions:
1. What were the best practices of BPI?

2. Between adaptation and mitigation, what is BPI’s primary strategy? Why do
you say so?
Best Practices No. 3: PILIPINAS SHELL PETROLEUM CORPORATION
From the same PDF file of the green book Climate Change Adaptation Best
Practices in the Philippines that you downloaded, go to pages 326-329.
Questions:
1. What were the best practices of Shell?

2. What type of strategy did Shell use to address the effects of climate
change? Did Shell concentrate on just one type of strategy or a
combination? Support your answer.
Finally, write your generalizations by completing the Best Practices Worksheet

below. Be guided by the following process questions. Then submit the worksheet
to your teacher through the OHSP system.
Process Questions:
1. Which among the three companies/organizations used strategies that

primarily involve adaptation, mitigation or both?
2. Which company/organization used the best strategy?
3. Between adaptation and mitigation, which is more effective or better in
dealing with climate change? Are both strategies equally important and
effective? Do we need to make a choice between the two? Why or why not?
What will happen if we neither choose to adapt nor mitigate and just do
nothing?
4. How can global climate change be best controlled?

BEST PRACTICES WORKSHEET
Adapt, Mitigate or Both?
1. ABS-CBN FOUNDATION, INC.
2. BANK OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
3. PILIPINAS SHELL PETROLEUM CORPORATION
Adaptation vs. Mitigation:
Conclusion/Generalization:
The following rubric will be used to evaluate your Best Practices Worksheet.
RUBRIC FOR UNDERSTANDING
Criteria 3 2 1 0
Generalization Generalization Generalization Generalization Generalization
is valid, logical, is valid. shows little is invalid.
insightful and relationship to
makes accurate the data
references to presented.
the data
presented.
Justification Justification is Justification is Some Justification is
comprehensive, correct and statements are incorrect and
clearly stated, shows some correct, but has no
and based on analysis of most are relationship or
careful analysis cases given. inaccurate due no reference to
of cases given. The way the to incomplete the cases
The way the student analysis of given. The
student defends defends cases given. student clearly

his/her answer his/her answer The way the does not
is reflective of is reflective of student understand the
strategic an adequate defends topics. The
thinking and a understanding his/her answer way the
deep of the topic. is reflective of student
understanding a superficial defends
of the topic. understanding his/her answer
of the topic. is coming out
from
memorization.
ACTIVITY 11. Planning for Risk Reduction of Climate Change Impacts
Being aware of the impacts of climate change and knowing how to adapt or
mitigate is not enough, we need to have a concrete risk reduction plan to address
the future effects of climate change.
Click the link below and read the news article from ABS-CBN.
http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/metro-manila/08/19/13/record-high-rainfall-
swamps-southern-metro-manila New habagat rains worse than storm ‘Ondoy”
Process Questions:
1. Why was the accumulated rainfall from habagat worse than typhoon
Ondoy?
2. Can this be considered an indicator of climate change? Explain and
support your answer.
Your goal at this point is to complete a task given this situation.
After reading the news article about “habagat”, you now recognize the fact that you
live in a heavily populated and busy lowland area close to a river. There are several
factories a few hundred meters near your house. You often hear the buzz of
vehicles outside.
The wet season is fast approaching. In the past, your family has experienced
several flooding in your place. Given that climate change is happening, what
specific climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies will you include in your
risk reduction plan at home? How will you initiate, practice and sustain this?
Your task is to create a home-based disaster preparedness plan for the possible
effects and impacts of climate change. Recall the skills you’ve learned from the
previous lesson on how to plan and prepare for an emergency or a disaster. Which
among those skills do you need to use in order to complete this task?

Organize your simple and easy to understand Climate Change Risk Reduction
Plan for your family at home using www.powtoon.com. Powtoon is an online
presentation software tool that allows you to create free, cool, and awesome
animated presentations and animated videos as an alternative to PowerPoint and
video editing softwares.
Create a short (minimum of 2 minutes, maximum of 5 minutes) animated

educational video through this website. You need to create a free account with
powtoon and upload/export the video in www.youtube.com. You need to have a
gmail email account with www.google.com to create a channel in Youtube.
Powtoon will direct you to a URL once you are ready to upload/export. For security
reasons, refrain from providing confidential personal information in your email
account that you will use to create a channel in Youtube which powtoon can also
view.
Finally, once you receive the confirmation that your animated powtoon video is
successfully exported/uploaded to youtube, email the URL or link to your online
teacher to submit your work.
Click this link, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ktt5KpVnh0w, to give you a

tutorial on how to create a free powtoon animated video. You can always go to
www.youtube.com to search other powtoon tutorials and watch sample powtoon
videos.
Good luck and enjoy your Powtoon experience.
End of DEEPEN
In this section, the discussion was about making decisions about

climate change adaptation and mitigation and planning for disaster
risk reduction.
What new realizations do you have about the topic? What new connections
have you made for yourself? What helped you make these connections?
Finally, it is time for you to complete the IRF Chart by filling in the Final column.

Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do the
tasks in the next section.
Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life situations.
You will be given a practical task which will demonstrate your
understanding.
ACTIVITY 12. Transfer Task
You have reached the peak of this lesson. You have come a long way so take a
deep breath as you prepare to apply your learning to a real life situation.
You are now ready to perform this task.
Your goal is to participate in a meaningful community activity that promotes risk

reduction of climate change.

In the past decades, humans have been using fossil fuels that led to
an increase in the global carbon dioxide concentration in the
atmosphere. This caused an increase in global temperature which has
TASK influenced climate change. You are an environmental scientist and the
head of the Community Environment and Natural Resources Office
(CENRO) in your city. The CENRO wants to promote awareness of the factors that
affect climate change and its effects, and encourage people to be conscious of
and reduce their carbon footprint.
Your team at CENRO decided to create a brochure that contains information,

pictures and environment-friendly practices with the agency’s goal in mind. The
brochures will be given to the heads of the Local Government Units to educate,
empower and mobilize the residents of your city on risk reduction that involves
strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation.
You may save and submit the brochure as a PDF file to the OHSP portal.
Your brochure will be evaluated based on content, organization, creativity and

impact. The rubric is shown below.
RUBRIC FOR BROCHURE
Outstanding Satisfactory Developing Beginning

CRITERIA
4 3 2 1
Shows Shows student’s Shows student’s Shows
student’s deep correct inadequate student’s lack
and thorough understanding understanding of
understanding of concepts of concepts; understanding
of concepts learned; able to able to apply of concepts;
learned; able apply knowledge but not able to
Content
to apply knowledge to to a less extent apply
knowledge to novel situations knowledge to
novel and new situations
relevant
situations
The brochure The brochure is The brochure The brochure

has a strong educational and has weak is hard to
educational the information educational follow and
value. The is presented in a value and some lacks
Organization information is logical order. information is educational
presented in presented value.
an interesting illogically.
and logical
fashion.

Shows Shows creativity Shows lack of Shows no
originality and in activities and creativity in originality and
creativity in materials done; activities and serious lack of
activities and good effort is materials done; creativity in
materials put into some effort is activities and
done; performance/ put into materials
Creativity exceptional completion of performance/ done; very
effort is put the output. completion of little effort is
into the output. put into the
performance/ performance/
completion of completion of
the output. the output.
Material is Material is Material is weak Material fails

highly convincing and in convincing to convince or
effective, encouraging to and encourage the
Impact
convincing and the audience encouraging the audience
encouraging to audience
the audience
ACTIVITY 13. Reflective Journaling
Now that you have a deeper understanding of climate change adaptation and
mitigation and risk reduction, let’s take one last look at it.
Check out the link, http://climatechange.denr.gov.ph, then download the video

titled Sapat na ang Ating Kaalaman by clicking on Download Animated film in
Filipino (Length: 5 minutes, 2 seconds).
As a response to this video, write your personal thoughts in the Refection Journal
below.
Reflection Journal
Activities/actions I did/have done that contributed to climate change:
Activities/actions I ought to do to reduce risks and lessen effects of

climate change:

End of TRANSFER
In this section, your task was to create a brochure that will

promote risk reduction of climate change.
How did you find the performance task? How did the task help you see the
real world use of the topic?
You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next lesson, you have
to answer the following post-assessment.
Before you do, place a check in the box after the sentence if you have
achieved the specific competency.
Lesson 1 Describes the different types of volcanoes

Classification of
Volcanoes and Differentiates between active and inactive
Volcanic Eruptions volcanoes
Explains what happens when volcanoes erupt
Illustrates how energy from volcanoes may be

tapped for human use
Lesson 2 Explains how different factors affect the climate of
Addressing the an area
Effects of Global
Climate Change Describes certain climatic phenomena that occur
on a global level

POST-ASSESSMENT
It’s now time to evaluate your learning. Click on the letter of the
answer that you think best answers the question. Your score will only
appear after you answer all items. If you do well, you may move on to
the next module. If your score is not at the expected level, you have to
go back and take the module again.
(A) 1. Mt. Mayon is an example of a ________ volcano because ____________.

A. cinder cone, it is formed exclusively of pyroclasts.
B. composite, it is composed of alternating layers of pyroclastic
fragments and solidified lava flows.
C. shield, it is constructed of solidified lava flows.
D. caldera, it was created when the summit was blown off by exploding
gases.
(A) 2. Which among the following does not belong to the group?
A. Mt. Taal in the Philippines
B. Mt. Fuji in Japan
C. Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa
D. Mt. Sinabung in Indonesia
(A) 3. Which type of volcano is presently not erupting, has not erupted in recent
history and that is unlikely to do so for a very long time in the future?
A. Active volcano
B. Dormant volcano
C. Extinct volcano
D. Inactive volcano
(A) 4. Why do people near a volcano need to evacuate before it erupts?

I. Hot lava can spew out in gentle streams or can erupt violently into
the air.
II. Death and serious injury to people and animals may result from
burns and inhalation of hot ash and gases.
III. After erupting from the volcano, hot lava will solidify instantly once
an object gets in its way as it flows trapping anything in its path.
IV. The extreme temperatures of rocks and gas inside pyroclastic
flows can cause combustible material to burn.
A. I and II only
B. III and IV only
C. I, II and IV only

(A) 5. Geothermal energy can be explained simply by its name, which derives
from the Greek words "geo," meaning Earth, and "therme," meaning heat.
The heat is directly below the Earth's surface, making it a universal
resource. The most active geothermal spots are found near fault lines and
volcanoes but also occur where there are hot springs, geysers and
geothermal reservoirs. It can be harnessed cleanly and efficiently. How is
geothermal energy tapped to convert heat to electricity for human use?
A. Wells are drilled. The turbine drives the electric generator. Steam
turns the turbine. Power lines deliver electricity.
B. Steam turns the turbine. The turbine drives the electric generator.
Power lines deliver electricity. Wells are drilled.
C. Wells are drilled. The turbine drives the electric generator. Wells are
drilled. Steam turns the turbine.
D. Wells are drilled. Steam turns the turbine. The turbine drives the
electric generator. Power lines deliver electricity.
(A) 6. Vicky’s mother is an OFW in Canada. Vicky lives in the Philippines but
spends her vacation in Winnipeg, Canada from April to May which is
summer time in the Philippines. The temperature was 34 oC when Vicky
left Manila but when she arrived in Winnipeg, it was 4 oC. The weather in
Manila is hot and humid while Winnipeg is cold and dry. How do you
explain the difference?
I. The Philippines is located in both the northern and eastern
hemisphere while Canada is positioned in both the northern and
western hemisphere.
II. Manila’s latitude is 14o 35’ N while Winnipeg’s is 49° 53' N which
means that Manila is much closer to the equator.
III. Manila is located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay while Winnipeg
is found on the eastern edge of the Canadian prairies.
IV. Canada is found in North America while the Philippines is in Asia.
A. I and II only
B. II and III only
C. III and IV only
D. I and IV only
(A) 7. Even in a neutral state, temperatures in the Pacific Ocean vary from east
to west – for example, the western Pacific 'warm pool' in the tropical Pacific
has some of the warmest large-scale ocean temperatures in the world.
Which condition does not distinctly describe an El Niño event?
A. It is an oscillation of the ocean-temperature system in the tropical
Pacific having important consequences for weather and climate
around the globe.

B. The trade winds blow towards the west across the tropical Pacific.
These winds pile up warm surface water in the west Pacific, so that
the sea surface is about 1/2 meter higher at Indonesia than at
Ecuador.
C. The trade winds relax in the central and western Pacific leading to a
depression of the thermocline in the eastern Pacific, and an elevation
of the thermocline in the west.
D. The easterly trade winds weaken. Rainfall follows the warm water
eastward, with associated flooding in Peru and drought in Indonesia
and Australia.
(A) 8. How do you distinguish a La Niña episode from an El Niño episode?

A. La Niña is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the
Equatorial Pacific, compared to El Niño which is characterized by
unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific.
B. El Niño and La Niña are opposite phases of what is known as the El
Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
C. El Niño and La Niña episodes typically last nine to 12 months, but
some prolonged events may last for years.
D. El Niño events are associated with a cooling of the central and
eastern tropical Pacific, while La Niña events are the reverse, with a
sustained warming of these same areas.
For numbers 9-10, refer to the image below.
(M) 9. What determines the frequency or prevalence of and type of volcanoes that
can be found in a place?
I. its geographic location on Earth
II. latitude and longitude

III. located in subducting plate boundaries
IV. proximity to an ocean
A. I only
B. II and III only
C. III and IV only
D. I and III only
(M) 10. Why do a number of a particular type of volcanoes exist in the Philippines?
A. Because the Philippines is geographically located in the Pacific Ring
of Fire.
B. Because the Philippines sits on a chain of tectonic plates that are the
sites of convergence and divergence.
C. Because the Philippines lies within the Ring of Fire which is a
seismically active belt of earthquake epicenters, volcanoes and
tectonic plate boundaries that fringes the Pacific basin.
D. Because the Philippines is geographically positioned in a chain of
major seafloor spreading which is actually horseshoe-shaped where
magma wells up constantly.
(M) 11. Guided by the image shown below, how would you generalize the effects
of volcanic eruptions to the global climate?

A. A minor volcanic eruption does not affect the global climate but may
affect the short-term weather. A huge and explosive volcanic eruption
can significantly reduce solar radiation that penetrates the
atmosphere due to the fine, volcanic dust and gas that remained
suspended over the earth for years. Hence, causing a drop in the
global temperature.
B. Minor volcanic eruptions are less violent compared to a major
volcanic eruption which can cause a significant change in the
atmosphere.
C. A small scale eruption is not enough to change the climate. It will take
one strong eruption to release huge amounts of ash and aerosol in
the stratosphere to cause a significant change in the troposhere
making the latter less stable.
D. Both small scale and large scale eruptions, when combined, will
eventually decrease the global temperature. A minor eruption has
less impact while a major eruption has a huge impact.
(M) 12. Climate change is the change in global climate patterns apparent from the
mid to late 20th century onwards, attributed largely to the increased levels
of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. If
humans will not act to control climate change, this could pose serious

effects that will put human life and ecosystems at risk, some of which are
already happening. There is a cost to control climate change but the price
of inaction is much higher compared to the amount of money involved for
taking actions. How can global climate change be best controlled?
A. To control climate change, alternative energy technologies must be
developed and renewable energy sources must be used.
B. Each country must have comprehensive and strategic policies and
approaches for climate change adaptation and mitigation.
C. National approaches to and international agreements on climate
change mitigation and adaptation must be strictly enforced and
individual lifestyle changes should be observed and practiced to
control climate change.
D. To control climate change, highly developed nations must reduce
their CO2 emissions and developing countries must learn to adapt
and prepare for the impacts of global warming.

(M) 13. Refer to the data shown below. What effect has volcanic eruptions had on
CO2 levels in the past?
A. CO2 levels are affected by volcanic eruptions because they keep

rising as result of several major eruptions.
B. A strong and massive eruption significantly caused a decrease in the
global temperature for a certain period of time. Nevertheless, CO2
levels continued to rise consistently with or without a volcanic
eruption.
C. Both temperature and CO2 levels are influenced by a series of
volcanic eruptions in the past as shown in the graph.
D. The occurrence of volcanic eruptions especially with huge and
massive ones makes the global temperature variable and further
leads to an increase in CO2 levels.

(M) 14. Given the data shown in the figure below, how should countries in the
international community respond to the impacts of climate change?
A. China has the highest emission so this country has to strengthen and
improve its mitigation strategies more as compared to the other
countries.
B. The United States is second in rank, thus, it has to continue its
mitigation strategies and at the same time can still use fossil fuels so
that its economy and the global economy will not suffer.
C. All the top 5 countries need to be united in implementing their
mitigation strategies to significantly reduce the global carbon dioxide
emission.
D. Nations around the world need to be committed in doing their part for
climate change mitigation to succeed.
(T) 15. You observed that your school service, which is a jeepney, has been
smoke belching for the past 2 months. You are aware of the possible
effects of this smoke from vehicles to human health as well as to the
environment. What should you do?
A. Ask the driver what is wrong with his jeepney and tell him to fix it.
B. Report the jeepney driver to LTFRB.
C. Speak with the driver about the cause of his jeepney’s smoke
belching and tell him its possible effects if he doesn’t know yet how it
contributes to climate change, suggest ways to help then follow up
on the action he has taken to fix the problem.

D. Have a chat with the driver about the cause and effects of smoke
belching. Tell him that you will report him to LTFRB and request the
school to ban his jeepney from entering the campus if he will not fix
the problem.
(T) 16. Your school has internet and wifi connection and subscribes to an e-
learning system which your science class uses sometimes for lessons and
explorations. Your science teacher would always ask your class to submit
in paper some requirements such as homework/assignment and written
projects/transfer tasks. Many of your classmates have internet access at
home including yourself. What can you do to minimize the use of paper in
class and yet still accomplish the task assigned by your teacher?
I. Ask your teacher if she has an email address and suggest if it would
be possible to just email some of the requirements in class instead
of writing or printing them on paper.
II. Suggest to your teacher the possibility of using the school’s e-
learning system for assignments and transfer tasks when
applicable.
III. Ask your teacher if you can submit handwritten paper requirements
instead of printing them.
IV. Organize a group account in Facebook for your class so that soft
copies of handouts, documents, presentations and tasks in class
can just be posted online without having to print nor photocopy
them.
A. I and II only
B. II and III only
C. I, II and IV only
(T) 17. Which among the following is a practice that will help in mitigating climate
change?
A. Have a no-aircon day or no-aircon hour daily in school.
B. Fix the drainage within the barangay.
C. Teach children how to conserve water.
D. Use sandbags during typhoons.
(T) 18. Santa Rosa City is planning to launch a program that aims to promote
awareness on energy conservation as a means to mitigate climate change.
The program is supported by the DENR (Department of Environment and
Natural Resources) and DOE (Department of Energy). This will also be
funded by a private Japanese company. What eco-friendly strategies
should be included in this program?

I. Giving flyers to all the residents of Santa Rosa City about the
launching of the program
II. Giving away 2 free energy-efficient compact fluorescent light (CFL)
bulbs for every incandescent bulb surrendered by the city’s
residents or 1 free CFL bulb to a resident who simply comes to the
city hall and registers during the week-long event
III. Conducting free seminars on how to save and earn money from
conserving energy and using energy-efficient technology at home,
in school and at work
IV. Announcing the launching of the program through text messaging,
television, radio and the internet
A. I, II and III only

B. II and III only
C. II, III and IV only
D. I, II, III and IV
(T) 19. How does fixing and widening the drainage in your barangay help reduce
risk of climate change impacts?
A. It allows sewage to flow easily during heavy rains.
B. It prevents solid wastes like plastic from blocking the flow of liquid.
C. It prevents growth of microorganisms that may be stuck in the
drainage.
D. It minimizes flooding during typhoons and prevents diseases like
cholera, dengue, malaria, typhoid fever and leptospirosis brought
about by floods.
(T) 20. You have been invited by an old friend you haven’t seen for a long time to
visit her at home because she recently arrived from overseas. You’ve
never been in this subdivision before. After getting off from the jeepney
near the entrance of the subdivision, you have to decide whether to walk
or ride a tricycle or pedicab to reach your friend’s house which is 3 blocks
away from the main entrance of the subdivision. It’s now 5:00 in the
afternoon and it’s the month of April. Which mode of transportation will you
use that is more environment-friendly to get to your friend’s house?
A. Take a walk.
B. Ride a bicycle.
C. Take a pedicab ride.
D. Take a tricycle ride.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS LESSON:
Active volcano - a volcano that is erupting; Also, a volcano that is not presently
erupting, but that has erupted within historical time and is considered likely to do
so in the future
Adaptation – a response to climate change that involves developing ways to
protect people and places by reducing their vulnerability to climate impacts
Caldera – the Spanish word for cauldron; a basin-shaped volcanic depression
Carbon footprint - the amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds
emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels by a particular person, group, etc.
Cinder volcano - a volcanic cone built entirely of loose fragmented material

(pyroclastics)
Climate - the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long

period
Climate change - the change in global climate patterns apparent from the mid to
late 20th century onwards, attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric
carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels
Composite volcano - a steep volcanic cone built by both lava flows and
pyroclastic eruptions; also known as stratovolcano
Dormant volcano - a volcano which is presently inactive but which may erupt
again
El Niño - an irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting

the equatorial Pacific region and beyond every few years, characterized by the
appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water off northern Peru and Ecuador,
typically in late December
Extinct volcano - a volcano that is not presently erupting and is not likely to do so
for a very long time in the future
Global warming - a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's

atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased
levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants
Greenhouse effect - the phenomenon whereby the earth's atmosphere traps solar
radiation, caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon
dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through
but absorb heat radiated back from the earth's surface

Habagat – The Habagat season is characterized by hot and humid weather,
frequent heavy rainfall, and a prevailing wind from the west. Habagat is also known
as monsoon or southwest monsoon in the Philippines.
Hotspot - a volcanic center, 60 to 120 miles (100 to 200 km) across and persistent
for at least a few tens of million of years, that is thought to be the surface
expression of a persistent rising plume of hot mantle material. Hot spots are not
linked to arcs and may not be associated with ocean ridges.
Lahar - a torrential flow of water-saturated volcanic debris down the slope of a

volcano in response to gravity
La Niña - a cooling of the water in the equatorial Pacific that occurs at irregular
intervals and is associated with widespread changes in weather patterns
complementary to those of El Niño, but less extensive and damaging in their
effects
Latitude - distance measured in degrees east or west from an imaginary line

(called the prime meridian) that goes from the North Pole to the South Pole and
that passes through Greenwich, England
Lava – magma which has reached the surface through a volcanic eruption
Longitude - the angular distance of a place east or west of the meridian at

Greenwich, England, usually expressed in degrees and minutes
Magma - molten rock beneath the surface of the earth
Mitigation - involves attempts to slow the process of global climate change,

usually by lowering the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
Pyroclastic flow - a dense, destructive mass of very hot ash, lava fragments, and
gases ejected explosively from a volcano and typically flowing downslope at great
speed
Pyroclastic material - pyroclastic rocks or pyroclastics are clastic rocks

composed solely or primarily of volcanic materials
Ring of Fire - also called Circum-Pacific Belt or Pacific Ring of Fire, long
horseshoe-shaped seismically active belt of earthquake epicentres, volcanoes,
and tectonic plate boundaries that fringes the Pacific basin
Shield volcano - a gently sloping volcano in the shape of a flattened dome and
built almost exclusively of lava flows
Stratovolcano – another name for composite volcano; a volcano composed of
both lava flows and pyroclastic material

Subduction - the sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the
earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate
Subduction zone - the zone of convergence of two tectonic plates, one of which
usually overrides the other
REFERENCES AND WEBSITE LINKS USED IN THIS LESSON:
Brainard, Jean and Julie Sandeen. 2011. CK-12 Earth Science for Middle School.
CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org.
Desonie, Dana. 2012. CK-12 Earth Science for High School. CK-12 Foundation,
www.ck12.org.
Plummer, Charles C., Diane H. Carlson and The Late David McGeary. 2007.
Physical Geology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York.
http://envis.tropmet.res.in/kidscorner/greenhouse.htm - image for pre-assessment

question number 7
http://www.shrimpnews.com/FreeReportsFolder/WeatherFolder/ElNino.html -
image for pre-assessment question number 8
http://talk.onevietnam.org/ring-of-fire-earthquake-danger-in-vietnam-near-china/ -
image for pre-assessment question numbers 9-11
http://www.skepticalscience.com/The-correlation-between-CO2-and-
temperature.html graph for pre-assessment number 12-13
http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/tadjik/vitalgraphics/eng/html/u3.htm graph for pre-

assessment number 14
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GAxVSMwVYg - 2012 Super Volcano

Eruption Video Clip
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMe0VPQftsc - Mt. Pinatubo Explosion at Clark

Air Base, Philippines Part 1 Video Clip
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xs4yNL1M8Gg - documentary film “How the

Earth Was Made. The Ring of Fire”
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/eoc/teachers/t_tectonics/p_subduction.html - Plate
Tectonics: Subduction animation

http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/hot-
spot/?ar_a=1 - Hot spot encyclopedic entry
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo2/content/animations/2_6.htm - Hot-
Spot Volcanoes animation
https://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es08
10/es0810page03.cfm - Hot Spot Animation
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Notes/magma_lava.html -
Magma and Lava
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/magma/?ar_a=
1 - Magma encyclopedic entry
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/vtypesvolcan1.html - Types of
volcanoes
http://facweb.stvincent.edu/academics/pathways/science/volcanoes.htm - Types
of volcanoes
http://msnucleus.org/membership/slideshows/volcano.swf - Volcanoes slide show
with animation
http://dli.taftcollege.edu/streams/geography/Animations/VolcanoTypes.html -
Volcano types animation
http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/philippines.html - Volcanoes of the Philippines
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id
=50&Itemid=86 - PHIVOLCS Volcano Monitoring
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/118426/Ring-of-Fire - Ring of Fire
http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/classes/cs255w03/cs255students/lfogle/p4/facts3.html -
Active, Dormant and Extinct Volcanoes
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/4972366.stm - Animated Guide: Volcanoes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZp1dNybgfc - Volcanoes 101
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/geothermal-
energy/?ar_a=1 - Geothermal energy encyclopedic entry
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClpcfhtIpt4 - Guatemalan volcanoes: Huge

potential for geothermal power

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdIxkTGW5VA - Philippines taps geothermal
potential
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/gpp_animation.html - How a geothermal

power plant works
http://blogs.agu.org/magmacumlaude/2010/11/09/common-mistakes-in-reporting-
on-volcanic-eruptions/ Common mistakes in reporting on volcanic eruptions
http://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/earths-changing-surface/common-
misconceptions-about-weathering-erosion-volcanoes-and-earthquakes Common
Misconceptions about Weathering, Erosion, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes
http://www.interactivegeography.co.uk/games/volcano_half_min.html - Volcanoes
half a minute quiz
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph - PHIVOLCS
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/images/IEC/safeguarding%20life.pdf -
PHIVOLCS Safeguard life and investments by understanding geologic hazards
http://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/albay-province-philippines-coexisting-
mayon-volcano-and-countermeasures-disaster - Albay Province, Philippines:
Coexisting with Mayon Volcano and countermeasures for disaster preparedness
http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/20-000-evacuated-erupting-philippine-
mayon-volcano-spits-lava-article-1.435326 - 20,000 evacuated as erupting
Philippine Mayon volcano spits lava
http://www.citiesonvolcanoes7.com/vistaprevia2.php?idab=619 - Achieving Zero

Casualties during the Past Four Eruptions of Mayon Volcano
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22430378 - Philippine volcano Mount Mayon in

deadly eruption
http://science.larc.nasa.gov/research_pinatubo.php - Mt. Pinatubo eruption
http://science.larc.nasa.gov/research_pinatubo_sageIIobs.php - SAGE II
Observations, Mt. Pinatubo eruption – 1991
http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/climate_effects.html - Climate
Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/ClimateChanging/ClimateScienceInfoZone/Ex
ploringwhatmighthappen/2point2/2point2point2.aspx - Natural factors: volcanic
eruptions

http://www.voki.com/create.php - creating speaking avatar with voki
http://www.ecowren.net/2012/climate/ - hook cartoon image 1
http://www.climatechangedispatch.com/climate-change-hot-air.html - hook
cartoon image 2
http://teamfuelforward.weebly.com/1/post/2013/04/crazy-cartoons-on-
climatechange.html - hook cartoon image 3
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es210
1/es2101page01.cfm?chapter_no=investigation - Climate and climate control
factors
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7DLLxrrBV8 - Five factors that affect climate
http://www.slideshare.net/RhajTheWonder/factors-affecting-climate -
LAMECOWS: Factors affecting climate
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html - What are El Niño and La Niña?
http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/26_NinoNina.html
- Animation of El Niño and La Niña
http://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/animations/climatecrab/ - The Pacific

Adventures of the Climate Crab
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/greenhouse.html
The Greenhouse Effect (Animation)
http://www.damocles-
eu.org/education/Animation_about_the_greenhouse_effect_182.shtml Animation
about the Greenhouse Effect and Factors that Influence
http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-
overview-interactive/ The Greenhouse Effect, Greenhouse Gases and Global
Warming
http://www.mcwdn.org/WEATHER/ClimateQuiz.html - online climate quiz
http://www4.uwsp.edu/geO/faculty/ritter/interactive_climate_map/climate_map.ht
ml Interactive Climate Map
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=interactive-climate-map-
questions Interactive Climate Map Questions

http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/elnino/elnino_quiz.htm El Niño Interactive
Online Quiz
http://achieve.weatherbug.com/Lessons/LessonWrapper.aspx?dir=IMS&less=IM
S040&lessname=El+Nino/La+Nina&lang=English&schname=AWS+Headquarter
&schcity=Germantown&schstate=MD&maxPages=0&Units=English&stnid=AWS
HQ&camid=AWSHQ&usertype=s&isSample=1& El Niño/La Niña Online Quiz
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=greenhouse-gases-
quiz&user_name=Guest Greenhouse Gases Quiz
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ Why is the climate changing?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2dkFG2oJ3w Man versus Wild
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFsC4sGzMJ8 What is Climate Change?
http://olc.spsd.sk.ca/DE/k9mod/Mapskill/mod3fl5.swf - latitude and longitude

animation
http://www.diffen.com/difference/Latitude_vs_Longitude - latitude vs. longitude
http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/shifts.htm Observed and Projected Climate

Shifts 1901-2100 Depicted by World Maps of the Koppen-Geiger Climate
Classification
http://spark.ucar.edu/longcontent/climate-mitigation-and-adaptation Climate
Mitigation and Adaptation
http://www.unep.org/climatechange/adaptation/ Climate Change Adaptation and

Mitigation
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts-adaptation/adapt-overview.html
Adaptation Overview
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/175 Adaptation vs. Mitigation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjnV8-oo12A Adaptation and Mitigation
http://ourfiniteworld.com/2012/09/17/the-close-tie-between-energy-consumption-
employment-and-recession/ - Data 1 for Graphic Analysis
http://zfacts.com/book/export/html/88 - Data 2 for Graphic Analysis

http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2013/01/sea-level-rise-where-we-
stand-at-the-start-of-2013/ - Data 3 for Graphic Analysis
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html - Data 4 for Graphic

Analysis
http://climatechange.denr.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&i
d=147:climate-change-adaptation-best-practices-in-the-
philippines&catid=8:press-releases - green book Climate Change Adaptation Best
Practices in the Philippines PDF file
http://ayala.weboui.com/book/export/html/80 BPI Leads in Sustainable Energy

Financing
https://www.mybpimag.com/images/pdf/2_Our%20Report%20.pdf BPI’s Report
http://www.philstar.com/banking/2013/12/10/1266084/bpi-ifc-climate-change-
efforts-noted BPI-IFC climate change efforts noted
http://www.lga.gov.ph/sites/default/files/knowledgeExchange-pdf/tagaytay/D1-
CCC%20CCA-DRR%20Policies%20and%20Initiatives.pdf Philippines Climate
Change Adaptation Policy Initiatives, National Climate Change Action Plan
http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/sites/default/files/presentations/8_-
_Sandee_Recabar_Philippines_-
_Climate_Change_Mitigation_Initiatives_of_the_Philippines_With_Focus_on_the
_Transport_Sector.pdf Climate Change Mitigation Initiatives of the Philippines
https://seors.unfccc.int/seors/attachments/get_attachment?code=6A8DFSD8UX2
W3L1KUH9OU1RNESBQ8SET Philippine Strategy on Climate Change
Adaptation
http://wwf.org.ph/wwf3/climate/phils Climate Change in the Philippines
http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/aboutcc/problems/rising_temperatures/hot
spot_map/philippines.cfm Climate Change Impacts in Philippines
www.blabberize.com - creating a blabber for free
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEtUu1r8Pe4 - Blabberize tutorial
http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/metro-manila/08/19/13/record-high-rainfall-
swamps-southern-metro-manila New habagat rains worse than storm ‘Ondoy’
www.powtoon.com - creating free animated educational videos and presentations

www.youtube.com - powtoon video will be uploaded/exported in this site
www.google.com - creating a gmail email account
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ktt5KpVnh0w - Powtoon tutorial
http://climatechange.denr.gov.ph - Link for downloading video of “Sapat na ang

Ating Kaalaman”
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/glossary/1/lettera - Glossary for volcanic terms
http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/ringfire.htm image for post-

assessment numbers 9 and 10
http://brightstarswildomar.blogspot.com/2012/05/volcanoes-co2-and-
temperatures.html graph for post-assessment number 13
http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs157/1103508273861/archive/111436960099
2.html graph for post-assessment number 14

Lesson 2: Stars and Constellations
INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):
Do you read and/or listen to horoscopes? Have you wondered how these
forecasts and “practical advice” were arrived at? Have you listened to statements
about compatibilities and incompatibilities between people based on their zodiac
signs? ("He's Aries; you're Capricorn. You two aren't compatible.")
Have you tried looking for your zodiac constellation in the night sky?
Thousands of years ago, the Greeks have named the groupings of stars in the sky
with characters and objects in their mythologies. In effect, their stories have been
“archived” in the sky for all to see. Now, are our life stories also “written in the stars”?
Is it alright to base our actions on these patterns of stars in the sky?
In this module, you will familiarize yourself with stars and constellations. Using
tools, you will verify which stars and constellations are visible at different times of the
year and hours through the night. You will then compare and contrast: astronomy vs.
astrology. You will then find out whether or not these star patters are good basis for
our actions and decisions.
As you go through the lessons in this module, you will be answering the
following questions:
1. What are the more prominent stars and constellations? How do the other stars
compare to our Sun would look like? (in terms of size, mass and color)
2. Why study the night sky? What are the available tools for locating these stars
and constellations, and how are they used? What do we get from studying
the positions of stars and constellations in the sky?
3. Between astronomy and astrology, which is scientific and which is not? What
are the benefits of engaging in these fields?
4. Why do people read horoscopes? Should this practice be continued? Why or
why not? Is our future and destiny really “written in the stars”?

LESSONS AND COVERAGE:
In this module, you will examine these questions when you take the following
parts:
Part 1: Identifying and naming stars and constellations

Part 2: Stargazing!
Part 3: Astronomy vs. Astrology
In these segments of the module, you will learn the following:

Part 1  Names of the more prominent constellations and their brightest
stars.
 The different characteristics of stars, as compared to the Sun.
 The tools and charts used in studying the stars.
Part 2  Making inferences about the movements of stars across the sky.
 Determine which constellations and stars are visible at different
times of the year.
 The practical applications and benefits of studying the
constellations and the stars.
Part 3  The similarities and differences between astronomy and
astrology.
 Simple scientific methods to validate astronomy and persuade
people from practicing astrology.
MODULE MAP:
Here is a simple map of the above lessons you will cover:
Stars and Stargazing! Astronomy vs

. Constellations
Star Tools and Promoting one

characteristics techniques and debunking
the other
Naming and
matching stars Benefits of
and studying
constellations the stars

EXPECTED SKILLS:
To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:
1. Be more observant for details.

2. When you do your stargazing, be ready with some, if not all of the prescribed
tools and charts: star maps and charts, a simple telescope / binoculars, and
the downloaded software / apps and simulations of the night sky.
3. Learn how to use these tools ahead of your actual time for stargazing.
4. Schedule your time (2 weeks) on this module to be on the days when the moon
small or is not in the night sky (between last quarter to 1st quarter, inclusive of
the new moon).
5. As your time permits, do “informal” stargazing whenever you have a clear view
of the stars: no clouds, no rain, and specially of there is no moon in the night
sky.
6. Seek to do more and read more. Do not be limited to the resources presented
in the module. Do your own search for useful readings, apps and references.
7. Seek help online with the other online learners and from your assigned
teacher, especially during your face-to-face meeting with him/her.
PRE-ASSESSMENT:
Let’s find out how much you already know about this module. Click on the
letter that you think best answers the question. Please answer all items. After
taking this short test, you will see your score. Take note of the items that you
were not able to correctly answer and look for the right answer as you go
through this module.
1. Which of the following stars is most similar to the Sun?

A. red giants C. main sequence stars
B. white dwarfs D. neutron stars
2. Betelgeuse is a red supergiant whose mass is about ________ that of the

Sun, and whose radius is about ________ that of the Sun.
A. equal to ; 100 times
B. 10 to 20 times ; 1,000 times
C. 1,000 times ; 10 to 20 times
D. 1,000 times ; 1 million times
3. The brightest star in the constellation Canis Major, is ______, while the only
fixed star, in the constellation Ursa Major (Big Bear or Big Dipper) is ______.
A. Sirius ; Polaris C. Rigel ; Antares
B. Polaris ; Sirius D. Betelgeuse ; Polaris

4. Aldebaran is the brightest star in the constellation ________, while Antares is
the brightest in the constellation ______.
A. Orion ; Scorpio C. Scorpio ; Taurus
B. Taurus ; Scorpio D. Bootes ; Big Dipper
5. Characters of Greek mythology, written thousands of

years ago, are immortalized as the names of the
constellations. Until now, we see that some of them
closely resemble the human or animal figures they are
named after. From this, it can be inferred that _______.
A. stars move together from west to east

B. stars move a bit, but they are confined
within their constellations
C. stars are fixed in their constellations
D. the grouping of stars is subjective – a
product of human imagination instead of
natural laws
6. The celestial sphere is a fixed imaginary sphere

around the Earth where stars are mapped according to
how they are seen from the Earth which rotates around
its axis. This mapping is inaccurate because _______,
but it is useful just the same because _______.
A. The stars are actually not at equal distances

from the Earth; the stars’ arrangements are
fixed through thousands of years.
B. Stars are shown much smaller than the Earth;
the stars’ are free to move even while the
celestial sphere is fixed.
C. Not all stars can be mapped on the sphere;
we only need to map the more visible stars.
D. The colors of the stars are not indicated (not
all stars are white); the stars’ are actually
observed to be fixed in their groupings.

7. Pictured above is the constellation Canis Major, as seen above the eastern
horizon an hour after sunset. How will it look like at the western horizon, an
hour before sunrise the following day?
A. C.
B. D.
8. Pictured at the right is a view of the Big

Dipper constellation above the northern
horizon in the Philippines. How will the
Big Dipper look like a few hours later?
A. (rotated to the left / counterclockwise)

B. (rotated to the right / clockwise)
C. (lowered)
D. (flipped vertically, in-place)

9. Given two star charts, one printed in 1973 - Northern hemisphere) and
another printed in 2003 - Southern hemisphere, which chart will be alright to
use in your upcoming stargazing activity, and why?
A. The 2003 chart. It is newer, so it is better.
B. The 1973 chart. It is what you’ll need. *
C. Either. Stars are fixed within our lifetimes.
D. Neither. Both are already old and dated
10. Pictured above is a familiar constellation, but it seems to have two new
member stars, which are not indicated in star charts. What can be inferred
from this picture?
A. These are two newly born stars. The star map used is not yet
updated to include them.
B. These are actually stars from the adjacent constellation which
somehow moved into this constellation.
C. These are not stars, but could be planets or comets.
D. These are not stars but could be airplanes or unidentified flying
objects.
11. Are the locations of stars and planets and constellations in the sky at certain
times of the year, really good basis for our beliefs, practices and decisions?
Why?
A. Yes. Many people became successful through hard work, luck, and
some advice from the stars.
B. Yes. Why would newspapers and TV shows feature them if they are
not reliable and useful?
C. No. The influence of the stars and planets on human behavior has
no scientific basis.
D. No. Stars are much farther away than the moon and the sun, thus
the latter should be the basis for our beliefs.

12. Flora goes along better with her best friend Gwen than with her sister Faye.
Her guidance counselor asks her why, and she replies: “It’s our parents’
fault. Faye is a Scorpio, thus she’s really not compatible with me. Gwen is a
Libra, and so I chose to be with her more often. These Zodiac signs are
based on stars, and that makes these things scientific, right?” To this, her
guidance counselor says, “Well, I guess you’re right.” What about you?
What would you have told Flora?
A. Studying and plotting stars is scientific, but attributing compatibility
among people to the stars, is not.
B. That compatibility assignment is for last year. Isn’t it that this year,
you are compatible with Scorpio?
C. Forget Roman mythology. Chinese astrology is more scientific.
D. It’s alright to consider zodiac signs, but you’ll still be able to find
ways to be in good terms with your sister.
13. Which of the following statements best summarizes how much of all the sky
can be seen by a person staying on the same place on Earth throughout the
year?
A. It depends on where the person is on Earth. For someone on the
equator, he will see almost the entire sky.
B. It depends on where the person is on Earth. For someone on the
north pole, he will see the entire sky.
C. Anywhere on Earth, a person just sees half of the sky.
D. Anywhere on Earth, a person sees the entire sky as the Earth
rotates and revolves around the Sun.
14. The calendar year is divided into the 12 zodiac signs. Each day is therefore
assigned to the zodiac constellation ______.
A. that is in the Sun’s background in the sky
B. at the zenith of the night sky at midnight
C. that first appears in the Eastern horizon at midnight
D that is in the Moon’s background
15. The zodiac signs are often mentioned in this module. What is the benefit of
discussing them?
A. To encourage more people to know how to make useful predictions
B. They are helpful in plotting the location of planets around the
ecliptic
C. To determine the location of the brightest stars
D. To help make it easier to memorize the names of the constellations
16. As a student of science who has studied the Scientific Method, what should
be your reaction when somebody tells you this: “Oh, I read in your
horoscope for today that you should be wary of water and riding boats.
Maybe you should postpone your trip to the islands.”?

A. “Oh, thanks for that. I’ll just go next week.”
B. “Hmm. Let’s design an experiment that will test whether it is really
unsafe for me to ride boats today.”
C. “That doesn’t make sense. I’ll be riding with many other people
who are of different zodiac signs, right?” *
D. “Actually even without horoscopes, people should be riding
airplanes instead of boats. It is much safer in planes, and faster
too.”
17. Which of the following procedures will best help prove that horoscopes are
not to be relied upon?
A. Ask 100 people whether they read and believe their horoscopes,
and get more than 50 people who says no.
B. Interview people of the same zodiac sign, and see that more than
half of them had experiences that are way off from the predictions.
C. Interview 12 people, one of each zodiac sign, and see that none of
them confirms that their horoscope predictions on them weren’t
even close to coming true.
D. Get 100 people to read the horoscope predictions from yesterday
for all 12 zodiac signs (signs are covered), and they guess which
one was for their zodiac sign – and not all of them picking correctly.
18. Which of the following will best show people the benefit of studying stars and
constellations?
A. Demonstrate how the stars and constellations are useful for
navigation.
B. Narrate the Greek mythology while stargazing and pointing out the
characters of the stories in the sky.
C. Share testimonies of people meeting tragedies which they could
have avoided if they read their horoscopes.
D. Show people a documentary film about Sun-like stars that may
have Earth-like planets.
19. You hear a younger student in your school say that astrology is a branch of
science, while astronomy is not. She explains this, confidently saying that
the ending of –logy for astrology gave it away. What would you say to her?
A. Right on! Good thinking!
B. Isn’t it that both are sciences? The suffix of –omy (as in anatomy)
is also for branches of science.
C. It’s the other way around. Astrology is baseless predictions, while
astronomy is based on actual observations of stars.*
D. It’s the other way around. Though practitioners of both do look up
to stars, it is in the latter that data is systematically analyzed.

20. There are now available apps, and software, where the night sky at specific
dates may be “viewed” on the computer screen. Will it be better to use these
apps instead of doing some stargazing?
A. Yes. They will allow studying astronomy anytime, anywhere.
B. Yes. These apps will be more accurate than the dated star maps
used in stargazing.
C. No. It is always best to see the real thing.
D. No. Using these apps side by side with doing stargazing will be
best.
Let’s begin by looking up at the sky tonight, rather, at late afternoon,

just as the sun sets in the west. What are the brightest stars that you
get to see first? Note their locations on the first hour of the evening.
Later into the night, how have these brighter stars’ positions
changed? Are the stars all white? Or do they come in different
colors?
People from ages ago have also studied the stars, gave them names, and grouped
them together, and gave names to these groupings – the constellations. Why study
these far, far away stars? What benefit do we get from studying the stars? How
true is it that our futures are “written in the stars”?
Let’s start the module by doing the following activities:
ACTIVITY 1. Horoscope reading
DESCRIPTION: Look for your horoscope for today, either from the newspaper
or from the Internet (e.g. horoscope.com). If you are not familiar with
horoscopes, look first for your zodiac sign which is based on your birth date.
Scan through the horoscope tips / advice / warnings for the other zodiac signs.
Ask around among family and friends whether or not they read and / or believe in
horoscopes. Ask them why or why not.
PROCESS QUESTIONS:
 What are the different zodiac signs? How are they related with
horoscopes?
 Are the horoscopes believable? Why or why not?

ACTIVITY 2. Stargazing 1
DESCRIPTION: Get ready for some stargazing!
Read up the following webpage on tips for preparing for stargazing:

http://www.wikihow.com/Stargaze-Comfortably
Choose a good date to stargaze. Start when the sun is about to set. See the first
bright stars that appear. See how the number of stars you see gradually
increase as it goes darker. Try to see how the stars gradually move through the
sky.
What zodiac constellations are visible in the sky tonight?
The following zodiac constellations are more easily identifiable in the sky:
Gemini (the twins), Taurus (the bull), Leo (the lion) and Scorpio (the scorpion).
The others are quite less prominent and therefore take more effort to locate in
the sky.
Browse through the page from where the above diagram is taken
http://zoroastrianastrology.blogspot.com/p/houses-of-zodiac.html

to get an idea on how these constellations look like, and which of these
constellations are visible at different times of the year.
Worksheet 1: (For Stargazing 1) Turning on the night lights!
Draw how the sky looks like, indicating the first bright objects to come out, in the
spaces here:
Facing West Facing East

Just as the Sun sets below the Just as the Sun sets below the
horizon horizon

10 minutes after the Sun has set 10 minutes after the Sun has set

Past 7:30 pm Past 7:30 pm
Right at sunset and a few minutes after, some bright stars and planets
(Venus and /or Jupiter) may already be visible, but star patterns are not yet
visible.
By 7:30 pm, some star groups / patterns are already be visible. If you have
some background on the names of constellations, you may be able to name
the groups that you saw. Why do you think were the constellations given such
names?
If you are to give new names to these patterns, what names will you give them?
Why these names?
PROCESS QUESTIONS:
 How do stars move through the night sky?
 Are the stars all white? Or are they of different colors?
 How are these stars named? How are their groupings, called
constellations named?

 What are the zodiac constellations? Which of these constellations are
visible at different times of the year?
ACTIVITY 3. Eliciting prior knowledge: I-R-F chart
DESCRIPTION: Write down your initial (I) ideas pertinent to the topic by
answering the questions and filling up the I column. Make a copy of this chart on
a page set at landscape to have wider columns.
Questions I Initial ideas R Revised F Final answers

answers
1. Why study
stars? What
benefits do we
get from
studying them?
2. Are horoscopes
believable?
Why or why
not?
3. In what ways
are astronomy
and astrology
similar? How
are they
different?
PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. Why study the stars? What benefits do we get from studying them?
2. Are horoscopes believable? Why or why not?
3. In what ways are astronomy and astrology similar? How are they
different?

End of EXPLORE:
You just started your “journey to the stars” by doing these preliminary
activities: Stargazing 1 and Horoscope Reading. You also should
have written down initial ideas about why we study stars, and whether
or not horoscopes are believable. “Why study the stars? Are
horoscopes believable?”
Let us reflect on our EQ: Is our future and destiny really “written in the stars”?
Why study the night sky? What do we get from studying the positions of
stars and constellations in the sky?
Continue your learning journey by doing the next part.
What you will learn in the next sections will also enable you to do the final project
which involves doing a creative presentation to a selected audience about
astronomy and astrology.
Find out other learners’ initial ideas and compare them with your own. As you
compare, you will find out if your ideas are in line with the standard. You will also
learn other concepts which will help you complete a required project found at the
end. This project is about promoting astronomy and critically assessing astrology.
We will start by doing the next activities: readings about characteristics of stars and
a simple inventory of stars and their groupings into constellations.


Your goal in this section is to learn and understand these key concepts:
 characteristics of stars, as compared to the characteristics of the Sun
 the naming of the prominent stars and their grouping into constellations
 how the position of constellations change in the course of a night
 how to determine which constellations may be seen at different times of the
year using models
You will continue pondering on the following questions:

 Why study the night sky?
 What do we get from studying the positions of stars and constellations in the
sky?
 Do the stories of the characters / animals to whom constellations are named,
have any influence on our own life stories?
Before we further proceed with the discussion of these topics, let us first ponder on
our EQ again: Is our future and destiny really “written in the stars”? Why study
the night sky? What do we get from studying the positions of stars and
constellations in the sky?
ACTIVITY 4. Article reading: Star Characteristics
DESCRIPTION: Read about the characteristics of stars: mass and size, color
and brightness.
Concept Article: Characteristics of Stars (Grade 9)

By John Vincent D. Salayo
A cloudless sky splashed with countless stars is a sight to behold. Humanity

has long been interested in stars. Just like people, stars are of different colors and
sizes. Our Sun is a yellow medium-sized star. Sirius, the brightest star in the sky,
is also medium sized (just about twice the Sun) but is white. Betelgeuse, in
constellation Orion, is a red giant. Besides color and size, what are other
interesting characteristics of stars? What do we get from studying the stars?
Read on and get star-struck!

Great balls of fire of different colors!
Stars are great balls of fire which burn for millions and billions of years
before running out of fuel. Our sun is a middle-aged star, about 4.6 billion years
old, and has about 5 more billions years of fuel to burn. In its core the temperature
is as high as 15 million degrees Celsius, while it is a lot cooler (but still scorching
hot) at the surface: 5,500 degrees
Celsius.
The surface temperature
determines the star’s color. The chart
at the right shows that red and orange
stars are cooler than our Sun, while
white, blue-white, and blue stars are
hotter. This pattern is very similar to
that of familiar hot objects here on
Earth, arranged from coolest to hottest:
red hot coals, filaments of bulbs that
glow yellow, and the blue flame in gas
stoves and Bunsen burners. Even
hotter is the blue-white pointed flame of
the acetylene torch, used in cutting and
welding metals.
http://regentsearth.com/Illustrated%20ESRT/Page%2015%20(Luminosity)/Lumin
osity%20index.htm
http://oxyacetylenetorch.net/
Luminosity and brightness

Along the y-axis in the chart is the stars’ luminosity: the rate at which it
gives off energy, or the amount of light give off per unit of time. In the chart, it is
given in comparison to our Sun. Rigel and Spica are about 100,000 times more
luminous than the Sun. On the lower end, the luminosity of Procyon B and Proxima
Centauri are about one-thousandth that of the Sun. Luminosity is an internal
property of the stars – it just depends on how fast it burns up fuel.

Brightness on the other hand, depends on the distance of the star from the
observer. Brightness is stated in terms of magnitude. Tabulate below are the
brightest stars.
Star name Magnitude
Sirius -1.46
Canopus -0.72
Alpha Centauri -0.27
Arcturus -0.04
Vega +0.03
Capella +0.08
Rigel +0.12
Procyon +0.38
Achernar +0.46
Betelgeuse +0.50 (variable)
Note in the chart that Rigel is much more luminous than Sirius. However,
Sirius is much closer to the Earth at just 8.6 light years away, while Rigel is 773
light years away! This great distance makes Rigel less bright than Sirius.
In the early times, the Greek mathematician Hipparchus devised a system
where the brightest stars are called 1st magnitude stars, while the faintest stars
visible to the eye were assigned as 6th magnitude stars. All other stars were
assigned to 2nd , 3rd, 4th and 5th magnitudes. 1st magnitude stars are about 100
times brighter than 6th magnitude stars. All the stars above are 1st magnitude stars
in this old system.
In the newer system, brought about by more sensitive telescopes, the
faintest objects in the sky are in the 20th magnitude. Also, the 1st magnitude stars
were rightly distinguished, as they are really not equally bright. The lower the
number, the brighter is the star. For comparison, planets Venus and Jupiter are
much brighter than Sirius, and they are assigned magnitudes of -6 and -4
respectively. The farther planets Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are assigned
magnitudes +1, 6 (barely visible to the unaided eye), 8, and 14 respectively.
Video Break
Follow this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bcz4vGvoxQA
Watch this video to see how the sun looks like compared with the other stars in
the vast universe
What can you say about our sun as compared with the other stars?
Transition Statement: After watching the video, continue reading the article
below to discover how scientists learn more about the stars.

Spectroscopy: Fingerprinting the
stars
Stars, like people, are unique.

Though many starts look the same to our
unaided eyes, their lights have unique
characteristics that serve as their
fingerprints.
Spectroscopy is the study and
analysis of starlight. At the right is a page
from the studies of Angelo Secchi, an
Italian priest and astronomer who did
pioneering work in this field.
Through spectroscopy, as it is with
rocks mined here on Earth, the elements
making up the stars are determined. It
was determined then that stars are indeed
mostly hydrogen, with variations of small
amounts of the other elements.
http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/tools/pic-spectroscopy-lithograph.htm
Quiz 1: Star Characteristics
1. What are the different groups of stars? What are the different characteristics
that are the basis for grouping the stars?
2. The Sun is: (click on your answer)

- white yellow red blue
- small/dwarf medium-sized large/giant
- highly luminous moderately luminous of low luminosity
3. What are the two factors that determine how bright stars appear to us here
on Earth?
4. In the old system, all the stars in the table below are called 1st magnitude
stars. Is the new system really better? Why? Or is it better to have stayed
with the old system? Explain.

Star name Magnitude
Sirius -1.46
Canopus -0.72
Alpha Centauri -0.27
Arcturus -0.04
Vega +0.03
Capella +0.08
Rigel +0.12
Procyon +0.38
Achernar +0.46
Betelgeuse +0.50 (variable)
Worksheet 1: Post-article-reading assessment
PROCESS QUESTIONS:
After reading the article and viewing the video clip, answer the following questions.
Post your answers in a discussion forum where your teacher and other online
learners can comment, give you feedback or share their own answers.
1. The Sun is special to us because it is our source of energy. In comparison to

the other stars in the sky, is it really special? Or is it more ordinary than
special? Why do you think so?
2. Why are stars of different colors? What do we know about stars based on
their colors?
3. What is the difference between luminosity and brightness or stars? Which is
a more truthful description of stars? Which is more useful for us?
EQ:
4. What benefit do we get from learning of the characteristics of stars?

ACTIVITY 5. Webpage readings: Constellations and stars inventory
DESCRIPTION: Read through the following webpages to get to know the more
prominent stars and the constellations where they belong.
http://www2.potsdam.edu/islamma/phys335constellations.htm
This is a very informative site showing most of the constellations with the names
of the brightest stars in them.
http://stardate.org/nightsky/constellations
This page has clickable links to more information about the constellations and the
stars in them – how to locate them in the sky, and the stories behind their names.
http://www.seasky.org/constellations/constellations-intro.html
Here’s another site where all constellations are listed, and grouped according
which are visible in each month of the year for northern hemisphere observers
(that includes us).
http://www.funbrain.com/constellation/
This is an interactive game where you’ll identify the constellations, given pictures
and some clues.
Quiz 2: Constellations and Stars
Answer the following questions about the constellations and the prominent stars
in them.
1. The brightest star is ______, in the constellation _____.

A. Polaris ; Ursa Minor
B. Betelgeuse ; Orion
C. Sirius ; Canis Major
D. Deneb ; Cygnus
2. The twins who got “immortalized” as stars, are ________, in constellation

______.
A. Castor and Pollux ; Gemini
B. Polaris and Pollux ; Hydra
C. Betelgeuse and Rigel ; Orion
D. Rigel and Regulus ; Leo
3. Which of the following sets of animals has one that doesn’t have a
constellation named after it?
A. dog, cat and lion
B. bull, scorpion and swan
C. crab, bear and snake

D. rabbit, fish and ram
4. The prominent pentagon pattern near Polaris is the constellation ______ and
its brightest star is _____.
A. Cassiopeia ; Schedar
B. Arcturus ; Bootes
C. Auriga ; Capella
D. Ursa Major ; Dubhe
5. The brightest star in Scorpio is ______, while the brightest in Taurus is _____.
A. Aldebaran ; Arcturus
B. Antares ; Aldebaran
C. Vega ; Rigel
D. Scorpius ; Betelgeuse
6. The largest constellation is ______, while the smallest is _____.

A. Hydra ; Crux
B. Scorpio ; Canis Minor
C. Orion ; Cancer
D. Draco ; Pleiades
7. Polaris is not a very bright star, but it is quite prominent because it is ______.
A. a coveted jewel in many ancient myths
B. relatively fixed while other stars revolve around it
C. in the head of the largest constellation
D. visible to everyone, everywhere around the world
8. “The Hunter” is constellation ______, and the brightest stars in it are

________.
A. Hercules ; Rigel and Sirius
B. Orion ; Betelgeuse and Rigel
C. Sagittarius ; Polaris and Sirius
D. Canis Major; Castor and Pollux
9. Some constellations are named after objects (not humans, animals or

mythical creatures). Two of these are _____
A. bow and arrow
B. scales and crown
C. guitar and anchor
D. hourglass and shears
10. The constellation that has the closest resemblance to its name is _______.
A. Capricorn
B. Gemini
C. Scorpio
D. Leo

PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. What are the most prominent constellations in the sky? Which of them can
you see tonight?
2. Which constellations and stars have names from characters and stories that
are somehow familiar to you? Most of these are names of characters from
Greek mythology.
3. Make your list of Top 10 favorite constellations. What are your criteria for
making your list? Compare your list with those of other learners.
You were able to have a glimpse of the different stars and

constellations that can be seen in the night sky. Using the information
you have, you are now ready for the next activity.
ACTIVITY 6. Stargazing 2: Using charts and maps
DESCRIPTION: In this activity, you will learn and practice some skills on how to
actually see and locate these stars, using some tools for stargazing – star charts,
the celestial sphere, and telescopes / binoculars.
Study the following resources before heading out to your next stargazing.
http://www.astro.umass.edu/~arny/constel/learn_const.html
This site has links to the following: how to use star charts, how the sky looks like
at different times of the year, and an interactive quiz on identifying constellations.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ih7aGeFKBPE
Celestial Coordinates. This video shall orient you about the celestial sphere and
will help you locate stars and constellations in the sky.
After studying the above resources, take time to print star maps in these
sites. Print the maps for the northern hemisphere and for the equatorial region,
since the Philippines is just a few degrees north from the equator (Manila is at
140 north). Some maps are also specific to months of the year. Choose the
maps to print according to the time of the year that you are on this module. Read
further the instructions for using these maps.
http://www.skymaps.com/downloads.html
http://www.star-map.fr/free-star-maps/

Follow this link: http://www.wikihow.com/Stargaze-Comfortably
to review the tips to prepare for a better stargazing experience
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=359
http://www.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro2201/alt_az.htm
for instructions on how to describe the location of objects (stars and planets) in
the sky using the elevation angle or altitude and the azimuthal angle.
Read the following questions before doing your stargazing.
1. Which star charts / maps will be helpful for your stargazing at this time of the
year?
2. If you are in Australia, should you be using the same star charts? Why or why
not?
3. How are stars located in the sky? How is mapping / locating stars in the night
sky similar to locating places on the ground?
4. Define the following: horizon, zenith, azimuth, and altitude.
5. How do stars move along the sky through the night?
Do your stargazing with family or friends, or other learners at clear nights

while you are in this module. See which constellations and stars are visible.
Observe how they move through the night sky.

ACTIVITY 7. Lab Report 1: Logging and tracking the positions of objects in
the sky
With some other online learners, agree on locating 5 objects in the sky (maybe
the brightest, excluding the moon), in addition to Polaris, at agreed upon times
(e.g 9:00pm, 12:00mn and 3:00 am) on the evening that you’ll be doing your
stargazing. Fill in the following tables.
Time: 9:00 pm
Star / Planet Elevation angle or Azimuthal angle
altitude
1) Polaris
2)
3)
4)
5)
Time: 12:00 mn
altitude
1) Polaris
2)
3)
4)
5)

Time: 3:00 am
altitude
1) Polaris
2)
3)
4)
5)
Questions:
1. How did the objects’ positions change through the night? What was the general
direction of their movement through the sky?
2. Were your reports of the stars’ / planets’ positions about the same as those of
your co-learners who did their observations at the same time? Should they be
similar or close to each other? Why or why not?
3. Should the reports of a star’s position be different for observers in different parts
of the Philippines? How about for observers at different parts of the world?
PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. How did you decide which star maps to print and use?
2. Was it easier to identify the stars using the star maps? Why or why not?
3. Did you see bright objects in the sky that look like stars but are not indicated
in the star map? What could these bright objects be?
4. What do you now see as benefits of naming and locating stars in the
sky? Do they really have practical uses, or is stargazing just a nice
hobby or pastime? Explain.

ACTIVITY 8. The Stellarium and Starmap: Interactive stargazing
DESCRIPTION: Stargazing is easier and more fun with the help of technology.
The Stellarium and the Starmap are downloadable software applications (or apps)
that show on screen, what stars and planets are actually visible in the sky at your
location, at the time you are doing your stargazing.
The Stellarium (www.stellarium.org) is good to download onto a desktop or

notebook computer. Make sure your computer has sufficient memory to be able
to download this. Follow the instructions for downloading, until you get a shortcut
button for it on your desktop. Once downloaded, it can be used even while offline
(not connected to the internet). Set the time, date and location so that what you
see on your screen will be what you’ll actually see in the sky.
You may even go back in time or jump to the future to see eclipses, comets, and
key events like the conjunction of planets with stars.
If you have a smartphone or a tablet, they can be your window to the sky, simply
by downloading these apps:
 Google Sky Map (http://google-sky-map.en.softonic.com/android)
 Starmap for iPad or iPhone (http://www.star-map.fr/)
Download and explore!

PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. What are the advantages of using technology (softwares and apps) for
studying the stars and constellations?
2. With these apps and gadgets in hand, will it be better to just do virtual
stargazing? Or is it still better to go out and see the real deal?
For sure you had a wonderful experience about looking at the stars
during your activity. You already have lots of ideas about the
location of these prominent stars. At this point, you will explore
more on your own zodiac constellation
ACTIVITY 9. The Zodiac Constellations
Part 1
Follow the link: http://www.space.com/15722-constellations.html to get to know
more about your own constellation and how to locate it in the night sky
Process Questions:
1. What is your constellation?
2. What new things did you find out about your constellation?
Part 2
In this part, the links show how the Zodiac constellations were determined and how
the calendar dates today are assigned to the wrong zodiac constellations.
http://m.gulfnews.com/opinion/predictions-or-plain-guesswork-1.1272875
“Predictions or plain guesswork?” This article gives a specific reason why
horoscopes cannot be believable – that calendar dates now are wrongly assigned
to the Zodiac constellations, and that horoscopes are somehow vaguely written,
generally practical advice such that anyone may be tricked to acknowledge them
as true and sensible.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wf16fm0oXVE

“Fallacy of Horoscope and Zodiac Astrology”. This video clearly explains how
precession has shifted the zodiac signs assigned to calendar dates through the
two thousand or so years since zodiac astrology began.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac
This page has a table showing the boundary dates for each Zodiac sign, and how
these dates are inconsistent with the constellations that are actually at the
background of the sun.
PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. What evidences and arguments were presented to discredit the Zodiac signs
and horoscopes?
2. How has these assignments of dates to Zodiac signs, and the practice of
horoscopes persisted through thousands of years?
3. Is it really right to match your personality to the characteristics of the Zodiac
constellation that is your sign? Cite one trait that you know is true about you,
but is listed under those in a different Zodiac sign.
After knowing more about your zodiac constellations, it’s time for you
now to discover more on the importance of stars and how the knowledge
on the different positions of the brighter stars can be applied in very
important situations
ACTIVITY 10. Article Reading: Navigating by the Stars: Its History
by Joe Rao, SPACE.com Skywatching Columnist | September 19, 2008

07:00am ET
http://www.space.com/5849-navigating-stars.html
Astronomy is the oldest of the sciences, and quite possibly the

oldest use of astronomy is navigating by the stars. This craft dates
from prehistoric times among humans, and is even practiced by
certain animals.
For example, during the 1960s, a study undertaken by New York's Cornell Lab of
Ornithology demonstrated through use of planetarium simulations that the indigo
bunting, a brilliantly blue bird of old fields and roadsides, migrates at night using
the stars for guidance. It learns its orientation to the night sky from its experience
as a young bird observing the stars.

Some primitive tribes accomplished amazing feats of pathfinding using only the
sky as their guide. The Māori came to New Zealand from eastern Polynesia,
probably in several waves between the years 1280 to 1300. With no instruments
or tables to consult, they very carefully observed the night sky as well local weather
patterns and ocean currents.
In today's modern world, private and commercial aircraft depend on a complex

network of radio, satellite, inertial and other navigation systems. But should any or
all of these systems fail, the starry sky can serve as the last resort.
As the late Henry Neeley, a popular lecturer at New York's Hayden Planetarium
during the 1950s once noted: "The navigational use of the stars will continue to be
a valuable asset for many years to come. In spite of all the scientific aids that have
been developed to do the navigating by robot science, the ancient stars will still be
a 'must' for navigator or pilot." Indeed, celestial navigation is still an important part
of a navigator's formal training and while we might immediately think of sailors in
this regard, the pilot of an aircraft can also sight on the stars in an emergency (and
often with an advantage over sailors, being high above any obscuring clouds).
57 important stars
In addition, there is a standard roster of 57 stars used by aviators and navigators
worldwide and chosen for their ease of identification and wide spacing. A navigator
would try to measure the altitude of one of these stars above the horizon during
twilight, when both the star and horizon are visible. This yields a "circle of position"
on the Earth's globe; the observer must be somewhere on this circle to see the
star at a certain altitude at a given time. Other stars yield other circles of position.
The point where they all intersect is the observer's location.
In order to be visible against a twilight sky, the majority of the 57 navigation stars
are second magnitude or brighter, although a few third magnitude stars were
included on the list simply because they occupied regions where none brighter
existed (the lower the figure of magnitude, the brighter the star).
Process Questions:
1. How did Astronomy come about? How did this field of study evolve through
time?
2. How are stars become useful from the past to present?
For you to learn more about how to navigate the stars, read this article below:
How to Navigate by the Stars (March 8, 2013)
http://mentalfloss.com/article/52041/how-navigate-stars

Explorers have used the stars as a compass for millennia, and if you’re out having
adventures at night, you should add the skill to your arsenal. (If nothing else, it’s a
killer party trick.) Here’s how to transform the night sky into your personal roadmap.
1) LEARN THE BIG THREE

According to the Royal Naval Academy, 58 stars are handy for navigation. You
need to know 38 different constellations to find all of them. If that seems daunting,
there’s a cheat code. Just learn to spot three constellations: Cassiopeia, Crux, and
Orion. Also keep your eye on the Big and Little Dipper.
2) FIND THE NORTH STAR

It’s always within one degree of true north. So use the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia
are your guides. Look at the Dipper’s ladle and pretend you’re pouring soup from
it. The flow of that space soup will point straight to the North Star. If you hit a
constellation that looks like a wonky ‘W,’ you’ve gone too far. That’s Cassiopeia.
Recalculate your cosmic GPS and back up. The North Star is smack between
Cassiopeia and the Big Dipper.
3) SHOOT FOR THE MOON

If you can find Orion’s sword, following its point will show you south. Alternatively,
if there’s a crescent moon, draw an imaginary line from between its tips and follow
it to the horizon. That’ll point your toward the penguins.
4) DOWN UNDER? NO PROBLEM!

The North Star isn’t visible below the equator. Instead, look for the constellation
Crux—it resembles a kite. If you draw a line from the top of the kite to the bottom,
it’ll point you south.

5) MOVE LIKE A STAR
Like the sun, stars skate east to west. Tracking how they travel across the sky
should tell you which way you’re facing. For something more precise, look to
Orion’s belt. The star on the belt’s right side—Mintaka—rises close to true east
and sets at true west.
6) TAKE A SURVEY
Forgot to memorize your constellations? There’s an easy fix. Simply place two
sticks in the ground and set them one yard apart. Now pick a star—any star. Line
it up with the tops of both sticks, as if you were looking down a rifle sight. The
earth’s rotation will make the star “move.” If it runs left, you’re facing north. If it
shifts right, you’re south. If it rises, you’re east. If it sinks, west.
***
Now that you know how to use the stars, the sky is your compass.
End of FIRM UP:
In this section, you learned a lot more about stars using tools,
references and digital apps. We hope you’ve had fun naming the stars
and the constellations that you see in the sky, and see that some bright
objects are actually planets, not stars.
By now also, you may already be putting some more thought into why we study
stars. What do we really get out of studying these things that, though they are
pretty to look at, are so far away and beyond our reach? Are stars just there to
light up our nights and inspire artists and songwriters? What are the practical
benefits of studying them?
on to the next section, where you’ll see how people have been looking up to the
stars for guidance in two intertwined fields: astronomy and astrology.

Your goal in this section is to get deeper into the realms of the stars –
the realities on why we study them, and the fallacies that a lot of people
have gotten into by going “overboard” in studying these stars.
You started this unit by reading some horoscopes, then learned about the
characteristics of stars. You then did some stargazing and mapping of stars in the
sky. Maps are for locating places and getting from one place to another. In this
section, you’ll learn how to navigate using the stars, or at least see how it works and
do some basic stuff on it – basic practical astronomy.
Other people have gone beyond practical navigation, to even looking at stars for
“navigating” the course of their lives – astrology.
Which of these two appeals more to you? Among your family, peers and neighbors,
are they more into astrology or astronomy? You will do a simple survey with some
people towards the end of this section, before you go to the Performance Task.
Use the illustration below, and follow these links:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAFvN83NZAc
Celestial Sphere Animation. This 3D animation video clearly explains why stars in
the sky change positions the way they do, and explain some terminologies for
navigating the sky, without any boring monotone voice-over.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Toya19H12w
Basics of Astronomy: The Celestial Sphere. This video clearly explains how stars
are mapped along the celestial sphere.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKQ8XuCINUU
Introductory Astronomy: Motion of Stars. This video lecture has helpful visuals to
help you understand how the stars move across the sky.

ACTIVITY 11. Article Readings
Follow this link to know more about the importance of stars in astronomy
http://www.astronomytoday.com/blog/importance-stars/
Also other articles related such in the link below

http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/astronomy.htm
Transition: Now that you have already sufficient ideas about stars and their
importance and other concepts in astronomy, you are now ready to discover more
of both astronomy and astrology
ACTIVITY 12. Astronomy vs Astrology
DESCRIPTION: Go through the following resources to learn the similarities and

differences between the two. Which is scientific? Which isn’t?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVx4K9nMep4
Stargazing: A Graphic Guide to the Heavens. View the video from 4:20 to 7:08.
See the zodiac constellations – what is so special about them, and also how
ordinary they are. Go on to read the comments posted to see other people’s
opinions on astrology and astronomy.
This is a brief and direct-to-the point write-up spelling the difference between the
two.
http://www.galaxymaine.com/SA/SA7.htm
This page further clarifies why astrology is unscientific, with a simple interactive
test to prove wrong the character traits assigned to people according to their birth
dates and Zodiac signs.
Gather as much people as you can – family and friends, to pick the traits listed
that best describe them. See how many of them pick the set that matches their
Zodiac sign, and how many whose picks does not match.
http://www.biblestudysite.com/astrol.htm
This page is an optional read – may be recommended for those in Catholic schools
/ Christian schools. This may be quite long, but the material in this page has
answers to such defenses for astrology like: “I don’t really believe in horoscopes.
I read them just for fun,” and “Wala naman mawawala kung babasahin ko yung
horoscope ko. Magsisispag at magdarasal pa rin naman ako.” (Reading
horoscopes is harmless. I’ll still be working hard and praying - I won’t really be
relying on horoscopes.”)

PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. Which came first? Which one emerged from the other? Why is it that the earlier
one has persisted even in modern times, seemingly in competition now with the
latter?
2. What are the arguments that support the claim that astronomy is science, while
astrology isn’t?
3. If you have a close friend or relative who is so into astrology, will you be wanting
to convince him/her out of his/her unscientific preoccupation or “pastime”? Why
or why not?
ACTIVITY 13. Practical Astronomy (Videos and Blogs)
DESCRIPTION: In this activity, you will see one practical application of looking up
to the stars: Navigation. You will learn some basic skills using simple tools, like
an improvised sextant, to know your location in the world, in case you get lost at
sea.
View the following videos. Get the materials shown (e.g. protractor, string) and get
out and try the techniques and methods yourself.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unSnBkSZkK4
How to use a sextant. This video discusses how to use a protractor as an
improvised sextant / astrolabe for knowing one’s location on the world.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWLZKmPU17M
Celestial Navigation Math. This video discusses the mathematical details for
finding out one’s location by looking up at the stars.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ByD5by_PL64
This video shows a nice-to-do project that clearly demonstrates how to know one’s
latitude based on the distance of Polaris from the horizon.

Task:
Gather for yourself the materials to make an improvised sextant – basically a
protractor with a sighting straw, and a hanging weight to indicate the vertical. The
challenge here is how to fix the device such that it is stable while a star is sighted
and its angle of elevation is being read from the protractor.
Get a map of the Philippines. Determine your location’s latitude – how many
degrees away you are from the equator. Now point your sighting straw towards
Polaris, then record the angle between the vertical plumb line and line of sight to
Polaris.
Does the angle you get come close, if

not fall exactly, on your location’s
latitude?
Example: Manila is at 140 N of the

equator. For an observer in Manila
(and nearby places up north or south),
a properly held sextant pointing at
Polaris should yield an angle of 140
between the plumb line and the line of
sight.
http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/toys/simplesextant.html
Below are additional sites for you to visit that will add up to your knowledge about
astronomy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZ3IJRgr9v4
This video is quite dated already, but it is still a great watch. This video is actually
more about navigating the stars in the northern hemisphere, starting from having
located the prominent Big Dipper and the Polaris.
http://www.naturalnavigator.com/find-your-way-using/stars
This blog shares in simple language how directions can be figured out using the
stars in the sky. Follow the link to a video on how the ancient Polynesians were
able to navigate the vast Pacific ocean thousands of years ago, way earlier than
the European and American explorers: http://youtu.be/_1ibG0Fj7oE (Polynesian
Wayfinders)

http://www.naturalnavigator.com/news/2014/01/astronavigating-with-the-
bbc?cat=stars&page=1
This is an account by Tristan Gooley, the “Natural Navigator” of his taped episode
for BBC, where he was blindfolded and brought out to sea, and was tasked to
determine his location and to go to a specified island – just with the help of his
sextants and star maps. No digital apps and computers. 
Worksheet 2: Practical Astronomy: Basic navigation techniques using the stars

How to Deal with the Stars
List down your five (5) practical navigating tips using the stars for your direction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To close this activity, follow this link:

http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/stars/the-star-
of-bethlehem
to read about the theories on the Bethlehem star which supposedly guided the
Magis from the East to journey to Bethlehem. This page shows some good
scientific analysis and reasoning, cross-referenced with historical, cultural and
literary patterns during that time.
PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. What are your key insights on the benefits of looking up to the stars?
2. What improvisation and math concepts and skills did you learn in this part of
the module?
3. Is stellar navigation still relevant today? Isn’t it enough to rely on maps,
compasses, and GPS (global positioning system)?
4. If you are to ride on a cruise through the Pacific Islands, what materials will you
bring with you so that you’ll be able to practice some navigation techniques
using the stars?

ACTIVITY 14. Survey: Are you into Astronomy or Astrology?
DESCRIPTION: You are to survey 10 people to see whether they are more into
astronomy or astrology. Print the following statements in a sheet of paper.
Instructions: Read the following statements. Put a check on the blank after the
statement if it is true for you. Leave it blank if the statement is NOT true for you.
1. I know how (some of) the Zodiac constellations look like – I

can identify them in the night sky. ______
2. I know all the twelve Zodiac constellations. ______
3. I can state the location of planets (e.g. Jupiter) in the sky,
whether it is in this or in that constellation. ______
4. I know the Zodiac signs of almost all my family members and
close friends. ______
5. I know the “starring stars” in some constellations: Castor
and Pollux in Gemini; Aldebaran in Taurus… ______
6. I ask for people’s birthdays, or directly their Zodiac signs to
see if I am compatible with them or not. ______
7. I may not know the names of stars, but I know whether a
bright object is a star or a planet. ______
8. I read my horoscope whenever I can, in websites or in
newspapers and magazines. ______
9. If I could choose between an astrology chart and a star map,
I’ll choose the latter. ______
10. I know my lucky day, lucky color, and lucky planet, based
on my Zodiac sign. ______
If a respondent checks more of the odd-numbered statements, s/he is more into

astronomy. If more of the even-numbered statements were checked, then s/he is
more into astronomy. In case of a tie (equal numbers of odd and even numbered
statements checked), then use Statement 8 as the determinant. If it was checked,
then this participant is more into astrology.
Record who among your participants are more into astrology. You will be inviting
them to be your audience in your Performance Task later.
PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. How many of your respondents are more into astrology than astronomy?
What are your initial thoughts about the results of your survey?

2. Answer the survey yourself. Are you more into astrology than astronomy? If
yes, share a bit of a background on how you got introduced into horoscopes
and Zodiac signs.
3. If you are more into astronomy than astrology, start thinking of strategies on
how you can influence someone who is more into astrology to shift to
astronomy.
ACTIVITY 15. I-R-F Worksheet Review
DESCRIPTION: Pull out your I-R-F Worksheet. Fill up the R (revised) column.
See how some of your answers to the questions changed after you’ve done most
of the activities in this module.

answers
1. Why study
stars? What
benefits do we
get from
studying them?
2. Are horoscopes
believable?
Why or why
not?
3. In what ways
are astronomy
and astrology
similar? How
are they
different?
PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. How have your answers changed from the I column when you started this
module?
2. Which specific material/s or activities were helpful in bringing you to change
your ideas / understanding?
3. Which ideas are you still struggling with – those where the materials seem to
be telling you things that you still cannot accept?

4. Why do we need to study the night sky? What do we get from studying
the positions of stars and constellations in the sky? (EQ)
End of DEEPEN:
In this section, you got exposed to resources that spelled out why
astronomy is a science while astrology is not. You learned about the
Zodiac constellations, that they are very real up there in the sky, but
that the other interpretations on their on our day-to-day lives, are not
very true and reliable.
You also got exposed to some techniques on stellar navigation, and how other
people have successfully been navigating the Earth by looking up to the stars.
Are you being clarified about the real and imagined benefits of studying the stars and
the constellations? Or are you still struggling with some of the ideas you are
encountering? Are you now more scientific and more into astronomy?
Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do the tasks
in the next section, Transfer.
Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life situations.
You will be given a practical task which will demonstrate your
understanding of astronomy. If you are really now more into
astronomy, then you will be in a position to help increase the
“scientific quotient” of our society. You will do this by persuading
others out of their unscientific beliefs, practices, or pastimes,
specifically their reading of horoscopes and other astrological
activities.
ACTIVITY 16. Persuasive Presentation
Horoscope reading is a popular activity for some people, and for

some, it has become a basis for their decisions and actions. Some people even
refer to Zodiac signs to look up degrees of compatibility or incompatibility, to decide

whom to befriend, or for adults, whom to consider marrying. Is it right, or alright
for people to be doing this?
Horoscopes have persisted in mass media: in daily newspapers, popular
magazines and news programs on TV. Is this responsible journalism or not?
Your task is to deliver a persuasive presentation to an audience of four (4)
people who admitted to be being more into astrology (reading horoscopes) than
astronomy. (You may invite these people from the survey you conducted, or your
teacher may assign you your audience from other learners’ surveys.) As an
amateur astronomer, your goal is to convince your audience to “shift” into
astronomy and veer away from horoscope reading and other astrological activities.
Your presentation should not be longer than 5 minutes, should be
interactive, scientific and persuasive.
Rubric for Scoring:
Persuasive
Pts Scientific (35%) Interactive (30%)
(35%)
The presentation is
The information is
engaging and
The presentation accurate, updated,
4 audience actively
persuaded all 4 systematically and
participates in the
people rigorously presented
discussion
The information is The presentation is
The presentation
accurate and clear and audience
3 persuaded 3 out
systematically is attentive to the
of 4 people
presented discussion
The presentation is
erroneous in some
The information is
The presentation parts and so the
inconsistent in certain
2 persuaded 1 or 2 audience appears
parts and not
persons confused by the
coherently presented
discussion.
The presentation is
vague and the
audience does not
The presentation is
No one was pay any attention at
not scientific but
1 convinced by the all to the discussion.
rather anecdotal in
presentation Audience is
nature
distracted.

PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. How did you find the result of your presentation?
2. Which part of your presentation did your audience find most convincing? Why
do you think so?
3. If you only convinced one, or not convinced any at all, why do you think this
happened? What could you improve to make it more persuasive? How can
you improve it to make it more persuasive?
4. Check with other learners about their strategies to make their presentations
convincing.
5. Christian teachings consider horoscope reading to be a subtle, sublime evil
and occult. Do you think this will help your presentation more convincing? Or
do you think the scientific method argument is enough? Explain your thoughts
on this.
ACTIVITY 17. Reflection Paper / Piece
DESCRIPTION: Now that you are ending this module, write a 2-page reflection
that will summarize your learning and realizations in this module. Give your
reflection paper a catchy title. You may use the following questions as a guide,
but use some flexibility in not just answering these questions one by one.
 Was it worthwhile knowing about constellations and stars that are light
years away from us? Why or why not?
 What are the benefits of humanity from those who have devoted years of
their lives to study these stars?
 Has the immensity of the universe and the great number of the stars
caused you to see our insignificance? Or do you now feel our importance
- as these greater things were created still for us?
Post your essay (in your online blog) to be read by other learners. Feel free to
comment on others’ essays. After reading other essays, go on to the last activity:
the I-R-F Worksheet.
Instead of an essay, you may compose a poem, which you may later record as a
rap or a song, and post online (soundcloud.com or youtube.com). See how many
views, likes, and comments your creative work receives. See how the feedback
from others affect (hopefully improve or clarify) your understanding.

ACTIVITY 18. I-R-F Worksheet
DESCRIPTION: Pull out your I-R-F Worksheet. Fill up the F (final) column. See
how some of your answers to the questions changed after you’ve done the
Performance Task in this module.

answers
1. Why study
stars? What
benefits do we
get from
studying them?
2. Are horoscopes
believable?
Why or why
not?
3. In what ways
are astronomy
and astrology
similar? How
are they
different?

PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. How have your answers changed from the I column when you started this
module, to the R column, and now at the F column?
2. Which specific material/s or activities were helpful in bringing you to change
your ideas / understanding?
3. Which ideas are you still struggling with, even now that you are approaching
the end of this module?
EQ: Is our future and destiny really “written in the stars”? Why study the night
sky? What do we get from studying the positions of stars and constellations in
the sky?
End of TRANSFER:
In this section, your task was to persuade others to get more into
astronomy and to turn away from the unscientific practices in
astrology, particularly horoscope reading.
How did you find the performance task? Were you able to help increase the scientific
literacy of society? Or were you the one swayed more into astrology?
You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next lesson, you have to
answer the following post-assessment.

POST-ASSESSMENT
It’s now time to evaluate your learning. Click on the letter of the
answer that you think best answers the question. Your score
will only appear after you answer all items. If you do well, you
may move on to the next module. If your score is not at the
expected level, you have to go back and take the module again.
1. The term Zodiac refers to _______________.

A. the light from Saturn's rings
B. a method for making astrological predictions
C. a group of constellations lying near the ecliptic
D. the head of the Celestial Empire.
2. What is the characteristic common to the stars in a constellation?

A. equally bright
B. they are in the same cluster
C. they are so-called Copernican
D. none of these
3. Which of the following is NOT a constellation?

A. Cassiopeia
B. Cepheus
C. Great bear
D. Magellanic cloud
4. Which is a measure of the amount of a star’s light received on earth?

A. red shift
B. parallax
C. absolute magnitude
D. all of these
5. A first magnitude star is how many times brighter than a second magnitude
star?
A. 2.5
B. 7.3
C. 10
D. 15
6. Stars including the sun form when ______________________

A. enough rock from space is pulled together by gravitational attraction
B. enough rock from space is pulled together by magnetism
C. enough dust and gas from space is pulled together by gravitational
attraction
D. enough dust and gas from space is pulled together by magnetism

7. Which of the following characterizes a pulsar?
A. black hole C. neutron star
B. white dwarf D. red giant
8. Why are stars very massive?

A. The force of magnetism that tends to draw together the matter from
which they are made is very weak.
B. The force of gravity that tends to draw together the matter from which
they are made is very weak.
C. The force of magnetism which tends to draw together the matter from
which they are made is very strong
D. The force of gravity which tends to draw together the matter from
which they are made is very strong
9. The constellations are totally imaginary things that poets, farmers and
astronomers have made up over the past 6,000 years. On a really dark night,
you can see about 1000 to 1500 stars. Which below gives the BEST purpose
of constellations?
A. Viewers can recognize different star patterns
B. Aside from forming patterns, they can be a source of direction
C. Stars move a bit, but they are confined within their constellations
D. They are a product of human imagination, they can also be a form
of entertainment
10. These stars are the most massive and hottest. They have a surface
temperature of around 60 000 K (59726.85 0C)
A. red stars C. white stars
B. blue stars D. yellow stars
11. Which observation provides the BEST evidence that Earth revolves around
the sun?
A. Stars are seen from earth appear to circle Polaris
B. Earth’s planetary winds are deflected by Corioli’s effect
C. The change from high ocean tide to low ocean tide is a repeating
pattern
D. Different star constellations are seen from earth at different times of
the year
12. The brightest star in this constellation is Aldebaran. In which constellation

can this star be found?
A. Gemini C. Polaris
B. Taurus D. Orion

13. Which type of star has a relatively low effective temperature and has a large
radius that is about 100 times that of the sun?
A. Red giant
B. White dwarf
C. Main sequence
D. Pulsar
14. Which statement describes the general relationship between the temperature
and the luminosity of main sequence stars?
A. As the temperature decreases, luminosity increases
B. As the temperature decreases, luminosity remains the same
C. As the temperature increases, luminosity increases
D. As the temperature increases, luminosity remains the same
15. Which of the given statements below is NOT TRUE?

A. Both Astronomy and Astrology are based on the scientific method
of observation, deduction and experiments
B. Astronomy and Astrology are two sciences that both involve
constellations and stars.
C. Astronomy scientifically studies the objects in space while Astrology
simply is based on a number of assumptions.
D. Astronomy studies the processes which occur in the outer space
while Astrology studies the position of celestial bodies and relates
these phenomena to people’s lives on Earth.
16. This constellation is located on celestial equator and visible throughout the
world. Its family include 5 constellations- the Orion, Canis Major and Canis
Minor, Monoceres and Lepus
A. Ursa Major
B. Orion
C. Draco
D. Hercules
17. Which of the statements below BEST supports the idea that the patterns of
the celestial objects have certain effects on people’s beliefs and practices?
A. Many people became successful through hard work, luck, and
some advice from the stars.
B. Why would newspapers and TV shows feature them if they are not
reliable and useful?
C. The influence of the stars and planets on human behavior has no
scientific basis.
D. Stars are much farther away than the moon and the sun, thus the
latter should be the basis for our beliefs.

18. Which of the following is CORRECT about zodiac constellations?
A. Unlike other constellations, they are not a product of human
imaginations
B. They are more scientific since they are bases of compatibility signs
C. A total of 14 zodiac constellations were developed through time
D. They still are part of the 88 constellations which are all products of
human imaginations
19. Which list shows stars in order of increasing temperature?

A. Polaris, Sirius, Rigel, Aldebaran
B. Aldebaran, Vega, Betelgeuse, Antares
C. Betelgeuse, Deneb, Sirius, Vega
D. Deneb, Vega, Antares, Sirius
20. How do star patterns appear to move during the course of the night across
the sky?
A. East to West
B. North to South
C. West to East
D. Any direction in the sky

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS LESSON:
Astrology - the persisting practices and beliefs that have started from ancient
times, which holds that the movement of heavenly bodies – stars, the planets, the
Sun and the moon, have influences on human behavior and events in human
societies.
Astronomy - the scientific study of the stars and other bodies in space, their
characteristics and their motion through the sky, that lead to some useful
applications like navigation, and some existential theories – how and when the
Earth (and the universe) was formed, and how and when they could possibly end.
Constellations - the groupings of stars according to some patterns that resemble

human figures, mythological creatures and objects, after which these groups are
named. The sky is divided into 88 constellations, such that planets, comets, and
the Sun can be located in the sky according to the constellation in their background
as viewed from Earth.
Celestial sphere - the imaginary sphere, made up of domes, on which all stars
are mapped, according to how they are seen from Earth. This is a useful tool for
determining which stars and constellations are visible at different locations on
Earth, at different times of the year.
Ecliptic - the band in the sky where the planets seem to move through, as the
orbits of the planets around the sun are approximately coplanar (lying on the same
plane).
Horizon - the line at the distance where the Earth’s surface and the sky appear
to meet. The Sun, the stars and the planets appear to rise above the eastern
horizon, and set at the western horizon.
Horoscope - a forecast of a person’s future and assessments on one’s character

traits, based on their Zodiac sign (the relative positions of the Sun and the Zodica
constellations) at the time of the person’s birth. Horoscopes are widely popular,
printed in newspapers and magazines, and in a host of websites.
Precession - the wobbling of the Earth, such that its axis of rotation’s tilt in space
in not really constant, but also rotates on another axis. One implication of the
Earth’s precession is that Polaris is not the permanent North Star, but it is for a few
thousands of years only.
Polaris - the current North Star; such that it is the only star that seems to be fixed
in its place in the sky as the Earth rotates. Other stars, therefore, seem to be
revolving around Polaris though the hours of the night.

Star maps / charts - maps of the stars in the sky, specific to one’s location on
Earth (northern or southern hemisphere), and the time of the year (seasons).
Since the stars are relatively fixed through hundreds of years, even the dated star
charts are still useful today. Some specialized maps and charts even include
planets that are visible in the sky at specified dates.
Zodiac constellations - the “special” constellations that are located along the
ecliptic; these 12 constellations therefore serve as the background of the Sun and
the planets as they move through the sky through the year.
REFERENCES AND WEBSITE LINKS USED IN THIS LESSON:
http://www.wikihow.com/Stargaze-Comfortably
Tips on how to prepare for a good stargazing activity.
http://zoroastrianastrology.blogspot.com/p/houses-of-zodiac.html
Get an idea on how the zodiac constellations look like, and which of these
constellations are visible at different times of the year.
http://regentsearth.com/Illustrated%20ESRT/Page%2015%20(Luminosity)/Lumin
osity%20index.htm
Diagram of the characteristics of stars.
http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/tools/pic-spectroscopy-lithograph.htm
Diagram on spectroscopy, the key to understanding the composition of stars.
Learners may browse the page, but they need not delve too much into the
technical details.
http://www2.potsdam.edu/islamma/phys335constellations.htm
This is a very informative site showing most of the constellations with the names
of the brightest stars in them.
http://stardate.org/nightsky/constellations
This page has clickable links to more information about the constellations and the
stars in them – how to locate them in the sky, and the stories behind their names.
http://www.seasky.org/constellations/constellations-intro.html
Here’s another site where all constellations are listed, and grouped according
which are visible in each month of the year for northern hemisphere observers
(that includes us).
http://www.funbrain.com/constellation/
This is an interactive game where you’ll identify the constellations, given pictures
and some clues.

http://www.astro.umass.edu/~arny/constel/learn_const.html
This site has links to the following: how to use star charts, how the sky looks like
at different times of the year, and an interactive quiz on identifying constellations.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ih7aGeFKBPE
Celestial Coordinates. This video shall orient you about the celestial sphere and
will help you locate stars and constellations in the sky.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAFvN83NZAc
Celestial Sphere Animation. This 3D animation video clearly explains why stars
in the sky change positions the way they do, and explain some terminologies for
navigating the sky, without any boring monotone voice-over.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Toya19H12w
Basics of Astronomy: The Celestial Sphere. This video clearly explains how
stars are mapped along the celestial sphere.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKQ8XuCINUU
Introductory Astronomy: Motion of Stars. This video lecture has helpful visuals
to help you understand how the stars move across the sky.
http://www.skymaps.com/downloads.html
http://www.star-map.fr/free-star-maps/
These sites contain printable star maps.
http://www.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro2201/alt_az.htm
Instructions on how to describe the location of objects (stars and planets) in the
sky using the elevation angle or altitude and the azimuthal angle.


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Module 3: Earth and Space

Introduction and Focus Questions

LESSONS AND COVERAGE

This module has the following lessons:

Lesson No. Title You’ll learn to… Estimated Time

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 1

Formation Volcanic Eruption: Its Disaster Preparedness

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 2

Factors That Affect Addressing the Effects of

1. Read the instructions carefully before starting anything.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 3

(A) 2. Why are supervolcanoes the most dangerous type of volcano?

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 4

(A) 6. Wilma recently migrated to Washington, DC in the United States on

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 5

A. It is the retention of part of the sun’s energy in the Earth’s

A. The term El Niño refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 6

(M) 9. Which statement accurately describes the location of the Philippines on

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 7

For numbers 12-13, refer to the graph below.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 8

For number 14, use the graph below.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 9

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 10

A. I and III only

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 11

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 12

Volcanoes are a sight to behold. But even with their magnificent

Let’s start this module by gathering your ideas about volcanoes.

ACTIVITY 1. Video Analysis

2012 Super Volcano Eruption Video Clip

Mt. Pinatubo Explosion at Clark Air Base,

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 13

ACTIVITY 2. Eliciting Prior Knowledge Through the Anticipation-Reaction

ANTICIPATION STATEMENTS REACTION

2. Volcanoes are found in hot climates.

3. Volcanoes are randomly located

4. Volcanoes are found only on land.

5. Volcanoes only erupt straight up

6. If a volcano does not produce lava, it

7. If a volcano doesn’t erupt for a

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 14

9. Volcanic eruptions can be predicted.

10. A volcanic eruption occurs when

11. An eruption is caused by pressure

You gave your initial ideas on volcanoes by answering

We will start by doing the next activity.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 15

ACTIVITY 3. Discovering the Pacific Ring of Fire

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 16

Question & Answer Link

2. What is a hot spot? http://education.nationalgeog

3. What is the difference between magma and http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Livi

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 17

5. Why does the Philippines have many http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.

5. What is the difference between an active and http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/cla

7. What causes a volcano to erupt and what http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/