COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

WAH CAMPUS

WIND POWER ENERGY SYSTEM

Muhammad Talha (FA18-BME-056)
Muhammad Hassan Khan (FA18-BME-058)
Muhammad Haris Khan (FA18-BME-059)
Hassan Murtaza (FA18-BME-065)

Submitted to:-
Engineer Arsalan Hussain

DATE:- 05 – January - 2022

 ABSTRACT
Wind Energy captures the natural wind in our environment and converts the air’s motion into mechanical energy.
Wind is caused by differences in atmospheric pressure. Wind speeds vary based on geography, topography and
season. As a result, there are some locations better suited for wind energy generation than others. In general, wind
speeds are higher near the coast and offshore since there are fewer objects like vegetation, mountains and buildings
to slow them down. The mechanism used to convert air motion into electricity is referred to as a turbine. A turbine is
a large structure with several spinning blades. These blades are connected to an electro-magnetic generator that
generates electricity when the wind causes the blades to spin.

Traditionally, this energy was used for milling grain and pumping water, but today it is most commonly used to
create electricity. Wind energy is becoming an increasingly important part of the global electricity supply mix.3A
major advantage of wind is that it is a clean and renewable form of energy. Its production of electricity has no direct
carbon emissions or air pollutants and does not consume water. Wind also has relatively low operations and
maintenance costs after initial construction. However, wind energy also faces several challenges. Wind speeds can
vary throughout the day and year, causing intermittency issues for power grids. The price tag of wind power has
traditionally been higher than conventional electricity generation sources, though the wind cost curve has declined
significantly in recent years. NIMBY concerns such as land use, noise, and bird disruption have also been raised in
certain areas
Table of Content:-

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………

Part of Wind Turbine ……………………………………………………………………………..

Types of Wind Turbine …………………………………………………………………………..

Advantages of Wind Turbine ……………………………………………………………………..

Dis-Advantages of Wind Turbine ………………………………………………………………...

Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………………....

i) Theoretical Study
ii) Experimental Setup

Observation / Calculation ………………………………………………………………………….

Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………

References ………………………………………………………………………………………….
 Wind Energy
Introduction:-
Renewable Energy:-
Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human
timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. We can find out which
one of these renewable energy sources is the most efficient by calculating the costs of the fuel, the production, and
the environmental damages. Wind comes out on top by a wide margin over all the other sources. It is followed in
order by geothermal, hydro, nuclear and solar

Wind Power

Wind energy is a form of solar energy. Wind

energy (or wind power) describes the process
by which wind is used to generate electricity.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in
the wind into mechanical power. Wind
energy works much like old-fashioned
windmills did, by using the power of the
wind to turn a blade. Where the motion of
these blades would once cause millstones to
grind together to make flour, today’s turbines
power a generator, which produces
electricity. When wind turbines are sited on
land they need to be placed in areas with high winds, such as hilltops or open fields and plains. Offshore wind power
has been developing for decades with wind farms providing a good solution for energy generation while avoiding
many of the complaints around them being unsightly or noisy on land. Of course, offshore use has its own
drawbacks due to the aggressive environments the turbines need to operate in.
Parts of Wind Energy:-

Tower
The tower in most modern turbines is round tubular steel of a diameter of 3–4 m (10–13 ft), with a height of 75–110
m (250–370 ft), depending on the size of the turbine and its location. The rule of thumb for a turbine tower is that it
has the same height as the diameter of the circle its blades make when rotating. Normally, the taller a turbine is, it is
subject to more of the wind with higher speed. This is because the farther we are from the ground, the faster the wind
(wind does not have the same speed at various distances from the ground).

Rotor
The rotor is the rotating part of a turbine; it consists of (mostly) three blades and the central part that the blades are
attached to, the hub. A turbine does not necessarily have to have three blades; it can have two, four, or another
number of blades. But the three-blade rotor has the best efficiency and other advantages.
Blades are not solid; they are hollow and are made of composite material to be light and strong. The trend is to make
them larger (for more power), lighter, and stronger. The blades have the form of an airfoil (same as the wings of an
airplane) to be aerodynamic. As well, they are not flat and have a twist between their root and their tip. The blades
can rotate up to 90° about their axes. This motion is called blade pitch.

Hub
The function of the hub is to hold the blades and make it possible for them to rotate with respect to the rest of the
turbine body.

Nacelle
The nacelle is housing on top of the tower that accommodates all the components that need to be on a turbine top.
There are quite a number of components for the proper and healthy operation of a complicated electromechanical
system that a turbine is. A major turbine part among these components is the generator and the turbine shaft that
transfers the harvested power from wind to the generator through a gearbox.
The gearbox is a vital component of wind turbines; it resides in the nacelle. A gearbox increases the main shaft
speed from around 12–25 rpm* (for most of today’s turbines) to a speed suitable for its generator. For this reason,
the shaft on the generator side is called “high-speed shaft.”
Because a turbine must follow the wind and adjust its orientation to the wind direction, its rotor needs to rotate with
respect to the tower. This rotation is called yaw motion in which the nacelle and the rotor revolve about the tower
axis.

Generator
The generator is the component that converts the mechanical energy of the rotor, harnessed from wind to electrical
energy. A generator has the same structure as an electric motor.
At the commercial production level, all electricity generation is in the three-phase alternative current. In general, the
choice of generator, therefore, is synchronous or asynchronous (induction) generator. Nevertheless, the generator
associated with wind turbines, thus far, is the induction generator because a synchronous generator must turn at a
tightly controlled constant speed (to maintain a constant frequency). Some of a wind turbine’s principal components
are depicted in Figure 1.
Because a generator must be rotated at a speed corresponding to the frequency of the electric network (50 or 60 Hz
in most countries), It must be rotated faster than the turbine rotor. Most generators need to be turned at 1500 rpm
(for 50 Hz) and 1800 rpm (for 60 Hz). In no way, it is feasible for a turbine rotor to move that fast. A gearbox,
therefore, must increase the turbine rotor (main shaft) rotational speed to a speed that can be used by the generator.
Experience has shown that the gearbox in a turbine is a problematic component. This is due to the fact that the
energy in the wind does not remain constant for a relatively acceptable length of time. It continuously fluctuates,
because of the nature of wind. This causes the gear teeth to undergo overload and hammering stress that leads to
fatigue and failure. In addition, the gearbox is a heavy item in the nacelle on the top of a turbine.
Figure 1 Principal components of a wind turbine: tower, rotor, nacelle, and foundation (underground).
Types of Wind Turbine:-
There are two primary types of wind turbines used in implementation of wind energy systems: horizontal-axis wind
turbines (HAWTs) and vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs). HAWTs are the most commonly used type, and each
turbine possesses two or three blades or a disk containing many blades (multi bladed type) attached to each turbine.
VAWTs are able to harness wind blowing from any direction and are usually made with blades that rotate around a
vertical pole.
HAWTs are characterized as either high- or low-solidity devices, in which solidity refers to the percentage of the
swept area containing solid material. High-solidity HAWTs include the multi bladed types that cover the total area
swept by the blades with solid material in order to maximize the total amount of wind coming into contact with the
blades. An example of the high-solidity HAWT is the multi bladed turbine used for pumping water on farms, often
seen in the landscapes of
the American West. Low-solidity
HAWTs most often use two or three
long blades and resemble
aircraft propellers in appearance.
Low-solidity HAWTs have a low
proportion of material within the
swept area, which is compensated
by a faster rotation speed used to fill
up the swept area. Low-solidity
HAWTs are the most commonly
used commercial wind turbines as
well as the type most often
represented through media sources.
Those HAWTs offer the
greatest efficiency in electricity
generation and, therefore, are
among the most cost-efficient
designs used.

The less-used, mostly

experimental VAWTs include
designs that vary in shape and
method of harnessing wind
energy. The Darrius VAWT,
which uses curved blades in a
curved arch design, became the
most common VAWT in the early
21st century. H-type VAWTs use
two straight blades attached to
either side of a tower in an H-
shape, and V-type VAWTs use
straight blades attached at an
angle to a shaft, forming a V-
shape. Most VAWTs are not
economically competitive with
HAWTs, but there is continuing
interest in research and
development of VAWTs,
particularly for
building integrated wind energy
systems.
Sr.# HAWT VAWT
1 In HAWT’s, the axis of rotation of the rotor In VAWT’s, the axis of rotation of the rotor is
is horizontal to the ground. perpendicular to the ground.
2 Yaw Mechanism is present. Absence of Yaw mechanism.
3 It has high initial installation cost. It has low initial installation cost.
4 They are big in size. They are small in size.
5 Its efficiency is high. It has low efficiency.
6 It requires large ground area for installation. It requires less ground area for installation.
7 High maintenance cost. Low maintenance cost as compare with HAWT.
8 They are self-starting. They are not self-starting.
9 They are unable to work in low wind speed They are capable of working in low wind speed
condition. condition.
10 Difficult in transportation. Easy to transport.
11 They are mostly used commercially. They are mostly used for private purpose only.
12 It cannot be installed near human It can be installed near human population.
population.
13 It is not good for the bird’s population. It is good for the bird’s population.
Advantages and Dis-advantages:-
Advantages of Wind Energy:-
Harnessing wind to generate energy has its advantages and is an efficient option for many different
parts of the world since it doesn’t depend on direct sunlight exposure like solar energy.
1. Free Fuel
Since wind turbines themselves run strictly on the power of wind generated, there is no need for fuel. Once the
turbine is complete and installed, it doesn’t need to be fueled or connected to power to continue working. This also
reduces the overall cost to continue to run large-scale wind farms in comparison to other forms renewable energies,
which require may require some energy investment.
2. One of the Cleanest Forms of Energy
Since wind energy doesn’t rely on fossil fuels to power the turbines, wind energy does not contribute to climate
change by emitting greenhouse gases during energy production. The only time that wind energy indirectly releases
greenhouse gases is during the manufacturing and transport of the wind turbines, as well as during the installation
process. U.S. wind power lights homes and businesses with an infinitely available energy.
3. Advances in Technology
The latest advances in technology have transformed preliminary wind turbine designs into extremely efficient energy
harvesters. Turbines are available in a wide range of sizes, increasing the market to many different types businesses
and by individuals for use at home on larger lots and plots of land. As technology improves, so do the functionalities
of the structure itself, creating designs that will generate even more electricity, require less maintenance, and run
more quietly and safely.
4. Doesn’t Disrupt Farmland Operations
Energy suppliers can build their wind turbines on pre-existing farmland and pay the farm owners to build on their
property in the form of contracts or leases. This is a great boon to farmers who can use some extra income, and it
wind turbine footprints take up very little space at the ground level, so it doesn’t disrupt their farm’s production. At
present, less than 1.5% of contiguous U.S. land area is used by wind power plants. However, given all the plains and
cattle land available on the interior of the country, there’s a lot of opportunity for expansion if landowners and
government land managers are up for it.
5. Reduces Our Dependence of Fossil Fuels
Energy generated from fossil fuels not only contributes to climate change, but we’ll one day run out of it. As long as
the sun heats the planet, then there’s an endless supply of wind. Furthermore, developing and investing in
technology that can only run on a finite resource that we may run out of our lifetime is a terrible waste of human
capital, private funds, and tax dollars.
Disadvantages of Wind Energy
Although wind energy is a renewable, greener option of energy, it still has its disadvantages and limitations.
1. Dangerous to Some Wildlife
Wind turbines are known to pose a threat to the wildlife. Flying birds and bats whose habitats or migratory paths
could be injured or killed if they run into the blades that turn on the fan like structure of wind turbines when they are
spinning. The deaths of birds and bats are a controversial subject at wind farm sites, which has raised concerns by
fish and wildlife conservation groups. Aside from the wildlife that flies through the air, wildlife on the ground may
also affected by the noise pollutions generated from whirring blades. Although wind turbines can cause problems for
wildlife, other things such as skyscrapers and large windows are also hazardous and continue to be built without
question or similar outcry.
2. Noisy
Wind turbines can be quite noisy, which is why they’re mostly found in very rural areas where most people don’t
live. Depending on the location of the turbine, such as offshore, noise isn’t an issue. With advancements in
technology, newer designs have been shown to reduce the noise complaints and have a much quieter presence.
3. Expensive Upfront Cost
If you can imagine, these massive structures are often hundreds of feet tall and require substantial upfront
investment. The placement of wind turbines in rural areas requires further investment in underground lines to send
power to more populated areas like towns and cities where it’s needed. The majority of the cost is the initial
installation and building stage, but after that, wind energy produces an endless supply of energy as long as there is
wind.
4. Unreliable/Unpredictable
Wind energy suffers from what is called intermittency, which is a disruption caused by the inconsistency of the wind
itself. Since wind can blow at various speeds, it’s hard to predict the amount of energy it can collect at a given time.
This means suppliers and cities need to have an energy reserve or alternative sources of power in case the winds die
down for longer lengths of time.
Methodology:-
a) Theoretical Study:-

We studied about horizontal axis wind

turbine. Horizontal axis wind turbine
(HAWT) is more stable as the blades rotate
close to the center of gravity. A typical
HAWT power train consists of a turbine
shaft assembly (also called a low-speed or
primary shaft), a speed-increasing gearbox, a
generator drive shaft (also called a high-
speed or secondary shaft), a rotor brake, and an
electrical generator, plus auxiliary
equipment for control, lubrication, and
cooling.

b) Experimental Setup:-
1- First we take the PVC pipes of different lengths.
2- Then, we can join these pipes with T joints and L joints.
3- Then, we placed the 12V motor and shaft is coupled with blades.
4- Then, we connect the LED’S with motor.
5- The wind rotates the blade as a result the power is generated by nacelle and as a result the LED’S glows.
 c) Calculation:-
i) Mass flow rate:-
The mass of air flowing with velocity;
ṁ = A*v*t*ρ (1)
3
= 1.23kg/m
A = π* r2 = 0.011 m2
V = 53.64 m/s
T = 1 sec
Putting the values in (1)
ṁ = (1.23)(0.011)(53.64)(1)
ṁ = 0.725 kg/s
ii) Kinetic Energy:-
The kinetic energy of wind turbine is ;
1
K.E = 𝑚𝑣 2 (2)
2
m = 0.5 kg
v = 53.64 m/s
Putting the values in equation,
1
𝐾. 𝐸 = ∗ 0.5 ∗ 53.642
2
K.E = 719 J
iii) Power of Wind Turbine:-
Power of wind turbine is,
1
P= ρ𝐴𝑉 3 (3)
2
Putting the values in equation,
1
P= x 1.23 x 0.011 𝑥 53.643
2
P = 1044.08 W or 1.04 KW

iv) Wind Power Density:-

The wind power density of turbine;
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 1
= ρ𝑉 3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 2
1
= (1.23)(53.64)3
2
𝑃
= 94.91 𝐾𝑊/𝑚2
𝐴
v) Average Wind Speed:-
The average wind speed through rotor is;
𝑉1 +𝑉2
Vav =
2

V1 = Inlet Velocity ; V2 = Outlet Velocity

 53.64+25
Vav =
2
Vav = 39.9 ms-1

vi) Mass of air through rotor in 1 sec

Air through rotor in 1 second;
𝑉1 +𝑉2
m=Aρ
2
= (0.011)(1.23)x(Vav)
= (0.011)(1.23)(39.3)
m = 0.531 kg
Conclusion:-

Finally, I want to say the advantages of wind energy are more than the disadvantages so my opinion that wind
energy which has many benefits, such as it is less expensive than factories, less space, are easily available all over
the world and non-polluting to the environment. So wind energy is also more useful than traditional methods to
create energy, meaning that it is getting cheaper and cheaper to produce wind energy. Wind is one of the most
flexible and easily handled comparing to all energy sources, since the mechanical energy derived directly from the
wind can be readily and efficiently converted to other forms of energy. The cost of power generation from wind
farms has now become lower than diesel power. Wind farms are situated generally in coastal areas. Induction
generators are widely used in wind mill.

Reference:-
1) Renewable Energy Sources and Emerging Technologies By D.P. Kothari , K.C. Singal , R.Ranjan.
2) Non-conventional Energy Resources By B.H. Khan.
3) Wind Electrical Systems By S.N. Bhadra , D.Kastha,S.Banerjee.
4) Renewable Energy Sources and Their Environmental Impact By S.A.Abbasi,N.Abbasi