N A L

S I O
F ES
PR O
C S

Corporate Funding
and Listings in
Stock Exchange
1
CHAPTER 1- Indian Equity – Public Funding

TYPES OF ISSUES
INITIAL PUBLIC OFFER/FURTHER PUBLIC OFFER

IPO-UNLISTED ISSUER FPO- LISTED ISSUER

Rights issue of Qualified institutional

Initial public offer a) Time of filing the draft offer document (Draft ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA UNDER ICDR REGULATION FOR IPO
securities placement
COMPLIANCE Red Herring Prospectus or DRHP)
Entities not eligible to make an Eligibility requirements for an
WITH ICDR
Preferential initial public offer initial public offer
Further public offer REGULATION b) Time of registering or filing the final offer
Private placement Issuer, any of its promoters, Net tangible assets of atleast
allotment document with ROC. (Prospectus)
promoter group- debarred Rs. 3 crores in each of the
from accessing capital market preceding three full years. Not
GENERAL CONDITIONS
by SEBI. more than 50% are monetary
Additional Conditions for an Offer For Sale assets.
1) Application to stock exchange for in-principle approval for listing of its
Promoters or directors If there are more than 50% of
APPLICABILITY NON-APPLICABILITY specified securities on such stock exchanges and choosing one as
debarred from accessing the net tangible assets, then
Shares must be fully paid-up. Shall be The offer for sale of a government company or designated stock exchange. capital markets by SEBI. issues has made firm
held by the sellers for a period of at least statutory authority or corporation or any
commitments as to their
1 year prior to the filing of the draft offer special purpose vehicle set up and controlled 2) Has an agreement with a depository for dematerialization of securities. utilization. N.A. IPO made
document. by any 1 or more of them, which is engaged in
through OFS.
the infrastructure sector. 3) Promoters hold securities in dematerialized form.
Issuer or any of its promoters average operating profit of at
Such holding period of 1 year shall be Equity shares offered for sale were acquired
4) All existing partly paid-up equity shares have either been fully paid-up or or directors is a willful least Rs.15 crores, during the
required to be complied with at the time pursuant to any scheme approved by a High
defaulter. three preceding years
of filing of the draft offer document. Court or approved by a tribunal or the Central have been forfeited.
Any promoters or directors of A networth of atleast Rs.1
Government which had been in existence for a
5) The issuer should make firm arrangements of finance through verifiable the issuer are a fugitive crore in each of the preceding
period of more than 1 year prior to approval
means towards 75% of the stated means of finance excluding the amount to offender. 3 full years,
of such scheme.
be raised through the proposed public issue or through existing identifiable If there are any outstanding If issuer has changed its name
Conversion or exchange of equity shares If the equity shares offered for sale were
internal accruals convertible securities or any within the last one year, at
arising out of the conversion or exchange issued under a bonus issue on securities held
other right which give option least 50% of the revenue has
of the fully paid-up compulsorily for a period of at least one year prior subject
to receive equity shares of the been earned by it from the
convertible securities must be completed to – (i) securities being issued out of free
6) The amount for general corporate purposes, as mentioned in the draft issuer. N.A. ESOS and fully activity indicated by the new
before prior to filing of the offer reserves and share premium.
offer document and the offer document shall not exceed 25% of the paid-up outstanding name.
document. Full disclosures of the terms (ii) Such equity shares not being issued by
amount being raised by the issuer. convertible securities required
of conversion or exchange are made in utilisation of revaluation reserves or
to be converted before filing
the draft offer document. unrealized profits of the issuer
ELIGIBILTY AND GENRAL CONDITIONS FOR FPO prospectus/ DRHP.

1) Application for listing to the recognized stock exchanges and Entities Not Eligible To Make A Eligibility Requirements For FPO
choose one of the exchanges as the Designated stock exchange. FPO [Regulation 102] [Regulation 103]
Partnership Firms Spinning off of a division 2) Agreement is entered into with a depository for 1. If the issuer, any of it’s a An issuer may make a FPO if it has
In case of an issuer which had been a dematerialization of specified securities. promoter or directors, selling changed its name within the last 1 year
partnership firm or a limited liability In case of an issuer formed out of a shareholders are debarred and at least 50% of the revenue in the
division of an existing company, the 3) Promoters hold securities in dematerialized form. from accessing the capital preceding 1 full year has been earned
partnership it has to conform to following-
track record of distributable profits of market by SEBI. from the activity suggested by the new
1) Adequate disclosures are made in the 4) All existing partly paid up equity shares have either been fully name.
financial statements as per Companies Act, the division spun-off shall be considered paid up or have been forfeited.
2013. only if the requirements regarding
3. If the issuer or any of its In case of non fulfillment of the above-
financial statements as provided for 5) The issuer should make firm arrangements of finance through
promoters or directors is a the issue is made through the book-
2) The financial statements are duly certified partnership firms and LLPs are complied verifiable means towards 75% of the stated means of finance
willful defaulter building process and the issuer
by a Chartered Accountant stating that: excluding the amount to be raised through the proposed public
with. undertakes to allot at least 75% of the
i) Accounts and the disclosures are as per issue or through existing identifiable internal accruals.
4. If any of the promoters or net offer, to qualified institutional
Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013.
b) The financial statements present a true 6) The amount for general corporate purposes, as mentioned in the directors of the issuer is a buyers and to refund full subscription
a) The accounting standards of the Institute and fair view of the firm’s accounts draft offer document and the offer document shall not exceed 25% fugitive economic offender money if it fails to make the said
of Chartered Accountants of India have been of the amount being raised by the issuer. minimum allotment to qualified
followed. institutional buyers.
 FILING OF OFFER DOCUMENT [REGULATION 25 & 123] 2
Issue of Warrants [Regulation 13]
Eligibility to issue warrants in IPO- 1) The issuer shall file the draft offer document with the stock exchange(s) where the specified securities are proposed to be listed, and submit to the stock exchange(s)
the details of the promoters.

. specified security may have 1 2) Prior to making an IPO/FPO, the issuer shall file three copies of the draft offer document with the concerned regional office of SEBI along with fees as specified, through
or more warrants attached to it the lead manager(s).

3) The lead manager(s) shall submit the following to SEBI along with the draft offer document:
Tenure warrants shall not exceed i. a certificate of agreement between the issuer and the lead manager(s);
18 months from allotment ii. a due diligence certificate;
iii. in case of an issue of convertible debt instruments, a due diligence certificate from the debenture trustee;
If the warrant holder does not exercise his
4) SEBI may specify changes or issue observations, on the draft offer document filed with it within a period of 30 days from the later of the following dates:
option within 3 months from date of payment i. The date of receipt of the draft offer document filed with SEBI, a copy of in-principle approval letter issued by the recognised stock exchanges or
of consideration, such consideration made in
respect of such warrants shall be forfeited. ii. The date of receipt of satisfactory reply from the lead merchant bankers, from any regulator or agency, where SEBI has sought any clarification or
information.
Price or formula for determination of exercise price of the 5) If SEBI specifies any changes or issues observations on the draft offer document filed with it, the issuer and the lead merchant banker shall carry out such changers and
warrants shall be determined upfront and disclosed in the offer comply with the observations issued by SEBI before registering the prospectus, the red-herring prospectus or the shelf prospectus as the case may be with the Registrar of
document and at least 25% of the consideration amount based
on the exercise price shall also be received upfront. Companies or an appropriate authority, as applicable.

Draft Offer Document and Offer Document To Be Available

SECURITY DEPOSIT
“Application
supported The issuer shall, before the opening
The draft offer document filed with SEBI shall be made public for comments, by Blocked of the subscription list, deposit
ASBA bids to
if any, for a period of at least 21 days from the date of filing. be accepted Amount” with the stock exchange or stock
only in manner exchanges an amount calculated at
In 2 days of filing the draft offer specified by the rate of 1% of the amount of the
The lead manager(s) shall, after SEBI. issue size available for subscription
document with SEBI, make a public The offer documents are to be
expiry of the period stipulated Under ASBA.money is
above, file with SEBI, details of the
announcement in one English hosted on the websites and its to the public in the manner as may
national, one Hindi national and contents are the same as filed with block in applicant’s own be specified by SEBI and the
comments received from the bank account and if he
one regional language daily the Registrar of Companies, SEBI
public during that period and the receives shares in IPO amount so deposited shall be
newspaper with wide circulation at and the stock exchanges, as
consequential changes, if any, that same is released to the refundable or forfeitable in the
the place where the registered applicable.
are required to be made. manner specified by SEBI.
office of the issuer is situated. issuer company.
ASBA

OPENING OF THE ISSUE SUBSCRIPTION

UNDERWRITING
1) IPO/FPO- opened within 12 Minimum 1. The minimum subscription to be received in
months from the date of issuance Subscription an issue shall be not less than 90% of the
of the observations by SEBI. Underwriting by lead At least 75% of the
Underwriters to be managers and syndicate net offer to be offer through offer document except in case
appointed as per members, they shall not compulsorily of an offer for sale of specified securities.
2) Shall be opened after at least 3 SEBI (Underwriters) subscribe to the issue in allotted to the 2. In case of an IPO, the minimum subscription
working days from the date of Regulations, 1993 if any manner except for QIBs, and such to be received shall be subject to allotment
issue is through fulfilling their underwriting portion cannot be of minimum number of specified securities,
registering the red herring book building. obligations. underwritten. which stipulates that atleast 25% of each
prospectus- book built issue or the
prospectus -fixed price issue with class or kind of equity shares or debentures
the Registrar of Companies. Lead manager(s) convertible into equity shares
shall fulfill the Lead manager(s) shall undertake The underwriting Oversubscription In case of oversubscription, an allotment of not
underwriting minimum underwriting obligation obligations should
at least to the
more than 1% of the net offer to the public for
3) Fast track issue- open within the obligations if as specified in the SEBI (Merchant
extent of minimum the purpose of making allotment in minimum
period specifically stipulated under syndicate Bankers) Regulations, 1992.
subscription. lots.
the Companies Act, 2013. For a member(s) fail.
shelf prospectus, the first issue may
be opened within 3 months of the Underwriting agreement shall indicate the
issuance of observations by SEBI. number of specified securities which they shall
subscribe to at the predetermined price.
3 Allotment Procedure and Basis of Allotment Allotment, Refund and Payment of Interest
1) NO allotment in a public issue if the number of prospective allottees is less than one thousand.

2) NO excess allotment, EXCEPT- in oversubscription for rounding off to make allotment, in consultation with
•Issuer and lead manager(s)- shall •Lead manager(s) shall •SEBI has made an endeavor to
the designated stock exchange. ensure that specified securities ensure that the allotment, reduce listing time to 3 working
are allotted and/or application credit of dematerialised days from the date of closure of
3) The allotment, other than to the retail individual investors and anchor investors shall be on a proportionate monies are refunded or securities, refunding or issue and accordingly mandated
basis, subject to minimum allotment being equal to the minimum application size. unblocked within time unblocking of application that the retail individual investors
prescribed by SEB. In case of monies, as may be use the Unified Payments
failure the issuer shall undertake applicable, are done Interface (UPI). However, till SEBI
4) Value of specified securities allotted, except in case of employees, in pursuance of any reservation shall not
to pay interest at the rate of 15% electronically. notifies the same, securities are
exceed 2 lakhs rupees for retail investors or up to 5 lakhs rupees for eligible employees. per annum listed in 6 working days.
5) Allotment of specified securities to each retail individual investor shall not be less than the minimum bid lot.

6) The authorised employees of the designated stock exchange,lead manager(s) and registrars to the issue to
ensure that basis of allotment is finalised in a fair and proper manner.

Release of Subscription Money To whom DIFFERENTIAL PRICING Conditions

1) Retail individual not lower than by more than 10% of the price at Other than
lead manager(s) shall confirm to the bankers to the issue by way of copies of PRICING AND DIFFERENTIAL PRICING investors or retail which net offer anchor
listing and trading approvals that all formalities in connection with the issue
individual shareholders investors.
have been completed . AND PROCEDURE
2) employees entitled for
banker is free to release the money to the issuer or release the money for reservation made
refund in case of failure of the issue 3)Anchor investor- in shall not be lower than the price offered to other
book built issue applicants
An issuer in an IPO and FPO 4) Employees- alternate not lower by more than 10% of the floor price
If issuer fails to obtain listing or trading permission from the stock exchanges method of book building
it shall refund through verifiable means the entire monies received within 7 may determine the price of
specified securities in as specified under ICDR
days.
consultation with the lead Regulations, 2018
merchant banker or through 5) FPO –COMPOSITE the price of the specified securities offered in the Give
if any such money is not repaid within 8 days after the issuer becomes liable to the book building process. ISSUE public issue may be different from the price offered justification
repay it, the issuer and every director of the company who is an officer in in rights issue and state
default shall, on and from the expiry of the 8th day, be jointly and severally discount in
liable to repay that money with interest at 15% per annum. offer doc.

The lead manager(s) shall ensure that the monies received in respect of the
issue are released to the issuer. BOOK BUILT ISSUE- floor
ISSUER
price or price band in the
red herring prospectus

FIXED PRICE The announcement shall also contain all the

SECURITY DEPOSIT
ISSUE- Floor price or the final 1) Relevant financial ratios computed for both
WHO-issuer WHEN- before the opening of the subscription list WITH WHOM- deposit with mention price shall not be less If issuer opts not to make disclosure of the upper and lower end of the price band
the stock exchange or stock exchanges HOW MUCH - an amount calculated at the rate of 1% price/price than the face value of
the floor price or price band in the red and also a statement drawing attention of the
of the amount of the issue size available for subscription to the public. band in herring prospectus, the issuer shall be investors to the section titled “basis of issue
the specified securities.
announce the floor price or price band
prospectus. price” of the offer document.
MONITORING AGENCY at least two working days before the
opening of the bid (in case of an
2) Relevant financial ratios shall be disclosed
If the issue size exceeds Rs.100 crores, the issuer shall ensure that the use of the proceeds initial public offer) and at least one
Cap on the price band/Coupon working day before the opening of on the websites of stock exchanges where
of the issue is monitored by public financial institutions or by one of the scheduled
rate = less than or equal to one the bid (in case of a further public securities are proposed to be listed and shall
commercial banks
hundred and twenty per cent of offer), in all the newspapers in which also be pre-filled in the application forms
The monitoring agency shall submit its report to the issuer on a quarterly basis, till at least the pre issue advertisement was
the floor price available on the websites of the stock
95% of the proceeds of the issue have been utilized. released. exchanges.
 Promoters contribution in IPO 4

IN CASE OF IPO MINIMUM CONTRIBUTORS PRMOTION INELIGIBLE SECURITIES EXCEPTION

1. The promoters of the issuer shall hold at 1) The promoters shall contribute 20%, as the case may a) Specified securities acquired during the preceding 3 years, if these are:- However, Clause (b) shall not apply:
least 20% of the post-issue capital. be, either by way of equity shares or by way of  acquired for consideration other than cash and revaluation of assets or a)if the promoters and AIFs, as applicable pay
2. However, in case the post-issue subscription to convertible securities. capitalisation of intangible assets is involved in such transaction; or to the issuer, the difference between the price
shareholding of the promoters is less
2) In case of any issue of convertible securities which are  resulting from a bonus issue by utilisation of revaluation reserves at which specified securities are offered in the
than 20%, /unrealised profits of the issuer/from bonus issue against equity shares initial public offer and the price at which the
convertible or exchangeable on different dates and if the
alternative investment funds which are ineligible for minimum promoters’ contribution. specified securities had been acquired;
promoters’ contribution is by way of equity shares
foreign venture capital investors b) Specified securities acquired by promoters and AIFs/ FVCIs / scheduled b) if such specified securities are acquired in
(conversion price being pre-determined), such
scheduled commercial banks commercial banks/ PFIs/ insurance companies during the preceding one terms of the scheme, as approved by a High
contribution shall not be at a price lower than the
public financial institutions year at a price lower than the price at which specified securities are Court or a tribunal or the Central Government,
weighted average price of the equity share capital
insurance companies registered with being offered to public in the initial public offer. as applicable, by promoters in lieu of business
arising out of conversion of such securities.
IRDA c) Specified securities allotted to promoters and AIFs during the preceding 1 and invested capital that had been in existence
may contribute to meet the shortfall in In case of an initial public offer of convertible debt year at a price less than the issue price, against funds brought in by them for a period of more than one year prior to
minimum contribution as specified for the instruments without a prior public issue of equity shares, during that period, in case of an issuer formed by conversion of 1 or more such approval;
promoters, subject to a maximum of 10% of the the promoters shall bring in a contribution of at least partnership firms/LLPs, where the partners of the erstwhile partnership to an initial public offer by a government
post-issue capital without being identified as 20% of the project cost in the form of equity shares, firms/LLPs are the promoters of the issuer and there is no change in the company, statutory authority or corporation or
promoter(s) subject to contributing at least 20% of the issue size from management. any special purpose vehicle set up by any of
their own funds in the form of equity shares. d) Specified securities pledged with any creditor them, which is engaged in infrastructure
sector.

Promoters contribution in FPO

SR. NO. SITUATION CONTRIBUTION/PRICE
MINIMUM PUBLIC ISSUE Either to the extent of 20%. of the proposed issue size or to the
PROMOTERS extent of 20% of the post-issue capital;
EXEMPTION-The requirements of minimum promoters’ CONTRIBUTION
contribution shall not apply in case of: 1. Composite issue extent of 20% of the proposed issue size or to the extent of
20% of the post-issue capital
i. An issuer which does not have any identifiable 2. public issue or composite issue of convertible securities 20% by way of equity shares or by way of subscription to the
promoter convertible securities
ii. In case of a further public offer, where the equity 3. Issue of convertible securities which are convertible or Not be a price lower than the weighted average price of the
shares of the issuer are frequently traded on a exchangeable on different dates and if the promoters’ equity share capital arising out of conversion of such securities.
recognised stock exchange for a period of at least three contribution is by way of equity shares
years and the issuer has a track record of dividend 4. Further public offer or composite issue where the promoters Allotment at price determined in terms of the provisions
payment for at least 3 immediately preceding years. contribute more than the stipulated minimum promoters’ relating to pricing of frequently trading shares or the issue
contribution price, whichever is higher
However, where the promoters propose to subscribe to the
specified securities offered to the extent greater than higher of In case the promoters have to subscribe to equity shares or convertible securities
the two options available , the subscription in excess of such (i) Promoters shall satisfy the requirements of at least 1 day prior to the date of opening of the issue
percentage shall be made at a price determined in terms of the (ii) Amount of promoters’ contribution shall be kept in an escrow account with a scheduled commercial bank
provisions of pricing of frequently traded shares or the issue (iii)Where the minimum promoters’ contribution is more than Rs 100 crore and the further public offer is for partly paid shares, the promoters
price, whichever is higher. shall bring in at least Rs 100 crore rupees before the date of opening of the issue and the remaining amount may be brought on a pro-rata
basis before the calls are made to the public

b)holding in excess of minimum -locked-in

LOCK IN REQUIREMENTS Equity shares held by an employee stock
for a period of one year option trust or transferred to the employees
pursuant to exercise of options by the
employees, in accordance with ESOS or ESPS
a)locked-in for a period of three The entire pre-issue share capital,
years from the date of In case of FPO, the excess Equity shares held by a venture
held by persons other than the capital fund or AIF of category I
commencement of commercial promoters’ contribution as
production or from the date of provides in clause (b) shall not be promoters, shall be locked-in for Equity shares allotted to & II or a FVCI and such equity
allotment in the IPO/FPO, whichever For subject to lock-in a period of one year. employees under shares shall be locked-in for a
employee stock option provisions of
is later Securities period of at least one-year from
this regulation
Held by the date of purchase by the
shall not apply venture capital or AIF or FVCI.
Promoters
5
Exit Opportunity To Dissenting Shareholders
Minimum offer to public and reservation
Conditions for Exit Offer
“Dissenting Shareholders” mean those shareholders who
Security Percentage Post issue capital at offer price have voted against the resolution for change in objects or
Each class or kind of equity shares or 25% Less than or equal to 1600 crore rupees variation in terms of a contract, referred to in the offer proposal for change
debentures convertible into equity shares. document of the issuer. or variation
Each class or kind of equity shares or % = 400 crores More than 1600 crore rupees but less dissented by at
debentures convertible into equity shares than or equal to 4000 rupees. least 10 per cent of
EXIT OFFER PRICE the shareholders
who voted in the
each class or kind of equity shares or 10% above four thousand crore rupees general meeting
debentures convertible into equity shares
volume-weighted average highest price paid or Frequently traded shares
RESERVATION CAN BE MADE FOR CONDITIONS FOR COMPETITIVE RESERVATION price paid or payable payable •volume-weighted amount to be
•by the promoters or •by the promoters or average market price utilized for the
CATEGORY RESERVATION MAX. shareholders shareholders •period of 60 trading days objects is less than
AMOUNT •during the 52 weeks •26 weeks immediately immediately preceding 75 % of the amount
1) Employees immediately preceding preceding the relevant the relevant date raised
2) Shareholders of listed subsidiaries or listed employees 5% of the post 2 lakhs
the relevant date date
promoter companies issue capital
RESERVATION CANNOT BE MADE FOR Under - 2-5 lakhs
subscription-
employees Manner Of Providing Exit To Dissenting Shareholders
Shareholders 10% of issue -
1) Lead manager(s) size
2) Registrar EXPLANATORY STATEMENT- disclosures, Issuer shall submit the voting results after
3) Syndicate member(s), NOTICE- passing of special applicable laws, statement to the effect-
a) The unsubscribed portion, if any, after inter-se passing resolution with the list of dissenting
4) Their promoters, directors resolution for varying terms of providing an exit opportunity to the
5) Group or associate companies of the lead adjustments among the reserved categories shall be shareholder to stock exchange
and info about exit offer dissenting shareholders
manager(s), registrar and syndicate member(s) added to the net offer category.
and their promoters, directors and employees. b) An applicant in any reserved category may make an
application for any member of specified securities, but Appoint a merchant banker
not exceeding the reserved portion for that category. Recognized stock exchange(s) shall Intimate recognised stock
registered with SEBI and
disseminate the same to public within 1 exchange(s) about the exit offer,
finalize the exit offer price
working day and its price.

Tendering period shall start not

ALLOCATION IN NET OFFER Create an escrow account- and deposit later than 7 working days from Dissenting shareholders shall
the aggregate consideration in the the passing of the special have the option to withdraw
REGULATIONS/ Regulations 32(1) & Regulations 32(2) & Regulations 32(4) & account at least 2 working days prior to acceptance till closure of the
resolution and shall remain open
INVESTORS 129(1) 129(2) 129(4) opening of the tendering period. tendering period.
for 10 working days
RII 35% 10% MINIMUM 15%
NII 15% 15%
QIB 50% (5% to MUTUAL 75% (5% TO MF)
FUNDS INCL.)
In 2 working days issuer shall give
Facilitate tendering of shares
a) Under regulation 32(4) & 129(4)- Remaining to portion shall be allotted to : the following disclosures to RSE- Pay consideration to dissenting shareholders and settlement of the same
i. individual applicants other than RIIs; and aggregate number of shares who have accepted the exit offer within a through the recognised stock
ii. other investors including corporate bodies or institutions, irrespective of the number of tendered, accepted, payment of period of 10 working days from the last date exchange mechanism as
specified securities applied for consideration and the post-offer of the tendering period specified by SEBI
shareholding pattern of the issuer
b) Under regulation 32(3) & 129(3) - In an issue made through the book building process, the issuer may and a report by the merchant
allocate up to 60% of the portion available for allocation to qualified institutional buyers to anchor banker that the payment has been
investors. duly made
 Issue price- decided in consultation ASBA Subscription period- minimum -15 6
If any of its promoters ASBA facility shall be in the manner specified by SEBI where
with lead manager and record date days and maximum - 30 days.
or directors is a fugitive as per designated stock exchange not more than one payment option is provided.
If the issuer, any of its
promoters, promoter
economic offender. Payment for reserved portion outside the issue period can be Payment option to shareholders
group or directors of through electronic banking modes.
 part payment on application

Pricing
the issuer are debarred The issue price shall not be less Conditions for applicant to make payment through ASBA
from accessing the than the face value of the specified with balance money to be
holding equity shares in
securities. paid in call (part payment -
capital market by SEBI If any of the promoters or dematerialised mode
directors of the issuer is a has not renounced entitlement in part or not be less than 25% of the
promoter or director of any in full; issue price) or
other company which is The issue shall disclose the issue
debarred from accessing price in the letter of offer filed with is not a renouncee.  full payment on application
Eligibility conditions the capital market by SEBI; SEBI and the stock exchanges

GENERAL CONDITIONS- The issuer making a rights issue of specified

securities shall ensure that:
a. Sought in-principle approval from stock exchange
1. Check 2. Notify stock 4. Appoint a merchant banker and 5. Issue shall be kept open for
b. all its existing partly paid-up equity shares have either been fully 3. Convene the Board meeting
availability of exchange 2 days prior file a draft letter of Offer with SEBI. minimum 15 days and
paid-up or have been forfeited & notify the concerned Stock
authorized capital to board meeting Incorporate changes in offer letter. maximum 30 days.
c. It has made firm arrangements of finance through verifiable means Exchanges immediately after.
towards 75% of the stated means of finance for the specific
project. Matters to be decide in board meeting
i. Quantum of issue and the proportion of rights shares.
d. The amount for general corporate purposes shall not exceed 20% of ii. Alteration of share capital, if necessary, and offering
the amount raised by the issuer. shares to persons other than existing holders of shares
iii. Fixation of record date. File a copy of the letter of offer with Advertisement -date of completion of
Where the issuer or any of its promoters or directors is a willful defaulter,
iv. Appointment of merchant bankers and underwriters the stock exchange despatch of letter of offer given in at least
the promoters or promoter group of the issuer shall not renounce their v. Approval of draft letter of offer or authorisation of
rights except to the extent of renunciation within the promoter group. managing director/ company secretary to finalise the Despatch letters of offer and the an English National Daily, one Hindi
letter of offer in consultation with the managers to the Composite Application Form to National Paper and a Regional Language
issue, the stock exchange and SEBI. shareholders by registered post. Daily where registered office is situated.

Reservations

Convene Board Make an application to the Stock

The issuer shall make a rights issue of equity Finalise the Meeting and make
Applications of shareholders who Make arrangement with Exchange(s) where the company’s
shares only if it has made reservation of allotment in
apply both on plain paper and also allotment of shares are listed for permission of
equity shares of the same class in favour of bankers for acceptance of consultation with
the holders of outstanding compulsorily shares.
in a composite application form are share application forms. Stock Exchange. listing of new shares.
convertible debt instruments, if any, in
proportion to the convertible part thereof liable to be rejected.

equity shares reserved for

the holders of fully or partly
reservation for compulsorily convertible
employees along “Preferential issue” means an issue of specified securities by a listed issuer to any select person or
debt instruments shall be
with rights issue - issued to such holder at the group of persons on a private placement basis and does not include an offer of specified securities
value of allotment to PREFERENTIAL
time of conversion of such made through employee stock option scheme, employee stock purchase scheme or an issue of sweat
any employee shall convertible debt ISSUE
not exceed Rs 2 instruments, on the same equity shares or depository receipts issued in a country outside India or foreign securities .
lakhs. terms at which the equity
undersubscription shares offered in the rights
2L-5L issue were issued.
7 Conditions for preferential issue
Relevant Date Frequently and infrequently traded shares

Frequently Traded Shares Infrequently Traded Shares

all equity shares allotted by way of preferential issue 1. Where shares of the issuer, in 1.Where the shares are not
shall be made fully paid up which the traded turnover on any frequently traded, the price
recognised stock exchange during determined by the issuer shall take
•The date 30 days prior to •lssue pursuant to any •relevant date referred the twelve calendar months into account valuation parameters
special resolution has been passed by its the date on which the resolution of stressed assets clause (a) or a date 30 preceding the relevant date, is at including book value, comparable
shareholders; meeting of shareholders is under a framework specified days prior to the date least ten per cent of the total trading multiples, and such other
held to consider the by the RBI or a resolution on which the holders number of shares of such class of parameters as are customary for
all the equity shares, held by the proposed allottees in proposed preferential plan approved by the NCLT, of the convertible shares of the issuer. valuation.
the issuer are in dematerialised form issue. the date of approval of the securities become 2. However, where the share capital 2.Submit a compliance certificate,
corporate debt restructuring entitled to apply for
issuer is in compliance with the conditions for continuous package or resolution plan of a particular class of shares of the obtained from an independent
listing of equity shares as specified in the listing agreement the equity shares. issuer is not identical throughout merchant banker or an
shall be the relevant date.
as pe SEBI listing Regulations,2015 such period, the weighted average independent valuer to the stock
Preferential issue
Preferential issue of Issue pursuant to number of total shares of such class exchange where the equity shares
issuer has obtained the Permanent Account Number of of convertible
equity shares resoltion of the issuer shall represent the of the issuer are listed.
the proposed allottees securities
total number of shares.

PRICING Lock-In of Specified Securities

Particulars Listed for more than 26 weeks Listed for less than 26 weeks CONDITION LOCK-IN
Price not less than higher of the Average of the weekly high and low price at which equity shares were Promoter or promoter group and equity shares allotted pursuant to exercise of 3 years from trading approval
following: of the volume weighted average issued by the issuer in its initial options attached to warrants issued on preferential basis to promoter or
price (VWAP) of the related equity public offer or the value per share promoter group (upto 20%)
shares quoted on the recognised arrived at in a scheme of Equity shares allotted in excess of the 20% 1 year from trading approval
stock exchange during the 26 weeks compromise, arrangement and Convertible securities or warrant which are not listed on stock exchanges, 1 year from allotment
preceding the relevant date amalgamation, pursuant to which Securities allotted on preferential basis to persons other than promoter and 1 year from trading approval
OR the equity shares of the issuer were promoter group and the equity shares allotted pursuant to exercise of options
listed attached to warrants
OR convertible securities or warrants which are not listed on stock exchanges 1 year from allotment
Where the price of the equity average of the weekly high and low the average of the weekly high and equity shares issued on a preferential basis pursuant to any resolution of 1 year from trading approval
shares is determined, such price of the volume weighted average low of the volume weighted average stressed assets under a framework specified by the RBI or a resolution plan
shall be recomputed by the issuer on prices of the related equity shares prices of the related equity shares approved by the NCLT under the IBC 2016,
completion of 26 weeks from the quoted on a recognised stock quoted on a recognised stock
date of listing if such recomputed exchange during the 2 weeks exchange during the 2 weeks
price is higher than the price paid on preceding the relevant date preceding the relevant date
1) Lock-in of the equity shares allotted pursuant to conversion of convertible securities other than warrants,
issued on preferential basis shall be reduced to the extent the convertible securities have already been locked-
allotment, the difference shall be OR
in.
paid by the allottees to the issuer.
2) If the amount payable by the allottee, in case of re-calculation of price is not paid till the expiry of lock-in
period, the equity shares shall continue to be locked-in till such amount is paid by the allottee.
Preferential issue to QIBs, not average of the weekly high and low
exceeding 5 in number. Price - not of the volume weighted average 3) The entire pre-preferential allotment shareholding of the allottees, if any, shall be locked-in from the
less than the average of the weekly prices of the related equity shares relevant date up to a period of six months from the date of trading approval.
high and low of the volume quoted on the recognised stock 4) However, in case of convertible securities or warrants which are not listed on stock exchanges, the entire
weighted average prices of the exchange during the period shares
pre-preferential allotment shareholding of the allottees, if any, shall be locked-in from the relevant date up to
related equity shares quoted on a have been listed preceding the
recognised stock exchange during relevant date a period of six months from the date of allotment of such securities.
the 2 weeks preceding the relevant
date

“Qualified Institutions Placement’ means allotment of eligible securities by a listed issuer to qualified institutional buyers (QIB’s) on private placement basis and includes an
QUALIFIED offer for sale of specified securities by the promoters and/or promoters group on a private placement basis in terms of SEBI (ICDR) Regulations, 2018.
INSTITUTIONAL
*Eligible Securities include equity shares, non-convertible debt instruments along with warrants and convertible securities other than warrants.
PLACEMENT
 8
CONDITIONS FOR QIP
CONDITIONS FOR QIP- RELEVANT DATE
1. A listed issuer may make a qualified institutions placement of eligible securities if it satisfies the following conditions:

a) SPECIAL RESOLUTION

Approval Completion Non-applicability

In case of allotment of equity In case of allotment of eligible convertible
shares, the date of the meeting in securities, either the date of the board meeting or A special resolution approving the Allotment pursuant to the special No shareholders’ resolution will be required
which the board of directors or the committee of directors decides to open the QIP has been passed by its resolution shall be completed in case the QIP is through an offer for sale by
the committee of directors duly issue of such convertible securities or the date on shareholders, and the special within a period of 365 days from promoters or promoter group for compliance
authorised decides to open the which the holders of such convertible securities resolution shall, among other the date of passing of the with minimum public shareholding
proposed issue. become entitled to apply for the equity shares relevant matters, specify that the resolution. requirements specified in the Securities
allotment is proposed to be made Contracts (Regulation) Rules, 1957
through qualified institutions
placement and the relevant date.

Conditions for offer for sale (OFS) by promoters- Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules,
1957 b) Equity shares of the same class – It shall mean equity shares which rank pari-passu in relation to rights as to dividend, voting
or otherwise
 Promoters and members of the promoter group Equity shares of the same class
Condition  An OFS of fully paid up equity shares
1  Through a QIP Proposed to be allotted through QIP Pursuant to conversion or exchange of
 For achieving minimum public shareholding eligible securities offered through QIP

Have been listed on a stock exchange for a period of at least one year prior to the date
of issuance of notice to its shareholders for convening the meeting to pass the special
resolution
1. Shall not make OFS if it has purchased or sold any equity (i)
shares of the issuer during twelve weeks period prior to the
date of the opening of the issue; and
Condition
2. They shall not purchase or sell any equity shares of the Issuer Transferee Company
2
issuer during the twelve weeks period after the date of
Scheme of compromise, arrangement Approved by a tribunal or the Central
closure of the issue. and amalgamation sanctioned by a Government under sections 230 to
OR
High Court under sections 391-394 of 234 of the Companies Act, 2013
the Companies Act, 1956

Whichever is applicable makes QIP

1. Promoters or members of the promoter group may Within
the twelve week periods provided above, sell equity shares of The period for which the equity shares of the same class of the transferor company were listed on a
the issuer held by them through offer for sale through stock stock exchange having nation-wide trading terminals shall also be considered for the purpose of
computation of the period of 1 year
exchange mechanism specified by SEBI; OR
This clause shall not be applicable to an issuer proposing to undertake qualified institutional
2. Through an open market sale, in accordance with the placement for complying with the minimum public shareholding requirements specified in the
Securities Contracts (Regulation) 1957.
Condition conditions specified by SEBI from time to time, Subject to the (ii)
3 condition that there shall be a gap of minimum two weeks
between the two successive offer(s). (iii) An issuer shall be eligible to make a qualified institutions placement if any of its promoters or directors is not a fugitive economic
offender.
9
Price not less than the PRICING OF QIP APPLICATION AND ALLOTMENT
average of the weekly high
and low of the closing
prices of the equity shares,
during preceding 2 weeks. 2 ALLOTTEES- Issue size less than or equal to 250 cr
a. makes an issue of equity shares
NO approval for QIP by way of capitalization of profits
made through OFS or reserves, other than by way of 5 ALLOTTEES- Issue size greater than 250 cr
by promoters for Issuer may offer a a dividend on shares;
compliance with discount of not more b. makes a rights issue of equity
minimum public than 5% on the price
shares
shareholding with shareholder's a) No single allottee shall be allotted more than 50% of the issue size.
requirements approval c. consolidates its outstanding
specified in SCR equity shares into a smaller b) Qualified institutional buyers belonging to the same group or who are
Rules, 1957. number of shares under same control shall be deemed to be a single allottee
d. divides its outstanding equity
shares including by way of stock
split The applicants in QIP shall not withdraw or revise downwards their bids after the
e. re-classifies any of its equity closure of the issue.
IF securities are convertible shares into other securities of the •Allotment subject to the following conditions:
into or exchangeable with issuer •minimum of 10% of eligible securities shall be allotted to mutual funds.
equity shares issuer shall The issue price shall f. is involved in such other similar
determine the price be subject to •no allotment shall be made, either directly or indirectly, to any qualified institutional buyer
events or circumstances, which in who is a promoter or any person related to the promoters of the issuer.
pursuant to such conversion appropriate
or exchange as per the date adjustments the opinion of the concerned
stock exchange, requires
QIB who does not hold shares in the issuer and who has acquired the said rights in the
disclosed in the special
resolution. capacity of a lender shall not be deemed to be a person related to the promoters
adjustments.
•A qualified institutional buyer who has any of the following rights shall be deemed to be a
person related to the promoters of the issuer:-
•rights under a shareholders‘ agreement or voting agreement entered into with promoters
or promoter group;
•veto rights; or
Issue Of Specified Securities By Small And Medium Enterprises •right to appoint any nominee director on the board of the issuer.

Listing Pursuant To An Initial Public Offer FILING OF OFFER DOCUMENT

Disclosures in draft offer 1. An issuer seeking to issue and list its specified
document and offer securities shall file a draft offer document along
document with necessary documents with the Board in File a copy of offer document with SEBI
accordance with these regulations along with the through the lead manager after registartion
with ROC. “SME exchange” means a trading platform of a recognised
fees as specified in Schedule III of these
regulations. stock exchange having nationwide trading terminals
permitted by SEBI to list the specified securities issued and
2. The draft offer document shall disclose the broad includes a stock exchange granted recognition for this
SEBI shall not issue any observation on
objects of the issue.
the offer document. purpose but does not include the Main Board.
3. The basis of issue price shall include disclosures,
except projections, as deemed fit by the issuer in
order to enable the investors to take informed lead manager(s) shall submit a due-
decisions and the disclosures shall suitably diligence certificate ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
contain the basis of valuation.
Minimum public 1. The issuer shall be in compliance with minimum Capital Amount Listing
offer document -displayed from the date
shareholding norms and public shareholding requirements specified in the
of filing on the websites of SEBI, the lead post-issue paid-up capital Less than or equal to ten list only on SME Platform of
minimum offer size Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules, 1957.
manager(s) and the SME exchange(s) for crore rupees. the Exchange
2. The minimum offer size shall be Rs 10 crore at least 21 days post issue face value capital more than Rs 10 crore and listing on the main board of
Minimum application The minimum application size shall be 16 [two lakh upto Rs 25 crore the Exchange also
size rupees and in multiples thereof]. 1. The minimum application size shall be Rs 1 lakh per application.
draft offer document and offer
Allocation and allotment 1. The number of allottees in the initial public offer documents to be given to SEBI in a soft
shall at least be 17[fifty]. copy Here, ‘minimum application value’ shall be with reference to the issue price of the specified
securities and not with reference to the amount payable on application.
2. The allotment to institutional investors as well as
non-institutional investors shall be on a 2. The minimum sum payable on application per specified securities shall at least 25% of the
proportionate basis.
issue price.
3. Any under-subscription in the non-institutional
 CHPATER 2 - Real Estate Investment Trusts 10

SALIENT FEATURES

Governing Code •SEBI (Real Estate Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014

and Legal
•Trust set up under Indian Trusts Act, 1882
Strucutre

•Sponsor Group, Re-designated Sponsor, Manager and Trustee

Parties and
•Shall be registered as a Trustee under SEBI (Debenture Trustee) Regulations, 1993
Trustees
and shall not be an associate of Sponsor/Manager/ principle valuer.

Listing and •LIsting is mandatory for Units

Investment •At least 80% of the value of the REIT assets needs to be in completed and revenue
Conditions generating properties

Maximum number •Each sponsor shall hold or propose to hold minimum 5% of units of REITs.
of sponsors that •Collectively to hold minimum of 25% of the units of the REIT for a period of not
REITs can have & less than 3 years from the date of listing.
Unit holding •Sponsor(s) and sponsor group(s)] together hold not less than fifteen per cent of
obligation the outstanding units of the listed REIT at all times.

•Under both the initial offer and follow-on offer, rights issue, QIP, minimum subscription size for units of
• Full valuation on a yearly basis and updating the same on a half Minimum REIT shall be Rs.50,000.
Valuation of Subscription •The units offered to the public in initial offer shall not be less than 25% of the number of units of the REIT
yearly basis and declare NAV within 15 days from the date of
assets on post-issue basis.
such valuation/updation. and unit size
•Trading lot shall be 100Units

Borrowings
•The aggregate consolidated borrowings and deferred payments of the REIT shall never exceed 49% of the
• Atleast 90% of the net distributable income after tax of the and value of the REIT assets
Distribution of REIT/Holdcoshall be distributed as dividend to the unit holders Deferred
Income atleast on half yearly basis and shall be made not later than •If borrowings/deferred payments exceed 25%,approval from unit holders and credit rating shall be required
payments
fifteen days

•20% can be invested in

• Directly or through SPVs holding atleast 80% of their assets Other •Developmental properties,Listed or unlisted debt of companies/ body corporate in real estate
Mode of
Investment in
directly in such properties Permissible sector;Mortgage backed securities, Equity which derive not less than 75% of their operating income
• The REIT shall hold controlling interest and not less than 50% Investments from Real Estate activity; Government securities; Unutilized FSI of a project; TDR acquired for the
properties purpose of Utilization , Money market instruments or Cash equivalents
of the equity share capital of the Special Purpose Vehicle
11

“Body corporate” shall have “Floor Space Index” or

the meaning assigned to it in “FSI” shall mean the
Body Corporate: “Body corporate” or under sub-section (11) of buildable area on a plot
shall have the meaning assigned to section 2 of the Companies of land as specified by
it in or under sub-section (11) of Act, 2013 the competent authority.
section 2 of the Companies Act,
“Associate” of any person shall be as defined under the
2013
Companies Act, 2013 or under the applicable accounting Bonus issue” means additional “Change in control” means, “Holdco” or “holding company” shall mean a
standards and shall also include following: units allotted to the unit – company or LLP., –
i. any person controlled, directly or indirectly, by the said holders as on the record date i. in case of a company or i. in which REIT holds or proposes to hold
person; fixed for the said purpose, body corporate, change not less than fifty per cent of the equity
ii. any person who controls, directly or indirectly, the said without any cost to the unit in control where share capital or interest and which it in
person; holder. ‘control’ shall have the turn has made investments in other
meaning as provided in “Follow–on Offer” means SPV(s), which ultimately hold the
iii. where the said person is a company or a body corporate,
sub-section (27) of offer of units of a listed REIT property(ies);
any person(s) who is designated as promoter(s) of the
section 2 of the to the public for subscription
company or body corporate and any other company or “Completed property” means ii. which is not engaged in any other activity
Companies Act, 2013; and includes an offer for sale
body corporate with the same promoter(s); property for which occupancy other than holding of the underlying
ii. in any other case, of REIT units by an existing SPV(s), holding of real estate/properties
iv. where the said person is an individual, any relative of the certificate has been received change in the controlling unit holder to the public. and any other activities pertaining to and
individual from the relevant authority. interest.
incidental to such holdings;

“Net asset value” or “NAV” means the

“Occupancy certificate” means a completion “REIT assets” means real estate assets and any
value of the REIT assets reduced by the “Rent generating property” means
certificate, or such other certificate, as the case may other assets owned by the REIT on a freehold or
external debt divided by the number property which has been leased or rented
be, issued by the competent authority permitting leasehold basis, whether directly or through a
of outstanding units as on a particular out in accordance with an agreement
occupation of any property under any law for the holdco and /or special purpose vehicle
date. entered into for the purpose.
time being in force.

“Special purpose vehicle” or “SPV” means “Sponsor” means any person(s) who set(s) up the REIT and designated as such at the
any company or LLP : time of application made to SEBI.
i. in which either the REIT or the
holdco holds or proposes to hold
“Sponsor group” – includes:
not less than fifty per cent of the
equity share capital or interest; (i) the sponsor(s);
 “Real Estate” or “Property” means “Related Party” shall be defined
ii. which holds not less than eighty (ii) in case the sponsor is a body corporate:
land and any permanently attached under the Companies Act, 2013
per cent of its assets directly in a. entities or person(s) which are controlled by such body corporate;
improvements to it or under the applicable
properties and does not invest in
 whether leasehold or freehold and accounting standards and shall
other special purpose vehicles; b. entities or person(s) who control such body corporate;
includes buildings, sheds, garages, also include:
and c. entities or person(s) which are controlled by person(s) as referred at clause
fences, fittings, fixtures, warehouses, i. parties to the REIT; b.
iii. which is not engaged in any
car parks, etc. and any other assets ii. promoters; activity other than holding and (iii) in case sponsor is an individual:
incidental to the ownership of real developing property and any
iii. directors; and a. an immediate relative of such individual (i.e., any spouse of that person, or any
estate other activity incidental to such
(iv) partners of the persons in parent, brother, sister or child of the person or of the spouse); and
 but does not include mortgage holding or development
clause (i). b. entities or person(s) which are controlled by such individual
 12
Issue And Allotment Of Units

A REIT shall make an initial offer of its units by way of public issue only. shall be not less than 25% of the total of the outstanding units of
the REIT and the units being offered by way of the offer document,
if the post issue capital of the REIT calculated at offer price is less
than Rs. 1,600 crores
value of the REIT
minimum number
assets owned by shall be of the value of at least Rs 400 crore, if the post issue
of unit holders
the REIT is not capital of the REIT calculated at offer price is equal to or more
shall be not less
“Transferable development rights” or “TDR” less than Rs.500 than Rs. 1600 crore and less than Rs. 4000 crore
than two hundred
crores
shall mean development rights issued by the
competent authority under relevant laws in shall be not less than 10% of the total of the outstanding units
lieu of the area relinquished or surrendered REIT is registered of the REIT and the units being offered by way of the offer
the offer size is document, if the post issue capital of the REIT calculated at
by the owner or developer or by way of with SEBI under
not less than Rs.
the REIT
250 crores
offer price is equal to or more than Rs. 4000 crore
declared incentives by the Government or Regulations No initial
authority.
offer, any listed REIT which has public holding below 25%, such REIT shall
unless increase its public holding to at least 25%, within a period of three
years from the date of listing pursuant to initial offer

“Valuer” means any person who is a

“registered valuer” under section 247 of the
Companies Act, 2013 or as specified by SEBI Any subsequent issue of units by the REIT may be by way of follow-on offer, preferential allotment, qualified institutional placement, rights issue, bonus issue, offer for
from time to time.
sale or any other mechanism and in the manner as may be specified by SEBI.

REIT, through the The lead merchant In case no

The draft offer document
merchant banker, shall file SEBI may communicate banker shall ensure observations are
filed with SEBI shall be The draft offer
a draft offer document its comments to the lead that all comments issued by SEBI on the The offer document
made public, for document and/or
along with the prescribed merchant banker and, in received from SEBI on draft offer document shall be filed with the
comments, by hosting it final offer document
fees with the designated the interest of investors, the draft offer within 21 working designated stock
on the websites of SEBI, shall be accompanied
stock exchange(s) and may require the lead document are suitably days, then REIT may exchanges and SEBI
designated stock by a due diligence
SEBI, not less than 30 merchant banker to carry taken into account file the offer not less than 5
exchanges and merchant certificate signed by
working days before filing out such modifications in prior to the filing of document or follow- working days before
bankers associated with the lead merchant
offer document with the the draft offer document the offer document on offer document opening of the offer.
the issue for a period of banker.
designated stock as it deems fit. with the designated with SEBI and the
not less than 21 days.
exchange and SEBI stock exchanges. exchange(s).

The REIT may invite for subscriptions and

The initial offer or follow-on offer or right issue shall be made allot units to any person, whether resident or Under both the initial
by the REIT within a period of not more than one year from the foreign. offer and follow-on public
date of issuance of observations by SEBI. offer, the REIT shall not
However, if the initial offer or follow-on offer or right issue is In case of foreign investors, such investment accept subscription of an
not made within the specified time period, a fresh draft offer shall be subject to guidelines as may be amount less than Rs.
document shall be filed. specified by RBI and the government from 50,000 from an applicant.
time to time.
13

The price of REIT units

The application for In case of over-
issued by way of public
1. subscription shall be subscriptions, the REIT shall
issue shall be determined
accompanied by a allot units to the applicants The REIT shall allot units or
Initial offer and follow-on through the book building
statement containing the on a proportionate basis refund application money The REIT shall issue units
offer shall not be open for process or any other
abridged version of the rounded off to the nearest as the case may be, within only in dematerialized form
subscription for a period of process in accordance with
offer document, detailing integer subject to minimum 12 working days from the to all the applicants.
more than thirty days. the circulars or guidelines
the risk factors and subscription amount per date of closing of the issue.
issued by SEBI and in the
summary of the terms of subscriber as specified
manner as may be specified
issue. above.
by SEBI.

If the manager fails to

 allot, list, or refund the money within the specified The REIT shall refund money, –
time, (a) to all applicants in case it fails to collect subscription amount of exceeding 90% of the fresh issue size as specified in the offer document.
 then he shall pay interest to the unit holders at 15% per (b) to applicants to the extent of over subscription in case the moneys received is in excess of the extent of over-subscription as specified in
annum the offer document. The right to retain such over subscription cannot exceed 25% of the issue size
 till such allotment/ listing / refund and such interest (c) to all applicants in case the number of subscribers to the initial offer forming part of the public is less than 200.
shall not be recovered in the form of fees or any other
form payable to the manager by the REIT.

The amount for general purposes, as mentioned in

objects of the issue in the draft document filed
The holding period for securities against with SEBI, shall not exceed to 10 % of the amount
which such units have been received shall
be considered for the purpose of
raised by the REIT by issuance of units.
calculation of one year period.

If such units have been held by the Subject to other circulars or guidelines
existing unit holders for a period of at as may be specified by SEBI in this If the REIT fails to make its initial offer within three years
least one year prior to the filing of draft regard.
offer document with SEBI. from the date of registration with SEBI, it shall surrender
its certificate of registration to SEBI and cease to operate as a REIT.
SEBI if it deems fit, may extend the period by another one year.
Further, the REIT may later re-apply for registration, if it so desires

Units may be
offered for sale SEBI may specify by issue of guidelines or circulars any other
to public requirements, as it deems fit, pertaining to issue and allotment of units
by a REIT.
 14

Listing And Trading Of Units Delisting Of Units

After the initial offer it shall be mandatory for all units of REITs to be listed CONDITIONS OF DELISITNG
on a recognized stock exchange having nationwide trading terminals within of twelve
working days from the date of closure of the offer. Public holding falls below the specified limit as prescribed under REIT
The listing of the units of the REIT shall be in accordance with the listing agreement . Regulations.
• If there are no projects or assets remaining under the REIT for a period exceeding
six months and REIT does not propose to invest in any project in future. The
In case of non-receipt of listing permission from the stock exchange(s) or period may be extended by further six months, with the approval of unit holders
withdrawal of Observation Letter issued by SEBI the units shall not be eligible for in the manner as specified in REIT Regulations.
listing and the REIT shall be liable to refund the subscription monies, if any, to the
respective allottees immediately along with interest at the rate of 15% per annum SEBI or the designated stock exchanges require such delisting for violation of
from the date of allotment. the listing agreement or these regulations or the Act
• The sponsor(s) or trustee requests such delisting and such request has been
The units of the REIT listed in recognized stock exchanges shall be traded, approved by unit holders in accordance with the REIT Regulations.
cleared and settled in accordance with the bye-laws of concerned stock exchanges
and such conditions as may be specified by SEBI. The unit holders may also apply for such delisting in accordance with the
The units of REIT shall remain listed on the designated stock exchange unless delisted provisions as prescribed for rights and meeting if unit holders.
under REIT Regulations.

SEBI or the designated stock exchanges require such delisting for violation of
Trading lot for the purpose of trading of units of the REIT shall be 100 units. the listing agreement, these regulations or the Act or in the interest of the unit
The REIT shall redeem units only by way of a buy-back or at the time of delisting of holders.
units.

The minimum public holding for the units of the listed REIT shall as discussed
under Issue and Allotment of Units of this lesson, failing which action may be taken as •SEBI and the designated stock exchanges may consider such application for
may be specified by SEBI and by the designated stock exchange including delisting of APPLICATION approval or rejection as may be appropriate in the interest of the unit
holders.
units under REIT Regulations.

However, in case of breach of the conditions specified here, the trustee •SEBI, instead of requiring delisting of units, if it deems fit, may provide
EXTENSION
may provide a period of six months to the manager to rectify the same, failing which OF TIME
additional time to the REIT or parties to the REIT to comply with REIT
Regulations
the manager shall apply for delisting of units.

•SEBI may reject the application for delisting and take any other action, as it
SEBI'S
SEBI and the designated stock exchanges may specify any other requirements DISCRETION
deems fit under REIT Regulations or the Act for violation of the listing
agreement or REIT Regulations or the Act.
pertaining to listing and trading of units of the REIT by issuance of guidelines or
circulars.

•SEBI may require the REIT to wind up and sell its assets in order to redeem
WINDING UP units of the unit holders for the purpose of delisting of units and SEBI may
AND through circulars or guidelines specify the manner of such winding up or
REDEMPTION
sale.
15
PROCEDURE AFTER DELISTING
DISCLOSURES
SURRENDER LIABILITY AFTER
DELISTING PROCEDURE 1. DISCLOSURE AS PER The manager shall ensure that the disclosures in the offer
CERTIFICATE SURRENDER
SCHEDULE I document are in accordance with Scheldule II of the REIT
• The procedure for delisting of • After delisting of • However, the REIT and Regulations and any circulars or guidelines issued by SEBI in this
units of REIT including provision its units, the REIT parties to the REIT shall regard.
of exit option to the unit shall surrender its continue to be liable for
holders shall be in accordance certificate of all their acts of omissions 2.ANNUAL REPORT The manager shall submit an annual report to all unit holders of the
with the listing agreement and registration to and commissions with REIT with respect to activities of the REIT, within three months from the
in accordance with procedure SEBI and shall no respect to activities of the end of the financial year
as may be specified by SEBI and longer undertake REIT notwithstanding such 3. HALF YEARLY REPORT The manager shall submit a half-yearly report to all unit holders of
by the designated stock activity of a REIT. surrender. the REIT with respect to activities of the REIT within forty five
exchanges from time to time. days from the end of the half year ending on September 30th.

4. DISCLOSURES IN REPORTS Such annual and half yearly reports shall contain disclosures as
specified under Schedule IV of the REIT Regulations.

5. INFORMATION TO BE The manager shall disclose to the designated stock exchanges,

DISCLOSED any information having bearing on the operation or
performance of the REIT as well as price sensitive information
Participation By Strategic Investor(S) In Reits
which includes but is not restricted to the following,-
 Acquisition or disposal of any properties, value of which
exceeds 5% of value of the REIT assets;
 Additional borrowing, at level of holdco or SPV or the REIT,
The circular dated 18/01/2018 seeks to give clarifications on the participation by the ‘strategic investors’ in the public resulting in such borrowing exceeding 5% of the value of
issue of the REITs and the InVITs the REIT assets during the year;

‘Strategic investor’ means:  Additional issue of units by the REIT;

1. an infrastructure finance company registered with RBI as a Who invest either jointly or  Details of any credit rating obtained by the REIT and any
NBFC severally not less than 5 % of change in such rating;
the total offer size of the InvIT  Any issue which requires approval of the unit holders;
2. a Scheduled Commercial Bank;
or such amount as may be
3. an international multilateral financial institution; specified by SEBI with  Any legal proceedings which may have significant bearing
applicable provisions of the
on the functioning of the REIT;
4. a systemically important NBFC with RBI;
FEMA Act, 1999 and the rules  Notices and results of meetings of unit holders;
5. a foreign portfolio investors
or regulations thereunder.  Any instance of non-compliance with the REIT Regulations
including any breach of limits specified under these
regulations;
Participation by the ‘strategic investors’ in the public issue of the REITs The manager shall disclose to the designated stock exchanges,
unit holders and SEBI such information and in the manner as
Holding Issue price of the units and Lock-in period
may be specified by SEBI
requirements utilisation of funds
 Holding by strategic investors –  The price at which units are offered The units subscribed by strategic 6. INFORMATION TO The manager shall submit such information to the designated
Minimum 5%, maximum 25%. to the strategic investors must not investors, pursuant to the unit UNITHOLDERS stock exchanges and unit holders on a periodical basis as may
 Holding by public, other than be less than the price determined in subscription agreement, will be
strategic investors and sponsors – the public issue. locked-in for a period of 180 days be required under the listing agreement.
Minimum 25%  It must be ensured that the from the date of listing in the public
 Holding by sponsor – Minimum 5%, subscription amount is kept in the issue.
maximum 70% separate account until the public
issue is opened.
 CHAPTER 3- Infrastructure Investment Trusts 16

DEFINITIONS

Completed and revenue generating project

An infrastructure project, which prior to the date of its acquisition by, or transfer to, the InvIT, satisfies the
Investor Infrastructure following conditions:
Investment Trust
1. The infrastructure project has achieved the commercial operations date as defined under the relevant project
agreement including concession agreement, power purchase agreement or any other agreement of a similar
nature entered into in relation to the operation of the project or in any agreement entered into with the
lenders;
1) An infrastructure investment trust is a trust formed under the Trusts Act and registered under the 2. The infrastructure project has received all the requisite approvals and certifications for commencing
Registration Act operations; and
2) In the context of an InvIT, the trust is created by the Sponsor, the ownership of the property vests 3. The infrastructure project has been generating revenue from operations for a period of not less than one
in the Trustee and the beneficiaries are the Unit holders of the InvIT. year.
3) Infrastructure Investment Trust is like a mutual fund, which enables direct investment of small
amounts of money from possible individual/institutional investors in infrastructure to earn a small
portion of the income as return. Concession Agreement and Concessioning Authority
“Concession Agreement” means an
• agreement entered into
• with a concessioning authority for the
How does it benefit investors? • implementation of the project as provided in the agreement.

Concessioning Authority” means the

• public sector concessioning authority in PPP projects.

1. Sponsor has to hold a minimum 15 per cent of the InvIT units with a lock-in period of three
years.
“Eligible Infrastructure Project”
2. InvITs have to distribute 90 per cent of their net cash flows to investors. means an infrastructure project
3. The trust is required to invest a minimum of 80 per cent in revenue generating infra assets. which, prior to the date of its
acquisition by, or transfer to, the
4. Dividends from the trust will be distributed to the investor depending on its cash flow InvIT,
5. There is no dividend distribution tax on InvIT units.

PPP projects Non-PPP projects

“Infrastructure” includes- The infrastructure

The Infrastructure Infrastructure Project, which project has received
• All infrastructure sub-sectors as defined vide notification of Project is a has achieved commercial all the requisite
operations date and does The Infrastructure
the Ministry of Finance dated October 07, 2013 completed and Project is a pre-COD approvals and
not have the track record of certifications for
• Includes any amendments or additions made thereof and revenue generating revenue from operations for project
commencing
“Infrastructure project” means any project in the infrastructure sector. project a period of not less than one construction of the
year project.
17

PPP Project means -

Pre-COD project
An infrastructure project
"InvIT assets" means assets undertaken on a Public-
owned by the InvIT, whether
InvIT” shall mean a trust directly or through a holdco Private Partnership basis
registered as such under and/ or SPV, and includes all
the InvIT Regulations. rights, interests and benefits • between a public
Not achieved commercial operation date as
arising from assets. concessioning defined under the relevant project Has
authority and a agreements including
private SPV • achieved completion of at least fifty per
"Value of the InvIT assets” cent of the construction of the
“Valuer” means any concessionaire i. the concession agreement;
means value of assets of the infrastructure project as certified by an
person who is a
InvIT as assessed by the valuer
• selected on the basis ii. power purchase agreement; or independent engineer of such project; or
“registered valuer” under of open competitive
section 247 of the based on value of the
infrastructure and other assets bidding or on the basis
iii. any other agreement of a similar nature • expanded not less than 50% of the total
Companies Act, 2013 or as entered into in relation to the operation
owned by the InvIT, whether of an MoU with the capital cost set forth in the financial
specified by SEBI from of a project
time to time. directly or through holdco package of the relevant project
and/or SPV. relevant authorities
any agreement entered into with the lenders agreement.

Institutional Investor Related Parties

Under-Construction Project
a) family trust or shall be defined under the Companies Act, 2013 or under
systematically important the applicable accounting standards and shall also include
NBFCs registered with RBI
or intermediaries
registered with SEBI, all Which has either not achieved commercial Which has achieved commercial operation
Promoters, directors and
with net-worth of more operation date as defined under the relevant
partners of the person date and does not have the track record of
than five hundred crore
mentioned in clause (i). project agreements including : revenue from operations for a period of
rupees, as per the last
audited financial not less than one year.
statements • the concession agreement,
• power purchase agreement or
Parties to the InvIT • any other agreement of a similar nature
b)a qualified institutional • any agreement with the lenders
buyer

KEY STAKEHOLDERS

SPONSOR TRUSTEE PROJECT MANAGER INVESTMENT MANAGER

• Setup InvIT and appoint the trustee • Hold InvIT’s assets in the name of InvIT for • Undertake operations and management of • Make investment decisions in relation
• Hold minimum required percentage the benefit of unit holders InvIT assets to underlying assets
of total units of InvIT • Ensure investment manager makes timely • For under construction projects, ensure • Ensure assets have proper legal title
payment of dividend to unit holders progress of developments, approval status and contracts entered are legal, valid
and such other aspects and binding
 Offer Of Units And Listing Of Units 18
File the final placement
Offer price Minimum offer and allotment memorandum with SEBI
Through a placement within ten working days
No initial offer of units by an InvIT shall be to public

PRIVATE PLACEMENT
memorandum from the date of listing .
made unless-
Post issue capital of the Offer price is less than Rs 1600 crore 25% of the total outstanding
1. The InvIT is registered with SEBI; InvIT units of the InvIT file a placement
From institutional memorandum with SEBI
2. The value of InvIT assets is not less than Post issue capital of the Offer price is equal to or more than Rs Of the value of atleast Rs 400 investors and body with fee atleast 5 days
rupees five hundred crore. InvIT 1600 crore and less than rupees four crore corporate only, whether prior to opening of the
thousand crore Indian or foreign issue
3. The offer size is not less than rupees two
hundred fifty crore. Post issue capital of the Offer price is equal to or more than Rs 10% of the total outstanding
InvIT 4000 crore. units of the InviT minimum investment of Min-5, Max- 1000
rupees one crore investors

Invit may open the IPO or follow-on The amount for general
Designated stock exchanges and SEBI
offer or right issue within one year purposesshall not exceed ten per
By way of initial public offer not less than five working days
from the date of issuance of cent of the amount raised by the invit
before opening of the offer
observations by SEBI. by issuance of units.
IF THE INVIT RAISES FUNDS BY PUBLIC ISSUE INVITS

Any subsequent issue may be by way

of follow-on offer, preferential Draft offer document and offer
Invit may invite for subscriptions and Failure to allot or list the units or
allotment, qualified institutional document shall be accompanied by A
allot units to any person, whether refund the money within the
placement, rights issue, bonus issue, due diligence certificate signed by
resident or foreign specified time= 15% interst P.A.
offer for sale or any manner as may the lead merchant banker
be specified by SEBI

In case no observations are

suggested by SEBI in the draft offer Abridged version of the offer
Price of invit units issued by way of
Minimum subscription shall be one document within twenty one working document detailing the risk factors
public issue shall be determined
lakh rupees days ,invit may file the offer and summary of the terms of issue to
through the book building process
document or follow on offer be sent with subscription application.
document with SEBI and SE

File the draft offer document along

with prescribed fees with the Ensure that all comments received Initial public offer and follow-on offer Invit shall issue units in only in
designated stock exchange and SEBI from SEBI on the draft offer shall not be open for subscription for dematerialized form to all the
not less than thirty working days document are suitably addressed A period of more than thirty days applicants
before filing the offer document

SEBI may communicate its comments In case of over-subscriptions, the Invit shall allot units or refund
The draft offer document filed with
to the lead merchant banker so draft invit shall allot units to the applicants application money, as the case may
SEBI shall be made public, for
offer documentcan be modified on A proportionate basis rounded off be, within twelve working days from
comments for 21 days minimum.
accordingly. to the nearest integer the date of closing of the issue
19
FAILURE TO OFFER UNITS
Compulsorily convertible securities, whose
In case of oversubscription- holding period has been included offer for sale, InvIT fails to make any offer of its units,
fails to collect subscription of shall be converted to equity shares of the hold
money shall be refunded to
atleast 90 % of the fresh issue whether by way of public issue or private
applicants to the extent of the or SPV, prior to filing of offer document
size placement, within three years from the date
oversubcription.
of registration with SEBI, it shall surrender
If such units have been held by Subject to other guidelines its certificate of registration to SEBI and
all applicants to the initial the sellers for a period of at least as may be specified by SEBI
public offer forming part of one year prior to the filing of in this regard cease to operate as an InvIT.
the public is less than 20 draft offer document with SEBI.
However, SEBI, if it deems fit, may extend
the period by another one year.
Units may be offered for Further that the InvIT may later re-apply for
sale to public registration, if it so desires.
InvIT shall refund money

Guidelines For Public Issue Of Units Of InvITs

1. A strategic investor may participate in an offer as an anchor Security deposit

Filing of offer document investor.
The investment manager
2. The investment manager, on behalf of the InvIT, may allocate
1. The draft offer document has to be filed with SEBI and the designated stock • will have to deposit before the opening
up to 60% of the portion available to institutional investors to
exchanges (DSE). of subscription, and keep deposited with
anchor investors.
2. The lead merchant bankers(LMB) have to submit a certificate confirming that the the stock exchanges,
3. The anchor investors will have to make an application of a value
agreement is entered between the investment manager on behalf of the InvIT and • an amount calculated at the rate of
of at least INR 100 million in the public issue.
LMB, and a due diligence certificate in the prescribed form has to be filed with the 0.5%of the amount of units offered for
draft offer document. 4. Allocation to anchor investor - minimum of two investors for
allocations of up to INR 2.5 billion and minimum five investors subscription to the public
3. The draft offer document shall be hosted on the websites of SEBI, DSEs, and • or INR 50 millions,
for allocations exceeding INR2.5 billion.
merchant bankers, for public comment within ten days of filing. • whichever is lower.
5. The bidding for anchor before the issue opening date and the
4. SEBI may specify changes or issue observations within the prescribed time, pursuant
allocation must be completed on the same day.
to which the draft offer document has to be suitably modified and filed with SEBI as
offer document. 6. The number of units allocated and the allocation price must be
disclosed on the websites of the stock exchange(s),sponsor(s),
After filing offer document with SEBI, LMB shall issue pre-issue advertisement on the
investment manager and merchant banker(s).
websites of sponsor, investment manager. LMB may also issue such advertisement in
newspapers. 7. The anchor investor shall have to bring in the deficit between
the cut-off price and the allocation price, if any.
8. The lock-in period shall be thirty days for anchor investors other 1. The issue opening- at least five working days
than a strategic investor. However, lock-in should be one year from filing of the final offer document with SEBI.
for strategic investors investing as anchor investors.
2. The public issue shall atleast for three working
9. Neither the merchant bankers nor any person related to the days, but maximum thirty working days.
merchant bankers in the concerned public issue can apply under
3. In case of a price band revision, the bidding period
the anchor investor category, except mutual funds, insurance
companies and pension funds. shall be extended for at least one day, provided that
Allocation in public issue
the total bidding period does not exceed thirty
1. Institutional investors -75% in a public offering of the InvIT units. days.
2. Other investors, including retail investors- 25% of the InvIT units.
 20
Price and price band Other conditions
1. No InvIT can make a public issue of units
Guidelines For Preferential Issue Of Units By InvITs
1. Announcement of price- The floor price or the price band has
if it or any of its sponsors, investment
to be announced at least five working days before the opening
managers, or trustees is debarred from
of the issue on the website of the sponsor, investment
accessing the capital market by SEBI, or is
manager, stock exchanges, InvIT and in all newspapers in which
on the list of wilful defaulters published by A listed InvIT may make
the pre-issue advertisement was released. No preferential issue of
the Reserve Bank of India. preferential issue of units
2. Price offering- Differential pricing shall not be offered to any units by the InvIT has been
to an institutional investor
investor. 2. Investment managers have to appoint a made in the six months
as defined in the InvIT
compliance officer for monitoring preceding the relevant
regulations, if it satisfies
3. Determination of final price- The final price of the units(“cut-off date.
compliance of securities laws, besides the given conditions
price”) may be determined in consultation with the LMB or through redressing investor grievances.
book building process.

Preferential issue pursuant to the

unitholders resolution referred
Allotment pursuant to
Bidding process above shall be completed within
preferential issue shall be
a period of twelve months from
i. A resolution of the unitholders completed within 12 days.
1. Electronic bidding- Bidding through the electronically the date of passing of the
linked bidding facility of a stock exchange is mandatory. of the InvIT approving the resolution.
Payment through ASBA facility had been made optional. preferential issue has been
2. Rejection of bids- Bids of institutional investors may be passed.
rejected by the lead merchant banker at the time of
ii. The InvIT is in compliance with
acceptance of bids after providing reason to the bidder
and recording the same in writing. the conditions for continuous
The units to be issued in
3. Prohibition- Withdrawing or lowering the bid size has
listing and disclosure obligations The units shall be issued only preferential issue shall be of same
been prohibited. under these regulations and in dematerialized form. class or kind as the units issued in
circulars issued thereunder the initial offer by the InvIT.
iii. The InvIT is in compliance with
the minimum public unitholding
requirements as stipulated
under the InvIT Regulations.
1. Issue Price- The units shall be issued to all bidders at and The minimum Such units have been listed on a
above the cut-off price. subscription and trading recognised stock exchange, having
2. Basis of Allotment- Allotment of units other than anchor lot for the units to be nationwide trading terminal for a period
investors shall be on proportionate basis within the issued in preferential of at least six months prior to the date of
issue shall be same as that issuance of notice to its unitholders for
specified investment categories, subject to minimum
for units issued in the convening the meeting to approve the
allotment, as per regulations. initial offer by the InvIT. preferential issue.
3. Allotment in case of under-subscription- In case of
under-subscription in any investor category, the Transferability of Units
unsubscribed portion may be allotted to applicants in the
other categories.

The units allotted under preferential issue

shall not be sold by the allottee for a period of Relevant date for the purpose of
The units in a preferential
preferential issue shall mean the date of
one year from the date of allotment, except issue shall be offered and
the meeting in which the board of
allotted to a minimum of
on a recognised stock exchange. directors of the investment manager of
two investors and
Public communications, publicity, advertisements and research the InvIT or the committee of directors
maximum of 1000
materials duly authorised by the board of directors
investors in a financial
of the investment manager of the InvIT
year.
Public communication shall not contain any matter extraneous to decides to open the proposed issue.
the offer document, and shall be truthful and fair.
21
Placement Document
Restriction on allotment
1. Appointment of Intermediaries-
The InvIT may appoint one or more SEBI
registered intermediaries to carry out
the obligations relating to the issue.
Restriction on allotment

2. Placement Document-
The preferential issue of units by an InvIT shall be done on the No allotment shall be
basis of a placement document, which shall contain disclosures as made, either directly or
specified in the InvIT Regulations. indirectly, to any party to
The applicants in the InvIT or their related
preferential issue parties except to the
3. Format of placement document- shall not withdraw sponsor only to the extent
The placement document shall be serially numbered and copies shall their bids after the that is required to ensure
be circulated only to select investors subject to compliance with above closure of the issue. compliance with
mentioned clause. regulation 12 (3) of the
InvIT Regulations.

4. Document for seeking in-principal approval-

The InvIT shall, while seeking in-principle approval from the
recognised stock exchange, furnish a copy of the placement
document, a certificate issued by its merchant banker or statutory Listing And Trading Of Units
auditor confirming compliance with the provisions of these Guidelines
along with any other documents required by the stock exchange.
5. Placement Document to be placed on the website- • It shall be mandatory for units of all InvITs to be listed on a recognized stock exchange having nationwide trading
The placement document shall also be placed on the website of the
MANDATORY terminals.
concerned stock exchange and the InvIT with a disclaimer to the effect
LISTING • Not applicable if if the initial offer does not satisfy the minimum subscription amount or the minimum number of
subscribers as prescribed under the SEBI InvIT Regulations.
that it is in connection with a preferential issue and that no offer is
being made to the public or to any other investor.

• The listing of the units shall be in accordance with the listing agreement entered into between the InvIT and the
designated stock exchanges.
Pricing LISTING
• In the event of non-receipt of listing permission from the stock exchange(s) or withdrawal of Observation Letter issued by
1. The preferential issue shall be made at a price not less than the
PERMISSION SEBI the units shall not be eligible for listing and the InvIT shall be liable to refund the subscription monies, to the
average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of the respective allottees immediately alongwith interest at the rate of fifteen per cent per annum
units quoted on the stock exchange during the two weeks
preceding the relevant date.
2. The InvIT shall not allot partly paid-up units.
• The units of the InvIT listed in the designated stock exchanges shall be traded, cleared and settled in accordance with the
3. The prices determined for preferential issue shall be subject to TRADING bye-laws of designated stock exchanges and such conditions as may be specified by SEBI.
appropriate adjustments, if the InvIT: • The units shall remain listed on the designated Stock Exchanges unless delisted under the SEBI InvIT Regulations.
a) makes a rights issue of units;
b) is involved in such other similar events or circumstances, which
in the opinion of the concerned stock exchange, requires
adjustments.
HOLDING • Any person other than the sponsor(s) holding units of the InvIT prior to initial offer shall hold the units for a period of not
AND less than one year from the date of listing of the units.
REDEMPTION • The InvIT shall redeem units only by way of a buyback or at the time of delisting of units.
 22
MINIMUM HOLDING
DELSITING OF UNITS
1. The minimum public holding for the units of the InvIT after listing shall be in accordance with the provisions
The investment manager shall apply for delisting of units of the InvIT to SEBI and the designated stock
of Issue and listing of units, failing which action may be taken as may be specified by SEBI and by the
designated stock exchanges including delisting of units under these regulations. exchanges if

Public holding falls below the specified limit

Minimum number of unit holders in an InvIT other than
the sponsor(s), its related parties and its associates

The number of unit holders of the InvIT falls below the

prescribed limit

• privately placed InvIT

• Public InviT
• Five If there are no projects or assets remaining under the InvIT
• Twenty
• Each holding not for a period exceeding six months and InvIT does not
• Each holding propose to invest in any project in future.
more than 25% of the
not more than
units of the InvIT.
25% of the units
of the InvIT. SEBI or the designated stock exchanges require such
delisting for violation of the listing agreement or these
regulations or the Act or in interst of unitholders

At the request of Unitholders OR sponsor(s) or trustee

LISTING OF PRIVATELY PLACED Trading LOT An invit invests not less than eighty requests such delisting which is approved by unitholders in
UNITS •Trading lot for the purpose of per cent of the value of the invit accordance with these regulations.
•Mandatorily listed on the trading of units on the designated assets, in completed and revenue
designated stock exchange(s) stock exchange shall be rupees generating assets
within thirty working days from one crore. •The trading lot for the purpose of
the date of allotment trading of units on the designated
stock exchange of such invit shall
be rupees two crore

LISTING OF PUBLICLY This shall not apply if the

OFFERED UNITS initial public offer does not
•Its units shall be mandatorily listed on satisfy the minimum Trading lot for the purpose of
the designated stock exchange(s) subscription amount or the trading of units on the
within 12 working days from the date
of closure of the initial public offer.
minimum number of designated stock exchange
subscribers as prescribed shall be 100 units.
under the SEBI InvIT
Regulations.
23

In case of PPP projects, such delisting shall be subject to relevant clauses in the concession agreement. • The procedure for delisting of units of InvIT including provision of
exit option to the unit holders shall be in accordance with the listing
• SEBI and the designated stock Exchanges may consider such application DELISTING agreement and in accordance with procedure as may be specified
PROCEDURE by SEBI and by the designated stock exchanges from time to time
INTEREST OF for delisting for approval or rejection as may be appropriate in the
THE UNIT interest of the unit holders
HOLDERS

• After delisting of its units, the InvIT shall surrender its certificate of
• SEBI may, instead of delisting of the units, if it deems fit, provide registration to SEBI and shall no longer undertake activity of an
additional time to the InvIT or parties to the InvIT to comply with above SURRENDER InvIT.
EXTENSION OF CERTIFICATE
TIME mentioned conditions.

• SEBI may reject the application for delisting and take any other action, • The InvIT and parties to the InvIT shall continue to be liable for all
as it deems fit, under the SEBI InvIT Regulations or the Act for violation their acts of omissions and commissions with respect to activities of
REJECTION OF
APPLICATION of the listing agreement or these regulations or the Act. LIABILITY AFTER the InvIT notwithstanding surrender of registration to SEBI.
SURRENDER
 24
CHAPTER 4- Indian Equity – Private Funding

Debt Fund Hedge fund Infrastructure fund

ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT FUND Invests primarily in debt or Employs diverse or complex Invests primarily in unlisted
debt securities of listed or trading strategies and invests securities or partnership interest or
Alternative Investment Fund means any fund established or incorporated in India unlisted investee companies and trades in securities having listed debt or securitized debt
in the form of a trust or a company or a limited liability partnership according to the stated diverse risks or complex instruments of investee companies
or a body corporate which,- objectives of the Fund. products including listed and or special purpose vehicles engaged
unlisted derivatives. in or formed for the purpose of
operating, developing or holding
i. is a privately pooled investment vehicle which collects funds
infrastructure projects.
from investors, whether Indian or foreign, for investing it in
accordance with a defined investment policy for the benefit of its investors; and Infrastructure shall be as defined by
ii. is not covered under the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996, SEBI (Collective Investment Schemes) the Government of India from time
Regulations, 1999 or any other regulations of the SEBI to regulate fund management activities. to time.

Provided that the following shall not be considered as Alternative Investment Fund for the purpose of these
regulations Private Equity Fund SME Fund Social Venture Fund

Invests primarily in equity or Invests primarily in unlisted Invests primarily in securities or

equity linked instruments or securities of investee units of social ventures and which
partnership interests of companies which are SMEs or satisfies social performance norms
investee companies according securities of those SMEs which laid down by the fund and whose
to the stated objective of the are listed or proposed to be investors may agree to receive
family trusts set up for the benefit of ’relatives’ as defined fund. listed on a SME exchange or restricted or muted returns.
under Companies Act, 2013
SME segment of an exchange.
CORPUS
ESOP Trusts set up under the SEBI (Share Based Employee
Corpus means the total Benefits) Regulations, 2014 or as permitted under Companies
Act, 2013 Venture Capital Fund -invests primarily in unlisted securities of start-ups, emerging or early-stage
amount of funds committed
venture capital undertakings mainly involved in new products, new services, technology or intellectual
by investors to the
employee welfare trusts or gratuity trusts set up for the property right based activities or a new business model and shall include an angel fund as defined
Alternative Investment Fund benefit of employees under Chapter III-A of the SEBI (AIF) Regulations,2012
by way of a written contract
or any such document as on holding companies’ as defined under sub-section 46 of section
a particular date. 2 of Companies Act, 2013

other special purpose vehicles not established by fund Investee company- means Manager- means
managers, including securitization trusts, regulated under a • any company,
Any person or entity who is appointed by the
specific regulatory framework • special purpose vehicle or
Alternative Investment Fund to manage its
funds managed by securitisation company or reconstruction • limited liability partnership or
• body corporate or investments by whatever name called and may
company which is registered with the Reserve Bank of India
under Section 3 of SARFAESI Act, 2002 • real estate investment trust or also be same as the sponsor of the Fund.
• Infrastructure investment trust in which
any such pool of funds which is directly regulated by any other an Alternative Investment Fund makes
regulator in India.
an investment.
25
Investible funds- Small and Medium Enterprise - Sponsor- Unit-
Investible funds means corpus of the Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) and Sponsor means any person or persons who set Unit means beneficial interest of the investors
Alternative Investment Fund net of shall have the same meaning as assigned to up the Alternative Investment Fund and in the Alternative Investment Fund or a
estimated expenditure for administration it under the Micro, Small and Medium includes promoter in case of a company and scheme of the Alternative Investment Fund
and management of the fund. Enterprises Development Act, 2006 as designated partner in case of a limited liability and shall include shares or partnership
amended from time to time. partnership interests.

societies registered company

Venture Capital Undertaking means a
for charitable registered under
purposes or for Section 8 of the domestic company: Does not include following activities or
promotion of science, Companies Act, a) which is not listed on a sectors:
literature, or fine arts 2013 recognised stock exchange in a) non-banking financial companies;
India at the time of making
investment; and b) gold financing;
public charitable micro finance c) activities not permitted under industrial
trusts registered with b) which is engaged in the
Social Venture means a trust, society or company or
institutions policy of Government of India;
Charity Commissioner business for providing services,
venture capital undertaking or limited liability partnership production or manufacture of any other activity which may be specified by
formed with the purpose of promoting social welfare or
article or things the Board in consultation with Government of
solving social problems or providing social benefits and
includes India from time to time

Categories of AIF

Category I Alternative Investment Fund Category II Alternative Investment Fund Category III Alternative Investment Fund

Start-up or early stage ventures or They are generally perceived to have a Those which do not fall Alternative Investment Employs diverse or Alternative Investment Funds such
social ventures or SMEs or positive spillover effect on the economy in Category I and III and Funds such as private complex trading as hedge funds or funds which
infrastructure or other sectors or areas and for which SEBI or Government of which does not equity funds or debt strategies and may trade with a view to make short
which the government or regulators India or other regulators in India might undertake leverage or funds for which no employ leverage term returns or such other funds
consider as socially or economically consider providing incentives or borrowing other than to specific incentives or including through which are open ended and for
desirable and shall include venture concessions shall be included and such meet day-to-day concessions are given investment in listed or which no specific incentives or
capital funds, SME Funds, social funds which are formed as trusts or operational by the government or unlisted derivatives. concessions are given by the
venture funds, infrastructure funds and companies shall be construed as Venture requirements and as any other Regulator government or any other Regulator
such other Alternative Investment Capital Company or venture capital fund. permitted in the AIF shall be included shall be included in this category.
Funds as may be specified. Regulations. under this category.
 All AIFs must state its
Corpus of minimum 20 crore rupees 26
✓ investment strategy Minimum investment value investment 1 crore rupees Minimum investment value for employees and directors 25 lakh rupees.
✓ investment purpose
✓ investment methodology.
Alteration in the fund strategy made only with the Continuing interest in Category I and Category IIAIFs
rd
consent of atleast 2/3 of the unit holders by value not less than 2.5% of the corpus or Rs 5 crore, whichever is lower such interest shall not be through the waiver of management fees
of their investment in the AIF.
Continuing interst in CategoryIII AIF
SCHEMES not less than 5% of the corpus or Rs 10 crore, whichever is lower. Disclosure of managers interest to other investors.
1. The AIF shall be file placement memorandum with SEBI atleast
30 days prior to the launch of the scheme along with the
prescribed fees. No scheme of the Alternative Investment Fund shall have more than 1000 investors.

2. SEBI shall communicate its comments / observations on the

document and the applicant shall incorporate the comments in
placement memorandum prior to the launch of scheme. The AIF shall collect funds only by way of private placement.

INVESTMENT CRITERIAS FOR VARIOUS FUNDS

TENURE

Category I & III • Minimum tenure of 3 year

Criteria VENTURE CAPITAL FUNDS
• Close ended fund
• The tenure may be extended for a further period of 2/3rd Investible funds shall be invested in unlisted equity shares or equity linked instruments of a venture
2 years only with the approval of 2/3rd of the unit capital undertaking or in companies listed or proposed to be listed on a SME
holders by value of their investment exchange or SME segment of an exchange.

1/3rd Investible funds • subscription to initial public offer of a venture capital undertaking
Category II • No minimum tenure prescribed
• debt or debt instrument in which the fund has already made an investment
• Open-ended or close ended fund.
by way of equity or contribution towards partnership interest;
• The tenure may be extended for a further period of • preferential allotment, including QIP, of equity shares or equity linked instruments
2 years only in case of close-ended fund subject to of a listed company ,lock in period of one year
approval of 2/3rd of the unit holders by value of • the equity shares or equity linked instruments of a financially weak company or a
their investment sick industrial company whose shares are listed
• special purpose vehicles which are created by the fund for the purpose of facilitating
or promoting investment
In the absence of consent of unit holders, the Alternative Investment Fund shall fully Subscription agreement Such funds may enter into an agreement with merchant banker-
liquidate within one year following expiration of the fund tenure or extended. • to subscribe to the unsubscribed portion of the issue or
• to receive or deliver securities in the process of market making of the AIF or
• sale of securities pursuant to such subscription or market making.

Criteria INFRASTRUCTURE FUNDS Exemption Such funds shall be exempt from regulation 3 and 3A of SEBI (Prohibition of Insider
Trading) Regulations, 1992 in respect of investment in companies listed on SME
75% funds to • Unlisted securities or units or Exchange or SME segment of an exchange pursuant to due diligence of such
be invested in • partnership interest of venture capital undertaking or companies subject to the following conditions:
• investee companies or • the fund shall disclose due-diligence relating to any acquisition or dealing,
• special purpose vehicles, which are engaged in or formed for the purpose of operating, within 2 working days, to the stock exchanges where the investee company is
developing or holding infrastructure projects listed;
Other • securitized debt instruments or
• such investment shall be locked in for a period of one year.
investment • listed debt securities of investee companies
options
27 CONDITIONS FOR CATEGORY I AIF
Criteria SME FUND
EXEMPTION- regulation 3 and 3A of SEBI (Prohibition of Insider
75% funds to be • Unlisted securities or Investment in investee companies or venture capital Trading) Regulations, 1992 in respect of investment in companies
invested in • partnership interest of venture capital undertaking or in special purpose vehicles or in listed on SME Exchange pursuant to due diligence of such companies .
undertakings or investee companies which are limited liability partnerships or in units of other
Alternative Investment Funds as specified in the AIF
SMEs or in companies listed or proposed to be
Regulations
listed on SME exchange or SME segment of an Fund shall disclose due-diligence relating to any acquisition or
exchange Fund of Category I Alternative Investment Funds may dealing, within 2 working days
invest in units of Category I Alternative Investment
Subscription such funds may enter into an agreement with merchant Funds of same sub-category.
agreement banker to subscribe to the unsubscribed portion of the such investment shall be locked in for a period of one year from
However, they shall only invest in such units and shall
the date of investment.
issue not invest in units of other Fund of Funds

or to receive or deliver securities in the process of market

Category I AIF shall not borrow funds directly or
making under SEBI (Issue of Capital and Disclosure indirectly or engage in any leverage except for meeting
Requirements) Regulations, 2018 temporary funding requirements for not more than 30 CONDITIONS FOR CATEGORY III AIF
days, on not more than four occasions in a year and not
Exemption Such funds shall be exempt from regulation 3 and 3A more than 10% of the investable funds.
of SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, Category III Alternative
1992 in respect of investment in companies listed on Investment Funds may invest
in securities of listed or
SME Exchange or SME segment of an exchange CONDITIONS FOR CATEGORY II AIF unlisted investee companies or
pursuant to due diligence of such companies subject derivatives or complex or
to the following conditions: Category II Alternative Investment Funds shall invest primarily in unlisted structured products;
• the fund shall disclose due-diligence relating to investee companies or in units of other Alternative Investment Funds as
may be specified in the placement memorandum
any acquisition or dealing, within 2 working
Fund of Category III Alternative
days, to the stock exchanges where the
Investment Funds may invest in units
investee company is listed; of Category I or Category II
• such investment shall be locked in for a period Alternative Investment Funds.
Fund of Category II Alternative Investment Funds may invest in units of However, they invest solely in such
of one year. Category I or Category II Alternative Investment Funds. units and shall not invest in units of
other Fund of Funds.

Category III Alternative Investment

Category II Alternative Investment Funds may not borrow funds Funds may engage in leverage or
directly or indirectly and shall not engage in leverage except for borrow, subject to consent from the
Criteria SOCIAL VENTURE FUNDS investors in the fund and subject to a
meeting temporary funding requirements for not more than 30
days, not more than 4 occasions in a year and not more than 10% of maximum limit, as may be specified
75% investible Unlisted securities or partnership interest of social by SEBI.
the investable funds.
funds ventures.
Utilization of Such funds may accept grants, provided that such
grants accepted utilization of such grants shall be restricted to investing in
unlisted securities or partnership interest of social
ventures. However, such funds shall disclose
Minimum amount of grant from any person shall not be Category II Alternative Investment Fund may engage in hedging, information regarding the overall
less than Rs 25 lakh. subject to guidelines as specified by SEBI from time to time information of leverage.
Further, no profits or gains shall accrue to the provider of
such grants.

Social venture Such funds may give grants to social ventures pursuant to Regulation- through issuance of
appropriate disclosure in the placement memorandum. directions regarding areas such as
operational standards, conduct of
Category II Alternative Investment Funds may enter into an business rules, prudential
agreement with merchant banker to subscribe to the requirements, restrictions on
Acceptance of Such funds may accept muted returns for their investors
unsubscribed portion of the issue or to receive or deliver redemption and conflict of interest as
returns i.e. they may accept returns on their investments which securities in the process of market making under SEBI (Issue of
may be lower than prevailing returns for similar may be specified by SEBI.
Capital and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2018
investments.
 ANGEL INVESTOR
28

Investment by Angel Funds

Individual investor -net
•has early stage investment experience,
tangible assets of at
•has experience as a serial entrepreneur Specification Investment conditions
least Rs 2 crore
•is a senior management professional with at least 1) Investments in Compliance with age Compliance with the criteria regarding the age of the venture capital undertaking/startup issued
excluding value of his 10 years of experience
principal residence Venture Capitals criteria by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion under the Ministry of Commerce and
Industry & Government of India.
Turnover Have a turnover of less than Rs 25 crore
Industrial turnover Are not promoted or sponsored by or related to an industrial group whose group turnover
•a body corporate exceeds Rs 300 crore.
NETWORTH
•net worth of at least Rs 10 crore rupees Family connection Are not companies with family connection with any of the angel investors who are
investing in the company.

2) Limit on Investment shall not be less than Rs 25 lakh and shall not exceed Rs 10 crores .
•Alternative Investment Fund registered under SEBI investment
AIF Regulations
FUND •Venture Capital Fund registered under the SEBI 3) Lock-in Investment shall be locked-in for a period of 1 year
(Venture Capital Funds) Regulations, 1996.

4) Other a) Angel Funds shall not invest in associates.

b) Angel funds shall not invest more than 25% of the total investments under all its
schemes in one venture capital undertaking.
c) An angel fund may also invest in the securities of companies incorporated outside India
subject to such conditions or guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India and SEBI.
Company with Family Connection

If an angel investor is SEED FUNDING

“seed” is the capital needed to start / expand your business. It often comes from the
company founders’ personal assets, from friends and family or other investors. The
amount of money is usually relatively small because the business is still in the idea or
1. any company which is promoted i. any company which is a subsidiary conceptual stage
by such an individual or his or a holding company of the investor;
relative; or or
2. ii. any company where the This type of funding is often obtained in exchange for an equity stake in the
ii. any company which is part of the enterprise, although with less formal contractual overhead than standard equity
individual or his relative is a
same group or under the same financing.
director; or
management of the investor; or
3. iii. any company where the
person or his relative has control, iii. any company where the body
or shares or voting rights which corporate or its directors/partners Lenders often view seed capital as a risky investment by the promoters of a new
venture, which represents a meaningful and tangible commitment on their part to
entitle them to 15% or more of have control, or shares or voting making the business a success.
the shares or voting rights in the rights which entitle them to 15% or
company. more of the shares or voting rights in
the company
This would be a type of Venture Capital Funding and hence covered under the
provisions of Angel Funding in the AIF Regulations.
29 PRIVATE EQUITY

•That type of equity (finance) and one of the asset Leveraged Buyout (LBO)
Growth Capital
classes that are not publicly traded on a stock
exchange. This refers to a strategy of making
TRADING •Private equity funds usually invest in more illiquid equity investments as part of a transaction
This refers to equity investments, mostly
assets, i.e. companies . This leads to very high returns minority investments, in the companies
in which a company, business unit or
on investments. that are looking for capital to expand or
business assets is acquired from the current shareholders typically with the
restructure operations, enter new
use of financial leverage.
markets or finance a major acquisition
•Private equity transactions have extensive use of The companies involved in these type of transactions that are typically more
debt in the form of high-yield bonds. without a change of control of the
DEBT mature and generate operating cash flows.
business.
•By using debt to finance acquisitions, private equity
FEATURE firms can substantially increase their financial
returns Venture Capital
It is a broad sub-category of private equity
•Capital is raised from retail and institutional that refers to equity investments made, typically
investors, and can be used to fund new technologies,
CAPITAL expand working capital within an owned company,
in less mature companies, for the launch, early
AND make acquisitions, or to strengthen a balance sheet development, or expansion of a business
INVESTORS •The major of private equity consists of institutional
investors and accredited investors who can commit
large sums of money for long periods of time.

FOREIGN VENTURE CAPITAL INVESTORS

•Private equity investments often demand long
HOLDING holding periods to allow for a turnaround of a
distressed company or a liquidity event such as IPO
PERIOD or sale to a public company.
An investor incorporated and established outside India, which proposes to make investment in India registered with SEBI
Foreign Venture Capital Investors) Regulations 2000.
Investment Conditions
AGREEMENT
1. It should disclose to SEBI its investment strategy.
2. It can invest its total funds committed in one venture
VENTURE CAPITAL capital fund or alternative investment fund.
Custodian
3. it shall make investments as enumerated below:
i) Atleast 66.67% -invested in unlisted equity shares or equity
FEATURES linked instruments of venture capital undertaking or Investee Foreign Venture Capital Investor should ensure that
Company. domestic custodian takes steps for:
1) It is an exchange between a level of ownership and control of business and capital
ii) Not more than 33.33% of the investible funds may be • monitoring of investment of Foreign Venture
for a limited period, say, 3-5 years. invested by way of: Capital Investors in India;
2) An early stage equity investment in privately held companies, having potential to a. subscription to initial public offer of a venture capital; • furnishing of periodic reports to SEBI; and
provide a high rate of return. b. debt or debt instrument of company in which investment by • furnishing such information as may be called for
way of equity already exists.; by SEBI.
3) A venture capital company is a group of investors who pool investments focused
c. preferential allotment of equity shares of a listed company
within certain parameters.
subject to lock in period of one year;
4) Venture firms seek returns in form of Pension funds, insurance d.It shall disclose the duration of life cycle of the fund; FVCI has to appoint a branch of a bank
capital appreciation. Generally Venture Capital companies, foundations, approved by Reserve Bank of India as
e. Special Purpose Vehicles which are created for the purpose designated bank for opening of foreign
firms look for a return of five to ten times the corporations or individuals of facilitating or promoting investment in accordance with the
currency denominated accounts or
original investment. FVCI Regulations.
special non-resident rupee account.
 CHAPTER 5- Indian Equity- Non Fund Based 30

BONUS ISSUE

1) If Authorized by Articles of Association the company may capitalize its PROVISIONS OF COMPANIES ACT, 2013- No issue of bonus shares shall be ADVANTAGES OF ISSUE OF BONUS SHARES
profits by issuing fully-paid bonus shares made by capitalising reserves created by the revaluation of assets.

2) They are given free and rights vest in the holder when the shares are Securities Market value of the
Fund flow is
Market value of the
actually allotted. premium Company’s shares Company’s shares
not
account comes down to their comes down to their
capital affected
3) Issue of bonus shares bridges the gap between capital and fixed assets. Such redemption nominal value by issue
Free reserves nominal value by issue adversely.
an issue would not place any fresh funds in the hands of the company. reserve of bonus shares.
of bonus shares
account
4) Shareholders get increased return on investment and increased number of
shares in their hands.
section 63(1)- company may Bonus shares are Paid-up share capital
issue fully paid-up bonus not an income. increases with the
CONDITIONS FOR ISSUE- shares to its members, in any
manner whatsoever, out of Hence it is not a issue of bonus
taxable income shares.
Unless authrised by its articles no company shall capitalize its
profits by issuing fully-paid bonus shares

It has been authorized by the shareholders in a general meeting of SEBI (ICDR) REGULATIONS, 2018
the company, on the recommendation of the Board of Directors
Eligibility Rights of PCD/FCD holders

NO default in the payment of interest or principal in respect of fixed

deposits or debt securities •It is authorised by its articles of association for issue of bonus shares, Rights of PCD/FCD holders
capitalisation of reserves, etc.
•If there is no such provision in the AOAthe issuer shall pass a
NO default in respect of the payment of statutory dues of the AOA resolution at its general meeting making provisions in AOA for
employees capitalisation of reserve
An issuer shall make a bonus issue The equity shares so reserved for the
•in payment of interest or principal in respect of fixed deposits or debt of equity shares only if it has made holders of fully or partly compulsorily
The partly paid up shares, if any outstanding on the date of securities issued by it reservation of equity shares of the convertible debt instruments, shall be
allotment have been made fully paid up. same class in favour of the holders issued to the holder of such convertible
NO default •in payment of statutory dues of the employees such as contribution
to provident fund, gratuity and bonus of outstanding compulsorily debt instruments or warrants at the
convertible debt instruments if any,
time of conversion of such convertible
No Bonus shares in lieu of dividend in proportion to the convertible part
•Any outstanding partly paid shares on the date of the allotment of debt instruments, optionally
thereof I.e. the proposed bonus
the bonus shares, are made fully paid-up convertible instruments, warrants, as
Fully paid issue should not dilute the value or
1. The bonus shares shall not be issued in lieu of dividend. •Any of its promoters or directors is not a fugitive economic offender the case may be, on the same terms or
up rights of the fully or partly
2. According to Rule 14 of Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules, convertible debentures. same proportion at which the bonus
2014 states that the company which has once announced the decision of its shares were issued.
Board recommending a bonus issue, shall not subsequently withdraw the
same.
Implementation of Proposal

Source of bonus issue

SEBI Listing Regulations 2015 Shareholders’ approval for capitalisation of profits or reserves
As per Regulation 29 of Intimation is The listed entity shall intimate the Bonus issue shall be made only out of free reserves, securities premium account or for making the bonus issue
the SEBI Listing required to record date to all the stock capital redemption reserve account and built out of the genuine profits or
Regulations, 2015, the be given at exchange(s) where it is listed for the securities premium collected in cash and reserves created by revaluation of fixed Required Not required
least 2 following purposes assets shall not be capitalised for this purpose.
listed entity shall give
working a) Issue of right or bonus shares Bonus issue shall be
prior intimation to stock days in b) Declare all dividend and/or cash Bonus issue shall be
exchange about the The bonus share shall not be issued in lieu of dividend. implemented within two months implemented within 15 days
advance, bonuses at least five working days
meeting of the board of excluding the from the date of the meeting of from the date of approval of the
before the record date fixed for the
directors where decision date of the its board of directors wherein the issue by its board of directors.
purpose. Disclose to the
to issue bonus shares intimation decision to announce the bonus
and date of Exchange(s), within 30 minutes of
was taken. issue was taken.
the meeting. the closure of the meeting.
31 SWEAT EQUITY SHARES

1) Section 2 (88) of the Companies Act, 2013 PROVISION OF COMPANIES ACT, 2013- Conditions for issue of sweat equity shares under section 54
defines “sweat equity shares” means such equity
shares as are issued by a company to its directors or
employees at a discount or for consideration, other
than cash, for providing their know-how or making Resolution Contents Listing Sweat Equity is NOT preferential
available rights in the nature of intellectual issue

property rights or value additions, by whatever •The issue is authorized by a •The resolution specifies the •If shares of the company are •Regulation 2(1)(z) of SEBI (ICDR)
special resolution number of shares, current listed, the issue should be in Regulations, 2009 excludes sweat equity
name called. shares from meaning of preferential issue.
market price, and accordance with SEBI
regulations. •Rule 8 (13) of The Companies (Share
consideration if any and Capital and Debentures) Rules, 2014,
the class or classes of •If they are not listed, issue clearly excludes issue of sweat equity
directors or employees should be in accordance to shares from the definition of preferential
RULE 8 of Companies (Share offer.
Capital and Debenture)
Rules, 2014.

2) The company can issue shares

• at discount or for consideration other than SEBI (ISSUE OF SWEAT EQUITY SHARES) REGULATIONS, 2002
cash
APPLICABILITY
• to selected employees and directors of
company PRICING OF SWEAT EQUITY SHARES
• As per norms decided by the BOD.
The price of sweat equity shares shall not be less than the higher of the following:
• For the value addition given in form of
intellectual property or know how. Listed companies NOT APPLICABLE TO an
1. The average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of the related equity shares
which are issuing unlisted company. Unlisted
• during last 6 months preceding the relevant date; or
sweat equity company coming out with • shares during the 2 weeks preceding the relevant date.
shares are initial public offering and 2. If the shares are listed on more than one stock exchange, but price is Quoted-
required to seeking listing of its • only on one stock exchange on given date, then the price on the stock exchange shall be considered.
comply with SEBI securities on the stock • on more than one stock exchange, then the stock exchange where there is highest trading volume
(Issue of Sweat exchange, pursuant to issue during that date shall be considered.
Placing of Auditor’s Equity) of sweat equity shares, 3. If the shares are not quoted on the given date, then the share price on the next trading day shall be
Certificate before Annual General Meeting Regulations, shall comply with the SEBI considered
2002. (ICDR) Regulations, 2018.
• By the BOD
• Before the shareholders
• That the issue of sweat equity shares is in ACCOUNTING TREATMENT Ceiling on Managerial Remuneration
accordance with the Regulations and resolution
Shares are issued for non cash consideration
passed by the company authorizing the issue of
such Sweat Equity Shares. 1) Where the non-cash consideration The amount of Sweat Equity shares
issued shall be treated as part of
Depreciable or amortizable asset managerial remuneration for the
purpose of sections 197 if-
It shall be carried to the balance sheet of the company in accordance
They are issued for non-
with the relevant accounting standards cash consideration, which
The Sweat Equity shares shall be
does not take the form of an Sweat Equity shares are
locked in for a period of three years from the date of 2) Where the above clause is not applicable, it shall be expensed as per asset which can be carried issued to any director or
allotment. the relevant accounting standards to the balance sheet of the manager
company
 Procedure For The Issuance Of Sweat Equity Shares Employee Stock Option 32

Registered valuer shall provide a

proper report addressed to the As per Section 62(1) (b) of Companies Act, 2013, the Company can offer shares
To allot the shares within 15 through employee stock option to their employees.
Decide the number of shares, Board of Directors. A copy of the days of the passing of the
current market price, gist along with critical elements resolution and file the PAS-3
consideration, and the class or of the valuation report shall be with the ROC within 30 days of
1) Pass special resolution
classes of directors or employees sent to the shareholders with the allotment.
to whom such of Sweat Equity the notice of the general 2) Should be in accordance to the conditions specified under Rule 12 of
Shares are proposed to be issued meeting Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules 2014.

In case of a listed company, to EMPLOYEE MEANS-

The sweat equity shares to be apply to the stock exchange and
Convene a Board Meeting to obtain necessary listing and
issued shall be valued at a price (a) Permanent employee (India or outside India)
consider the proposal of issue of trading approval for the shares
determined by a registered
Sweat Equity Shares and to fix so allotted. (b) Director whether WTD or not (Excluding independent director)
valuer as the fair price giving
the General Meeting (c)An employee as defined in clauses (a) or (b) of a subsidiary, in India or Outside India or of a holding company
justification of such valuation.

BUT DOES NOT INCLUDE-

For listed Co. Board of Directors
shall place before the (i)An employee who is a promoter or a person belonging to the promoter group; or
If the sweat equity shares are -
The sweat equity shares to be shareholders, a certificate from (ii)A director who either himself or through his relative or through anybody corporate, directly or
issued by a Listed Company - to
issued to the directors and the auditors of the Company
promoters,approval of the indirectly, holds more than ten percent of the outstanding equity shares of the company .
employees shall be locked that the issue is according to
shareholders shall be obtained
in/non transferable for a period regulations and resolution
by way of a simple majority in
of 3 years from the date of passed.
general meeting through postal
allotment
ballot

Promoters shall also not Hold the General Meeting and

participate in the voting process pass the Special Resolution by
of such a resolution. Each three fourths majority and file a
transaction shall be voted by a copy of the Special Resolution
separate resolution with the ROC.

It should be noted that the company cannot issue sweat equity shares for more than
• 15% of the existing paid up share capital in a year or
• shares of the issue value of Rs 5 crores, SEBI (Share Based Employee Benefits) Regulations, 2014
Whichever is higher
APPLICABILITY
Provided that the issuance of sweat equity shares in the Company shall not exceed 25% of the paid
up equity capital of the Company at any time.
However if the company is a startup Company, it may issue sweat equity shares not exceeding fifty
percent of its paid up capital up to five years from the date of its incorporation or registration.
Employee Stock Employee Stock Stock Appreciation
Option Schemes Purchase Schemes Rights Schemes

General Employee Retirement Benefit

Benefits Schemes Schemes
33 Implementation of the Scheme through a Trust

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS UNDER

1) A company may implement schemes either directly or by b) The trust shall not deal in derivatives, and shall undertake SECONDARY ACQUISITION
SEBI (Share Based Employee Benefits) setting up an irrevocable trust(s). only delivery based transactions for the purposes of secondary
1. The company may lend monies to the
Regulations, 2014 • Take approval of the shareholders for setting up the acquisition as permitted by these regulations.
trust on appropriate terms and
schemes. c) For the purposes of disclosures to the stock exchange, the
1) APPRECIATION conditions to acquire the shares either
• If the scheme involves secondary acquisition or gift or shareholding of the trust shall be shown as ‘non-promoter and
non-public’ shareholding. through new issue or secondary
“Appreciation” means the difference between both, then it is mandatory for the company to
acquisition, for the purposes of
the market price of the share of a company on implement such scheme(s) through a trust(s). d) The trust shall be permitted to undertake off-market
implementation of the scheme(s).
the date of exercise of stock appreciation right transfer of shares only under the following circumstances:
2) A company may implement several schemes as permitted
(SAR) or vesting of SAR, as the case may be, ✓ Transfer to the employees pursuant to scheme(s); 2. Secondary acquisition in a financial
under these regulations through a single trust.
year by the trust shall not exceed 2% of
and the SAR price. ✓ When participating in open offer under SEBI (Substantial
the paid up equity capital as at the end
Single trust Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 2011, or
2) RELEVANT DATE- Various schemes of the previous financial year.
when participating in buy-back, delisting or any other exit
offered by the company generally to its shareholders. 3. The total number of shares under
“Relevant Date” means,-
secondary acquisition held by the trust
(i) In the case of grant, the date of the meeting Trust shall keep and maintain proper books of e) The trust shall not become a mechanism for trading in shares
and hence shall not sell the shares in secondary market except shall at no time exceed the limits
of the compensation committee on which the accounts, records and documents for each such
under the following circumstances: prescribed in the Regulations, as a
grant is made; or scheme so as to explain its transactions and to percentage of the paid up equity
(ii) In the case of exercise, the date on which disclose the financial position of each scheme and in • cashless exercise of options under the scheme as
capital as at the end of the financial
the notice of exercise is given to the company prescribed in these regulations;
particular give a true and fair view of the state of year immediately prior to the year in
or to the trust by the employee. affairs of each scheme. • on vesting or exercise, as the case may be, of SAR under which the shareholder approval is
the scheme as prescribed in these regulations;
obtained for such secondary
3) STOCK APPRECIATION RIGHT
• in case of emergency for implementing the schemes acquisition.
3) TRUST DEED- covered under Part D and Part E of Chapter III of SEBI 4. The trust shall be required to hold the
Stock Appreciation Right means a right
• Contain minimum provisions as specified by SEBI. (SBEB) Regulations, and for this purpose -
shares acquired through secondary
given to a SAR grantee entitling him to
• Trust deed and any modifications thereto shall be • the trustee shall record the reasons for such sale; and acquisition for a minimum period of 6
receive appreciation for a specified mandatorily filed with the stock exchange where the
number of shares of the company where • money so realised on sale of shares shall be utilised within months except where they are required
shares of the company are listed.
a definite time period as stipulated under the scheme or to be transferred in the circumstances
the settlement of such appreciation may trust deed. enumerated in this regulation, whether
be made by way of cash payment or shares 4) TRUSTEE CANNOT BE-
• participation in buy-back or open offers or delisting offers off market or on the platform of stock
of the company. • director, key managerial personnel or promoter of the
or any other exit offered by the company generally to its exchange.
company or its holding, subsidiary or associate company
or any relative of such director, key managerial shareholders, if required;
personnel or promoter; or • for repaying the loan, if the un-appropriated inventory of
• beneficially holds ten percent or more of the paid-up shares held by the trust is not appropriated within the
share capital of the company timeline as provided above.
• winding up of the scheme(s); and
5) FUNCTIONS OF TRUSTEE-
• Shall not vote in respect of the shares held by such trust, • based on approval granted by SEBI to an applicant, for the
so as to avoid any misuse arising out of exercising such reasons recorded in writing in respect of the schemes
voting rights. covered in these regulations, upon payment of a non-
refundable fee of rupees one lakh along with the
• Ensure that appropriate approval from the shareholders
application by way of direct credit in the bank account
has been obtained by the company in order to enable
through NEFT/RTGS/ IMPS or any other mode allowed by
the trust to implement the scheme(s) and undertake
RBI or by way of a banker’s cheque or demand draft
secondary acquisition for the purposes of the scheme(s).
payable at Mumbai in favour of SEBI.
6) WORKING OF TRUST-
f) The trust shall be required to make disclosures and comply
with the other requirements applicable to insiders or
a) The trust shall not deal in derivatives, and shall undertake
promoters under the SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading)
only delivery based transactions for the purposes of secondary
Regulations, 2015.
acquisition as permitted by these regulations.
 Non Transferability of Options Granted 34

Option, SAR or any

other benefit
granted to an
employee under the The option, SAR, or any other In the event of death of the If employee suffers a permanent In the event of resignation or If the employee is transferred or
regulations shall not benefit granted to the employee while in employment, incapacity while in employment, all termination of the employee, all deputed to an associate company prior
be transferable to employee shall not be all benefits granted to him under the options, SAR or any other benefit the options, SAR, or any other to vesting or exercise, the vesting and
any person. pledged, hypothecated, a scheme till such date shall vest granted to him under a scheme as on benefit which are granted and exercise as per the terms of grant shall
mortgaged or otherwise in the legal heirs or nominees of the date of permanent incapacitation, yet not vested as on that day continue in case of such transferred or
alienated in any other manner. the deceased employee. shall vest in him on that day. shall expire. deputed employee even after the
transfer or deputation.

LISTING Schemes Implemented by Unlisted Companies

Companies
In case new issue of shares is made under any scheme, shares so issued The shares arising after the initial public offering (“IPO”) of an unlisted company, out of options or SAR granted under any scheme prior to its IPO to
shall be listed immediately in any recognised stock exchange. the employees shall be listed immediately upon exercise in all the recognised stock exchanges where the shares of the company are listed subject to
compliance with SEBI (Issue of Capital and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2009.
In case of the Scheme complies with these regulations
existing shares A statement specified by SEBI in this regard, is filed However, the ratification under clause (ii) may be done any time prior to grant of new options or shares or SAR under such pre-IPO scheme.
are listed, subject and the company has obtained an in-principle
to the following approval from the stock exchanges The company shall not make any fresh grant which involves No change shall be made in the terms of For listing of shares issued
conditions As and when an exercise is made, the company notifies
allotment or transfer of shares to its employees under any options or shares or SAR issued under such pursuant to ESOS, ESPS or SAR,
the concerned stock exchange as per the statement as
schemes formulated prior to its IPO and prior to the listing pre- IPO schemes, whether by repricing, the company shall obtain the in-
specified by SEBI in this regard.
of its equity shares ('pre-IPO scheme’) unless : - change in vesting period or maturity or principle approval of the stock
• Such pre-IPO scheme is in conformity with these otherwise unless prior approval of the exchanges where it proposes to
regulations; and shareholders is taken for such a change, except list the said shares.
• Such pre-IPO scheme is ratified by its shareholders for any adjustments for corporate actions
subsequent to the IPO. made in accordance with these regulations.
35 Administration and Implementation of Specific Schemes

1 Employee Stock Option Schemes- means a scheme under Pricing The company will have the freedom to determine the exercise price subject to conforming to the accounting policies as specified in these
which a company grants employee stock option directly or regulation.
through a trust Vesting Period There shall be a minimum vesting period of one year in case of ESOS. However, in case where options are granted by a company under an
ESOS in lieu of options held by a person under an ESOS in another company which has merged or amalgamated with that company, the
period during which the options granted by the transfer or company were held by him shall be adjusted against the minimum vesting period
required under this sub-regulation.

The company may specify the lock-in period for the shares issued pursuant to exercise of option.
Rights of the The employee shall not have right to receive any dividend or to vote or in any manner enjoy the benefits of a shareholder till the shares are
option holder issued on exercise of option.
Consequence of The amount payable by the employee, if any, at the time of grant of option, -
failure to exercise i. May be forfeited by the company if the option is not exercised by the employee within the exercise period; or
option
ii. May be refunded to the employee if the options are not vested due to non-fulfilment of conditions relating to vesting of option as
per the ESOS.
2 Employee Stock Purchase Scheme- means a scheme under Pricing and Lock- i. The company may determine the price of shares to be issued under an ESPS, provided they conform to the provisions of accounting
which a company offers shares to employees, as part of In policies under these regulation. Shares issued under an ESPS shall be locked-in for a minimum period of 1 year from the date of
public issue or otherwise, or through a trust where the trust allotment.
may undertake secondary acquisition for the purposes of
the scheme. ii. However, in case where shares are allotted by a company under an ESPS in lieu of shares acquired by the same person under an ESPS
in another company which has merged or amalgamated with the first mentioned company, the lock-in period already undergone in
respect of shares of the transferor company shall be adjusted against the lock-in period required under this sub-regulation.
iii. If ESPS is part of a public issue and the shares are issued to employees at the same price as in the public issue, the shares issued to
employees pursuant to ESPS shall not be subject to lock-in.
3 Stock Appreciation Rights- means a scheme under which a Implementation The SAR scheme shall contain the details of the manner in which the scheme will be implemented and operated. The company shall have
company grants SAR to employees. the freedom to implement cash settled or equity settled SAR scheme. However, in case of equity settled SAR scheme, if the settlement
results in fractional shares, then the consideration for fractional shares should be settled in cash.
Vesting There shall be a minimum vesting period of 1 year in case of SAR scheme. However, in a case where SAR is granted by a company under a
SAR scheme in lieu of SAR held by the same person under a SAR scheme in another company which has merged or amalgamated with the
first mentioned company, the period during which the SAR granted by the transferor company were held by the employee shall be adjusted
against the minimum vesting period required under this sub-regulation
Rights of the SAR The employee shall not have right to receive dividend or to vote or in any manner enjoy the benefits of a shareholder in respect of SAR
Holder granted to him.
4 General Employee Benefit Schemes- means any scheme of Implementation General Employee Benefit Schemes (GEBS) contain the details of the scheme and the manner in which the scheme shall be implemented and
a company framed in accordance with these regulations, operated. At no point in time, the shares of the company or shares of its listed holding company shall exceed 10% of the book value or
dealing in shares of the company or the shares of its listed market value or fair value of the total assets of the scheme, whichever is lower, as appearing in its latest balance sheet for the purposes of
holding company, for the purpose of employee welfare GEBS.
including healthcare benefits, hospital care or benefits, or
benefits in the event of sickness, accident, disability, death
or scholarship funds, or such other benefit as specified by
such company.
5 Retirement Benefit Scheme- a scheme dealing in shares of Implementation Retirement Benefit Scheme (RBS) may be implemented by a company provided it is incompliance with these regulations, and provisions of
the company or the shares of its listed holding company, for any other law in force in relation to retirement benefits. The retirement benefit scheme shall contain the details of the benefits under the
providing retirement benefits to the employees subject to scheme and the manner in which the scheme shall be implemented and operated. At no point in time, the shares of the company or shares of
compliance with existing rules and regulations as applicable its listed holding company shall exceed ten per cent of the book value or market value or fair value of the total assets of the scheme,
under laws relevant to retirement benefits in India. whichever is lower, as appearing in its latest balance sheet for the purposes of RBS.
 36
Chapter 6- DEBT FUNDING – INDIAN FUNDS BASED (CORPORATE DEBTS)

Debt markets are markets for the

Zero DEBT MARKET FI bonds, DEBENTURES
issuance, trading and settlement of
Coupon
various types and features of fixed PSU bonds, 1) Debenture is a written instrument acknowledging a debt to the Company.
Bonds
income securities (ZCBs), Debentures 2) It contains – (i) a contract for repayment of principal (ii) after a specified period or at
Floating Corporate intervals or at the option of the company (iii) payment of interest at a fixed rate.
Government Corporate
Rate bonds 3) Section 2(30) of the Companies Act, 2013 defines a debenture which includes
securities market securities market
Bonds
debenture stock, bonds or any other instrument of a company evidencing a debt,
(FRBs),
whether constituting a charge on the assets of the company or not.
T-Bills

Govt. securities- traded through- negotiated dealing system(NDS), using TYPES OF DEBENTURES
BSE/NSE.

Maintenance of records in dematerialized form- by NSDL/CDSL. Security Tenure Mode of redemption Basis of Negotiability
Record holding for banks/primary dealers/financial institutions- by RBI
Secured debentures- A Redeemable Debentures- Redeemable Bearer/ unregistered
Convertible debentures- These
charge is created on the debentures are those which are debentures- Payable to bearer of
debentures are converted into
Private Company assets of the company for payable on the expiry of the specific
equity shares of the company on the debentures and transferable
the purpose of payment period (Maximum period 10 years from by mere delivery.
the expiry of a specified period.
Who can Issue in case of default. the date of issue) either in lump sum or
Public Company Holders remain in Installments during the life time of
Debt Securities
convinced about the the company. Debentures can be Non convertible debentures- Non-
Registered debentures- Non
payment of interest and redeemed either at par or at premium. convertible debentures do not have
Banks negotiable instruments. They are
principal in the event of any option to convert the same into
not transferable by mere
redemption. equity shares and are redeemed at
delivery and shall be transferred
Irredeemable/perpetual debentures- the expiry of specified period(s).
by executing transfer deeds and
Unsecured/Naked These debentures are repayable on the transfer registered by the
The companies
Act,2013 & the debentures- not secured the winding-up of a company or on the Partly Convertible Debenture -The company. Principal and interest
Companies (Share by way of charge on the expiry of a long period. Debentures convertible portion is converted into amount, when due in respect of
capital and company’s assets. may be for fixed terms or payable on these debentures are payable to
debentures) Rule, equity shares of the company at the
Interest rate is higher as demand. Debentures may be for fixed expiry of specified period. The non- the registered holders.
2014
compared to secured term of years or repayable on notice. convertible portion is redeemed at
debentures. They can legally be framed as payable the expiry of the specified period in
SEBI(Issue of capital
and disclosure to bearer. terms of the issue.
RBI Guidelines
Governing Requirements)
Regulations,2018
framework
for debt SEBI (ISSUE OF CAPITAL AND DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS) REGULATIONS, 2018
securities
1) According to SEBI (ICDR) Regulations, 2018, convertible debt instruments means an instrument which creates or acknowledges indebtedness or is
SEBI(Listing convertible into equity shares of the issuer at a later date at or without the option of the holder of the instrument, whether constituting a charge on the assets
Obligations and SEBI(Issue and listing
Disclosure
of the issuer or not.
of Debt
requirements) Securities)Regulations,
Regulations,2015
2) Issue of debt securities that are convertible, either partially or fully or optionally into listed or unlisted equity shall be governed by the disclosure
2018
requirements applicable to equity or other instruments offered on conversion in terms of SEBI (Issue of Capital and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations,
2018.
37
ELIGIBILTY

appoint at least one debenture trustee in accordance with the provisions of the Companies
obtain credit rating from at least one credit rating agency
Act, 2013 and SEBI (Debenture Trustees) Regulations, 1993
An issuer shall be It should not be in default
eligible to make an IPO of payment of interest or
of convertible debt repayment of principal Additional requirements for issue of convertible debt instruments
instruments without a amount of debt
prior public issue of its instruments issued to the If the issuer proposes to create a charge or security on its assets in respect of secured
equity shares and public, if any, for a period convertible debt instruments, it shall ensure: 1) suffiencieny of assets to discharge principal
create a debenture redemption reserve in accordance with the provisions of the Companies amount 2) assets free from encumbrances 3) If thereis a charge already existing, the consent
listing thereof. of more than 6 months. Act, 2013 and rules made thereunder of lender for a second/paripassu charge has to be obtained and submitted to debenture
trustee. 4)in case of second charge the asset cover shalll be arrived at after reduction of
liabilities having first charge.

Conversion of optionally convertible debt instruments into equity shares

However, where the upper limit on the price of such Where an option is to be given to the holders of the
convertible debt instruments and justification thereon is convertible debt instruments in terms of and if one or more of
determined and disclosed to the investors at the time of such holders do not exercise the option to convert the
making the issue, it shall not be necessary to give such option instruments into equity share capital at a price determined in
to the holders of the convertible debt instruments for the general meeting of the shareholders, the issuer shall
The issuer shall not convert its converting the convertible portion into equity share capital redeem that part of the instruments within one month from
optionally convertible debt instruments Where the value of the convertible portion of within the said upper limit.
the last date by which option is to be exercised, at a price
into equity shares unless the holders of any listed convertible debt instruments issued which shall not be less than its face value.
such convertible debt instruments by an issuer exceeds ten crore rupees and the
have sent their positive consent to the issuer has not determined the conversion price This provision shall not apply if such redemption is as
issuer and non-receipt of reply to any of such convertible debt instruments at the time per the disclosures made in the offer document
notice sent by the issuer for this of making the issue, the holders of such
purpose shall not be construed as convertible debt instruments shall be given the
consent for conversion of any option of not converting the convertible
convertible debt instruments portion into equity shares.

SEBI (ISSUE AND LISTING OF DEBT SECURITIES) REGULATIONS, 2008

Eligibilty of Issuer recognised stock In- principle reason for issue

Listing of debt securities Credit Rating
exchange approval
issued through public issue or
on private placement basis on •The issuer or the person in
•Applied to one or more •The issuer cannot
APPLICABILITY control of the issuer or its •It has obtained •Credit rating
a recognized stock exchange. recognized stock
issue debt
promoter or its director- is
exchanges for listing
in-principle including the
restrained or prohibited or approval for unaccepted securities for
securities. If the
Public Issue of debt debarred by SEBI from listing of its debt ratings obtained providing loan to or
application is made to
securities. accessing the securities securities. from more than acquisition of
more than one
market or dealing in one credit rating shares of any
recognized stock
securities; or is a wilful agencies, person who is part
exchanges, the issuer
defaulter or it is in default of registered with of the same group
must choose one of
payment of interest or SEBI shall be or who is under the
them which has
repayment of principal disclosed in the same management.
Appointment of intermediaries amount in respect of debt
nationwide trading
terminals as the offer document.
securities issued to the
The issuer is required to appoint a depository, one or more designated stock
public, for a period of more
exchange.
merchant bankers registered with SEBI, atleast one of whom than 6 months.
shall be a lead merchant banker and a Debenture trustee duly
registered with SEBI.
 38
Minimum subscription
Filing of Shelf Prospectus - The following companies or entities may file shelf for public issuance of their debt securities
The amount of
minimum subscription
which the issuer seeks
to raise and
underwriting
arrangements shall be Public financial institutions and
disclosed in the offer scheduled banks. Or Listed entities complying with the following criteria :
document but there is • whose public issued equity shares or debt securities are listed on
no compulsion to Non-Banking Financial Companies registered with Reserve Bank of India and recognized stock exchange for a period of at least 3 years immediately
mention the same. Housing Finance Companies registered with National Housing Bank preceding the issue and have been complying with the listing
complying with the following criteria: agreement entered into between the issuer and the recognized stock
• having a net worth of at-least Rs.500 crore, as per the audited exchanges where the said securities of the issuer are listed;
Issuers authorized by the balance sheet of the preceding financial year; • having a net worth of at-least Rs.500 crore, as per the audited balance
Filing notification of Central Board of • having consistent track record of distributable profit for the last sheet of the preceding financial year;
Direct Taxes to make public issue of three years; • having consistent track record of distributable profit for the last 3 years;
The issuer shall file a tax free secured bonds, with
• securities issued under the shelf prospectus have been assigned a • securities issued under the shelf prospectus have been assigned a rating
draft offer document respect to such tax free bond
rating of not less than “AA-” category or equivalent by a credit rating of not less than “AA-” category or equivalent by a credit rating agency
with the designated issuances.
agency registered with SEBI; registered with SEBI;
stock exchange
• no regulatory action is pending against the company or its promoters • no regulatory action is pending against the company or its promoters or
through the lead or directors before the Board, Reserve Bank of India or National directors before the Board, Reserve Bank of India or National Housing
merchant banker and Housing Bank; Bank;
also forward a copy of • the issuer has not defaulted in the repayment of deposits or interest The issuer has not defaulted in the repayment of deposits or interest payable
the draft & final offer payable thereon, redemption of debentures or preference shares or thereon, redemption of debentures or preference shares or payment of dividend
Infrastructure Debt Funds – Non-
document to SEBI. payment of dividend to any shareholder, or repayment of any term to any shareholder, or repayment of any term loan or interest payable thereon
Banking Financial Companies
loan or interest payable thereon to any public financial institution or to any public financial institution or banking company, in the last three financial
regulated by Reserve Bank of India
banking company, in the last three financial years.
years.

Abridged Prospectus and Application Forms

Minimum Subscription
The issuer and lead merchant banker shall ensure that:

Every application form

issued is accompanied by a In the event of non receipt of
copy of the abridged The issuer may decide the
Issue Price minimum subscription all
prospectus and it shall not amount of minimum it will disclose the same in
application moneys received
contain any extraneous
A Company may determine subscription which it seeks the offer document
matters. in the public issue shall be
the price of debt securities to raise
refunded to the applicants.
1) consultation with the
lead merchant banker and
Adequate space is the issue may be at fixed
The issuer may provide provided in the price 2) the price may be
the facility for application form to determined through book
subscription of enable the investors to Issuers issuing tax-free It may be noted that in any
application in fill in various details building process in
electronic mode. like name, address,
bonds, as specified by CBDT, public issue of debt
accordance with the
etc. shall be exempted from the securities, the base issue
procedure as may be
above proposed minimum size shall be minimum Rs
specified by SEBI subscription limit. 100 crores.
39
Disclosure of fresh credit
rating for each re-issuance
from at least one credit rating
agency registered with SEBI The ratings shall be revalidated
Prohibition of Mis-statements in the Offer Document- the issue is through private on a periodic basis and the
Debenture Redemption Reserve placement change, if any, shall be
The offer document shall not omit disclosure of any disclosed
1) Debenture redemption reserve created as per the
material fact which may make the statements made therein, in
light of the circumstances under which they are made, Companies Act, 2013 and circulars issued by Central
misleading. Government.
NO contrary provisons
appropriate disclosures
The offer document or abridged prospectus or any 2) In case of default in payment of interest on debt in AOA, whether CONDITIONS FOR RE- reagrding consolidation
securities or redemption thereof or in creation of security, express or implied, as to ISSUANCE AND
advertisement issued by an issuer in connection with a public and re-issuance to be
any distribution of dividend shall require approval of the consolidation and re- CONSOLIDATION
issue of debt securities shall not contain any false or misleading made in the Term Sheet
issuance
debenture trustees
statement.

Right to recall or redeem prior to maturity

Obligations of Debenture Trustee

Send 21 days prior

Right to recall or redeem notice before the
debt securities prior to date from which such Furnish to SEBI a due
Issuer shall submit a
diligence certificate as per of
maturity date is exercised as right is exercisable, to detailed report to the SEBI (ILDS) Regulations prior
per the terms of issue and eligible holders. stock exchange for to issue.
detailed disclosure is made public dissemination
in the offer document. regarding the debt They shall supervise the
No such right shall implementation of the conditions Right to appoint a nominee
securities redeemed.
be exercisable regarding creation of director on the Board of the
during the exercise issuer in consultation with
before expiry of 24 securityconditions regarding creation
period and details of of security for the debt securities and institutional holders of such
months from the Issuer shall provide a
redemption thereof debenture redemption reserve . securities
date of issue of debt copy of notice to the
Offer doc. shall contain
securities stock exchange and
date from which such
make advertisement in
right is exercisable,
newspaper having wide They shall carry out duties and
period of exercise They shall ensure disclosure of
circulation for wider perform functions under these
redemption amount. all material events on an
regulations, the SEBI (Debenture
dissemination. ongoing basis
Trustees) Regulations, 1993, with
Partial exercise of diligence and loyalty
such right shall be
done on
proportionate basis
only
Issuer or investor may Pay the redemption proceeds
exercise such right with to the investors along with
respect to all or part of the interest due to the
the securities so issued investors within 15 days from
and held by him. the last day within which such
Issuer shall pay right can be exercised.
interest at the rate
of fifteen per cent
per annum for the
period of delay.
Private placement” means an offer or invitation to subscribe to the debt securities. SEBI has allowed issue
of debt securities through private placement under the provisions of SEBI (Issue and Listing of Debt
Securities) Regulations, 2008.
 40
Private Placement Fund Raising By Issuance of Debt Securities By Large Entities
Conditions for listing of debt securities issued on private placement basis:

Issue is in compliance with the provisions of

Companies Act, 2013, rules prescribed thereunder
and other applicable laws;
A LC shall raise not less than 25% of its incremental
borrowings, during the financial year subsequent to
credit rating has been obtained from at least one Have specified securities or debt the financial year in which it is identified as a LC, by
securities or non-convertible redeemable way of issuance of debt securities, as defined under
credit rating agency registered with SEBI
preference share, listed on a recognised SEBI ILDS Regulations.
SEBI Have an outstanding stock exchange
has been working on long term borrowing
debt securities proposed to be listed are in operationalizing the of Rs 100 crores or
“incremental borrowings” means any
dematerialized form 2018-19 Budget above Have a credit rating
of "AA and above". borrowing done during a particular
announcement financial year, of original maturity of
which mandates more than 1 year, irrespective of
disclosures as provided in regulation 21 have been large corporates to whether such borrowing is for
made raise 25% of their refinancing/repayment of existing
financing needs debt or otherwise .

where the application is made to more than one from the corporate Large Corporate
recognized stock exchange, the issuer shall choose bond market.
one of them as the designated stock exchange

1) The issuer shall comply with conditions of listing of such debt securities as specified in
the Listing Agreement with the stock exchange where such debt securities are sought to
Framework
be listed.
For an entity identified as a LC, the following shall be applicable:

2) The designated stock exchange shall collect a regulatory fee from the issuer at the 1. For FY 2020 and 2021, the requirement of meeting the incremental borrowing norms shall be applicable on an annual basis. However, in case
time of listing of debt securities issued on private placement basis. where a LC is unable to comply with the above requirement, it shall provide an explanation for such shortfall to the Stock Exchanges.
2. From FY 2022, the requirement of mandatory incremental borrowing by a LC in a FY will need to be met over a contiguous block of two years.
Accordingly, a listed entity identified as a LC, as on last day of FY “T-1”, shall have to fulfil the requirement of incremental borrowing for FY “T”, over
Electronic Book Mechanism For Issuance Of Securities On Private Placement FY “T” and “T+1”.
Basis
However, if at the end of two years i.e. last day of FY “T+1”, there is a shortfall in the requisite borrowing (i.e. the actual borrowing through debt
SEBI (Issue and Listing of Debt Securities) Regulations, 2008 securities is less than 25% of the incremental borrowings for FY “T”), a monetary penalty/fine of 0.2% of the shortfall in the borrowed amount shall
In order to streamline procedures for issuance of debt securities on private be levied and the same shall be paid to the Stock Exchange(s).
placement basis and enhance transparency to discover prices, SEBI has laid down a
DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS FOR LARGE ENTITIES
framework for issuance of debt securities on private placement basis through an
electronic book mechanism A listed entity, identified as a LC under the instant framework, shall make the following disclosures to the stock exchanges, where its security (ies) are
“In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power and listed:
provisions of these regulations, such orders or circulars may provide for all or any of
the following matters, namely: i. Within 30 days from the beginning of the FY, disclose the fact that they are identified as a LC.
ii. Within 45 days of the end of the FY, the details of the incremental borrowings done during the FY.
a) Electronic issuances and
The disclosures made shall be certified both by the Company Secretary and the Chief Financial Officer, of the LC
b) Other issue procedures including the procedure for price discovery.

Eligible issuer

A single issue, A shelf issue, consisting Subsequent issue, where

inclusive of green of multiple tranches, aggregate of all previous
shoe option, if any, which cumulatively issues by an issuer in a
of Rs 200 crore or amounts to Rs 200 financial year equals or
more crore or more, in a exceeds Rs 200 crore
financial year
41

BIDDING TIMINGS AND PERIOD BIDDING ANNOUNCMENT BIDDING AND ALLOTMENT PROCESS

1) For operational 1) Issuer shall make the bidding 1) Bidding process on EBP platform shall be on an anonymous order driven
a) such cancellation/modification in the bids can be made only during the
uniformity- bidding on the announcement on EBP at least one system.
bidding period;
EBP platform shall take place working day before initiating the bidding
2) Bid shall be made by way of entering bid amount in Rupees (INR) and
between 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. process. b) no cancellation of bids shall be permitted in the last 10 minutes of the
coupon/ yield in basis points (bps) i.e. up to four decimal places.
only, on the working days of bidding period;
2) Bidding announcement shall be
the recognized Stock 3) Modification or cancellation of the bids shall be allowed i.e. bidder can
accompanied with details of bid opening c) in the last 10 minutes of the bidding period, only revision allowed
Exchanges. cancel or modify the bids made in an issue.
and closing time, and any other details as would for improvement of coupon/yield and upward revision in terms
2) The bidding window shall required by EBP from time to time. 4) Investors are now permitted to place multiple bids in an issue. of the bid size.
be open for the period as
3) Any change in bidding time and/ or 5) The bid placed in the system shall have an audit trail which includes
specified by the issuer in the date by the Issuer shall be intimated to bidder’s identification details, time stamp and unique order number.
bidding announcement, EBP, within the operating hours of the a) All the bids shall be arranged in the ascending order of the yields, and a
however the same shall be EBP, atleast a day before the bidding 6) Further against such bids, EBP shall provide an acknowledgement cut-off yield shall be determined.
open for atleast 1 hour. date. number.
b) All the bids below the cut-off yield shall be accepted and full allotment
Changes in bidding date or time- allowed 7) All the bids made on a particular issue, should be disclosed on the EBP should be made to such bidders.
platform on a real time basis.
for maximum of two times. c) For all the bids received at cut-off yield, allotment shall be made on pro-
8) Allotment to the bidders shall be done on yield priority basis. rata basis

GREEN DEBT SECURITIES

A Debt Security shall be considered as “Green or Green Debt Securities”, if the funds
raised through issuance of the debt securities are to be utilised for project(s) and/or Obligations of the issuer
asset(s) falling under any of the following broad categories:
a) Renewable and sustainable energy including wind, solar, bioenergy, other sources
of energy which use clean technology etc.;
b) Clean transportation including mass/public transportation etc.;
Maintain a decision-making process which it uses to
c) Sustainable water management including clean and/or drinking water, water determine the continuing eligibility .
recycling etc.;
d) Climate change adaptation; make a astatement on the environmental objectives of the
Green Debt Securities and a process to determine whether
e) Energy efficiency including efficient and green buildings etc.; the project(s) meet the eligibility requirements

f) Sustainable waste management including recycling, waste to energy, efficient

disposal of wastage etc.; Ensure that all project(s) meet the documented objectives
of Green Debt Securities
g) Sustainable land use including sustainable forestry and agriculture, afforestation
etc.;
h) Biodiversity conservation; Utilize the proceeds only for the stated purpose, as
disclosed in the offer document.
i) Any other category as may be specified by SEBI, from time to time.

follow any globally accepted standard(s) for the issuance of

Green Debt Securities
 42

INDICATIVE TIMELINE SCHEDULE FOR VARIOUS ACTIVITIES

Sr. Details of Activities Due Date 6. a) Registrar to receive confirmation of demat credit from T+5
No. (working depositories,
day*)
b) Issuer and registrar to file confirmation of demat credit and
1 Issue Closes T (Issue issuance of instructions to unblock ASBA hinds, as applicable, with
closing stock exchange (s).
date)
c) The lead manager(s) shall ensure that the allotment, credit of
2 a) Stock exchanger(s) shall allow modification of selected fields (till 01:00 PM) in T+1 dematerialised debt securities, NCRPS, SDI and refund or
the bid details already uploaded. unblocking of application monies, as may be applicable, are done
electronically.
b) Registrar to get the electronic bid details from the stock exchanges by end of
the day. d) Issuer to make a listing application to stock exchange(s) and stock
exchange (s) to give listing and trading permission.
c) SCSBs to continue / begin blocking of funds.
Stock exchangers) to issue commencement of trading notice.
d) Designated branches of SCSBs may not accept schedule and applications after
T+1 day. 7. Trading commences T+6
e) Registrar to give bid file received from stock exchanges containing the
Working days shall be all trading days of stock exchanges excluding
application number and amount to all the SCSBs who may use this file for
validation/ reconciliation at their end.. Sundays and bank holidays in Mumbai.

3 a) Issuer, merchant banker and registrar to submit relevant documents to the T+2
stock exchange(s) except listing application, allotment details and demat credit
and refund details for the purpose of listing permission.
b) SCSBs to send confirmation of funds blocked (Final Certificate) to the registrar
by end of the day.
c) Registrar shall reconcile the compiled data received from the stock
exchange(s) and all SCSBs (hereinafter referred to as the "reconciled data”).
d) d) Registrar to undertake "Technical Rejection" test based on electronic bid
details and prepare list of technical rejection cases
4 a) Finalization of technical rejection and minutes of the meeting between issuer, T+3
lead manager, registrar.
b) Registrar shall finalise the basis of allotment and submit it to the designated
stock exchange for approval.
c) Designated Stock Exchange to approve the basis of allotment.
d) Registrar to prepare funds transfer schedule based on approved basis of
allotment.
e) Registrar and merchant banker to issue funds transfer instructions to SCSBs.
5 a) SCSBs to credit the hinds in public issue account of the issuer and confirm the T+4
same.
b) Issuer shall make the allotment,
c) Registrar/Issuer to initiate corporate action for credit of debt securities,
NCRPS, SDI to successful allottees.
d) Issuer and registrar to file allotment details with designated stock exchange(s)
and confirm all formalities are complete except demat credit.
e) Registrar to send bank-wise data of allottees, amount due 011 debt securities,
NCRPS, SDI allotted, if any, and balance amount to be unblocked to SCSBs.
43
CHAPTER 7- Debt Funding – Indian Fund Based (Government Debt & Banking Finance)

Government • Issued by Government of India or by Public Sector MASALA BONDS

Bonds Units (PSU’s) in India.
Meaning Rupee denominated borrowings by Indian companies in the overseas
• Secured bonds- as they are backed up with security
markets. Other overseaes borrowings are in Euro, Yen, etc
from Government.
Advantage No worries regarding depreciation in Rupee.
• Low rate of interest compared to other types of bonds.
Issues Many public and private companies are in the fray to issue masala
Corporate Bonds • Issued by the private corporate companies. bonds as the companies can have access to more funds at a
• Bonds are debt security having fixed face value • Secured or non secured bonds. marginally higher cost of financing
• Have a specific rate of interest to be paid at specific Banks and other • Issued by banks or any financial institution. The Maturity Minimum original maturity period as per amount raised-
time, also called “coupon payment”. financial financial market is well regulated and the majority of period (i)USD 50 million equivalent in INR per financial year- 3 years (ii)above
• Principal amount is to be repaid later. institutions the bond markets are from this segment. USD 50 million equivalent in INR per financial year- 5 years
• Bond holders are like creditors bonds • These bonds are credit rated by credit rating agencies.
• Duration- generally 5-10 years In case of poor credit rating, better to stay away from All-in-cost 300 basis points over the prevailing yield of the Government of India
such bonds ceiling securities of corresponding maturity.
• Irrespective of the issuer, bonds have specific maturity
Tax saving bonds • Issued by the Government of India for providing Recognised Entities permitted as investors under the provisions of paragraph
period- generally 20-30 years. investors 3.3.3 of the Master Direction No.5 dated January 1, 2016 but should
benefit to investors in the form of tax savings.
• Bonds are termed as bills or short- term bonds and not be related party within the meaning as given in Ind-AS 24.
• bond holder gets normal interest + tax benefit
long-term bonds depending on maturity period.

Fund Based Facilities

Banking Regulation Act 1949- classification of bank finance

Over Draft Cash Credit Bills Finance Hire Purchase Finance

SECURED LOANS UNSECURED LOANS
Secured loan means Unsecured loan is one
loans granted on the for which the banker has Non Fund Based Facilities
backing of some to rely upon the
tangible security. personal security of the
borrower. Letter of Credit Stand By Letter of Credit Bank Guarantee

FUND BASED FACILITIES CASH CREDIT ACCOUNT (CC A/C)

Meaning A cash credit facility is a short-term finance to a borrower company, having a tenure of up to one year
OVERDRAFT which can be renewed for further period by the bank on the basis of projected sales and satisfactory
operation in the account during the period of finance.
Meaning Overdraft means allowing the customer to draw cheques over and above credit
balance in his account. Types Cash credit facility is extended in two forms viz. Open Cash Credit and Key Cash Credit
Offer Cash credit facility is offered normally against pledge (Key Cash Credit) or hypothecation of raw
Available for Overdraft is normally allowed to Current Account Customers and in exceptional materials, semi finished goods, finished goods and book debts.
cases Savings bank account holders are also allowed to overdraw their account Requirement 1) Manufacturing unit- to purchase raw material, processing and converting them into finished goods.
2) Traders- the limit is allowed for purchase of goods which they deal in.
Interest High rate of interest is charged on daily debit balance of overdraft account as these
are clean advances .i.e. banks do not have any securities to fall back if these
facilities are not repaid.

Types There are two types of overdraft accounts are prevalent in Banks i.e.
i. Temporary overdraft or clean overdraft
ii. Secured overdraft.
 44
BILLS FINANCE LEASING FINANCE

Meaning Bills finance is short term and self liquidating finance in nature. The advantage of bills Meaning A lease is a contract between the owner (lessor) and the user (lessee).
finance is that the seller of goods (borrower) gets immediate money from the bank for
the goods sold by him irrespective of whether it is a purchase, discount or negotiation Working In terms of lease agreement the lessor pays money to the supplier who in turn delivers
by the bank. the article to the lessee. The lessee (hirer of the article) makes periodical payment to the
lessor. At the end of lease period the asset is restored to the lessor.
Available for The credits available to the seller against the bills drawn under Letter of Credit either
on sight draft or usance draft are called bills negotiated by the banks.
Financed by and Commercial banks in India have been financing the activities of leasing companies, by
against providing overdraft/Cash credit account/Demand loan against fully paid new machinery
Types The bills can be classified as Demand Bills and Usance Bills. Demand Bill is purchased
or equipment by hypothecation of security.
and Usance bill is discounted by the banks.
Repayment The repayment should be from rentals of machinery/ equipment leased out. The
Types of The ‘Demand Bills’ can be documentary or clean. Usually banks accept only
maximum period of repayment is five years or the economic life of the equipment
Demand Bills documentary bills for purchase. However, clean bills from good parties also
purchased by the banks. whichever is lower. The bank is allowed to periodical inspection of the asset .

Types of The ‘Documentary Bills’ may be drawn by a Seller of Goods (‘Drawer’) on D/P
HIRE-PURCHASE
Documentary (Delivery against payment) - the documents of title to goods are delivered to the
Bills buyer of the goods (drawee) against payment of bill amount. Hire-Purchase transactions are very similar to leasing transactions.
OR D/A (Delivery against Acceptance) - the documents to the title of goods are to be
delivered to the drawee (Buyer) against acceptance of bills. These types of bills are In the Hire-purchase finance takes place predominantly in automobile sector. Like Leasing Finance, the ownership of the
called “Usance Bills’ which means bills are maturing on a future date and payment will vehicle continues to remain with the Leasing Company till the agreement period ends. However, at the end of the
be made on due date.
stipulated period, the hirer (lessee) has options either to return the asset to leasing company while terminating the
In case of ‘Usance Bills’ bills become clean after it is delivered to drawee on
acceptance. agreement or purchase the asset upon terms set out in the hire-purchase agreement.

Credit Facilities (Fund Based) Granted To The Exporters By Banks

In order to encourage exports and to help exporters financially, RBI introduced Export Credit Rupee Export Credit-Pre-shipment/Packing and Post-shipment Credit
scheme in the year 1967. As on date, Exporters can avail credit for their export activities either in
Rupees or in Foreign Currency as per their choice and subject to RBI directions in this regard. Pre-Shipment credit Post- Shipment Credit
Meaning A short term advance/loan given to an Short term advance/loan given to an exporter after
exporter for procuring, processing, shipment of goods to the date of realization of
manufacturing/packing goods prior to proceeds of exported goods.
shipping such goods.
Financing schemes available for exporters Tenor Banks are at liberty to decide the tenor of The period of such advance/loan will be as
such loans (which are usually up to 3/6 specified by Foreign Exchange Dealers Association
Export Credit months or in exceptional cases nine of India (FEDAI).
months) depending upon individual cases.

Interest These loans are given at concessional

Rupee Export Credit Rupee Deemed Export Credit Foreign Currency Export
interest rates. If these loans are not
Credit adjusted by submission of export
documents within 360 days, banks will
charge normal rate of interest on such
Pre- Post- Pre- Post- Pre- Post- loans/advances instead of concessional
shipment shipment shipment shipment shipment shipment rates
/Packing Credit /Packing Credit /Packing credit Repayment Pre-shipment advances are to be repaid out Such credit facility granted to an exporter has to be
Credit Credit Credit of finance made available at Post-shipment repaid out of the proceeds of goods exported or
stage or from eligible resources of the from eligible resources of the exporter as
exporting customer as per RBI directions permitted by RBI directions.
45
Rupee Deemed Export Credit IMPORT FINANCE

BUYER'S CREDIT -Buyers’ credit refers to loans for payment of

imports into India arranged by the importer from overseas bank or
financial institution. Imports should be as permissible under the
extant Foreign Trade Policy of the Director General of Foreign Trade
(DGFT). For the overseas exporter the transaction becomes a cash
sale.
1. A deemed export transaction is one in which goods are supplied to a project in India itself which are
funded by International/ Multilateral agencies or where goods are supplied to units in SEZs or foreign
shipping companies calling on Indian ports, Supply of goods to foreign tourists etc., such that the
SUPPLIER'S CREDIT- Suppliers’ credit relates to the credit for imports
proceeds of such goods supplied will be paid in foreign currencies. into India extended by the overseas supplier.
2. Such transactions are treated as prima facie Export transactions and enjoy incentives and other Imports should be as permissible under the extant Foreign Trade
concessions given to normal export transactions. Policy of the DGFT. Usually this type of facility is availed for import of
Capital goods. The importer pays an agreed amount of down payment
3. Pre-shipment and Post-shipment credit facilities granted to Rupee Deemed Export Credit transactions and the balance amounts are paid in instalments over a deferred
are similar to finance/credit extended under Rupee Export credit - Pre-shipment as well as Post- period. Interest rates for the transactions are decided at the initial
shipment as described herein. However in Deemed Export transactions the date of supply to the contracting stage and are included in the instalments payable by the
importer.
projects/SEZ units/ foreign tourists is taken as date of export.

Foreign Currency Export Credit

Pre-shipment credit in Foreign Currency (PCFC) Post-shipment Credit in Foreign Currency Project Finance Project Finance is the long-term
(PSCFC) financing of infrastructure and
Objective The objective of PCFC facility is to provide an industrial projects involving a
additional source of finance at internationally number of equity investors, known
competitive rates to Indian exporters. Normally this as ‘sponsors’, a ‘syndicate’ of banks
is facility is applicable to Cash Exports. Cash exports or other lending institutions that
provide loans .
are those where “payment for goods is received
prior to the export”. The financing is typically
secured by all of the project They are most commonly
assets, including the revenue- loans which are secured by
Availment An exporter can avail PCFC in any one of the Banks are permitted to extend PSCFC producing contracts. Project the project assets and paid
following ways: facility to their export customers,(by lenders are given a lien on all of entirely from project cash
a) Avail pre-shipment credit in Rupees and convert utilizing their foreign exchange resources these assets and are able to flow, rather than from the
the same in Foreign currency at the discretion of held by them or availed by them from assume control of a project if general assets or
financing bank. foreign banks by way of line of credit in the project company has creditworthiness of the
difficulties complying with the project sponsors.
b) Avail pre-shipment credit in Foreign currency and foreign currency etc.) through discounting loan terms.
discount/rediscount export bills in Foreign currency the usance export bills received from their
under Export Bill Rediscounting Scheme (EBR). customers who have availed PCFC or
otherwise by rediscounting these bills with
c) Avail Pre-shipment credit in Rupees and post- foreign banks. WAYS TO FINANCE PROJECTS
shipment credit either in Rupees or in foreign
currency by discounting/re-discounting export bills
under EBR.

Tenor and PCFC is normally available for a maximum period of Normally the PSCFC scheme covers export CORPORATE FINANCING- In order to guarantee PROJECT FINANCING- the new project and
repayment 360 days. Further extension is subject to the bills of usance period up to 180 days from the additional credit provided by the lenders, the existing firm live separate lives so even if
financing bank’s terms and conditions. PCFC is the date of shipping. If a customer is the new project fails the creditors cannot
the promoters / sponsors use all the assets and
liquidated by discounting or re-discounting of Export eligible to draw bills beyond a usance
cash flows from the existing firm. So if the claim their debt repayment from the asset
bills under EBR scheme at the post-shipment stage. period of 180 days, PSCFC facility is
PCFC is also allowed for Deemed Exports subject to a allowed to be provided beyond the period project fails these assets and cash flows are used and cash flow available in the existing firm.
maximum period of 30 days or up to the date of of 180 days too. to repay the debt of the creditors This deal is costlier than corporate financing.
payment by project authorities whichever is earlier Banks can rediscount the export bills
abroad and square up the PSCFC.
The features of project finance transactions
46
Features of LAS
Capital Intensive They tend to be large scale projects requiring debt and equity in a large
amount
Secured Loan Loan against securities is a secured loan as the bonds, shares, debentures or mutual funds
Highly leveraged These transactions have high debt proportion as compared to equity owned by the borrower are kept as collateral security when this loan is advanced.
Long Term The tenor for project financings can easily reach 15 to 20 years Tenure The tenure of loan against securities is generally one year
Independent Entity With A They form a new legal entity with the sole purpose of executing the Rate of Interest Generally interest rates at which loan against securities is advanced varies from 12% - 15%
Finite Life project p.a.
Non-Recourse Or Limited It means a the creditor has no or limited claims on the loan in case of Processing Fees Banks and financial institutions usually charge approximately 2 % as processing fees.
Recourse Financing default Loan Amount The loan amount for which the borrower may be eligible depends upon the type of security
Many Participants There are many national and international participants involved in a that is being offered. For example, in case equity shares are offered then the amount that is
project laying different risk eligible would be 50% of the value of such shares.
Allocated Risk There are many risk involved in a project for example Environmental, Prepayment There are generally no prepayment charges.
Country risk, market risk, project risk, Product risk, Supply risk, Funding
Charges
risk, Currency risk, Interest risk
Costly Raising capital through project finance is generally more costly than
through typical corporate finance avenues. ADVANTAGES

✓ By pledging the securities held by the borrower, a loan against Securities is provided by a bank or a financial
institution as an overdraft facility.
Risk identification and allocation is a key component of project finance. A project may be
✓ The rate of interest is calculated only on the amount withdrawn and only for the period of utilization.
subject to a number of risks, particularly in developing countries and emerging markets.
✓ The borrower is able to get steady cash easily at the time of need and secondly the borrower need not be
Financial institutions and project sponsors may conclude that the risks inherent in project
devoid of the benefits as a shareholder.
development and operation are unacceptable (unfinanceable). The patterns of implementation
✓ Borrower enjoys the rights of receiving dividends and bonuses along with gaining from the price movements in
are sometimes referred to as “project delivery methods.”
the shares. This facility is ideal to meet short-term financial needs and the interest rates are lesser than that in
a personal loan.

LOAN AGAINST SECURITIES FACTORING

BUYER
SELLER
FACTOR
Under “Loan against Securities”, loan is advanced to a customer against pledge of securities or
simply put loan against insurance policy, mutual funds, NSC and other securities.

List of approved securities for LAS DEBT COLLECTION

Factoring is a financial transaction where an entity sells its receivables to a third party called a ‘factor’, at discounted
prices. Factoring is a financial option for the management of receivables. In simple definition it is the conversion of
credit sales into cash. In factoring, a financial institution (factor) buys the accounts receivable of a company (Client)
National Saving
Non-Convertible Mutual Fund Demateria- Insurance and pays up to 80% (rarely up to 90%) of the amount immediately on formation of agreement.
NABARD Bonds Certificates/Kissa
Debentures Units lised Shares Policies
n Vikas Patra Factoring company pays the remaining amount (Balance 20%-finance cost-operating cost) to the client when the
customer pays the debt. Collection of debt from the customer is done either by the factor or the client depending
upon the type of factoring. The account receivable in factoring can either be for a product or service.
47
FACTORING PROCESS

Once both parties agree that seller may be asked to remit a fee with funder further verifies invoices and
broker prepares a preliminary client
factoring is possible, the broker puts formal application to cover the legal research acknowledges any liens, UCC filings,
seller interacts with the funding specialist profile form and submits to the
the seller in direct contact with the costs, which will be incurred during “due judgments or other recorded
and explains the funding needs. appropriate funder for
funder to negotiate a customized diligence”. This is the process by which the encumbrances on the seller’s accounts
consideration
factoring agreement buyer’s credit worthiness is evaluated receivables.

Usually within 7 to 10 days of the initial

seller is advised of the facility and is asked
A detailed sanction letter is given to the In case of discounts given by the seller to contact with the factor, agreements are
to advise the buyers of the Factor by
seller and their acceptance on the same The discounting rates, charges fixed. the buyer, which value would be financed signed, customers are notified, UCC forms
letter and submit an acknowledged copy
taken, with the Required signatories. by the factor filed and the first advance (70-80%) is
of the same to the Factor for records
forwarded to the company.

The remaining amount is called the The funder verifies the invoice and the
The buyer pays the factor. The factor then
“reserve” which is held by the factor until advance is sent to the seller as per the
The seller performs services or delivers The seller sends or faxes a copy of the returns any remaining reserve, minus the
the invoices are paid. The factor then agreement with the factor. In certain
products, thus creating an invoice. invoice directly to the factor fee, which has been predetermined in the
deducts his fee and returns the remaining cases, the funder wires the funds to the
negotiated agreement.
funds to the seller. seller’s account for an additional fee.

Appraisal Methodology For Different Type Of Loans And Credit

Credit sale
Customer of goods Client Products
Invoice

Submit invoice
Pays the
copy
Pays the amount (In recourse type balance
customer pays Payment Up It is process by which a lender appraises the Credit appraisal process of a Creditworthiness of borrower is
to 80% customer lies in assessing if that
technical feasibility, economic viability and determined in terms of the norms and
initially
bankability including creditworthiness of the customer is capable of repaying the standards set by the banks. All banks
prospective borrower. It is generally carried loan amount in the stipulated time, or
employ their own unique objective,
Factor by the Banks/financial institutions which are not.
subjective, financial and non-financial
involved in providing financial funding to its techniques to evaluate the
customers. creditworthiness of their customers.

PROCESS

Valuation reports of
Post sanction
Title clearance the properties to be
activities such as
Check for RBI reports of the obtained from Sanction/approval Documentations,
Receipt of Receipt of receiving stock
defaulters list, properties to be empanelled of proposal by agreements,
application for application for Pre-sanction visit by Assessment of statements, review
willful defaulters obtained from valuer/engineers of appropriate mortgages
credit facility from credit facility from bank officers proposal of accounts, renew
list, CIBIL data, ECGC empanelled the Bank/FI sanctioning Disbursement of
applicant applicant of accounts, etc (on
caution list, etc advocates of the Preparation of authority loan regular basis)
Bank/FI financial data of the
applicant
 CHAPTER 8- Debt Funding – Indian Non Fund Based 48

Credit Facilities Provided by the Banks

TYPES OF LETTER OF CREDIT

Fund Based Facilities Non Fund Based Facilities

Examples The examples of funded facility are The examples of non-fun based
Term Loan, Cash Credit and Bill facility are Bank Guarantees (BGs)
Sight Credit Under this letter of credit, documents are payable at sight/ upon presentation
Purchased or bill discounting. including deferred payment
guarantees and Letter of Credit Acceptance • The Bills of Exchange which are drawn, payable after a period, are called usance bills. Under acceptance
(LCs). Credit/ Time credit usance bills are accepted upon presentation and eventually honoured on due dates.
Cash In Funded (Fund based) facility, In Non-funded (Non-fund based) Credit • The documents of title to goods ( R/R, L/R, MTR, Bill of Lading etc.) are delivered to the applicant (importer /
Outflow there is cash outflow right from the facility, there is no initial cash
buyer ) on acceptance of Bill of exchange drawn under LC by the Seller / exporter.
initial stage. outflow, later on there may or
may not be cash outflow. • To that extent these LCs are unsecured.
Cash When a term loan is disbursed, cash When bills negotiated under LC are Revocable and • A revocable letter of credit- the terms and conditions of the credit can be amended/cancelled by the Issuing
Credit credit facility is sanctioned or a bill due for payment the bank may Irrevocable Credit bank, any time and without prior notice to the beneficiaries. In such cases, it is obligatory for issuing bank to
is purchased or discounted cash have to honour the same at times
make payment to reimburse the negotiating bank.
flow takes place. by creating forced loan in the
account of the buyer on whose • An irrevocable letter of credit is a credit, the terms and conditions of which can neither be amended nor
behalf Letter of Credit is issued. cancelled without the consent of the beneficiary. Hence, the opening bank is bound by the commitments
Income The income earned by the banks is The income earned by banks while given in the letter of credit. If nothing is stated, the LC is treated as irrevocable.
Earned accounted under income head issuing bank guarantees or LCs is
Confirmed Credit • Only Irrevocable letter of credit can be confirmed.
interest -term loans and cash accounted under the income head
credits and discount -in case of bill “commission”. • A banker other than the Issuing bank, adds its own confirmation to the credit. Beneficiary’s bank would
discounting facility. forward the LC to the confirming banker with a request to add their confirmation.
• The liability of the confirming bank is same as the issuing bank.

Back-to-Back • In a back to back credit, the exporter (the beneficiary) requests his banker to issue a letter of credit in favour
LETTER OF CREDIT credit of his supplier to procure raw materials, goods on the basis of the export letter of credit received by him.
• Here the second beneficiary is the local supplier of the first beneficiary.
• The terms of such LC are identical except that the price may be lower and validity is earlier.

Transferable Bills of Exchange drawn under a LoC are negotiable instruments.

Credit • A Transferable letter of credit is one in which a beneficiary can transfer his rights to third party / parties in
whole or in part.
• Such letter of credit should clearly indicate that it is a ‘Transferable’ letter of credit. Transferable Letter of
Credit is transferrable only once.
“Red Clause” • ‘Red Clause’ allows availment of a pre-shipment advance (a type of export finance granted to an exporter,
Request the The beneficiary (packing or prior to the export of goods).
(exporter)
bank to issue a anticipatory)Credi • This special clause used to be printed (highlighted in red colour, hence it is called “Red Clause” Credit).
LoC in favour of submits all t & “Green • In case of a ‘Green clause’ credit, the exporter gets an advance for storage (warehouse) facilities and the
the required Clause” Credit pre-shipment credit. The advance would be granted only when the goods to be shipped have been
exporter/seller documents as per (extension of red warehoused.
the terms and clause LC) • The exporter gives an undertaking that the transportation documents would be delivered by an agreement
i.e. beneficiary.
conditions of LoC. date.

Standby letter of • Used as substitute LoC in countries where there are restrictions to issue guarantees.
A letter of credit is a document from a bank
credit • In case the guaranteed service is not provided, the beneficiary can claim under the terms of the standby
that guarantees payment. It is an
credit.
undertaking/ commitment by the bank,
• Documents required are proof of non-performance or a simple claim form.
advising/informing the beneficiary that the
documents under a letter of credit would Revolving Credit Here the amount of drawings made would be reinstated and made available to the beneficiary again and again for
be honoured. further drawings during the currency of credit provided. At times an overall turnover cap is also stipulated
 Parties Involved In Letter Of Credit Finance
49

APPLICANT-The buyer ISSUING BANK- Importer’s or ADVISING BANK-Branch in exporter BENEFICIARY-The party to whom NEGOTIATING BANK- It negotiates REIMBURSEMENT CONFIRMING BANK- It
/importer of goods: buyer’s bank who lends its name country to whom the letter of credit is the credit is addressed i.e. seller documents when submitted by the BANK -Third bank adds confirmation to the
This person has to or credit. It is liable for payment of sent for onward transmission to the or the exporter or the supplier of exporter or alternatively the bank to which repays, settle or credit, which undertakes
make payment of letter LC in case the documents are seller or beneficiary, after the goods. It gets payment against which the beneficiary presents the funds the negotiating the responsibility of
of credit to the issuing received by it from the nominated authentication of genuineness of the documents as per LC from the documents for negotiation. It claims bank at the request of payment by the issuing
bank if the documents or negotiating bank and the credit, it can seek instructions from the nominated bank within validity payment from the reimbursing bank its principal, the issuing bank and on his failure, to
are in accordance with documents are in terms of letter opening bank or can advise the LC to period of negotiation maximum or opening bank and gets 5 banking bank. pay. Done on request of
the terms and of credit. This bank gets 5 days to the beneficiary, without any liability on 21 days from date of shipment. days to check the documents. the opening bank.
conditions of LC. check the documents. its part.

Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit (UCPDC 600), PAYMENT PROCESS

1. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), arranges to issue uniform guidelines

to handle documents under Letters of Credit.
2. USERS- These guidelines are used by various parties involved in letters of credit
transactions like, exporters, importers, their bankers, shipping and insurance Once the In many cases, the The bank is not
Buyers can insist on
companies. merchandise is letter of credit now concerned with the
A beneficiary only For international an inspection
3. PURPOSE- These guidelines give clarity for the persons to draw and handle delivered, the seller must be paid—even if quality of goods or
gets paid after trade, the seller may certificate as part of
receives something happens other items that may
various documents. performing specific have to deliver the deal, which
documentation to the shipment. If a be important to the
actions and meeting merchandise to a allows somebody to
4. The latest guidelines is called as UCPDC 600 and it came into effect in July proving that he made crane falls on the buyer and seller. That
the requirements shipyard to satisfy review the shipment
2007.Banks, which are involved in LC transactions need to be familiar with delivery, and the merchandise or the doesn’t necessarily
spelled out in a letter the requirements of and ensure that
documents are ship sinks, it’s not mean that sellers can
UCPDC 600. of credit. the letter of credit. everything is
forwarded to the necessarily the send a shipment of
5. OBJECTIVE- The overall objective of UCPDC document is to reduce confusions in acceptable.
bank. seller’s problem junk:
understanding terminologies involved in international trade and reduce disputes
among various parties involved in the transaction.

BANK GUARANTEE

Financial Guarantee

1. At the request of his customer, the banker issues guarantee in favour of a

government department against caution deposit or earnest money to be
deposited by bank’s client. This is an example of a Financial Guarantee.

Bank guarantees are Bank issue bank guarantee on behalf of his client as a 2. This type of guarantee helps the bank’s customer to bid for the contract without
part of non-fund based commitment to third party assuring her/ him to depositing actual money. In case, the contractor does not take up the awarded
credit facilities honour the claim against the guarantee in the event contract, then the government department would invoke the guarantee and claim
provided by the bank of the non- performance by the bank’s customer. the money from the bank.
to the customers. A Bank Guarantee is a legal contract which can be
imposed by law.
 50

Deferred Payment Guarantee (DPG)

Performance Guarantees •Bank guarantee that under this guarantee, the banker guarantees payments of installments spread over a period of time.
•Here the banks undertake to make payment of instalments payable by the buyer of capital goods such as machinery, on long term credit given by the supplier
In performance guarantee bank
•advance payment of 10 to 15% of the price of the capital goods is made by the borrower (margin).
issue on behalf of his client to
•The balance amount with interest is payable in installments spread over may be 1 to 5 years.
assure the third party to complete
•The supplier accordingly draws bills due on different dates which are accepted by the borrower and further co-accepted by the banker or bank issues DPG.
some work on time or as per the
•On every due date the buyer’s bank makes payment of the bill to the supplier irrespective of there being balance in the buyer’s (borrower’s) account or not.
terms of contact between the
•On expiry of the validity period of the guarantee, a registered acknowledgement due notice is to be sent to the beneficiary indicating that the liability of the bank under said guarantee stands
parties.
discharged. If no reply is received from the beneficiary in reasonable time the entry is reversed in books of account.
If the work is not completed as per
•If beneficiary invokes the guarantee, the amount claimed needs to be paid immediately without any delay for whatsoever the reason.
the term of contract then the third
party can request the bank to •The extent of monetary liability and the validity period should be specific. The limitation clause is inserted for this purpose. As such even when the period of liability is specified in the
invoke the bank guarantee and guarantee, the beneficiary can claim till the limitation period is alive.
make payment for default.
•No bank guarantee should normally have a maturity period of more than 10 years. The bank should have a policy approved by the Board in case guarantee for more than 10 years is to be issued.

Appraisal Methodology For Different Type Of Non Fund Based Credit Products

• Credit Appraisal is a process to ascertain the risks associated with credit facility. BANK GUARANTEE LIMIT
• Appraisal of credit is generally carried by the Banks/financial institutions
Appraisal of proposals for Bank guarantees is done with same diligence as in the case of fund-base limits. Whenever
• Credit worthiness of a borrower can be assessed by proper credit appraisal. an application for the issue of bank guarantee is received, Bank examine & satisfy about the following aspects:

It contains a written undertaking by

the bank on behalf of the purchaser to The need of the bank guarantee & whether it is related to the applicant’s normal
the seller to make payment of a trade/business.
stated amount on presentation of
stipulated documents and fulfillment
of all the terms and conditions . Whether the
Letter of credit (LC) is a Letters of credit thus offers
method of settlement of both parties to a trade requirement is The nature of bank Present o/s on
payment of a trade transaction a degree of one time or on guarantee i.e., financial account of bank
transaction and is widely security. The seller can look guarantees already
forward to the issuing bank
the regular or performance.
used to finance purchase
of raw material, for payment instead of relying basis. issued.
machinery etc on the ability and willingness
of the buyer to pay.

Letter of Applicant’s financial strength/ Margin and

Credit Limit capacity to meet the liability/
obligation under the bank
Past record of the applicant
in respect of bank
Collateral
guarantee in case of invocation. guarantees issued earlier. security
offered
51 CHAPTER 9 Foreign Funding – Instruments & Institutions

Regulatory Framework for Issue of ADR/GDR/FCCBs/FCEBs in India Euro issue means modes of raising funds by an Indian company outside India in foreign currency. The above are
the modes of raising funds.
The Foreign Currency Convertible
Bonds and Ordinary Shares (Through
Depository Receipt Mechanism) Euro Issue
Scheme,1993.
Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds /
Depository Receipts
SEBI (Listing Obligations and Foreign Currency Exchangeable Foreign Currency Exchangeable Bonds
Disclosure Requirements) Bonds Scheme, 2008
Regulations, 2015

American Depository Global Depository

Receipts
Companies Act and Rules Depository Receipts Scheme,
thereunder 2014
Existing Shares or Fresh shares From Euro Market From Us Market

International macroeconomics deals with finance on global level.

Notifications/Circulars issued by It helps organizations engage in cross border transacations with foreign business partners, such as customers,
RBI Regulations/Circulars
Ministry of Finance (MoF), GOI
investors, suppliers and lenders.
With economies and operations of business organizations going global, Indian companies have an access to funds
in global capital market.
Consolidated FDI Policy

External Commercial In case the ECB is raised from direct equity holder aforesaid
The framework for raising loans through ECB comprises the following three tracks-
Borrowings (ECBS) individual ECB Limits will also subject to ECB Liability equity:
Track I: Medium term foreign currency denominated ECB with minimum average maturity of 3/5 years,
ratio requirement.
Track II: Long term foreign currency denominated ECB with minimum average maturity of 10 years and
Track III: Indian Rupee (INR) denominated ECB with minimum average maturity of 3/5 years. The ECB Liability of the borrower (including all outstanding ECBs
and the proposed one) towards the foreign equity holder should
ECBs are commercial loans raised LIMITS not be more than seven times of the equity contributed by the
by eligible resident entities from latter. This ratio will not be applicable if total of all ECBs raised by
recognised non-resident entities. The individual limits of ECB which can be raised in a financial year under the automatic route by eligible entities for all the an entity is upto USD 5 million or equivalent.
three tracks are set-out as under:
Parameters-

• minimum maturity, Sr.no. Sector/Entity Limit

1. Infrastructure and manufacturing sectors, Non-Banking Financial Up to USD 750 million
• permitted and non-
Companies -Infrastructure Finance Companies (NBFC-IFCs), NBFCs-Asset
permitted end-uses,
Finance Companies (NBFC-AFCs), Holding Companies and Core
• maximum all-in-cost Investment Companies
ceiling, etc. 2. Companies in software development sector Up to USD 200 million
3. Engaged in micro finance activities Up to USD 100 million
The parameters apply in totality
4. Remaining entities Up to USD 500 million
and not on a standalone basis.

ECB proposal beyond the aforesaid limit will come under the approval route. For computation of individual limits under
Track III, exchange rate prevailing on the date of agreement should be taken into account.
 TRACK 1 TRACK 2 TRACK 3 52
ECB in Foreign Currency over 3/5 average maturity ECB in Foreign Currency over 10 years ECB in Indian Rupee
average maturity

MINIMUM AVERAGE • Upto USD 50 million or its equivalent for companies in manufacturing sector only: 1 year 10 years, irrespective of the amount. Same as Track I.
MATURITY • Up to USD 50 million or equivalent : 3 years.
• Beyond USD 50 million or its equivalent: 5 years.
• 3 years for eligible borrowers, irrespective of the amount of borrowing.
5 years for FCCB/FCEBs irrespective of the amount of borrowing. The call and put option, if any,
for FCCBs shall not be exercisable prior to 5 years.
ELIGIBLE BORROWERS 1. Companies in Manufacturing and software development sectors. 1. All entities listed under Track I. 1. All entities listed under Track II.
2. Shipping and airlines companies. 2. REITs and INVITs coming under the 2. All NBFCs coming under the regulatory purview of the Reserve
3. Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). regulatory framework of the SEBI Bank.
4. Units in Special Economic Zones (SEZs) 3. NBFCs – MFIs, Not for Profit companies registered under the
5. Export import Bank of India (EXIM Bank) (approval Route) Companies Act, 1956 / 2013, Societies, Trusts and cooperatives
6. Companies in infrastructure sector, NBFC-IFCs, NBFCs-AFCs, Holding companies and Core (registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, Indian Trust
Investment Companies (CICs). Also, Housing Finance Companies regulated by the National Act, 1882 and State Level Co-operative Acts/Multi Level
Housing Bank, Port Trusts constituted under the Major Port Trusts Act, 1963 or Indian Ports Cooperative Act / State Level Mutually aided co-operative Act
Act, 1908. respectively), NGOs) which are engaged in micro finance activities
4. Companies engaged in Miscellaneous Services, viz.
• R&D;
• Training (excluding educational institutes);
• Companies supporting infrastructure;
• Companies providing Logistic services;
• Companies engaged in maintenance, repair and overhaul and
freight forwarding.
Developers of Special Economic Zones (SEZs)/ National Manufacturing
and Investment Zones (NMZs).
RECOGNISED i. International Banks. All entities listed under Track I but for All entities listed under Track I but for overseas branches / subsidiaries
LENDERS/INVESTORS ii. International capital markets. overseas branches / subsidiaries of of Indian banks.
iii. Multilateral financial institutions (such as, IFC, ADB, etc.) / regional financial institutions Indian banks. In case of NBFCs-MFIs, other eligible MFIs, not for profit companies and
and Government owned (either wholly or partially) financial institutions.
NGOs, ECB can also be availed from overseas organisations and
iv. Export credit agencies.
individuals.
v. Suppliers of equipment.
vi. Foreign equity holders.
vii. Overseas long term investors such as:
• Prudentially regulated financial entities;
• Pension funds;
• Insurance companies;
• Sovereign Wealth Funds;
• Financial institutions located in International Financial Services Centres in India.
viii. Overseas branches /subsidiaries of Indian banks.
ALL –IN COST CEILING 1. The all-in cost ceiling is prescribed through a spread over the benchmark, i.e., 450 1. The maximum spread over the 1. The maximum spread will be 450 basis point per annum over the
basis points per annum over 6 months LIBOR or applicable benchmark for the benchmark of 6 month LIBOR or prevailing yield of the Government of India securities of
respective currency. applicable benchmark for the respective corresponding maturity
currency will be 450 basis point per
2. Penal interest, if any, for default or breach of covenants should not be more than 2 annum.
percent over and above the contracted rate of interest. 2. Same as Track I.

2. Remaining conditions will be as given

under Track I.

Notes:
1. Entities engaged in micro-finance activities to be eligible to raise ECB: (i) should have a satisfactory borrowing relationship for atleast three years with an AD Category-I Bank in India, and (ii) should have a certificate of due
diligence in ‘fit and proper’ status from the AD Category-I Bank.
53
Currency of Borrowing Conversion of ECBs into Equity- Conversion of ECBs into equity is permitted) subject to the following conditions

1. ECB can be raised in any freely convertible currency as well as in INR. The activity of the borrowing company is covered under the automatic route for FDI or
2. Non-resident lenders (other than foreign equity holders) are required to mobilise INR through approval route from the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB),
swaps/outright sale undertaken through an AD Category I bank in India.
is based on a stock agreement, between the foreign dee depository receipts.
3. Change of currency The conversion, which should be with the lender’s consent and without any additional
cost, will not result in breach of applicable sector cap on the foreign equity holding

Applicable pricing guidelines for shares are complied with

Reporting requirements should be fulfilled

4. Rate for conversion into INR: The rate prevailing on the date of agreement for such change or If the borrower concerned has availed of other credit facilities from the Indian banking
system, including overseas branches/subsidiaries, the applicable prudential guidelines
Any exchange rate lower than the rate prevailing on the date of agreement if consented to by the ECB issued by the Department of Banking Regulation of RBI, including guidelines on
lender. restructuring are complied with.

Depository Receipts

1) A negotiable financial instrument issued by a company in a foreign DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS

jurisdiction.

2) DR is an important mechanism for raising funds by tapping foreign

investors who otherwise may not be able to participate in the domestic
market.
Sponsored- It is based on a stock agreement, Unsponsored- No stock agreement between the foreign
3) The issue of DRs is regulated by Ministry of Finance and by the
between the foreign depository and the depository and the Indian issuer.
Depository Receipts Scheme, 2014.
issuer of securities for the creation of the
4) In India, any company, whether listed or unlisted are capable of depository receipts. Any person, without any involvement of the issuer, may
issuing DRs. deposit the securities with a domestic custodian in India. A
foreign depository then issues depository receipts abroad
5) Depending upon the location in which DRs are issued, they are called on the back of such deposited underlying securities. The
as American Depository Receipt (“ADR”) or in general as Global proceeds from the sale of such depository receipts go to
Depository Reciepts (GDRs). the holders of the underlying securities.
Capital Rising Non-Capital Rising
Based on whether a depository receipt is traded in an
1) Deposit of freshly issued 1) No fresh underlying securities are
organised market or in the Over the Counter (“OTC”)
securities with the domestic issued. market, the depository receipts can be classified as listed
Eligibility For Issue Of Depository Receipts- Unless specifically prohibited custodian.
2) The issuer gets holders of its or unlisted.
following-
2) Foreign depository then existing securities to deposit these
Any other issuer creates/issues depository securities with a domestic custodian,
of permissible receipts abroad for sale to so that depository receipts can be
securities
Any Indian Any person global investors. issued abroad by the foreign Listed Unlisted
company, listed holding depository.
or unlisted, permissible 3) The proceeds of the sale Listed The unlisted depository receipts
private or public securities of depository receipts 3) The proceeds from the sale of the depository are those which are inter-traded
persons are eligible to eventually go to the Indian depository receipts go to the holders
issue or transfer receipts are between parties and where such
depository receipts issuer. of underlying securities. traded on stock depository receipts are not listed
exchanges. on any stock exchanges.
 54
Issue of Depository Receipts

Limit on foreign holding Conversion Manner of Issue Mode Transfer Price Approval for transfer

•The aggregate of •The depository receipts •A foreign depository •An issuer may issue •The holders of may •The permissible •Any approval necessary
permissible securities may be converted to may issue depository permissible securities transfer permissible securities shall not be for issue or transfer of
which may be issued or underlying permissible receipts by way of a to a foreign depository securities to a foreign issued to a foreign permissible securities
transferred to foreign securities and vice public offering or for the purpose of depository for the depository for the to a person resident
depositories ,along with versa private placement or in issue of depository purpose of the issue of purpose of issuing outside India shall
permissible securities any other manner receipts by any mode depository receipt, depository receipts at a apply to the issue or
already held by persons prevalent in a permissible for issue of with or without the price less than the transfer of such
resident outside India shall permissible jurisdiction such permissible approval of issue of price applicable to a permissible securities
not exceed the limit on securities to investors such permissible corresponding mode of to a foreign depository
foreign holding of such securities through issue of such securities for the purpose of
permissible securities transactions on a to domestic investors issue of depository
under the FEMA, 1999 recognized stock under the applicable receipts.
exchange, bilateral laws
transactions or by
tendering through a
public platform

to ensure that
the relevant they shall co-
provisions of ordinate among
the scheme themselves
are complied
with APPROVAL
to maintain records in
to file with SEBI a Approval shall be required for
respect of, and report
copy of the to, Indian depositories they shall issue or transfer of permissible
document which compliance with disseminate the securities
all transactions for relevant provisions
sets the terms of the purpose of outstanding
issue of depository of the Indian law, obligations permissible a) To a person resident outside
monitoring limits including the
receipts in a under the FEMA, 1999 on Indian securities against India and
permissible obligations on scheme, related to Depositories which the
jurisdiction. the domestic the issue and depository b) To a foreign depository for the
custodian cancellation of receipts are
depository receipts. purpose of issue of depository
outstanding
receipts.

No approval is required if the

issue of depository receipt is in
to provide the they shall disseminate
accordance with the scheme.
Ministry of information and data the limit up to which
Corporate Affairs as may be called permissible securities
and any other upon by SEBI, the can be converted to
authority of law RBI, Ministry of depository receipts
Finance

PRICING- Explanation I: Explanation II:

Price of permissible securities issued to foreign depository for the purpose of issuing No preferential allotment of equity shares to a foreign In case of qualified institutional placement of permissible
depository receipts shall not be less than price if such security issued to domestic depository for the purpose of issue of depository receipts securities to a foreign depository for the purpose of issue of
investors. at a price less than the price applicable to preferential depository receipts, the minimum pricing norms of such
allotment of equity shares of the same class to investors placement is applicable under the SEBI (ICDR) Regulations,
under ICDR. 2009 shall be complied with.
=
55 ADR/GDR

Foreign Exchange Management (Transfer or Issue Manner and form of depository receipts- Rule 5 deals with the manner and form of issue of depository receipts
of Any Foreign Security) Regulations, 2004

Issue against issue of new shares or may

Issue by way of public offering or be sponsored against shares held by The underlying shares shall be allotted
Regulation 2(c) - “American Regulation 2(i) - “Global Depository private placement or in any other shareholders of the company in in the name of the overseas depository
Depository Receipt (ADR)” means manner prevalent abroad and may be accordance with such conditions as the bank and against such shares, the
Receipt (GDR)” means a security
a security issued by a bank or a listed or traded in an overseas listing or Central Government or Reserve Bank of depository receipts shall be issued by
issued by a bank or a depository trading platform. India may prescribe or specify from time the overseas depository bank abroad.
depository in United States of
outside India against underlying to time.
America (USA) against
underlying rupee shares of a rupee shares of a company
company incorporated in India.” incorporated in India.”

ADR are US $ denominated and GDRs are traded in various places such
traded only in US. as New York Stock Exchange, London
Stock Exchange, etc.
Voting rights -Rule 6 provides the provisions for voting rights of depository receipts holder.

Sponsored ADR/GDR issue Status until conversion- The overseas

Status- A holder of depository receipts may
become a member of the company and shall depository shall be entitled to vote on
On the basis of such shares, issue be entitled to vote. behalf of the holders of depository receipts
ADRs / GDRs can be issued abroad as per agreement between (i) the
Matters- on conversion of the depository
depository, (ii) holders of depository
receipts into underlying shares after following
receipts and (iii) the company in this regard.
the procedure provided in the Scheme and
the provisions of this Act.

Submit shares back

to company

Distributed among the resident investors. remitted to a

These proceeds can be kept in Resident bank account
Foreign Currency (Domestic) accounts in Proceeds of Issue- in India
India by the resident shareholders. PROCEEDS Rule 7 provides that the deposited in an
proceeds of issues of Indian bank
depository receipts shall operating abroad
foreign bank having operations in
either be India. It shall take responsibility for
Two-Way Fungibility Scheme furnishing all information which may
be required and in event of a
Under this Scheme, a stock broker in India, registered with SEBI, can purchase shares of sponsored issue of Depository
Receipts, the proceeds of the sale
an Indian company from the market for conversion into ADRs/GDRs based on shall be credited to the respective
instructions received from overseas investors. bank account of the shareholders

Re-issuance of ADRs / GDRs would be permitted to the extent of ADRs / GDRs which
have been redeemed into underlying shares and sold in the Indian market.
 56
The offer document, by whatever name called and if prepared for
the issue of depository receipts, shall not be treated as a
prospectus or an offer document within the meaning of this Act
and all the provisions as applicable to a prospectus or an offer
document shall not apply to a depository receipts offer document.

Notwithstanding anything contained under

section 88 of the Companies Act, 2013, until
to public issue of shares or debentures shall not the redemption of depository receipts, the
apply to issue of depository receipts abroad name of the overseas depository bank shall be
Non applicability entered in the Register of Members of the
of certain Company.
provisions of the
Act

Approval Of Board Of
Directors
•Proposal for making Euro
issue, as proposed by Approval Of Ministry Of
Finance – “In Principle In-Principle Consent Of
Board of Directors Financial Institutions
•Board of Directors, require approval of And Final”
•A meeting of Board of Directors is •The issuing company has
shareholders shareholders. to make a request to the
•In principle and Final” required & a board resolution is •A special resolution
to be passed to approve the •ADR/GDR are under domestic stock exchange •Where term loans have
approval of Ministry of under Section 62 of the automatic route and • The custodian releases been obtained by the
Finance, Reserve Bank of raising of finance Companies Act, 2013 is therefore the shares after cancellation company from the
India, Stock Exchange •The resolution should indicate required to be passed at requirement of obtaining of GDR, which are then financial institutions, the
and Financial institutions therein specific purposes for a duly convened general approval of Ministry of
which funds are required, traded on Indian stock agreement relating to the
meeting Finance, Department of exchanges like any other loan contains a
quantum of the issue, country in
Economic Affairs has equity shares stipulation that the
which issue is to be launched,
been dispersed with. consent of the financial
time of the issue etc.
institution has to be
•A director/Sub- Committee of Approval Of Shareholders
Approvals Required obtained.
Board of Directors is also to be In-Principle Consent Of Stock
authorised for seeking Exchanges For Listing Of
Government approval Underlying Shares
•decide and approve the notice of
Extraordinary general meeting of
shareholders at which special
resolution is to be considered.

TRUST DEED AGENCY AGREEMENT

PRINCIPAL
In respect of FCCBs the company enters into a Covenant (known as In case of FCCBs, the company has to enter into an agency agreement with certain persons known as
DOCUMENTATION
Trust Deed) with the Trustee for the holders of FCCBs, guaranteeing conversion agents. In terms of this agreement, these agents are required to make the principal and
payment of principal and interest amount on such FCCBs and to comply interest payments to the holders of FCCBs from the funds provided by the company. They will also liaise
with the obligations in respect of such FCCBs. with the company at the time of conversion/redemption option to be exercised by the investor at
maturity.
57 SUBSCRIPTION AGREEMENT DEPOSITORY AGREEMENT

1. Subscription Agreement provides that Lead Managers and other managers agree, 1. Depository Agreement lays down the detailed arrangements entered into by the company with the Depository, the rights and
severally and not jointly, to subscribe for GDRs at the offering price set forth. duties of the depository in respect of the deposited shares and all other securities, cash and other property received subsequently
2. Subscription agreement may also provide that for certain period from the date of the in respect of such deposited shares.
issuance of GDR the issuing company will not 2. The depository is under no duty to enforce any of the provisions of the deposit agreement on behalf of any holder or any other
a) authorise the issuance of, or otherwise issue or publicly announce any intention to person.
issue; 3. They are deemed to have notice of, be bound by and hold their rights subject to all of the provisions of the deposit agreement
b) issue offer, accept subscription for, sell, contract to sell or otherwise dispose off, applicable to them. They may be required to file from time to time with depository or its nominee proof of citizenship, residence,
whether within or outside India; or exchange control approval, payment of all taxes or charges, compliance with applicable laws and regulations and such other
c) deposit into any depository receipt facility, any securities of the company of the information as the depository may deem necessary or proper to enable it to perform its obligations under Deposit Agreement .
same class as the GDRs or the shares or any securities in the company convertible
or exchangeable for securities in the company of the same class as the GDRs or the The company may agree in the deposit agreement to indemnify the depository, the custodian and certain of their respective affiliates
shares or other instruments representing interests in securities in the company of against any loss, liability, tax or expense of any kind which may arise out of or in connection with any offer, issuance, sale, resale,
the same class as the GDRs or the shares. transfer, deposit or withdrawal of GDRs, or any offering document.
3. Subscription agreement also provides, an option to be exercisable within certain
period after the date of offer circular, to the lead manager and other managers to Copies of deposit agreement are to be kept at the principal office of Depository and the Depository is required to make available for
purchase upto a certain prescribed number of additional GDRs solely to cover over- inspection during its normal business hours.
allotments, if any.

1. Custodian works in co-ordination with the depository

and has to observe all obligations imposed on it
including those mentioned in the depository Pricing-Price is a very critical element . The
market price abroad has a strong correlation
agreement. Closing of the Issue -Closing is confirming
to the near future earnings potential,
2. The custodian is responsible solely to the depository completion of all legal documentation and
fundamentals of industry and the economic
Research Papers- prepared by Research formalities so the company issues the share
3. Whenever the depository in its discretion determines state of the country. Other factors like
analysts for international investors as a certificate to the depository and deposits
prevalent practices, investor sentiment,
that it is in the best interests of the holders to do so, it marketing tool
credit rating, interest rate and the
the same with the domestic custodian. Once
may, after prior consultation with the company the issue is closed and all legal formalities
availability of an exit route are
are over, the allotment is finalised.
terminate, the appointment of the custodian and in important.etc., are also considered in
such an event the depository shall promptly appoint a determination of issue price.
successor custodian. The depository shall notify
holders of such change promptly. Any successor
custodian so appointed shall agree to observe all the
obligations imposed on him. Pre-marketing- It is a tool through which Book building -During road shows, the Allotment- Company issues shares in favour
the syndicate members evaluate the investors give indication of their willingness of the Overseas Depository Bank and
prospects of the issue, helps in assessing the to buy a particular quantity at particular deposits the same with the domestic
depth of investors’ interest in the proposed terms. Their willingness is booked as orders custodian for custody. The particulars of the
issue and response received during pre- by the marketing force of lead manager and Overseas Depository Bank are required to be
marketing provides vital information for co-lead manger. This process is known as entered into the Register of Members of the
Offering Circular is a mirror through which the prospective taking important decisions . book building. company.
investors can access vital information regarding the
company in order to form their investment strategies.
It is to be prepared very carefully giving true and complete
information regarding the financial strength of the
company, its past performance, past and envisaged Timing, pricing and size of the Issue- Proper Investor Relation Programme- to maintain
research and business promotion activities, track record of time of launching the issue is when the contact with investors who like to be
promoters and the company, ability to trade the securities fundamentals of the company and the
Roadshow-Roadshows represent meetings
informed by the company about the latest
on Euro capital market. The Offering Circular should be industry are strong and the market price of developments, the performance of the
of issuers, analysts and potential investors.
the shares are performing well. The decision company, the factors affecting performance
very comprehensive to take care of overall interests of the
regarding the size of issue is inversely linked and the company’s plans. It ensures goodwill
prospective investor. with the pricing and helps in future fund raising efforts
 Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds 58

Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs) • A banking company which acts as a custodian for the ordinary shares or Foreign Currency
1) Is a mix between a debt and equity instruments. Domestic Convertible Bonds
Custodian • It issues them against Global Depository Receipts or certificates.
2) It acts like a bond by making regular coupon and principal payments, but with option to convert the bond Bank
into shares at the expiry the term of the Bond.
3) The FCCBs are unsecured; carry a fixed rate of interest. • Bonds issued in accordance with this scheme and subscribed by a non-resident in foreign
currency and convertible into ordinary shares of the issuing company
4) Interest and redemption price is payable in dollars. FCCB • Can be converted , on the basis of any equity related warrants attached to debt instruments.
5) FCCB issue proceeds need to conform to ECB end use requirements.
6) Benefits-
• An Indian Company
• Dollar denominated servicing
• Conversion option Issuing • Permitted to issue FCCB or ordinary shares of that company against Global Depository Receipts.
Company
• Arbitrage opportunities presented by conversion of the FCCBs into equity at a discount on prevailing
Indian market price
• 25% of the FCCB proceeds can be used for general corporate restructuring.
7) Drawbacks-
• A bank authorised by the issuing company to issue Global Depository Receipts against issue of
Overseas Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds or ordinary shares of the issuing company.
• The issuing company cannot plan its capital structure as it is not assured of conversion of FCCBs. Depository
• Projections for cash outflow at the time of maturity cannot be made Bank

Benefits • Being Hybrid instrument, the coupon rate on FCCB is particularly lower than pure debt
to the instrument there by reducing the debt financing cost.
Issuer
• FCCBs are book value accretive on conversion. It saves risks of immediate equity
Company
dilution as in the case of public shares. Unlike debt, FCCB does not require any rating Issuer Company Offered Company
nor any covenant like securities, cover etc.
• It can be raised within a month while pure debt takes a longer period to raise. Because
the coupon is low and usually payable at the time of redeeming the instrument, the The Issuing Company shall be part of the promoter group of The Offered Company shall be a listed company
cost of withholding tax is also lower for FCCBs compared with other ECB instruments. the Offered Company
Benefits • It has advantage of both equity and debt.
to the It shall hold the equity share/s being offered at the time of Eligible to avail
• It gives the investor much of the upside of investment in equity, and the debt portion issuance of FCEB.
Investor
protects the downside. • Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
• Assured return on bond in the form of fixed coupon rate payments. • Foreign Currency Convertible Bond (FCCB)
• External Commercial Borrowings (ECB).
• Ability to take advantage of price appreciation in the stock by means of warrants
attached to the bonds, which are activated when price of a stock reaches a certain
point.
Eligible subscribe Entities not eligible to subscribe to FCEB
• Significant Yield to maturity (YTM) is guaranteed at maturity.
Entities complying with the FDI policy and adhering to the Entities prohibited to buy, sell or deal in securities by the
• Lower tax liability as compared to pure debt instruments due to lower coupon rate.
sectoral caps at the time of issue of FCEB can subscribe to SEBI will not be eligible to subscribe to FCEB.
FCEB.
the call & put option, if any, issuance of FCCBs only
shall not be exercisable prior without any warrants Prior approval of the Foreign Investment Promotion Board
to 5 years attached (FIPB), wherever required under the FDI policy, should be
obtained.
issue related expenses not
exceeding 4% of issue size
maturity of FCCBto be and in case of private Entities not eligible to issue FCEB
not less than 5 years Requirements for placement, shall not exceed
2% of the issue size, etc An Indian company, which is not eligible to raise funds from the Indian securities market, including a company which
issue of FCCB
has been restrained from accessing the securities market by the SEBI shall not be eligible to issue FCEB.
59

End use of FCEB Operational Parking of FCEB

All-in-cost Maturity
Proceeds procedure proceeds abroad The proceeds of FCEB
Minimum maturity of shall be retained
Can be be invested in Prior approval of the RBI FCEB shall be five years.
promoter group shall be required for The rate of interest and/or deployed
companies issuance of FCEB. payable on FCEB and the overseas by the
issue expenses incurred issuing/promoter
in foreign currency shall group companies in
be within the all-in-cost The exchange option accordance with the
can be invested ceiling as specified by can be exercised at any policy for the ECB
overseas by way of The FCEB may be Reserve Bank under the time before redemption.
ECB policy. issuing company will
direct investment denominated in any ensure proceeds of
including in Joint freely convertible FCEB are used by the
Ventures or Wholly foreign currency. While exercising the
exchange option, the promoter group
Owned Subsidiaries company only for the
holder of the FCEB shall
take delivery of the permitted end-uses
offered shares. Cash prescribed under the
(Net) settlement of FCEB ECB policy.
shall not be permissible.

Pricing of FCEB

At the time of issuance of FCEB the exchange price

of the offered listed equity shares shall not be less
than the higher of the following two:

The average of the weekly high and low The average of the weekly high and low of the
of the closing prices of the shares of the closing prices of the shares of the offered
offered company quoted on the stock company quoted on a stock exchange during
exchange during the six months the two week preceding the relevant date
preceding the relevant date
 60
CHAPTER 10- Other Borrowings Tools

INTER-CORPORATE LOANS

Change in the concept of ‘Loan and Investment by Company - Limits for Loans /Guarantee/Security/ Investment- In pursuant to provisions of Section 186(2) of the Act, no company
shall directly or indirectly
1) New Act provides that inter-corporate investments not to be made through more than two
layers of investment companies. – give any loan to any person or other body corporate,
– give any guarantee or provide security in connection with a loan to any other body corporate or person and acquire by
2) The 2013 Act states that companies can make investments only through two layers of way of subscription, purchase or otherwise, the securities of any other body corporate exceeding 60% of its paid-up
investment companies subject to exceptions which includes company incorporated outside share capital plus free reserves plus securities premium account or 100% of its free reserves plus securities premium
India. account, whichever is more.

3) ‘Layer’ according to explanation (d) of Section 2(87) of the Act in relation to a holding
Company means its subsidiary or subsidiaries.
Section 186(3), empowers a Company to give loan, guarantee or provide any security or acquisition
4) The provisions of Section 186 (1) shall not have effect in the following cases: beyond the limit but subject to prior approval of members by a special resolution passed at a general
meeting.
– If a company acquires any company which is incorporated outside India and such
company has investment subsidiaries beyond two layers as per the laws of such Section 186(3) shall not apply on Specified IFSC public and private company
country. if a company passes a resolution either at a meeting of the Board of
– A subsidiary company from having any investment subsidiary for the purposes of Directors or by circulation.
meeting the requirement under any law/ rule/ regulation framed under any law for the
time being in force.
Section 186(1) shall not apply on a Specified IFSC public and private company.
Companies Registered Under Securities Exchange Board of India- No company

1) Registered under section 12 of the Securities and Exchange

Rate of Interest on Loan- No Loan by Defaulter Company-
Board of India Act, 1992
No loan shall be given under this No company which is in default in the repayment of any deposits 2) Covered under such class or classes of companies which may be
section at a rate of interest lower accepted before or after the commencement of this Act or in payment notified by the Central Government in consultation with the Securities
than the prevailing yield of one year,
of interest thereon, shall give any loan or give any guarantee or provide and Exchange Board.
three year, five year or ten year
any security or make an acquisition till such default is subsisting. Shall take any intercorporate loan or deposits, in excess of the limits specified under the regulations
Government Security closest to the
tenor of the loan. applicable to such company, pursuant to which it has obtained certificate of registration from the
Securities and Exchange Board of India.

REGISTER'S PARTICULARS PLACE OF REGISTER AUTHENTICATION INSPECTION

Register of •Every company giving loan or •This register shall be kept at •The entries in the register (either •The extracts of the register may
giving guarantee or providing registered office of the company manual or electronic) shall be be opened for inspection and
Loan security or making an acquisition and the register shall be authenticated by the company copies may be furnished to
of securities shall, from the date preserved permanently and shall secretary of the company or by members who demands for the
of its incorporation, maintain a be kept in the custody of any other person authorized by same on payment of prescribed
register in Form MBP 2 and enter company secretary of the the Board for the purpose. fee as mentioned in the Articles
the particulars of loan and company or any person which shall not exceed ten
guarantee given, securities authorized by the Board for the rupees for each page
provided and acquisitions made. purpose.
61
SECTION 186 IS NOT APPLICABLE TO

The Section 186 (except Sub-

Section 1) of the Companies Act,
2013 does not apply to the Government company, other than a listed company, in case such Government company
following
company obtains approval of the Ministry or Department of the Central engaged in defence
Government which is administratively in charge of the company, or, as production
the case may be, the state Government before making any loan or
To a loan made, guarantee given or giving any guarantee or providing any security or making any
security provided by a banking company investment under the section
To any acquisition –
or an insurance company or a housing
finance company;

Penalty for contravention

For Company:
Made by a non- Made by a banking
banking financial company or an In the ordinary course of its Every Company which contravenes the provisions of this Section
company registered insurance company
under Chapter IIIB of Made by a company Of shares allotted in business or a company shall be liable to a penalty which shall not be less than Rs 25,000
whose principal pursuance of clause or a housing finance engaged in the business of
the Reserve Bank of
business is the (a) of sub-section (1) company, making financing of companies or but which may extend to Rs 5 lakhs.
India Act, 1934 and acquisition of
whose principal acquisition of of section 62. of providing infrastructural For Officers:
securities; securities in the facilities
business is ordinary course of Every officer of the Company who is default shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may
acquisition of its business
securities: extend to 2 years and fine which shall not be less than Rs 25,000 but which may extend to Rs 1 lakh.

Meaning of the term investment - Section 186(2)(c) of the Act, 2013. Thus the following will be counted as “investments”:
The following will not be counted as
investments:

Making of loans or advances

debentures bonds or similar
Subscription or purchase of shares share warrants
debt securities. Any other financial transactions such as leases,
purchase of receivables, or other credit facilities

COMMERCIAL PAPER (CP)

Commercial Paper (CP) is The company has been

(i) An unsecured money market instrument sanctioned working
(ii) In the form of a promissory note. capital limit by bank/s or
The tangible net worth fis
(iii)The Guidelines for issue of CP are presently issued by the Reserve Bank of India. The borrowal account of
of the company, as per
5 Key Specialised Forms of Commercial Papers the latest audited the company is classified as
balance sheet, is not a Standard Asset by the
less than Rs. 4 crores; financing bank/ institution.
Companies, PDs and
Cashier' Money Traveler's Certified Teller's financial institutions
(FIs) eligible to issue
s Check Orders Checks Checks Check CP.
 62
Merits of Commercial Paper Demerits of commercial Paper
1. It provides more funds. The cost to the 1. Only for financially secure and highly Credit Rating Obtain credit rating for issuance of CP from any one of the SEBI registered Credit
issuing firm is lower than the cost of rated organizations. Not suitable for New Rating Agencies. The minimum credit rating shall be ‘A2’
commercial bank loans. and moderately rated organizations. Minimum- 7 days
Maturity
2. It is freely transferable thus has high 2. The amount of money that can be raised Maximum- 1 year from the date of issue.
liquidity also. is limited to the deductible liquidity Denomination Rs. 5 lakh and multiples thereof.
available with the suppliers of funds at a The amount invested by a single investor should not be less than Rs. 5 lakh (face
3. It produces a continuing source of funds value).
particular point.
because their maturity can be tailored to Amount The aggregate amount of CP from an issuer shall be within the limit as approved
suit the needs of issuing firm. 3. The duration cannot be extended. by its Board of Directors or
4. It is highly secure and does not contain The quantum indicated by the CRA for the specified rating, whichever is lower.
any restrictive condition. Banks and FIs will, however, have the flexibility to fix working capital limits, duly
taking into account the resource pattern of company’s financing, including CPs.
An FI can issue CP shall be within the overall umbrella limit prescribed in the
Procedure for Issuance Master Circular on Resource Raising Norms for FIs, issued by Reserve Bank of
India, Department of Banking Regulation as prescribed and updated from time-
Structure of Commercial Paper Market to-time.
The total amount of CP proposed to be issued should be raised within a period of
Supply Side Demand Side two weeks from the date on which the issuer opens the issue for subscription.
Direct or Finance
Paper Issue and Paying Agent Only a scheduled bank can act as an IPA for issuance of CP.
Issue of Commercial paper Investors in commercial Trading All OTC trades in CP shall be reported within 15 minutes of the trade.
paper Reporting platform - Clearcorp Dealing Systems (India) Ltd.
Mode of Issuance CP can be issued either in the form of a promissory note and held in physical
Money Market Funds Banks form or in a dematerialised form through any of the depositories approved by
Finance Companies Bank and registered with SEBI. Provided all RBI regulated entities can deal in and hold
Holding Companies Paper Dealer Insurance Companies CP only in dematerialised form through such depositories.
Houses Pension Funds CP will be issued at a discount to face value as may be determined by the issuer.
Non Financial Firm No issuer shall have the issue of CP underwritten or co- accepted.
Industrial Companies
Dematerialisation Issuers and subscribers are encouraged to opt for dematerialised form of
Other Investors issue/holding.
Dealer or Industrial Paper
Banks, FIs and PDs are required to make fresh investments and hold CP
only in dematerialised form.
Payment The initial investor in CP shall pay the discounted value of the CP by
means of a crossed account payee cheque to the account of the issuer
through IPA. On maturity of CP, when CP is held in physical form, the
holder of CP shall present the instrument for payment to the issuer
through the IPA. However, when CP is held in demat form, the holder of
CP will have to get it redeemed through the depository and receive
payment from the IPA.
Procedure Every issuer must appoint an IPA for issuance of CP.
The issuer should disclose to the potential investors, its financial position
as per the standard market practice.
After the exchange of deal confirmation between the investor and the
issuer, issuing company shall issue physical certificates to the investor or
arrange for crediting the CP to the investor’s account with a depository.
Investors shall be given a copy of IPA certificate to the effect that the
issuer has a valid agreement with the IPA and documents are in order.
63 INTER CORPORATE DEPOSITS (ICD)
Company eligible for this purpose-
Corporate with surplus funds lend to other corporate facing
shortage of funds. 1) Public company

2) A net worth of not less than Rs 100 crore OR

ICDs are unsecured, and hence the cost & risk inherent is 3) Turnover of not less than Rs 500 crore AND
high. The ICD market is an unorganized market with very less
4) Obtained the prior consent of the company in general meeting by means of a special resolution and
information available publicly about transaction details. also filed the said resolution with the Registrar of Companies before
Better- Rated Low- Rated
Corporates Corporates An eligible company may accept deposits, within specified limits by means of an ordinary resolution.

No company referred to in section 73 (2 )or any eligible company shall invite secured deposits unless
the company has appointed one or more trustees for depositors for creating security for the deposits
DEPOSITOR- Rule 2(1) (d) of Companies (Acceptance of Deposits) Rules, 2014,
No company
shall invite,
Any member of the company Any person who has made a accept or renew
Execute a deposit trust ADVERTISEMENT/
who has made a deposit with the deposit with a public company deposits from
deed in Form DPT-2 at
company in accordance with the in accordance with the the public except
least seven days before CIRCULAR
provisions of Section 73(2) of the provisions of Section 76 of the in a manner
Act act. provided in this
act and rules.

Written
consent
No trustee for depositors shall be removed from office after the issue of
circular or advertisement and before the expiry of his term except with
Enter into a contract for providing deposit the consent of all the directors present at a meeting of the board.
ADVERTISEMENT/CIRCULAR/
insurance at least 30 days before
RENEWAL Provided that in case the company is required to have independent
directors, at least one independent director shall be present in such
meeting of the Board.
TRUSTEES
The deposit insurance contract shall specifically provide that the depositor shall be entitled to the repayment of principal
amount of deposits and the interest thereon by the insurer up to the aggregate monetary ceiling as specified in the contract, in
No person including a company that is in the business of providing trusteeship services shall be
case of default by the company.
appointed as a trustee for the depositors, if the proposed trustee
Provided that in the case deposit and interest -
(i) do not exceed Rs 25000 the deposit insurance contract shall provide for payment of the full amount of the deposit and
interest 1)Is a director, key managerial personnel or any other officer or an employee of the company
(i)and if it is in excess of Rs 25000 contract shall provide for payment of an amount not less than Rs 25000 for each depositor. or of its holding, subsidiary or associate company or a depositor in the company;

•2)Is indebted to the company, or its subsidiary or its holding or associate company or a
The amount of insurance premium paid on the insurance of such deposits shall be borne by the company itself and shall not be subsidiary of such holding company;
recovered from the depositors by deducting the same from the principal amount or interest payable thereon.
3)Has any material pecuniary relationship with the company
IN CASE OF DEFAULT of terms and conditions of insurance contract-
•4)Has entered into any guarantee arrangement in respect of principal debts secured by
a) Company shall either rectify the default immediately or enter into a fresh contract within 30 days. the deposits or interest thereon

b) In case of non-compliance, the amount of deposits and interest payable thereon shall be repaid within the next fifteen days
5)Is related to any person specified in clause (a) above.
c) If company does not repay the amount of deposits within said fifteen days it shall pay 15%. interest per annum for the period of
delay and shall be treated as having defaulted and shall be liable to be punished in accordance with the provisions of the Act
 64
Customer Advance/Deposits

Trader’s reason for taking Value of order is quite large or

advance Things ordered are very costly
Transactional value The advance paid represents a part of the payment towards
price on the product (s) which will be delivered at a later date.
Customer’s reason for Customers generally agree to make advances when such
giving advance goods are not easily available in the market or there is an
urgent need of goods.
Benefit A firm can meet its short-term requirements with the help of
customers’ advances.

Merits Demerits
a. Interest free: Amount offered as advance is interest a. Limited amount: The amount advanced by the customer
free. Hence funds are available without involving is subject to the value of the order. Borrowers’ need may
financial burden. be more than the amount of advance.
b. No tangible security: There is no need to deposit b. Limited period: The period of customers’ advance is only
any tangible security while seeking advance from upto the delivery goods. It cannot be reviewed or
the customer. Thus assets remain free of charge. renewed.
c. No repayment obligation: Money received as c. Penalty in case of non-delivery of goods : Generally
advance is not to be refunded. Hence there are no advances are subject to the condition that in case goods
repayment obligations. are not delivered on time, the order would be cancelled
and the advance would have to be refunded along with
interest
65 Chapter 11- Non-Convertible Redeemable Preference Shares

▪ Issue and listing of Perpetual Non-

SEBI (Issue and Listing of Non-Convertible Redeemable Cumulative Preference Shares and
APPLICABILTY
Preference Shares) Regulations, 2013- Listing of non-convertible redeemable Perpetual Debt Instrument, issued
Public issue of non- preference shares on a recognized by banks on private placement
▪ Issue and Listing of Non-Convertible Redeemable convertible redeemable stock exchange which are issued by a basis in compliance with
Preference Shares preference shares Guidelines issued by RBI
public company through public issue
▪ rationalized disclosure requirements
or on private placement basis
▪ reduction of certain onerous obligations

BOOK BUILDING- “Book building” means a process Innovative perpetual debt Non-convertible redeemable preference share-
undertaken prior to filing of prospectus with the Registrar instrument- An innovative perpetual
Means a preference share which is -
of Companies, by which- demand, price and quantity of debt instrument issued by a bank in
▪ redeemable in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 and
non-convertible redeemable preference shares proposed to accordance with the guidelines
▪ does not include a preference share which is convertible into or exchangeable with equity shares of the
be issued is assessed. framed by the Reserve Bank of India.
issuer at a later date, with or without the option of the holder.

Perpetual non-cumulative preference

No issuer shall make any public issue of non-convertible redeemable preference shares if as on the date of filing of draft offer document or final offer document
share- Perpetual noncumulative
preference share issued by a bank in IF UNLESS-
accordance with the guidelines framed
by the Reserve Bank of India. The issuer or the person in control of the
issuer or its promoter or its director is It has made an application to one or more recognized stock exchanges for listing of such
restrained or prohibited or debarred by the securities being issued. The issuer shall choose one of them as the designated stock The minimum tenure
Board from accessing the securities market exchange. shall not be less than
Wilful Defaulter-
or dealing in securities It has obtained a credit three years
An issuer who is categorized as a rating from at least one
it has obtained in-principle credit rating agency It has entered into an
▪ wilful defaulter by any bank or The issuer or any of its promoters or approval for listing of its registered with SEBI and is arrangement with a
financial institution or directors is a wilful defaulter. non-convertible disclosed in the offer depository registered with
consortium thereof, redeemable preference document. If there SEBI for dematerialization Crediting rating of not less
shares on the recognized areImore than one credit of the non-convertible
▪ In accordance with the Or it is in default of payment of stock exchanges where the rating agency, all the redeemable preference than AA- or equivalent by
guidelines on wilful defaulters interest or repayment of principal amount in application for listing has ratings, including the shares that are proposed to a credit rating agency
issued by the Reserve Bank of respect of non-convertible redeemable been made. unaccepted ratings, shall be be issued to the public, registered with SEBI
disclosed in the offer
India and preference shares issued by it to the public, if document.
▪ Includes an issuer whose any, for a period of more than six months.
director or promoter is
categorized as such.

The issuer shall not issue non-convertible redeemable In case of public issue of non-convertible
create a capital redemption
preference shares for providing loan to or acquisition of redeemable preference shares, the issuer shall
reserve in accordance with
shares of any person who is part of the same group or appoint one or more merchant bankers registered
the provisions of the
who is under the same management, other than to with SEBI at least one of whom shall be a lead
Companies Act, 2013.
subsidiaries of the issuer merchant banker.
 66
DISCLOSURES Advertisements for Public issues

Disclosure in Schedule I
Advertisement Contents Credibility
of the SEBI (Issue and Additional disclosures as
listing of NCRPS) may be specified by SEBI •In one English national daily •No issuer shall issue an •The credit rating shall be
Regulations; newspaper and one Hindi national advertisement which is misleading prominently displayed in the
daily newspaper with wide in material particulars or which advertisement
circulation at the place where the contains any information in a •The advertisement shall urge the
registered office of the issuer is distorted manner or which is investors to invest only on the basis
disclosures under Section Minimum subscription situated manipulative or deceptive. of information contained in the
26 of the Companies Act, which the issuer seeks to •On or before the issue opening date •No issuer shall issue an offer document. Any advertisement
2013 raise and underwriting and such advertisement shall, advertisement which is misleading issued by the issuer during the
Disclosures in arrangements amongst other things, contain the in material particulars or which subscription period shall not make
the Offer disclosures as specified in Schedule I contains any information in a any reference to the issue or be
Document distorted manner or which is used for solicitation of non-
manipulative or deceptive. convertible redeemable preference
shares

Filing of the Offer Document

Abridged Prospectus and application forms
▪ Every application form issued by the issuer is accompanied by a copy of the abridged prospectus.
▪ The abridged prospectus shall not contain matters which are extraneous to the contents of the prospectus
File a draft offer document with the designated stock exchange
through the lead merchant banker and make it public by posting the ▪ Adequate space shall be provided in the application form to enable the investors to fill in various details.
same on the website of the designated stock exchange for seeking
public comments for a period of seven working days from the date of
filing the draft offer document with such exchange.

The lead merchant banker shall ensure that the draft offer document ISSUER PUBLIC
clearly specifies the names and contact particulars of the compliance SCSB
officer of the lead merchant banker and the issuer including the postal
and email address, telephone and fax numbers and it has been posted
on the website of issuer & merchant bankers .

A syndicate member (or sub-syndicate member)

An issuer proposing to issue non-convertible
The lead merchant banker shall ensure that all comments received on
the draft offer document are suitably addressed prior to the filing of the redeemable preference shares to the public through the
offer document with the Registrar of Companies. on-line system of the designated stock exchange shall
comply with the relevant applicable requirements- A stock broker registered with a recognised stock
exchange
1) All the investors applying in a public issue shall use
A copy of draft and final offer document shall also be forwarded to SEBI
for its records, along with fees, simultaneously with filing of these only Application Supported by Blocked Amount (ASBA)
documents with designated stock exchange. facility for making payment.
A depository participant (‘DP’)
2) An investor, intending to subscribe to a public issue,
shall submit a completed bid-cum application form to
The lead merchant banker shall, furnish to SEBI a due diligence Self-Certified Syndicate Banks (SCSBs). A registrar to an issue and share transfer agent
certificate in the format specified. (‘RTA’)

Mode of Disclosure of Offer Document-

The draft and final offer document shall be displayed on the websites of stock exchanges and shall be Price Discovery through Book Building-
available for download in PDF /HTML formats. Where any person makes a request for a physical copy The issuer may determine the price of non-convertible redeemable preference shares in consultation with the lead
of the offer document, the same shall be provided to him by the issuer or lead merchant banker. merchant bankers and the issue may be at a fixed price or the price may be determined through book building
process.
67
Issuance of Non-Convertible Redeemable Preference Shares under SEBI (Non-Convertible Redeemable Preference Shares) Regulations, 2013

The issuer shall redeem the File an application to one Obtain Credit Rating
non-convertible redeemable Enter into an agreement Appoint one or more
or more stock exchanges including the unaccepted
with a depository for Merchant banker and lead
preference shares in terms of for listing of non ratings obtained from
dematerialization of the merchant bankers and
the offer document. convertiable redeemable more than one credit
non-convertible create capital redemption
preference shares and rating agencies shall be
redeemable preference account under Companies
obtain in-principle disclosed in the offer
shares . Act, 2013
approval document

Minimum subscription
1) Decide the amount of minimum subscription to be raised and In case of Non-receipt of
disclose the same in the offer document. minimum subscription, all Issuer shall decide the
application monies price and amount of Make an advertisement in
Draft & Final offer
2) In the event of non-receipt of minimum subscription, all received shall be refunded Minimum subscription of one English national daily
document shall be
. If the application monies non-convertible newspaper and one Hindi
application monies received shall be refunded to the applicants displayed on websites of
are refunded beyond 8 redeemable preference national daily newspaper
stock exchange and shall
days, then such amounts shares in consultation with with wide circulation on or
3) In case the refund is beyond 8 days from the last day of the be available for download
shall be refunded together the lead merchant banker before the issue opening
offer, then such amount shall be refunded along with interest at in PDF/HTML formats.
with interest at such rate and disclose the same in date.
such rate which shall not be less than fifteen per cent per which shall not be less the offer document.
than 15% per annum
annum.

Underwriting Mandatory Listing

Listing Agreement
1) Underwriter registered with SEBI. 1) An issuer desirous of making an offer to the public shall make an
2) Adequate disclosure regarding application for listing to one or more recognized stock. Every issuer which has previously entered into agreements
underwriting arrangements in the offer with a recognized stock exchange to list
2) The issuer shall comply with conditions of listing of such non-
document. convertible redeemable preference shares as specified in the ▪ non-convertible redeemable preference shares
Listing Agreement with the stock exchange where such non- ▪ perpetual non-cumulative preference shares
convertible redeemable preference shares are sought to be ▪ innovative perpetual debt instruments
listed.
shall execute a fresh listing agreement with such stock
Prohibitions of mis-statements in the offer document 3) Listing shall be completed within a period of 6 working days
exchange within six months of the date of notification of
from the date of closing of the Issue.
The offer document, abridged prospectus or any advertisement- Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations
and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015.
1) Not omit disclosure of any material fact.
2) Shall not contain any false or misleading statement.
 68

ISSUE OF NCRPS ON A PRIVATE PLACEMENT BASIS

Continuous Listing Conditions
1) Compliance with the conditions of listing specified in the respective listing agreement for
Credit rating has been obtained non-convertible redeemable preference shares.
from at least one credit rating
Issuedshould be in compliance Non-convertible redeemable 2) Dissemination all information and reports on non-convertible redeemable preference
agency registered with SEBI.
with the provisions of the preference shares proposed to
where credit ratings are obtained shares.
Companies Act,2013 and other be listed are in dematerialized
from more than one credit rating
applicable laws; form
agencies, all the ratings shall be 3) Dissemination of compliance reports filed by the issuers to the investors and the
disclosed in offer document. general public by placing them on their websites.

Trading of non-convertible redeemable preference shares

The non-convertible redeemable preference shares
Disclosures as provided in
Minimum application size for Creation of capital redemption
Regulation 18 of the SEBI NCRPS 1) Issued on public or private basis
each investor -ten lakh rupees reserve
Regulations have been made
2) Listed on recognized stock exchange
3) Shall be traded and such trades shall be cleared and settled in recognized stock
exchanges subject to conditions specified by SEBI.
4) For over the counter trades- such trades shall be reported on a recognized stock
NO issue for shares for providing exchange having a nation-wide trading terminal or such other platform as may be
Where the application is made to Issuer shall make disclosures as
loan to or acquisition of shares of specified by SEBI.
more than one recognised stock specified in Schedule I of the SEBI
any person who is part of the
exchange, the issuer shall choose NCRPS Regulations, accompanied
same group or who is under the
one of them as the designated by the latest Annual Report of
same management, other than
stock exchange. the Issuer.
to subsidiaries of the issuer
Issuance and Listing Of Non Equity Regulatory Capital Instruments By Banks
1) Regulation applicable- Chapter VI of SEBI NCRPS Regulations for issuance and listing of
Perpetual Non-Cumulative Preference Shares and Innovative Perpetual Debt Instruments.
Issuer shall forward the listing
The disclosures as provided shall be 2)
application along with the disclosures
made on the web sites of stock
specified in Schedule I to the Compliance with RBI guidelines with prior approval
exchanges where such securities are
recognized stock exchange within
proposed to be listed and shall be
fifteen days from the date of
available for download in PDF / HTML
allotment of such non-convertible
formats
redeemable preference shares.

If a bank is incorporated as a The bank shall comply with the terms

company under Companies Act, and conditions as may be specified by
1956 / 2013 , it shall, in addition, the Board from time to time and shall
Streamlining The Process Of Public Issue Under The Sebi (Issue And Listing Of Non-Convertible comply with the provisions of make adequate disclosures in the offer
Redeemable Preference Shares) Regulations, 2013 Companies Act, 1956 and/or other document regarding the features of
applicable statues. these instruments and relevant risk
1) To make the process of issuance of debt securities, NCRPS and SDI -easier, simpler and cost effective for factors and if such instruments are
both issuers and investors. listed, shall comply with the listing
2) Reduction of the time taken for listing after the closure of the issue to 6 working days as against the requirements.
present requirement of 12 working days.
69
CHAPTER 12- Securitization

Securitization is the process of pooling and repackaging of homogenous illiquid financial assets Sebi (Issue And Listing Of Securitized Debt Instruments And Security Receipts) Regulations, 2008
into marketable securities that can be sold to investors.
There are four steps in a securitization:
APPLICABILITY

SPDE with the help of

originator or holder of an investment banker,
SPDE pays the To listing of securitised debt To listing of security receipts
Special Purpose Distinct originator for the assets
Entity (SPDE) is created
assets sells the assets to issues securities which
with the proceeds from Public offers of securitized debt instruments issued to public issued to qualified buyer(s)
the SPDE are distributed to
investors
the sale of securities instruments or any person(s), on a on a recognized stock
recognised stock exchange exchange

ELIGIBILITY
A person cannot make a public offer of securitized debt instruments or seek listing for such securitized debt instruments
unless –

DEBTORS All its trustees are it complies with all

It is constituted as a
special purpose distinct registered with the SEBI the applicable
SUPPLY PAYMENTS entity under the SEBI (Issue and provisions of these
Listing of Securitized Debt regulations and the
Instruments and Security SEBI Act.
ORIGINATOR
Trustee shall Receipts) Regulations, 2008

a) Have a networth of
not less than two crore
ASSIGN rupees. The requirement of obtaining registration is not applicable for the following persons, who may act as trustees of special purpose
CASH RECEIVABLES distinct entities
b) Have in its
employment, a minimum
of two persons (i)having any person registered as a debenture trustee with SEBI
atleast five years
SPECIAL PURPOSE VEHICLE
experience in activities
related to securitization any person registered as a securitization company or a reconstruction company with the RBI
and atleast
(ii) One among them
shall have a professional the National Housing Bank established by the National Housing Bank Act, 1987
ISSUE
CASH qualification in law from
NOTES
any university or National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development established by the National Bank for Agriculture
institution recognised by and Rural Development Act, 1981
the Government or a
foreign university.
INVESTORS any scheduled commercial bank other than a regional rural bank

any public financial Institution as defined under clause (72) of section 2 of the Companies Act, 2013
LIQUID CREDIT
SUPPORT ENHANCE
any other person as may be specified by SEBI
 70

Launching of Schemes

•Ensure that debts and receivables The terms of issue of the No expenses shall be
•Maintain separate and
•By making an offer of are held and correctly applied securitized debt charged to the scheme in
distinct accounts for each
securitized debt towards redemption of securitized instruments may provide excess of the allowable
scheme Realisation of debt instruments
instruments Multiple for exercise of a clean -up expenses as may be
Raising funds •not to commingle asset debts and Call Option Expenses
•Through schemes in schemes
receipts •Use towards payment of returns on call option by the special specified in the scheme
pools or realisations of a purpose distinct entity,
accordance with these such instruments or towards other and any such expenditure,
scheme with those of subject to adequate
regulations. permissible expenditure of the if incurred, shall be borne
other schemes disclosures.
scheme by the trustees.

Obligation to redeem securitized debt instruments

ensure that the servicer keeps
A SPDE may appoint
proper accounts in respect of the
either the originator
activities delegated to him
or any other person
as servicer in respect
of any of its schemes
Ensure that the servicer has
adequate operational systems
and resources to administer the
asset pool in relation to a
Ensure timely payment of interest The expected period of maturity of securitization transaction
and redemption amounts to the Ensure that the servicer adopts such each scheme and the possibility of Where a special purpose distinct
investors in terms of the offer prudent measures as may be extension or shortening of such entity appoints the originator as
document or other terms of issue of expected under the origination period shall be disclosed in the offer servicer, it shall adopt internal
the securitized debt instruments out documents to recover the dues from document together with the likely SERVICES procedures designed to avoid conflict
of the realisations from the asset the obligors in the event of any circumstances in which such of interest.
pool, credit enhancer or liquidity default in any portion thereof. extension or shortening may take
provider. place. to coordinate with the obligors,
manage the asset pool and
collections

Servicer may be administer the cash flows of such

appointed by the asset pool, distributions to
special purpose investors
distinct entity to
WINDING UP When the securitized Upon legal maturity as stated in the terms of issue Reinvestment, if any, in
debt instruments have of the securitized debt instrument. However, if any debt accordance with the scheme
A scheme may be
wound up in the been fully redeemed as or receivable is outstanding on legal maturity, the
event of the per the scheme trustees shall dispose off the same in accordance with
the scheme and distribute the proceeds. manage incidental matters
following
71
Holding of Originator Maintenance of records

Not applicable to the holdings of an

originator acquired on account of • A SPDE shall • To be maintained by
Applicable only to the classes of underwriting of a public issue of • A SPDE shall • maintain books of
securitized debt instruments which maintain records a depository in intimate to SEBI the account, records
securitized debt instruments or in
are offered to the public or listed. pursuance of an arrangement for credit and documents, respect of places where the and other
enhancement. including a register Securitized debt records and documents in
of holders of instruments held in documents respect of its
securitized debt dematerialized form maintained and the schemes for a
instruments, for with it shall be accounts maintained minimum period of
Provided that the possibilities of each scheme to deemed to be a are kept. eight years from the
such holdings are disclosed in the explain its register of holders of
Max. holding of originator= twenty offer document or in the listing
redemption of all
transactions and its securitised debt instruments issued
per cent of the total securitized debt particulars. These are applicable only
instruments issued by the special accounts. instruments for the under the scheme
Holding of to the classes of securitized debt
purposes of these
purpose distinct entity in a particular instruments which are offered to the
scheme. Originator regulations.
public or listed.
Register and Register of Minimum Period
beneficial owners Place of Records
Records

Public Offer Of Securitized Debt Instruments

Arrangements for
Offer to the Public Submission and
dematerialisation
filing of final offer
An offer is a public offer
document
only if it is

1) SPDE shall enter into an arrangement with a registered depository

A SPDE or trustee shall file a draft offer document with SEBI for dematerialization of the securitized debt instruments that are
The domestic concern of the persons making atleast 15 days before the proposed opening of the issue. proposed to be issued to the public.
and receiving the offer.
2) The SPDE shall give an option to the investors to receive the
Such offer document shall be filed along with the minimum
securitised debt instruments either in the physical form or in
Not likely to result, directly or indirectly, in the filing fee as mentioned in Schedule II of SEBI (Issue and
dematerialized form.
securitised debt instruments becoming available Listing of Securitized Debt Instruments and Security
for subscription or purchase by persons other Receipts) Regulations, 2008. .The balance filing fee 3) The holders of dematerialized instruments shall have the same
than those receiving the offer provided in Schedule II of the Regulations shall be paid to rights and liabilities as holders of physical instruments.
SEBI within seven days of closure of the public offer.

However, above mentioned conditions apply only SPDE and trustee shall carry out changes specified by SEBI
in respect of securitized debt instruments which within 15 working days in the draft offer document prior to
belong to the same tranche and which are pari Credit rating
filing it with the designated stock exchange or issuing it.
passu in all respects.

Any offer of securitized debt instruments made to

fifty or more persons in a financial year shall The final offer document shall be filed with SEBI and with
always be deemed to have been made to the every recognised stock exchange to which an application A SPDE shall obtain credit rating from not less than two registered credit
public. for listing of the securitized debt instruments is proposed rating agencies. All credit ratings obtained by a SPDE on the securitized
to be made prior to its issuance to public debt instruments shall be disclosed in the offer document, including
unaccepted credit ratings.
 72
Prohibition of
MINIMUM SUBSCRIPTION
misstatements in
the offer
document
In the event of non-receipt of minimum A public offer of An offer document or any report or memorandum issued by a SPDE-
No allotment under public offer unless
subscription or refusal of listing by any securitized debt
subscriptions have been received in respect of 1) Shall not contain any false or misleading statement.
recognised stock exchange, all application instruments shall not
the minimum number of securitized debt
moneys received in the public offer shall be remain open for more 2) Shall not omit disclosure of any material fact which may make the statements made
instruments which will constitute minimum
refunded forthwith to the applicants. than thirty days. therein, in light of the circumstances under which they are made, misleading
subscription

ALLOTMENT- The securitized debt instruments shall be allotted to the investors within the following time periods:-
OVERSUBSCRIPTION
1) In case of dematerialized securitized debt instruments – within five days of closure of the offer
No SPDE shall retain any oversubscription received in any public offer. In the event of over-
2) In case of securitized debt instruments in the physical form –certificates shall be dispatched within eight days of closure of
subscription, the allotment shall be made as per the basis of allotment finalized in consultation the offer
with the recognized stock exchanges to which an application for listing was made. 3) In case of failure to do the above SPDE and every trustee will be jointly and severally liable to pay interest at the rate of
fifteen per cent per annum to the concerned applicants

Listing Of Securitized Debt Instruments

MANDATORY LISTING Listing Agreement

Application for listing
A SPDE desirous of making an offer of Every SPDE desirous of listing securitized debt
securitized debt instruments to the A SPDE shall make an application to the
instruments on a recognised stock exchange, shall
public shall make an application for stock exchange in the form specified by
execute an agreement with such stock exchange in
listing to one or more recognized it along with the requisite documents
line with SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure
stock exchanges. and particulars to get the securitized
Requirements) Regulations, 2015
debt instruments listed.

Minimum public offering for listing

1) Satisfy the recognised stock exchange each scheme of securitized debt
instruments was offered to the public for subscription through advertisements in
Trading of securitized debt newspapers for not less than two days and that applications received in pursuance
Continuous listing conditions
instruments of the offer were allotted in accordance with these regulations and the disclosures
The SPDE or trustee thereof made in the offer document.
The securitized debt instruments issued
shall submit information,
to the public or on a private placement 2) SPDE shall ensure that it has obtained credit rating from a registered credit rating
including financial information
basis, listed in recognised stock agency in respect of its securitized debt instruments for private placement.
relating to the schemes, to the
exchanges, shall be traded and such
stock exchanges and investors 3) For private placement, SPDE shall file listing particulars containing such
trades shall be cleared and settled in
and comply with such other information as may be necessary for any investor in the secondary market to make
recognised stock exchanges subject to
continuing obligations given in an informed investment decision in respect of its securitized debt instruments and
conditions specified by SEBI.
the listing agreement. the SPDE shall promptly disseminate such information, as prescribed, in such
manner as the recognised stock exchange(s) may determine from time to time