Private Privilege, Public Pain

PRIVATE PRIVILEGE,
PUBLIC PAIN
The Rise of 21st Century Jim Crow Education
in East Ramapo Schools
Private Privilege, Public Pain 1

Acknowledgements
This report was authored by Johanna Miller, Sebastian Krueger, and Billy Easton, with input from Arianna
Fishman, Donna Lieberman, Arthur Eisenberg, and Perry Grossman. It was edited by Sebastian Krueger, with
help from Katie Chmielewski and Simon McCormack, and was designed by Abby Allender, with support from
Pooj Padmaraj. The authors thank Olivia Castor, Oscar Cohen, Chevon Dos Reis, Jean Fields, Lou Grumet,
Laura Petty, Willie Trotman, and Steven White for their contributions. Photos by Sy Klipsch-Abudu unless
otherwise noted.
About the NYCLU

The New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU) is one of the nation’s foremost defenders of civil
liberties and civil rights. Founded in 1951 as the New York affiliate of the American Civil Liberties Union
(ACLU), we are a not-for-profit, nonpartisan organization with eight chapters and regional offices, and more
than 160,000 members across the state. Our mission is to defend and promote the fundamental principles and
values embodied in the Bill of Rights, the U.S. Constitution, and the New York Constitution, including freedom
of speech and religion, and the right to privacy, equality and due process of law, with particular attention to
the pervasive and persistent harms of racism. The NYCLU works toward its mission by advocating for all New
Yorkers to have equal access to opportunities and the equal ability to participate in government decisions that
affect them.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 4
A Damaged District 7
Voicing Public School Pain 8
The Rise of 21st Century Jim Crow Education 14
Voting Rights Violations 14
Vote dilution, powerless public schools 14
Candidate control, abuses of power 15
Cover-ups and court drama 15
Fair vote, broken board 16
Budget Misdeeds and Malfeasance 16
Corrosive cuts, educational erosion 16
Private privilege 17
Legal liabilities, luxury lawyers 18
Budget votes, conflicted communities 19
Intersecting Systems of Segregation 21
State Intervention and Dereliction 22
Timeline: Board Actions & State Interventions 24
A Duty to Act 27
Recommendations 30
Notes 33

INTRODUCTION
The East Ramapo Central School District in students attend public schools that are underfunded,
suburban Rockland County, 40 miles north of understaffed, and underperforming, while white
New York City, was once home to thriving and residents overwhelmingly enroll their children in
diverse public schools that attracted families from private religious schools.
surrounding areas. Today, after more than a decade
Individual moves by the school board in the last
of local malfeasance and mismanagement, and state
dozen years – public schools closed, programs
dereliction, it is a beleaguered and broken district. It
folded, teachers laid off, and even voting rights
has become an extreme example of systemic racism
violations – have garnered press coverage,
and educational inequity.
community outrage, and limited state intervention.
The district maintains a regime of 21st Century Jim But these soon recede, often with the board’s
Crow education designed to fail its students of color actions excused by circumstance, disparate
and deprive its public schools, while favoring its community interests and needs, or complex and
white majority and private education. unique local dynamics. The through line – the
totality of the board’s moves and motives over the
Just as southern states devised policies and years, and the state’s obligations to protect students
practices under Jim Crow to further racial – is missed. The story remains local, and those state
segregation and funnel resources to a white officials with a responsibility to act live to delay
majority at the expense of Black people, East meaningful intervention another day.
Ramapo’s white majority-controlled school board
disadvantages students of color, disempowers This report aims to document and contextualize the
their communities, and props up white interests. systemic racism that has ravaged the East Ramapo
Today, the district’s Black, Asian, and Latinx Central School District, to define state and local
4 Private Privilege, Public Pain

responsibility to the district’s students of color, and
to identify overdue actions state officials should take Orthodox Jewish residents make up the
to protect students and their futures. dominant population in the East Ramapo
Central School District, and almost
New York has the most segregated schools in the exclusively send their children to private
nation. Amidst a national reckoning with racism
religious schools. The majority control of
--- in the wake of police killings of Black people
the ERCSD school board rests with this
and an uprising for Black lives; after years of
white community. The religious and cultural
racist anti-immigrant invective and policy from
the Trump administration; during a rise in hate identities, practices, views and history of the
attacks, including those against Asian Americans orthodox community are not relevant to the
fueled by racist scapegoating during the coronavirus legal and moral duty any majority population
pandemic – New Yorkers are demanding state has to the needs and well-being of minority
officials take on white supremacy in our institutions. populations – and to all children who attend
public schools. While the U.S. Constitution
guarantees the freedom to believe and
New York must no longer exercise religion, the Constitution and
democratic values require communities
tolerate 21st Century Jim Crow
with differing beliefs to share equitably in
education in Rockland County. public services and responsibilities, and that
government refrain from favoring a particular
religious entity. More relevant to the story
of East Ramapo is that 96 percent of its
public school students are children of color,
trying to learn in decimated schools, and 98
percent of its private school students are
white.
As New York’s leaders contend with a

renewed national movement to address
racism, in particular systemic racism, they
must ask themselves whether the story
of the degradation of public education in
East Ramapo’s public schools could have
transpired if the public-school community
were majority white.

A DAMAGED DISTRICT
Heading into the new millennium, East Ramapo rates. Public school buildings fell into disrepair, the
was a strong school district with a diverse student district sold valuable property to the white private-
body. Student test scores were above state averages school community at a bargain, and public school
and the public schools had high marks.1 Newsweek students couldn't get enough credits to graduate.4
had named Spring Valley High School as one of the
By 2019, only 28 percent of students in grades
best in the country as recently as 2009.2 The local
3-8 were proficient in English and only 24 percent
marching band, shared between Spring Valley and
were proficient in math.5 The graduation rate
Ramapo High Schools, was award-winning and had
plummeted from 72 percent in 2008 to 60 percent
a national reputation.3
by 2018.6 The district’s reputation was so damaged
Then, in 2009, the East Ramapo school board began by 2017, that the adjacent Ramapo Central School
a series of moves that eroded public schools and District changed its name to the Suffern Central
endangered the futures of the district’s students School District to distance itself from its troubled
of color. It was four years earlier, in 2005, that the neighbor.7
private school community – representing almost
The impact of the school board’s erosion of public
entirely white residents’ interests – had captured
education in the district has not been equally felt –
majority control of the board’s seats.
students and families of color have borne the brunt.
In 2009, the board began slashing programs Of East Ramapo’s 27,000 private school students, 98
and hundreds of public school positions it never percent are white, while 96 percent of the more than
restored, while ensuring funds flowed to private 8,500 public school students are children of color.8
schools. Gutted public schools led to plummeting
proficiency and graduation rates, and rising dropout

VOICING PUBLIC SCHOOL PAIN
“I was very thankful to work for the district. My
The white-private school community’s colleagues and administrators were great, and
control of the school board has damaged I was offered lots of opportunities. I ended up
public education in the district in ways being able to teach at Syracuse University thanks
that cannot be catalogued with dates and to a professional development opportunity
statistics alone. Residents of color mark facilitated by the district. I was promoted to
the losses in personal terms. Below, three assistant principal and then was encouraged to
members of the public school community apply for principal. They saw something in me
that I didn’t even see myself.
detail what the erosion of the public-school
system has meant to them, their families, “I hadn’t been in the job that long when all hell
and their communities. started to break loose. We used to have a board
that was just to die for – the members were
Jean Fields (pictured above) was the principal of
parents of kids in the school. Everyone would run
East Ramapo High School from 2005 to 2013. A
into each other at the supermarket. All our kids
Black resident of the district, Fields sent her two
were friends, and it was a close, tight knit-group,
sons to its public schools.
passionate about helping our kids learn as much
as possible.
“We lived in the Bronx, where I was teaching at
“There was one board member that was a
the time in Kennedy High School. I took the job at
Holocaust survivor named Ms. Hyde. She fiercely
East Ramapo because the District’s reputation
believed in public education and came into
was top notch at the time. It was an opportunity
school often to share her story with the students.
I couldn’t pass up. When we came up here, my
Someone got wind of the fact that she was pro-
sons were in elementary and middle school. We
public school, and the private
were so impressed with the academic standards.

school community started to run their own
candidates. Eventually, they began to win.
“Our school board elections happened in May,

ERCSD looked like places that
right before school finished for the summer. people didn’t want to exist.
We used to teach our kids about the voting
process, so they got a good grounding on how
“The board was not invested in the students. That
to participate in elections. We even registered
didn’t just show in how students felt, it showed
hundreds of kids who were of age so they could
physically in the building.
exercise their right to vote. Once the board
changed, that program went away. Slowly, the “School began at 7:20 a.m., and as principal,
district began to change. All our supporters left, every day at 7:00 a.m. I was at the front door
and the private school community was able to welcoming my students. I wanted them to know
run up our tab. that someone cared, and I wanted to students to
learn from a place of positivity and affirmation,
“Our students used to be empowered to vote,
leaving as much stress behind as possible. One
and within a few years, they’d return as alums to
September, a young lady came into the building
attend the board meetings and advocate for the
looking sad. I gave her a hug, and she confided it
public school, only to be excoriated by the board.
was her birthday and that she admired my scarf.
Parents got cursed out. The words that I heard
By third period, I called her down and I gave her
shock me to this day.
the scarf as a gift. This young lady called a few
“That’s when the cuts began – less funding, less days ago to remind me of that act of kindness. I
staff, and our kids’ opportunities were on the was actively trying to find ways to make students
chopping block. Parents started to move out to feel valued, because, increasingly, they were
save their kids’ education. There wasn’t always starting to feel devalued.
toilet paper because the custodians were so
“My youngest son graduated in 2003, before
short staffed – I restocked the bathrooms myself.
everything took a turn for the worst. I know as
I had to fire my staff myself, one time, 40 in a day.
a parent and educator what this district was
The day after our budget was voted down, as it
because of what it did for my sons. Both are
was every year, we’d come to work crying and
successful and doing well in their fields. By the
depressed. We all saw the writing on the wall.
time my son went to college, he had enough AP
“The school floors used to have that smell that credits to enter as a sophomore if he wanted to.
only squeaky clean school floors do first thing in That’s not a reality anymore.”
the morning. No more.

Chevon Dos Reis, is graduate of East Ramapo’s
public schools who sent her three children to its changed. I was told that full day kindergarten did
schools and ran unsuccessfully for a seat on the not exist. As a single mother, half-day kindergarten
school board. A Latina resident of the district, was a hardship for the entire family. During my
Dos Reis’s youngest child is a recent ERCSD lunch hour, I had to run to the bus stop, get her from
public school graduate. the bus, take her to my grandfather so he could
watch her, and then get back to work. Half-day
kindergarten set my daughter back. As a newborn
to age three, my daughter displayed some serious
“I graduated from Spring Valley High School in
smarts – she was even using a computer. Yet after a
1997. When I graduated, there were many programs
year of half-day kindergarten, I was now being told
– afterschool, sports, music, art. You had your
she was behind. I knew my daughter was advanced,
pick. There was no student that didn’t have an
and I began thinking that it was our school’s
opportunity, if they wanted, to be involved in a club,
resources that were lagging, not my own child.
a sport, or an extracurricular activity. My sister
graduated in 2000, and my baby sister graduated “Oftentimes, when I needed to be at one of my
in 2003. By 2003, my sister was saying some things children's elementary schools I would volunteer
about the district that sounded nothing like the to translate because the district lacked sufficient
district that I provided me with my own education. bilingual staff at that time. It has only been in the
We didn’t know the full extent of what was last few years that I’ve met more bilingual staff.
happening. When my son came along in 2008, I got more
involved. I attended the board meetings, and they
“I love this community, and I raised my family in
were chaos. I’d go at 7:00 p.m. and, by 10:00 p.m.
this school district. It wasn’t until I tried to put my
they wouldn’t have started.
daughter in kindergarten that I realized what had

When our lawsuit began,
The board wouldn’t even the fact that the board had a
show up for us, literally and strategy to keep us out of power
figuratively. was no longer up for debate.
“You couldn’t understand what was going on and “The fact that this community can vote down our
nothing important was being said. I stopped going, budget time and time again remains impossible
but watched the recordings whenever I could. to overcome. I don’t want to leave my community
behind, and especially those who don’t have the
“By 2009, I had three kids in ERCSD. At that point,
resources to even consider moving to a better
I was well aware of what was happening. The board
district. I don’t know what else to do. We won
members were funneling money. It was around
the voting rights lawsuit, and it was a beautiful
then that parents heard that the district was selling
feeling, and I felt hope for the first time in years.
school buildings at less than the actual value. I’d
But, now what? They can still vote down the budget
wonder: Why are we losing school buildings when
whenever they feel like it. We still can’t follow the
our population is growing? I signed every petition
money. We still don’t even know what we’ve lost.
to fight the board. The issue here is the board, not
But I do, because I know what this District was, and
anyone else.
what it could be again.” 10
“I voted in elections and became more involved and
informed, until I finally ran for the board myself. I
have three kids, I work full time, and I teach. To say
I had my hands full was an understatement. I knew
I needed to get on the board because I needed to
know the workings from the inside out. Something
still wasn’t making sense, and in fact, it was getting
worse.
“In running for school board, I learned much

more about the budget. Yet no matter how much I
learned, it was always clear that there’s something
I wasn’t seeing.

“When I attended ERCSD, we worked hard get the
district to listen to us. We first took action at the
board meetings and tried to convince the board that
our extracurriculars, AP and honors classes should
not be cut. We soon found out that student voices
fighting for our own education was not of interest to
the very leaders that were supposed to be in charge
of our own education.
“When those appeals weren’t working, we asked

ourselves how we could harness community power.
We protested to galvanize the community and bring
new community members into the fight, including
parents and clergy. We built a community-wide
coalition to fight for a well-rounded education.
“Then, we appealed to local elected officials to get

political support. By that time, we knew the school
board wouldn’t listen. We wanted a monitor with
veto power to override the board. We took trips
Photo courtesy of Olivia Castor to Albany to meet with lawmakers, including the
former state education commissioner and board
of regents. We hoped that someone with power
Olivia Castor, a Black graduate of ERCSD public over the School Board could come in and step up.
schools, was the Spring Valley High School class Instead, we were ignored.
of 2013 salutatorian and played on the school’s
soccer team. When Castor, then a student in “I became a part of the long history of direct student
the district, went to the school board with other organizing in the district, which we ramped up as
students to describe how budget cuts were conditions got worse. We used to get a booklet
harming their school, board members accused at the beginning of every semester listing the
her of lying and falsifying students’ schedules. extracurricular offerings for the year. By junior year,
One board member threatened to fight one of the booklet was looking more like a small pamphlet
Castor’s fellow students.11 Undeterred by the with a few pages at best. The facilities were in poor
hostile reaction, Castor later went on to lead a repair. Garbage cans were found throughout the
student walkout. Castor graduated from Harvard hallways to catch leaks from the roof when it rained.
in 2017 and now attends Harvard Law School. Some of the stalls were missing

doors in the one of the girls' bathrooms in Ramapo together. Everyone wanted to take the mic, share
High School. There weren’t enough textbooks to their experience, and lead chants.
go around for everyone to bring a book home to
“People always used to say that all the ‘bad kids’
study or do homework. It was clear that we were in
were in the East Ramapo School District, but
a building, and a district, that was falling apart, and
that’s nothing short of shifting blame with racial
people in power didn’t care.
undertones to students, when all our focus should
“We took photos and documented what we saw, be on the people in power who caused our district
giving folks the benefit of the doubt that they just to disintegrate in the first place.
didn’t know the extent of the damage.
“Now, we must evaluate the political, legal and
civic wins we’ve had, and achieve equity for our
If they only knew, we thought, community. The mismanagement of the public
school district is intentional and insidious.
maybe they’d act. We quickly Direction, accountability, and action need to be
realized that wasn’t the case. established at a very basic level. Teachers must
be rehired so that students have the support they
need and the largest gaps are being filled. The
“By senior year, we felt that we exhausted all
community must have a strong voice and input.
options. We had been making pleas to the state,
and they weren’t listening. We decided that we “I’m so proud of the alums who remain engaged
needed to take to the streets if we weren’t learning, with this fight and that people are still invested
and we planned a walkout. We called it a funeral and paying attention to our district. Many of us
for our district to mark this major fall from grace, are still in the district and we all stand side by side
because we knew that ERCSD used to be a great with current students as we together fight for the
district before our time. education that East Ramapo deserves.”12
“At the walkout, we dressed in black and left

school to show that we weren’t receiving the
education we deserved. We united across schools
peacefully, challenging this preconceived notion
among some that ERCSD students were always
infighting and didn’t want to learn. That simply
wasn’t true. Students of all education levels,
speaking both English and Spanish, across Spring
Valley and East Ramapo, and all felt empowered,

THE RISE OF 21ST CENTURY JIM CROW
EDUCATION
Voting Rights Violations Watkins – the school board had conducted at-large
elections. In at-large systems, all voters cast ballots
Vote dilution, powerless public schools for every seat on a school board, instead of for their
In May of 2020, a federal court ordered an own representative within a geographic area of the
overhaul of school board elections in East Ramapo. district.
Candidates of color running for the school board Because at-large voting schemes can so easily dilute
on behalf of public school interests, like Chevon the voting power of minority communities while
Dos Reis, had found it increasingly difficult – and offering the veneer of inclusion, they were a favored
eventually impossible – to win election. In fact, tactic of segregationists in the Jim Crow South.15 In
no candidate preferred by voters of color had won an at-large scheme, when the majority and minority
election in East Ramapo since 2007. communities’ voting preferences form separate
The court found that the way the school board had voting blocs – as with the white community in
conducted its elections violated the federal Voting East Ramapo overwhelmingly voting for private
Rights Act, diluting the votes of residents color in education interests, and the district’s communities
the district and denying them an equal opportunity of color overwhelmingly voting for public
to elect their candidates of choice.13 In early 2021, education interests – it can become impossible
an appeals court agreed.14 The white private-school for any minority community to have proportional
community had effectively been controlling every representation or voice on a governing body.
seat on the school board.
Until the court’s ruling – resulting from a lawsuit

brought by the Spring Valley NAACP, the New York
Civil Liberties Union, and the law firm Latham and

Candidate control, abuses of power behind the scenes to organize, approve, and advance
slates of candidates for the school board – and even
The court cited “a white bloc vote that controls the to select and seat token minority candidates over
outcome of elections,'' which created a system in whom the majority community had power in order
which “public school cuts almost exclusively affect to give the illusion of representation on the school
black and Latino children."16 According to the court, board.20
political leaders of the white majority community
“went to extraordinary lengths to preserve [the In its ruling, the court characterized school
at-large] system to maintain political power.”17 board as guided by a “win-at-all-costs attitude
that suggests bad motives.”21 At trial, plaintiffs’
attorneys unearthed communications from 2017
between School Board President Harry Grossman
The majority community and Rabbi Hersh Horowitz, an influential leader
leaders even bragged about in the white community. The two conferred about
which candidates leaders in the white community
the extent of their power, would put forward to run for available seats in
asserting that they have “all of the coming election. The messages showed the
the power,” that the outcome men ultimately deferring to the decisions of Rabbi
Yehuda Oshry, a religious marriage matchmaker
of elections will be “whatever and perhaps the most influential community
we want it to be,” and that the leader. Under questioning, Rabbi Oshri admitted
Black and Latinx communities to selecting candidates for the board based on their
stated support for private school needs, to collecting
“feel disempowered because signatures to meet ballot requirements from the
they are.”18 white community at religious observances, and to
getting out the votes from the white community
without any other campaigning.
Not only did the court find that the white
community and board leaders worked to preserve
this system of vote dilution – including repeatedly Cover-ups and court drama
refusing to settle the lawsuit and reach an equitable
solution, with the board president even mocking Exchanges between Board President Grossman
a directive from the judge to meet to discuss and a lawyer for the district, David Butler in April
settlement and also withholding from a Black board 2018, show an attempt to secure a token minority
member the details of that directive – it also found candidate willing to favor private school interests
that leaders on the East Ramapo school board in an effort to obscure white control and to bolster
had actively meddled with candidates’ access to their defense in the voting rights lawsuit. “Spoke to
the ballot.19 Board members, including the board David Butler today,” Grossman wrote. “He asked
president, and white community leaders worked me to convey message that it would be good for the

case to have a minority run … that the community gives voters a realistic opportunity to elect a
could support.”22 At trial, plaintiffs’ attorneys also candidate of their choice, and contributes to more
provided evidence that a former board member equitable representation. In February 2021, the
of color had been elected to the board due to his district held its first ward-based vote, and the
support for, and support from, the white private- community elected three Black members not slated
school community. by white leaders. It was the first fair say over the
composition of the board for East Ramapo’s public
White community leaders took pains to obscure the school community in a generation.
nature of their candidate slating efforts, including
risking personal legal liability. Board President The resolution of the voting rights case means that
Grossman evaded questions on the witness stand all residents of the East Ramapo Central School
and drew unusual condemnations from the judge, district now have a school board that better reflects
who raised the specter of perjury. “I’m offended by the district and that will foster debate. Board
what I’ve seen here today,” Judge Seibel responded. processes will be more public, transparent, and
“I think anybody who reads plain English would accountable, and it marks an important step toward
feel the same way. “I cannot tell a lie,” Judge Seibel building back community power and righting the
continued. “I do think this witness is not credible.” public education system.
At another point during Grossman’s testimony,
However, the changes to the composition of the
Judge Seibel responded, “I rarely say this, but you
board do not fundamentally alter the controlling
did take a solemn vow to tell the truth – under
power the white majority has over the district, its
penalty of perjury.”23
finances, or the futures of students of color. 26 That
The most brazen effort to conceal the slating will require serious and courageous intervention
operation, however, was that of Rabbi Oshry. from the state.
Subpoenaed to testify, Oshry repeatedly failed
to appear at trail and even evaded court officers
attempting to contact him in-person. Only after the Budget Misdeeds and Malfeasance
judge found Oshry in contempt and threatened to
issue an arrest warrant did he appear. Oshry ran Corrosive cuts, educational erosion
from reporters outside the courthouse when his More than a decade of budget disasters in East
testimony concluded.24 Ramapo have imperiled the education of a
generation of students of color.
Fair vote, broken board In 2005, the white community took majority control
of the East Ramapo school board. Four years later,
The lawsuit ended the district’s vote dilution, the board made deep and drastic cuts, eliminating
resulting in a court-ordered voting system of more that 445 professional positions – laying off
nine wards, in which people living in different more than 200 educators, every social worker, and
neighborhoods, or wards, vote for their own all deans in the district. The board canceled full-
representative on the school board.25 This system day Kindergarten for public school students and

eliminated 50 percent of extracurricular activities. found that the school board was guilty of “abysmal
Summer school, transportation for field trips, fiscal management” and noted that budget cuts were
and music classes for young students were all not being shared across public and private school
eliminated.27 A 2014 report by state monitor Henry expenses.33 Despite this urgent warning from their
Greenberg said that the district’s cuts “ripped out own monitor, the governor, the commissioner, and
the heart of the academic program” in the public the board of regents continued to defer to “local
schools.28 control” in East Ramapo.34
Some public high school students could no longer

obtain enough credits to graduate within four years.
Private privilege
Students documented their class schedules showing
back-to-back study halls (the state does not prescribe During more than a decade of decline, the
a number of hours of daily instruction for students). East Ramapo school board has spent money
Without deans or school climate support staff, irresponsibly, cutting funds to public schools in
students reported an increase in fights and many order to offset private education overspending. Two
students stopped coming to school at all.29 major and costly examples include spending on
bussing and special education.
Over the next decade, the school board sold two
public school buildings to private religious schools The district’s adoption of universal busing –
and organizations.30 The board attempted to sell meaning that every student can receive free
one school at a price so far below market value that transportation to and from school every day,
its property appraiser was criminally indicted.31 even if they are only travelling two blocks – is not
The then-Interim Commissioner of Education common practice and comes with enormous cost.
investigated the sales and even stopped one, but the Most districts offer busing only for students who live
board largely continued its public school decimation, within a given distance from school, usually between
unbowed.32 two and 15 miles. State law requires bussing for
distances greater than two miles, and provides
for districts to be reimbursed. However, local
voters must elect to lower the minimum distance,
Between 2009 and 2011, because the cost will be borne by the district. After
ERCSD went from a $12 million adopting universal bussing, ERCSD private school
surplus budget to a deficit of transportation costs exploded from 2010 to 2014,
rising more than 76 percent.35
$13 million.
The New York State Comptroller found waste and
poor record-keeping in an audit of the district’s
transportation spending, including a lack of
In 2014, a monitor appointed by the governor and documentation that some private school students
the commissioner of education, Henry Greenberg, riding district busses even lived in the district.36

Universal bussing, and the waste documented by the In ERCSD, the board has a history of
comptroller, demonstrate that the ERCSD board and accommodating parents who want their children
white voting bloc have invested in extra services with disabilities placed in religious schools,
for private school students while denying basics to including some students whose placements might
the public schools. The district has never sought to not be approved by the state. This practice was
reduce its bussing costs even as it has eliminated confirmed by the U.S. Department of Education
teacher positions or other essential services amid Office for Civil Rights.41 As a result, the district
one budget crisis after another. sends many students to private schools – including
private schools outside of the district, and to which
In May 2021, the state comptroller even faulted the they also provide transportation.
district for overspending its transportation budget.37
The district had exceeded the amount it had allotted The district sends students to the Rockland
by more than $5 million. Institute for Special Education, a private school,
at a cost of $26,000 per student each year and
Another large-scale example of public dollars to the Kiryas Joel school district for more than
flowing out of East Ramapo public schools and into $70,000 per student each year.42 These students
private religious institutions is special education. are overwhelmingly white. In 2014, the state
The number of students identified as needing determined that the East Ramapo school board
special education services increased by more than was spending upwards of $60 million to educate
50 percent between 2003 and 2017, even as overall just 2,423 special education students, and NYSED
enrollment declined.38 During the same period, was withholding some reimbursement because the
the school board cut 15 public school special placements were alleged to be improper.43
education teachers, while increasing private school
special education funding by a third. While it is
not improper for a district to provide for special Legal liabilities, luxury lawyers
education services for private school students, it
Despite a long history of budget shortfalls and
should never pit one student group against another
cuts to public education, East Ramapo has spent
for scarce services.
vast sums on its legal representation – including
Under state and federal law, if a student requires needless millions to defend its own civil rights
a special education service that is not provided violations. Between 2008 and 2014, the district’s
by their public school district, the district can be annual expenditure on legal fees grew more than
required to reimburse tuition for a private school seven-fold, from $383,000 to $2.9 million.44 In a
that meets their needs.39 There are requirements period of just six years, from 2012 to 2018, the
to demonstrate that the student’s needs cannot district spent $16 million in legal fees.45
be met by the public schools, usually through an
Though the district has employed high-priced
impartial hearing conducted by the district. The
lawyers to address a range of issues, including prior
documentation created through the hearing process
legal challenges against the district, nothing in its
can then be used to seek reimbursement from the
history comes close to the millions it poured into
state and federal governments.40

defending against the 2017 Voting Rights Act case. school board’s local tax levy comprised 57 percent of
The district paid its attorneys between $7.2 and $8.9 its district revenues, most from local property tax.48
million related to the case during the more than
Voters in most districts, including East Ramapo,
three years it refused a settlement that would have
must approve or reject the district budget. Each
given parents of color a voice on the school board.46
year across the state, only a handful of the nearly
These were public funds used to attempt to deny
700 school district budgets are rejected by voters. In
voting rights to communities of color. The district’s
the 2020-2021 school year, only 11 of the 675 budget
refusal to settle suggests that white district leaders
votes failed – or 1.6 percent.49 But in East Ramapo,
sought a war of attrition, where challengers would
the community voted down four of the five school
shrink from the exorbitant costs of continued
budgets prior to 2021.50
litigation.
When a school district budget is rejected, a
The court blasted the district’s spending on legal
local district must go to a spartan contingency
fees during proceedings in March 2021. The
budget, which includes only expenses necessary
judge remarked, “I have never heard of a school
for ordinary, day-to-day needs as defined by the
district in this area being charged or paying close
state.51 As a result, this often means that programs
to $650-an-hour for partners or $450-an-hour for
and positions must be cut. The state comptroller
associates, which is what Morgan Lewis charged,”
has warned that East Ramapo cannot survive on
Seibel said, referring to the law firm retained by
repeated contingency budgets, and the futures of
the district. “The defendant in this case paid about
students of color attending public schools are the
triple the normal rate and it paid it starting back in
most at risk.52
2017.” The judge noted that the nearby districts of
Nyack and Suffern paid their attorneys hourly rates The white community cannot claim to be unaware
of $225 and $210, respectively. of the racially disparate impact of a failed budget.
In the Voting Rights Act lawsuit against the
Budget votes, conflicted communities district, the court cited the school board president
“admitting voting down [the] budget would result
Revenues and expenditures for public schools in ‘massive cuts to the public schools.’” The court
in East Ramapo require the approval of a white added, “it would deny reality to pretend that
majority community whose children do not attend members [of the majority white community] were
them. This conflict of interest undermines the unaware that the students to be negatively affected
education of students of color. by their votes [against budgets] are overwhelmingly
children of color.”53
Except for the five largest urban areas in the state,
school boards in New York are responsible for
levying taxes on their local communities to generate
much of the revenue for their schools.47 In the 2021-
2022 school year, for example, the East Ramapo

The influx of emergency federal aid to East Ramapo
comes in the form of COVID-related stimulus
The court found that there is funding, and a commitment from the state to finally
“a white bloc vote that controls fully fund the Foundation Aid formula.57 The COVID
the outcome of elections” in stimulus funds are a temporary infusion of money
meant to offset costs associated with the pandemic.
East Ramapo, and that white They are not expected to continue and should not be
voters “have a desire to adhere relied on to fill ongoing budget gaps. In May 2021,
to the current system despite the state comptroller faulted the district for using
the one-time infusion to pay for day-to-day needs –
its discriminatory effect.”54 like teacher salaries, which are a recurring expense
– and only deferring the district’s budget crisis.58
The court added that this dynamic means that

“public school cuts almost exclusively affect black
and Latino children, [and] any services for private
schools beyond what is mandated by New York State
almost exclusively benefit white children.” Despite
these damning findings and a decade of degradation,
no entity in state government has taken adequate
action to end systemic racism in East Ramapo.
The district continues to teeter on the brink of

financial collapse, due in part to failed budget
votes. In early 2021, the district announced that,
due to mismanagement, it had failed to move
to a contingency budget and make mandated
adjustments in the wake of a failed Spring 2020
budget vote. The district announced plans to lay off
30 public school teachers, but reversed itself weeks
later in response to pressure from the community
and local activists – and ultimately an influx of
emergency funds from the federal government in
the form of COVID-related stimulus funding.55 The
district’s 2021-22 proposed budget includes no
property tax increase.56

PHOTO BY JAMES DANIEL FOR THE ACLU
Intersecting Systems of Segregation Klein’s comments were met with months of protest
and community outrage and he later apologized.60
Segregation by the white majority in East Ramapo But his racially-coded language – referring to
cuts through multiple identities: race, ethnicity, legal students as “illegal,” presuming immigrant students
status, English fluency, and disability. would drop out, and portraying immigrant students
The white majority in East Ramapo has segregated as taking from the district – showed both disrespect
itself from the public-school community, but it and disinterest. It took more than a year of protest
has also created additional segregated programs before Klein resigned from his position.61
within the district’s public schools. In 2014, then- East Ramapo also pursued a policy of racial
Superintendent Joel Klein attempted to create a segregation in special education. An investigation
segregated program for Spanish-speaking immigrant by the U.S. Department of Education’s Office for
students that would focus on English learning Civil Rights (OCR) found that East Ramapo made
without comprehensive high school education or the decisions about placement of students needing the
opportunity to earn a diploma. In advocating for same special education services in public or private
what he termed an “alternate transitional program,” schools based on race, and not on pedagogical
Klein blamed immigrant students for the district’s needs.62 The district segregated white students from
low graduation rate, saying: students of color, placing white students more often
in private schools at great expense.
Almost all the registrants are Additionally, OCR found that the district was
maintaining a separate bilingual Kindergarten
coming in from Guatemala, El class in which only white students were enrolled,
Salvador, and Ecuador ... none and those students were segregated from the rest
of them speak English ... many of the student body throughout the day, and even
attended school during different hours. The district
are illegal. They want to learn was unable to demonstrate a legitimate educational
the language. They want free theory for its segregated language program.63
lunch, breakfast, and whatever
else they can get. They know
they cannot get a diploma ... we
know every one of these kids
are dropping out.59

STATE INVERVENTION + DERELICTION
The parents and students of ERCSD public schools funds to support effective programming for middle
have not stood by while their education was taken school students in the district.66 Yet, even as the
from them. Students have organized protests and district met the narrow requirements of these
walkouts, as far back as 2013. Parents have attended interventions, the majority community and board
and testified at contentious school board hearings, have continued to undermine public education. As
and dozens of local residents traveled to Albany in recently as 2020, the majority community voted
2015 to seek legislative intervention.64 Groups of down the school district budget, leading to yet
parents and students have filed several lawsuits to another shoestring contingency budget and the
try to force state intervention and have asked the threat of teacher layoffs.
commissioner to review various decisions by the
The state comptroller has undertaken several
board. Their efforts have increased public awareness
audits uncovering substantial expenditures for
and media interest in East Ramapo, but the state
private school students, often without required
government response so far has been inadequate.
documentation, and has raised alarm about the lack
In 2014, NYSED put the district on a corrective of financial stability in the district.67 For example, in
action plan pursuant to the Individuals with 2013, the comptroller warned that the district lacked
Disabilities Education Act to try to curb special a “rainy day fund,” was not properly budgeting, and
education spending.65 In addition, NYSED has was in fiscal danger. He made five recommendations
identified ERCSD as performing below state to the district to protect its finances, but in a
academic standards, which requires the district follow-up audit in 2016, the comptroller reported
to adopt evidence-based interventions to improve that the district had fully implemented only one.68
academic performance. And it has allocated specific It is unclear if further recommendations have

been adopted or if the comptroller will continue to authority for the first time.69 They now have the
monitor past audits. power to override board actions that undermine
the district’s improvement; they can introduce
The evidence from these interventions is that resolutions for automatic adoption; they will
state government action can, and does, lead to have a say in the budget and the hiring of future
incremental change in East Ramapo – but only superintendents; and they can require the board to
when there are specific, enforceable requirements. attend training, such as the anti-racist training the
The school board has not demonstrated it will monitors have previously recommended.
make improvements without being required, and
without being monitored for progress. Additionally, The coming months and years will tell if these
turnover in the role of superintendent – including new powers are enough to turn around East
in 2021 – makes it difficult to execute long-term Ramapo.
improvements. To date, no state actor has been bold
enough to effectively tackle the governance crisis in
East Ramapo.
The State Education Department’s best-known

intervention has been placing a series of monitors
in the district – but, until summer 2021, the
monitors were not granted the authority to directly
participate in district operations or board decisions.
They had been limited to making reports and
recommendations, that have gone largely ignored
by the board. However, in 2021, the state legislature
adopted a new law granting the monitors concrete

IMELINE: BOARD ACTION
+ STATE INTERVENTIONS 2005 2010-11
• White majority elected to East • Board closes Hillcrest Elementary

Ramapo Central School District school, relying on incorrect
Board projections of declining public
school enrollment, and attempts
2009 to sell it to a Yeshiva, but there
• Board votes to close Colton are questions of under-valuing
Elementary School and lease the and the sale is annulled by
property to two private, religious Acting NYSED Commissioner
institutions (HASC and Bais John King (the sale is completed
Malka) in 2014). At the same time, the
board attempts to sell Colton
• Board hires Long Island-based Elementary school to two
law firm Minerva and D’Agostino different religious institutions
at $250/hour, 2-4x higher than its and that sale is also investigated
previous counsel.70 by the state.71
• Board begins cuts to public • District budget deficit of $3
schools: 168 teachers, all social million
workers, 3 guidance counselors,
all deans, 88 civil service • Many high school students are
positions, and 49 teaching placed on 6-year graduation
assistants are laid off, full-day plans because they can no longer
Kindergarten is canceled, and obtain enough credits to graduate
extracurriculars are cut by 50% in 4 years, due to pared down staff
over the next 3 years. While the and services.
Board insists these cuts are 2011-12
needed to balance the budget,
a monitor appointed later by the • East Ramapo Schools report a
governor and the commissioner budget deficit of $13M
remarked that there was “no
2012
meaningful effort made to
distribute the pain of deep • Board President Daniel Schwartz
budget cuts fairly among private tells members of the public at
and public schools.” a school board meeting “if you
don’t like [our decisions] find
somewhere else to live.”72

2013 NYSED that the district had “inappropriate
policies, procedures, and practices”
• Public school parents post a video on related to placing students with disabilities
YouTube of a Minerva & D’Agostino lawyer in private and out-of-district schools.
fighting with parents after a board meeting
and using offensive slurs.73 • Board sells Colton Elementary School to
HASC and Bais Malka for $5.1 million and
2014 closes on the sale of Hillcrest Elementary
• Board rejects a $3.5 million advance School to Avir Yakov Yeshiva for $4.9
from the state to bring back programs million. It states it will use the $10 million
and positions, because legislators to patch budget holes.
conditioned the money on creating 2015
an advisory committee consisting of
one parent, a teacher, a school board • The U.S. Department of Education Office
member, the superintendent and another for Civil Rights finds the district violated
administrator.74 Title VI of the Civil Rights Act by placing
white students with disabilities in private
• Former federal prosecutor Henry school placements at higher rates than
Greenberg is appointed fiscal monitor for students of color.75
the district. He issues a report calling on
the state to create a monitor position with • District hires new outside counsel, Harris
more authority, including the power to Beach, at $200/hr.76
“veto” Board proposals.
2016
• Superintendent Joel Klein tries to create an
• NYS Comptroller finds that East Ramapo
alternative, non-degree granting program
doesn’t have a sufficient rainy-day fund
for immigrant students to prevent them
and warns that it will run out of money.77
from enrolling in local high schools. He
comes under fire for saying "[Immigrant 2017
students] want free lunch, breakfast, and
whatever else they can get. They know they • The Spring Valley Chapter of the NAACP,
cannot get a diploma ... we know every one represented by the New York Civil Liberties
of these kids are dropping out." Union and the law firm Latham and
Watkins files a federal voting rights lawsuit
• District comes under “enforcement action” against the district. The suit alleges and
by New York State Education Department later proves the district’s at-large voting
(NYSED) pursuant to the federal system diluted the votes of residents of
Individuals with Disabilities Education color.78
Act (IDEA), after a determination by

2018 during COVID-19 remote learning. Then-
Interim Superintendent Ray Giamartino
• NYS Comptroller finds the district is not in discovered that, although Rockland County
compliance with state physical education was the first in the state to go remote, the
requirements for elementary school District failed to order devices for students
students.79 until July and those devices were not
2019 delivered until nearly the end of 2020.81
• NYS Comptroller conducts an audit of • State-appointed monitors Denise Lowe and

the district’s transportation spending, Charles Szuberla release their report for
finding that the district did not have proof the 2018-2019 school year, calling on board
of eligibility for 61% of students receiving members to participate in the “Undoing
bussing services, including a lack of proof Racism” training, and for voters to approve
that the students even lived in the district. budgets to help ERCSD climb out of
financial instability.82
• NYS Comptroller conducts an audit of the 2021

district’s textbook spending and finds a • District announces mid-year layoffs of more
lack of controls and documentation for than 30 teachers and district positions
private school spending on textbooks. The because of catastrophic budgeting failures.
comptroller discovered a tractor trailer It later announces it will borrow to avoid all
full of unopened and unused textbooks but 10 layoffs.
in possession of the private schools.
The Board agrees to an annual textbook • State Education Commissioner Rosa
inventory beginning in June or July 2021 publicly supports legislation to create an
(barring COVID-related delays).80 empowered monitor to oversee the district;
the legislation is adopted and signed by
2020 Governor Cuomo in June.
• The NAACP prevails in its voting rights • NYS Comptroller announces intent to audit
lawsuit against the district, and the court the district’s 2021-22 budget.
orders the establishment of a ward system
for school board elections. The decision is
upheld on appeal in early 2021.
• District finds that more than 60% of public

school students were “chronically absent”

A DUTY TO ACT
The New York State Constitution makes clear that The state commissioner of education is perhaps the
the obligation to ensure that every student has most empowered public official in the nation when
access to a quality education rests squarely with it comes to her ability to make and direct education
the state. The state commissioner of education, policy.84 Undoing the structures of systemic racism
the board of regents, and the governor have the in education is one of the areas where the full extent
necessary powers to protect the civil rights of East of the commissioner’s powers have been tested and
Ramapo’s students. upheld by the courts.
Yet, state officials have too often deferred to Time and again, courts have upheld the broad
local control in East Ramapo. Though a district authority of the state commissioner of education.
needs flexibility to make decisions that serve its In a key 1959 ruling, the state’s highest court, the
students and community, local school boards are Court of Appeals, ruled that:
agents of the state.83 When they engage in fiscal
mismanagement or wrongdoing that impairs the
delivery of the “sound basic education” that is every
child’s right under the New York State Constitution, [T]he Commissioner of
the state has a duty to intervene and take remedial Education has been made the
action. The value of local control over education chief administrative officer of
cannot extend to running a school district into the
ground. the educational system of the
State and, as such, has been
invested with broad powers

of review. He may review any ways not forbidden by the legislature or the regents,
the court found:
“official act or decision of any
officer, school authorities,
or meetings concerning any Disagreement with the
matter usnder this chapter, or sociological, psychological and
any act pertaining to common educational assumptions relied
schools.”85 on by the Commissioner cannot
be evaluated by this court. Such
The court further ruled that the commissioner’s arguments can only be heard
powers, rather than being limited to those
in the Legislature which has
enumerated by the legislature or the regents, are
those that are not specifically limited.86 endowed the Commissioner
In the 1960s and 1970s commissioners used their
with an all but absolute power,
constitutional powers without specific direction or by the Board of Regents, who
from the legislature to address school segregation are elected by the Legislature
in novel ways. A Princeton University study on
school segregation in New York found that, “lacking
and make public policy in the
guidance from New York's Education Law, then- field of education.89
Commissioner Allen began to define the roles of
the State and localities himself. In 1960, he asked
In 1975, a subsequent commissioner, Ewald “Bob”
each district to begin eliminating segregation in its
Nyquist, ordered Newburgh schools to implement a
schools.”87
racial desegregation plan. At that time, despite the
In 1963, Commissioner Allen explicitly overruled U.S. Supreme Court’s holding in Brown v. Board of
the local school board and the local voters in the Education, many school districts, including in the
Malverne school district and ordered them to Northeast, were slow to integrate. The local board
implement a desegregation plan -- he was the first of education, resisting Nyquist’s plan, took him to
commissioner to do so. Local white voters sued, court to reverse his order. The Appellate Division
asserting that the commissioner had overstepped found that the commissioner had the power to
his authority. The Court of Appeals found that the “take the initiative and correct racial imbalances
commissioner “may substitute his judgment for without a constitutional and legislative mandate.”90
that of the local board even where the action of the The court upheld Commissioner Nyquist’s
local board was not arbitrary.”88 Upholding that the authority to determine that the Newburgh district’s
commissioner had the power to use his discretion in desegregation plan was inadequate and to substitute

his own plan, finding that it was “an exercise in country. In 2014, Gary Orfield and John Kucsera,
professional judgment and, as such … beyond the of the Civil Rights Project at UCLA, issued a report
purview of the courts.” titled New York State’s Extreme School Segregation:
Inequality, Inaction and a Damaged Future. In
In response to the desegregation orders, white it, they concluded that the Commissioner who
voters applied political pressure on legislators, who replaced Nyquist “avoided the pursuit of the goal of
in turn pressured the board of regents. The regents integrated schools and the state became unwilling
concluded that even the they did not have the and unable to help or require school districts to
authority to review the commissioner’s decisions. achieve racial balance.”92 Several commissioners
They then pursued legislation authorizing them to since have likely survived in their jobs by retreating,
do so. When this failed, they voted to fire Nyquist, along with the regents, from their civil rights
believed to be the only commissioner ever to be authority.
removed by a regents vote. Dr. Kenneth Clark, a
civil rights icon, was the only Black member of the Today, Education Commissioner Betty Rosa and
board of regents at the time. As reported in The the New York State Board of Regents have broad
New York Times, Dr. Clark “charged that the regents power to act to remedy the pattern of educational
had capitulated to political pressures and ousted malfeasance in East Ramapo, just as Commissioners
the commissioner due to his advocacy of school Allen and Nyquist used the commissioner’s
integration.”91 extraordinary powers in the ‘60s and ‘70s. The
question is one of political will. Perhaps now, amid
The long-term impacts of the regents’ decision national, state, and local uprisings over injustice
to fire Nyquist and reverse course on school and in response to historic movements to address
desegregation have been devastating. Today, systemic racism, state leaders will act.
New York has the most segregated schools in the

RECOMMENDATIONS
New York must no longer allow such extreme plan.93 The plan includes essential goals such
systemic racism to continue in East Ramapo. as improving early-grade education, expanding
More than a decade of struggle and loss has and improving arts and music programs,
shown that the ERCSD school board and the improving participation and success in honors
district’s white majority will not protect public and advanced courses, improving high school
education or the rights of students of color graduation rates and college and career
without intensive state-level intervention. readiness, increasing proficiency of students
with disabilities, and ending the racially
In 2021, the commissioner of education,
disproportionate and expensive placement
Dr. Betty Rosa, took an important step in
of special education students out of district.
this direction when she publicly supported
Community members, parents, and students in
legislation from Assemblymember Kenneth
ERCSD must engage with the monitors to ensure
Zebrowski and Senator Elijah Reichlin-Melnick
this plan is executed.
to strengthen the authority of the monitors
in East Ramapo. The new law, signed by the Partitioning East Ramapo into two separate
governor, endows the monitors with the power districts, as some have contemplated – one for
to enact binding resolutions and to override white students and another for students of color
actions of the East Ramapo school board in – will never be an acceptable solution. Doing so
service of the district’s long-term improvement would only institutionalize school segregation

and reward the white community’s history of status. One reason the white population in
racism, malfeasance and neglect. State action ERCSD has managed to so completely dominate
must include the following: school board and budget votes is that a large
proportion of non-white adults in the district
are not citizens and so are not allowed to vote.
This includes documented immigrants and
1. The state legislature should enact, and the
Lawful Permanent Residents of the district. All
governor should sign, legislation that caps the
residents who live in the district should have a
hourly rate any school district can spend on
say in district decisions, which impact the health
outside counsel, based on fair market factors.
of their community, their taxes, and property
Public dollars that could otherwise be spent on
values.
teacher salaries, school building improvements,
learning technologies, and extracurricular 4. The commissioner must send a clear message
activities should not be flowing into the accounts to the monitors that they are to use the full
of expensive law firms. powers provided to them under the law.
Further, if the commissioner determines the
2. The state legislature should enact, and the
monitors have not acted decisively enough to
governor should sign, legislation that permits
address the problems in East Ramapo then
the commissioner of education additional
it is incumbent on her to intervene and order
authority over local school district budgets in
corrective actions. The monitors serve at the
similar situations to ERCSD. Specifically, if the
pleasure of the commissioner. In the past, the
enrolled private school population of a district
performance of monitors has varied widely.
significantly outnumbers the enrolled public
Some, like Hank Greenberg and Dennis Walcott,
school population, and the school budget bill is
took their roles of monitoring and oversight
voted down, the commissioner should have the
seriously and issued reports that were fully
authority to step in and ensure that the district
independent of the board. Others emphasized
has adequate operating funds and that public-
providing technical assistance and building
school students’ education is not interrupted
good working relationships with the school
– rather than forcing a contingency budget.
board at the expense of assertive monitoring.
While ERCSD’s private school population far
The legislature and governor have rejected the
exceeds that of any other district in the state in
latter approach by increasing the powers of the
proportion to its public-school population, this
monitors to encourage an active role. They have
may not always be the case.
provided extraordinary powers to the monitors
3. The board of regents should adopt policies to because they recognize that these powers will be
ensure that all public-school parents can vote in necessary.
school board elections, regardless of citizenship

5. The commissioner must undertake a wholesale requires busing for two miles (K-8) or
investigation of what has happened in ERCSD, three miles (9-12).94
and hold those responsible for wrongdoing
• Increasing transparency and competition
accountable, while simultaneously increasing
in local transportation contracting.
opportunities for public school students. This
must include: • Eliminating unconstitutional gender-
segregated busing paid for with public
• Thoroughly investigating past conduct of
dollars.
board members and district employees
for abrogation of duties, fraud, waste, • Conducting a complete review of the
mismanagement, self-dealing and conflicts district’s services for bilingual/multilingual
of interest; Removing school board members and non-English-speaking students and
and district employees where there is cause families.
to do so.
• Conducting a compliance audit of the
• Conducting a forensic audit and imposing district’s obligations under Title IX, the
fiscal controls, with the collaboration of Dignity for All Students Act, the ADA and
the state comptroller. This must include the IDEA.
a calculation, shared publicly, of the per-
student amount ERCSD spends on public • Appointing a community education council,
and private education. made up of public school parents, educators,
and students, to give input to the school
• Allocating funds to restore support board and the commissioner on school
services, including social workers, teaching district decisions.
assistants, and specialists. This may save
money on special education, as a lack of • Determining whether some high school
services can result in over-identification of students would be better served by the local
students needing special education. Board of Cooperative Educational Services
than the school district itself and ensuring
• Right-sizing district transportation costs, those options are available to students.
because the district can only maintain
them by cutting pedagogical programs and
positions. This requires:
• Ending courtesy busing for students

traveling less than 3/4 mile to school,
at least until inequities in delivery of
education are closed. State law only

NOTES
1. Cheryl Platzman Weinstock, Easy City Access In a Ramapos Setting, New York Times, March 2, 1997, https://www.nytimes.
com/1997/03/02/realestate/easy-city-access-in-a-ramapos-setting.html.
2. Benjamin Wallace-Wells, Them and Them, New York Magazine, April 19, 2013, https://nymag.com/news/features/east-ramapo-hasi-
dim-2013-4/.
3. Mareesa Nicosia, East Ramapo's getting the band back together, September 30, 2014, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/educa-
tion/2014/09/30/east-ramapo-band-director-returns/16500689/.
4. Appeal of STEVEN WHITE from action of the Board of Education of the East Ramapo Central School District and Congregation Yeshi-
va Avir Yakov regarding the sale of real property, Decision No. 16,239 (New York State Education Department Office of Counsel, 2011)
http://www.counsel.nysed.gov/Decisions/volume50/d16239.
5. New York State Education Department, East Ramapo CSD (Spring Valley) Grades 3-8 ELA Assessment Data (August 2019), available at:
https://data.nysed.gov/assessment38.php?subject=ELA&year=2019&instid=800000039112; and New York State Education Department,
East Ramapo CSD (Spring Valley) Grades 3-8 Mathematics Assessment Data (August 2019), available at: https://data.nysed.gov/assess-
ment38.php?subject=Mathematics&year=2019&instid=800000039112.
6. New York State Education Department, East Ramapo CSD (Spring Valley) Graduation Rate Data: 4 Year Outcome As Of August (2018),
available at: https://Data.Nysed.Gov/Gradrate.Php?Year=2018&instid=800000039112.
7. Kimberly Redmond, Ramapo Central schools seek name change, The Journal News, October 25, 2016 https://www.lohud.com/story/news/
education/2016/10/25/ramapo-schools-name-change/92694794/ and Suffern Central, Name Change Update, August 30, 2017, https://
www.sufferncentral.org/blog/2017/08/30/name-change-update/
8. Federal Court Finds East Ramapo School Board Elections Violate Voting Rights Act, New York Civil Liberties Union, May 26, 2020,
https://www.nyclu.org/en/press-releases/federal-court-finds-east-ramapo-school-board-elections-violate-voting-rights-act and NAACP Spring
Valley v. East Ramapo Central School District (United States District Court, Southern District of New York, May 25, 2020) 7 Civ. 8943,
available at: https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/2020_05_25_568_decision_and_order.pdf
9. Fields, Jean. Interview with Arianna Fishman. April 2019
10. Dos Reis, Chevon. Interview with Arianna Fishman. April 2021
11. Thomas C. Zambito, 'It's about racial equality,' Spring Valley and Harvard grad testifies in NAACP case, Journal News, February 13,
2020, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/rockland/ramapo/2020/02/13/spring-valley-olivia-castor-naacp/4753681002/
12. Castor, Olivia. Interview with Arianna Fishman. April 2021
13. NAACP Spring Valley v. East Ramapo Central School District, available at: https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/field_docu-
ments/2020_05_25_568_decision_and_order.pdf
14. Federal Appeals Court Affirms Finding of Voting Rights Violations in East Ramapo School Board Elections, New York Civil Liberties
Union, January 6, 2021, https://www.nyclu.org/en/press-releases/federal-appeals-court-affirms-finding-voting-rights-violations-east-rama-
po-school

15. Vann R. Newkrik, Voting Rights on Trial on the Bayou, The Atlantic, April 28, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/ar-
chive/2017/04/voting-rights-at-large-voting-louisiana/524691/
16. NAACP Spring Valley v. East Ramapo Central School District, page 36-37, available at: https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/field_
documents/2020_05_25_568_decision_and_order.pdf
17. Ibid, 74
18. Ibid, 36, 70
19. Thomas C. Zambito, East Ramapo trial: Settlement details emerge, closing arguments by phone start today, Rockland/Westchester Journal
News, March 24, 2020, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/rockland/ramapo/2020/03/24/naacp-settlement-proposal-east-ramapo-tri-
al/2902396001/
20. Thomas C. Zambito, WhatsApp private chats revealed, play a pivotal role in East Ramapo voting rights trial, Journal News, March 6,
2020, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/rockland/2020/03/06/east-ramapo-voting-rights-trial-private-messages/4943006002
21. NAACP Spring Valley v. East Ramapo Central School District, page 74, available at: https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/field_docu-
22. Zambito, WhatsApp private chats revealed, play a pivotal role in East Ramapo voting rights trial, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/
local/rockland/2020/03/06/east-ramapo-voting-rights-trial-private-messages/4943006002
23. Thomas C. Zambito, East Ramapo trial: Judge attacks testimony of school board president Harry Grossman, Rockland/Westchester Jour-
nal News, February 24, 2020, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/rockland/2020/02/20/federal-judge-attacks-testimony-east-rama-
po-school-board-president/4824636002/
24. Thomas C. Zambito, East Ramapo trial: Rabbi emerges from the shadows and then sprints from photographers, Rockland/Westchester
Journal News, February 26, 2020, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/rockland/ramapo/2020/02/27/rabbi-yehuda-oshry-testifies-tri-
al/4895326002/
25. Ward Information, East Ramapo Central School District, https://www.ercsd.org/Page/11217
26. Thomas C. Zambito, After historic vote, is change coming to East Ramapo school board after election?, Journal News, February 12, 2021,
https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/rockland/2021/02/12/after-historic-vote-change-coming-east-ramapo-school-board/6742142002/
27. Henry M. Greenberg, Report of Investigation: East Ramapo: A School District in Crisis, The New York State Education Department, No-
vember 17, 2014, page 30, available at: http://www.p12.nysed.gov/docs/east-ramapo-fiscal-monitor-presentation.pdf
28. Leslie Brody, State Monitor Says East Ramapo Schools Mismanaged, Wall Street Journal, November 17, 2014, https://www.wsj.com/arti-
cles/state-appointed-monitor-says-east-ramapo-schools-mismanaged-1416264551
29. Wallace-Wells, Them and Them, https://nymag.com/news/features/east-ramapo-hasidim-2013-4/
30. Appeal of STEVEN WHITE from action of the Board of Education of the East Ramapo Central School District and Congregation Yeshiva
Avir Yakov, http://www.counsel.nysed.gov/Decisions/volume50/d16239
31. Josh Nathan-Kazis, First Felony Charges in E. Ramapo School Scandal, Forward, July 31, 2013, https://forward.com/news/181495/first-
felony-charges-in-e-ramapo-school-scandal/
32. Mareesa Nicosia, East Ramapo sells Hillcrest for use as yeshiva again, Journal News, November 25, 2014, https://www.lohud.com/story/
news/education/2014/11/25/east-ramapo-sells-hillcrest-school/70114646/
33. Greenberg, http://www.p12.nysed.gov/docs/east-ramapo-fiscal-monitor-presentation.pdf
34. Kate Taylor, Team From New York Education Dept. to Study Troubled East Ramapo Schools, New York Times, August 13, 2015, https://
www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/nyregion/education-dept-appoints-team-to-study-east-ramapo-school-district.html
35. Kate Taylor, East Ramapo School Board Is Criticized by New York State Monitor, New York Times, November 17, 2014, https://www.
nytimes.com/2014/11/18/nyregion/east-ramapo-school-board-is-criticized-by-new-york-city-monitor.html
36. East Ramapo Central School District - Nonpublic School Transportation, New York State Comptroller, November 20, 2019, available at:
https://www.osc.state.ny.us/local-government/audits/school-district/2019/11/20/east-ramapo-central-school-district-nonpublic-school-trans-
portation-2019m
37. East Ramapo Central School District – Budget Review, Office of the State Comptroller, May 5, 2021, page 5, available at: https://www.
osc.state.ny.us/files/local-government/audits/2021/pdf/east-ramapo-budget-review-b21-5-4.pdf
39. 34 CFR Part 300 - ASSISTANCE TO STATES FOR THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, available at: https://www.
law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/34/part-300
40. New York Office for Civil Rights Determination regarding East Ramapo Central School District, Case Nos. 02-11-1091 & 02-15-1140, U.S.
Department of Education, page 5, available at: https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/investigations/more/02111091-a.pdf
41. Ibid.
42. In Depth, Strong East Ramapo, http://www.strongeastramapo.org/indepth
43. Greenberg, page 17, http://www.p12.nysed.gov/docs/east-ramapo-fiscal-monitor-presentation.pdf

45. Zambito, East Ramapo trial: Settlement details emerge, closing arguments by phone start today, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/
rockland/ramapo/2020/03/24/naacp-settlement-proposal-east-ramapo-trial/2902396001/
46. Thomas C. Zambito, In a surprise, federal judge increases East Ramapo's tab for losing voting rights case to NAACP, Journal News,
March 5, 2021, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/rockland/2021/03/05/judge-ups-east-ramapos-tab-losing-naacp-voting-rights-tri-
al/4599754001/
47. See NYSED, 2019-20 State Aid Handbook, available at: https://stateaid.nysed.gov/publications/handbooks/handbook_2019.pdf.
48. See Revenue Estimates 2021/2022, East Ramapo Central School District, available at: https://www.ercsd.org/site/handlers/filedownload.
ashx?moduleinstanceid=15314&dataid=24658&FileName=21-22_Revenue%20Estimate_4.12.2021.pdf
49. Voting From Home: Summary of the 2020-21 School District Budget Vote, Office of the New York State Comptroller, available at: https://
www.osc.state.ny.us/files/local-government/publications/2020/pdf/summary-of-2020-21-school-district-budget-vote.pdf
50. School Budget Votes, New York State School Boards Association, available at: https://www.nyssba.org/news-media/school-budget-votes/;
See also Thomas C. Zambito, East Ramapo votes no on school budget, the lone rejection in Lower Hudson Valley, Journal News, June 19,
2020, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/2020/06/19/east-ramapo-rejects-247-m-school-budget/3224017001/
51. Budget Fact Sheet, Walton Central School District, available at: https://www.waltoncsd.org/Downloads/contingent_budget_fact_sheet.pdf
52. DiNapoli: East Ramapo School Budget Hampered By Deficits, Inadequate Rainy Day Funds, Office of the New York State Comptroller,
June 21 2016, available at: https://www.osc.state.ny.us/press/releases/2016/06/dinapoli-east-ramapo-school-budget-hampered-deficits-inad-
equate-rainy-day-funds
53. NAACP Spring Valley v. East Ramapo Central School District, page 46, available at: https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/field_docu-
54. Ibid, pages 36 and 74
55. Thomas C. Zambito and Nancy Cutler, East Ramapo district plans 3 teacher cuts, down from 33; will borrow to fix budget blunders, Jour-
nal News, March 3, 2021, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/education/2021/03/03/east-ramapo-school-budget-layoffs/6904459002/
56. Nancy Cutler, East Ramapo names new superintendent; 0% tax hike in budget plan, Journal News, April 14, 2021, https://www.lohud.
com/story/news/education/2021/04/14/east-ramapo-new-superintendent-flat-tax-levy-budget/7214801002/
57. Thomas C. Zambito and Gary Stern, East Ramapo schools could score windfall with coronavirus funding, contract under scrutiny, Jour-
nal News, January 27, 2021, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/rockland/ramapo/2021/01/27/federal-funding-windfall-strug-
gling-east-ramapo-schools/4260739001/
58. East Ramapo Central School District – Budget Review, page 5, available at: https://www.osc.state.ny.us/files/local-government/au-
dits/2021/pdf/east-ramapo-budget-review-b21-5-4.pdf
59. Mareesa Nicosia, Immigrants decry East Ramapo chief's dropout comments, Journal News, September 3, 2014, https://www.lohud.com/
story/news/education/2014/09/02/immigrants-decry-east-ramapo-schools-chiefs-comments/15000799/
60. Gary Stern, East Ramapo's Klein 'profoundly sorry' to Hispanic community, Journal News, October 17, 2014, https://www.lohud.com/sto-
ry/news/education/2014/10/17/east-ramapo-superintendent-apologizes/17440811/
61. Steve Lieberman, E. Ramapo chief Joel Klein resigns, effective Oct. 31. Journal News, October 8, 2015, https://www.lohud.com/story/
news/education/2015/10/08/east-ramapo-superintendent-joel-klein-resigns/73539424/
62. New York Office for Civil Rights Determination regarding East Ramapo Central School District, available at: https://www2.ed.gov/about/
offices/list/ocr/docs/investigations/more/02111091-a.pdf
63. Ibid.
64. Robin Traum, East Ramapo Students Walk Out, Patch, May 29, 2013, https://patch.com/new-york/nanuet/east-ramapo-students-walk-out
_2e8be3a7; See, e.g., Chris Kirby smirks at an East Ramapo special ed parent, LuckyLouProduction, July 3, 2013, available at: https://
youtu.be/x1P-BWF5X4s; see also, https://www.youtube.com/user/LuckyLouProduction/videos; and Allison Dunne, Supporters Of East
Ramapo School District Oversight Bill Head To Albany, WAMC, April 28, 2015, https://www.wamc.org/post/supporters-east-rama-
po-school-district-oversight-bill-head-albany
65. Ibid.
66. East Ramapo Central School District – Audit Follow-Up 2013M-141-F, 2011M-52-F, New York State Comptroller, June 2016, available at:
https://www.osc.state.ny.us/files/local-government/audits/2017-12/lgsa-audit-school-2016-east-ramapo.pdf
67. Ibid.
68. East Ramapo CSD (Spring Valley) At A Glance 2018-19, New York State Education Department, available at: https://data.nysed.gov/
profile.php?instid=800000039112; see also Required Actions: Targeted Support and Improvement (TSI) Schools, New York State Education
Department, available at: http://www.nysed.gov/accountability/required-actions
69. Thomas C. Zambito and Nancy Cutler, Cuomo signs East Ramapo monitor bill in victory for district's public school advocates,
Journal News, June 30, 2021, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/education/2021/06/30/east-ramapo-monitors-veto-power-cuo-
mo-signs-bill/7810716002/

70. Peter Applebome, Board’s Hiring Sets Off a School War, New York Times, December 6, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/07/
nyregion/07towns.html
71. Appeal of STEVEN WHITE from action of the Board of Education of the East Ramapo Central School District and Congregation Yeshiva
Avir Yakov, available at: http://www.counsel.nysed.gov/Decisions/volume50/d16239
72. Peter Applebome, Rockland County Parents Ask State to Oust 5 Orthodox Jews on School Board, New York Times, July 28, 2012, https://
www.nytimes.com/2012/07/28/nyregion/parents-in-east-ramapo-school-district-ask-state-to-oust-orthodox-jews-on-board.html
73. “Attorney Chris Kirby Says F-U in Parking Lot,” Youtube video taken after East Ramapo School Board Meeting on July 2, 2013, available
at: https://youtu.be/qsOcR2mYKq0
74. Mareesa Nicosia, East Ramapo 'insulted' by early lottery aid deal, Lohud, June 11, 2014, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/educa-
tion/2014/06/11/east-ramapo-insulted-early-lottery-aid-deal/10358093/
75. New York Office for Civil Rights Determination regarding East Ramapo Central School District, available at: https://www2.ed.gov/about/
offices/list/ocr/docs/investigations/more/02111091-a.pdf
76. Adrienne Sanders, Pay rate for East Ramapo's new law firm, Lohud, July 7, 2015, https://www.lohud.com/story/news/educa-
tion/2015/07/07/east-ramapo-hires-new-lawyer/29837029/
77. East Ramapo Central School District – Audit Follow-Up 2013M-141-F, 2011M-52-F, available at: https://www.osc.state.ny.us/files/local-gov-
ernment/audits/2017-12/lgsa-audit-school-2016-east-ramapo.pdf
78. “Lawsuit: East Ramapo School Board Elections Violate Voting Rights Of Black, Latino Residents,” New York Civil Liberties Union,
November 16, 2017, available at: https://www.nyclu.org/en/press-releases/lawsuit-east-ramapo-school-board-elections-violate-voting-rights-
black-latino
79. East Ramapo Central School District - Audit Report S9-18-13, New York State Comptroller, September 2018, available at: https://www.
ercsd.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=11382&dataid=12146&FileName=East_Ramapo_CSD_formatted.pdf
80. East Ramapo Central School District - Nonpublic School Transportation, available at: https://www.osc.state.ny.us/local-government/au-
dits/school-district/2019/11/20/east-ramapo-central-school-district-nonpublic-school-transportation-2019m
81. Thomas C. Zambito, Appeals court back backs NAACP in East Ramapo voting rights challenge, Journal News, January 6, 2021, https://
www.lohud.com/story/news/local/rockland/2021/01/06/federal-appeals-court-backs-naacp-east-ramapo-voting-rights-case/6563788002/
82. Charles A. Szuberla, Jr. and Denise M. Lowe, Ed. D, Continuing Progress: A Report on the East Ramapo Central School District for the
2018-2019 School Year, October 2020 http://www.nysed.gov/common/nysed/files/programs/accountability/east-ramapo-csd-2018-19-state-
monitor-report.pdf
83. NY Education Law, Article 31, available at https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/EDN/A31; see also, City of New York v. State, 86
N.Y.2d 286, 290 (1995), available at: https://law.justia.com/cases/new-york/court-of-appeals/1995/86-n-y-2d-286-0.html
84. Vetere v. Allen, 15 N.Y.2d 259 (New York Court of Appeals, 1965), finding that the Commissioner is “endowed . . . with an all but abso-
lute power [to] make public policy in the field of education” and that “the state’s power over the structure of the local delivery of [educa-
tion] is unconstrained by notions of local control of local government.”, available at: https://casetext.com/case/matter-of-vetere-v-allen-2;
See also, Richard Briffault, Local Government and the New York State Constitution, Hofstra Law & Policy Symposium: Vol. 1 , Article
7(1996), pages 79, 85, available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/hlps/vol1/iss1/7/
85. Board of Education v. Allen, May 28, 1959, New York Court of Appeals, available at: https://cite.case.law/n-y-2d/6/127/
86. Ibid.
87. Hochschild JL, Harvey A, Hochschild JL. Only One Oar in the Water: The Political Failure of School Desegregation in Yonkers, New York.
1993;7 (3): 276-296, https://scholar.harvard.edu/jlhochschild/publications/only-one-oar-water-political-failure-school-desegregation-yon-
kers-new-york
88. Vetere v. Allen, https://casetext.com/case/matter-of-vetere-v-allen-2
89. Ibid.
90. Board of Education v. Nyquist, July 26, 1979, New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, available at: https://cite.case.law/
ad2d/69/182/
91. Leonard Buder, Regents Dismiss Nyquist as Education Commissioner, New York Times, November 20, 1976, https://www.nytimes.
com/1976/11/20/archives/regents-dismiss-nyquist-as-education-commissioner-regents-dismiss.html
92. John Kucsera, Gary Orfield, New York State’s Extreme School Segregation Inequality, Inaction and a Damaged Future, UCLA Civil Rights
Project, March, 2014: page 14. Available at: https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/
ny-norflet-report-placeholder/Kucsera-New-York-Extreme-Segregation-2014.pdf
93. New York Laws of 2021, Chap. 173. Available at: https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/s6052
94. New York State Education Law §3635[1][a]. Available at: http://www.p12.nysed.gov/schoolbus/education_law/html/Education_Law_3635-
1e.html

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PRIVATE PRIVILEGE,

Private Privilege, Public Pain 1

About the NYCLU

Private Privilege, Public Pain 2

Voicing Public School Pain 8

The Rise of 21st Century Jim Crow Education 14

Voting Rights Violations 14

Vote dilution, powerless public schools 14

Candidate control, abuses of power 15

Cover-ups and court drama 15

Fair vote, broken board 16

Budget Misdeeds and Malfeasance 16

Corrosive cuts, educational erosion 16

Legal liabilities, luxury lawyers 18

Budget votes, conflicted communities 19

Intersecting Systems of Segregation 21

State Intervention and Dereliction 22

Timeline: Board Actions & State Interventions 24

Private Privilege, Public Pain 3

4 Private Privilege, Public Pain

As New York’s leaders contend with a

5 Private Privilege, Public Pain

7 Private Privilege, Public Pain

8 Private Privilege, Public Pain

“Our school board elections happened in May,

9 Private Privilege, Public Pain

10 Private Privilege, Public Pain

“In running for school board, I learned much

11 Private Privilege, Public Pain

“When those appeals weren’t working, we asked

“Then, we appealed to local elected officials to get

12 Private Privilege, Public Pain

“At the walkout, we dressed in black and left

13 Private Privilege, Public Pain

Until the court’s ruling – resulting from a lawsuit

14 Private Privilege, Public Pain

15 Private Privilege, Public Pain

16 Private Privilege, Public Pain

Some public high school students could no longer

17 Private Privilege, Public Pain

18 Private Privilege, Public Pain

19 Private Privilege, Public Pain

The court added that this dynamic means that

The district continues to teeter on the brink of

20 Private Privilege, Public Pain

21 Private Privilege, Public Pain

22 Private Privilege, Public Pain

The State Education Department’s best-known

23 Private Privilege, Public Pain

• White majority elected to East • Board closes Hillcrest Elementary

24 Private Privilege, Public Pain

Private Privilege, Public Pain 25

• NYS Comptroller conducts an audit of • State-appointed monitors Denise Lowe and

• NYS Comptroller conducts an audit of the 2021

• District finds that more than 60% of public

26 Private Privilege, Public Pain

27 Private Privilege, Public Pain

28 Private Privilege, Public Pain

29 Private Privilege, Public Pain