Government of Pakistan

Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Resource

Geological Survey of Pakistan

Information Release No. 1002

Revised Stratigraphy and Mineral Resources of Balochistan Basin,

Pakistan

By
M. Sadiq Malkani
Zafar Mahmood
Sohaib Iqbal Shaikh
M. Imran Alyani
Syed Jawad Arif
Issued by Director General, Geological Survey of Pakistan
2017

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 CONTENTS

Page
Executive Summary 01
Introduction 02
Materials and Methods 03
Results and Discussion 03
Revised Stratigraphy of Balochistan Basin, Pakistan 03
Revised Stratigraphy of Chagai-Raskoh Magmatic Arc 03
Revised Stratigraphy of Wazhdad-Zurati (Washuk) Magmatic Arc 05
Revised Stratigraphy of Kaker-Khurasan (Back Arc) Basin 05
Revised Stratigraphy of Makran-Siahan Basin (Arc-Trench Gap), Wazhdad Arc 08
and Mashkel/Kharan (Inter Arc) Basin
Revised Stratigraphy of Makran Offshore 11
Depositional environments, geological history and geoevents of Makran-Siahan 12
ranges
Sedimentary Structures and Paleocurrent direction in Eocene-Oligocene of Makran 13
ranges
Revised Stratigraphy of Western Indus Suture (WIS), Pakistan 13
Correlation of the Cainozoic strata of Sulaiman Basin (part of Gondwana) with 15
adjoining northern Balochistan Basin (part of Tethys), Pakistan
Mineral Potential of Balochistan Basin, Pakistan 15
Mineral Potential of Chagai magmatic arc 16
Mineral Potential of Raskoh magmatic arc 18
Mineral Potential of Wazhdad-Zurati (Washuk) magmatic arc 19
Mineral Potential of Kaker-Khurasan (back arc) Basin 19
Mineral Potential of Makran and Siahan ranges of southern Balochistan (arc-trench 19
gap) Basin.
Mineral potential of Western Indus Suture (WIS; contact of Balochistan Basin of 24
Tethys and Indus basin of Gondwana southern hemisphere)
Mining and Geo-Assets 28
References 29

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Balochistan province represents Triassic to recent strata with different tectonometallic and
sedimentary basins like Balochistan basin, part of Indus Suture (Axial Belt), Sulaiman (middle
Indus) and Kirthar (lower Indus) basins. Western Indus Suture (WIS) separates the Balochistan basin
(part of Neotethys) in the west and Sulaiman and Kirthar (part of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent-a
Gondwana heritage/Southern hemisphere) in the east. Balochistan basin represents Cainozoic
flysch, accretionary wedge complex and magmatic island arc system, igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic mélanges. Balochistan Basin is the richest basin regarding mineral deposits. The
Chagai-Raskoh-Wazhdad magmatic arc of Balochistan basin and Western Indus Suture (located on
the eastern boarder of Balochistan Basin) are the richest metallogenic zones. Balochistan Basin has
large proven reserves of indigenous iron, copper (associated some gold, silver, molybdenum), lead,
zinc, barite, chromite, limestone/marble, etc, small deposits of antimony, asbestos, magnesite,
soapstone, sulphur, vermiculite, etc. Some commodities are being utilized and some are being
exported but most of the commodities are waiting for their utilization and developments. The water
resources are two much and water is growing into sea creating flood and loss in the agricultural
lands and population, so smaller dams are the necessary due to population increasing. The
exploitation of copper and associated other minerals of Chagai-Raskoh-Wazhdad magmatic arc
and lead-zinc deposits of Western Indus Suture, both are significant for the sustainable development
of Balochistan and also Pakistan.

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INTRODUCTION

The Balochistan basin is separated from Kirthar basin in the southeast, and Sulaiman basin in the
northeast by a suture zone called Western Indus Suture (WIS). The Western Indus Suture is a belt
with a north south general trend located in Balochistan and KP and FATA, joined with the east west
belt of Northern Indus Suture (NIS) located in the northern areas of KP, Gilgit Baltistan and Azad
Kashmir. The Western Indus Suture area show complex mélanges of sedimentary and igneous
origin. The Balochistan Basin includes the accretionary wedge complex (arc-trench gap) exposed in
the south, flysch and molasses (back arc) basin in the north, and Island arc like Chagai, Raskoh and
Wazhdad in the centre. Gee (1949), Heron (1954), Ahmed (1969), Raza and Iqbal (1977) Kazmi and
Abbas (2001), Malkani (2000,2002,2004a,c,d,e,f,2009f,2010a,g,2011a) have mentioned some
mineral discoveries of Balochistan Province. The stratigraphy of Pakistan as well as Balochistan is
documented in 1977, 2002, 2008 and also 2009, but Malkani (2010a,2011a,2014c, etc) reported the
revised and updated stratigraphy and some new findings of gypsum, celestite, coal, barite, fluorite,
ochre, iron, marbles, limestone, cement raw materials etc from Sulaiman Basin and Balochistan
Province. Geological Survey of Pakistan carried the geological mapping and mineral investigations
of Balochistan province. Many reports on 15’ quadrangles were published but unfortunately maps
remained unpublished so far. Now revised stratigraphy and mineral resources of Balochistan Basin is
being presented here.
At the time of independence in August 1947, Pakistan was generally perceived to be a
country of low mineral potential, despite the knowledge regarding occurrences of large deposits of
salt, gypsum, limestone, marble, etc. During 1950-1980, the geological community of Pakistan can
be credited with several major achievements in economic geology such as discovery of major gas
fields in Balochistan, uranium from foothills of Sulaiman Range in Punjab and southern KP, barite
from Balochistan and KP, chromite and China clay in KP, famous emerald in KP, copper-gold and
lead-zinc in Balochistan and KP. What has been found so far is much too small than what is expected
to be discovered in not too distant future (Jan and Gauhar 2013). From independence to so far many
economic geologists presented revised and updated data and papers on mineral deposits of Pakistan.
From the beginning of Pakistan, many geoscientists incorporated the new discoveries in the previous
records and reported the review of mineral/minerals of Pakistan or part of it. Gee (1949) presented a
summary of known minerals of northwestern India (now Pakistan) with suggestions for development
and use. Heron (1950) and Heron and Crookshank (1954) reported economic minerals of Pakistan.
Ahmad (1969), Ahmad and Siddiqui (1992), Kazmi and Abbas (2001) and recently Malkani and
Mahmood (2016a) presented a comprehensive report on mineral resources of Pakistan. Malkani
(2010a, 2011a) presented the mineral potential of Sulaiman foldbelt and Balochistan provinces
respectively. Recently many discoveries of fluorite (Malkani 2002,2004b,2012b,2015a; Malkani and
Mahmood 2016d,g; Malkani et al. 2007,2016), gypsum (Malkani 2000,2010a,2011a,2013a), celestite
(Malkani 2012c,2015a; Malkani and Mahmood 2016d; Malkani et al. 2016), coal (Malkani
2004c,2012a,2013b,2016a; Malkani and Mahmood 2016c,f; Malkani and Shah 2014,2016),
construction materials (Malkani 2016b), clay and ceramic (Malkani and Mahmood 2016e), gold-
silver associated with antimony (Malkani 2004a,c,2011a), cement resources (Malkani
2010a,2011a,2013a), marble (Malkani 2004a,2010a,2011a), barite (Malkani and Tariq 2000,2004),
gemstones (Khan and Kausar 1996,2004,2010a), K-T boundary minerals (Malkani 2010b), copper,
REE, etc are made. Further recently the abstracts on minerals of provinces (except Balochistan detail

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report by Malkani 2011a), like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Malkani 2012d,2013a,b; Malkani et al. 2013;
Malkani and Mahmood 2016g), Sindh (Malkani 2014a), Punjab (Malkani 2012e), Gilgit-Baltistan
and Azad Kashmir (Malkani 2012d,2014b; Malkani and Mahmood 2016g), and areas like Sulaiman
(Malkani 2004a), Siahan-Makran (Malkani 2004a,d), etc are presented but detailed reports are
lacking. Ahmad (1975) and Malkani (2011a) reported the mineral resources of Balochistan Province
but here submitted for GSP publication. Now Malkani (the principal author with vast field work in
all provinces and basins of Pakistan) along with his colleagues have reported the updated mineral
resources of provinces like Sindh (Malkani et al. 2017a), Punjab (Malkani et al. 2017b), north and
south KP (Malkani et al. 2017c), Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan (Malkani et al. 2017d) and
Balochistan Province (Malkani et al. 2017e). This report is handy, comprehensive reviewed, easy
access and easy to read for the researcher, mine owners and planners.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The materials belong to compiled data from previous work and also new field data collected
by Malkani (principal author) during many field seasons about lithology, structure, stratigraphy,
mineral commodities, etc of different sub-basins of Balochistan Basin (Fig.1). The methods applied
here are many discipline of purely geological description.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

REVISED STRATIGRAPHY OF BALOCHISTAN BASIN, PAKISTAN

The Balochistan super basin is subdivided into many basin like Chagai-Raskoh magmatic arc,
Wazhdad magmatic arc, Mashkel (Inter arcs basin), Kakar Khurasan (back arc marginal flysch and
molasses basin) and Makran-Siahan (arc-trench gap) basin.

REVISED STRATIGRAPHY OF CHAGAI-RASKOH MAGMATIC ARC

Malkani (2014c) presented revised stratigraphy of Balochistan basin for researchers. The Chagai-
Raskoh-Wazhdad magmatic arc shows the Cretaceous Chagai intrusions which is invaded by
Sinjrani Volcanic Group (=Kuchaki), Cretaceous-Paleocene Nisai Group includes Akhtar Nika and
Jabrai formations (Synonyms; Humai and Rakhshani formations and Nisai Limestone (Synonyms;
Robat/Kharan/Wakai limestones); Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Shagala Group includes Murgha
Faqirzai and Mina formations (synonyms; Khojak/Saindak/Washap/Amalaf formation), Late Eocene
Shorkoh intrusions, Washuk Intrusions (granite exposed in the southern part of western Washuk
range), Wazhdad Volcaniclastics Group and Washuk ophiolite, Oligocene-Pliocene Pishi Group
(=Vihowa group), Middle Miocene Buze Mashi Koh volcanic group, Late Pliocene to Pleistocene
Koh-i-Sultan Volcanic Group and Pleistocene-Holocene Sakhi Sarwar (Kamerod/Boston/Kech)
Group, Subrecent and Recent fluvial, eolian and colluvial deposits. The Chagai-Raskoh arc shows
the Cretaceous to recent deposition.

Sinjrani Volcanic group was introduced by HSC (1961) after Sinjrani tribe of Chagai. It consists of
agglomerate, volcanic conglomerate, tuff and lava with subordinate shale, sandstone and limestone.

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It includes Basaltic-andesitic lava flows and volcaniclastics, with minor shale, sandstone, siltstone,
lenticular bodies of limestone and mudstone. It is Middle to Late Cretaceous (Aptian to Santonian).
This group was invaded during Late Cretaceous to Pleistocene by Chagai intrusions, represented by
several phases including granite, adamellite, granodiorite, tonalite, diorite and gabbro. Its thickness
is 900-1200m. Kuchaki volcanic group (equivalent of Sinjrani volcanic group) is named for the
village of Kuchaki (34 G/8) about 63 km southwest of Ahmad Wal (HSC, 1961). It consists of
volcanic agglomerate, lava, tuff, with subordinate inpersistent limestone, tuffaceous shale and
sandstone near the top of the assemblage. The upper contact with Humai formation is generally
conformable and lower contact is not exposed. Its age is Late Cretaceous.

Bunap complex includes the obducted ophiolite mélange which includes gabbro, diorite and
serpentinite. The basic type contains pyroxene and amphibole. Its age is Late Cretaceous.

Chagai intrusions include quartz hornblende diorite, normal diorite and biotite granite.
Micropegmatitic quartz diorite is reported from Koh Naro. It is large batholiths that are invaded by
Sinjrani volcanic group. The age is Late Cretaceous and later (HSC, 1961).

Humai formation was introduced by HSC (1961) from Koh Humai (hill of Kohi Sultan) in the
eruptive zone for mixed lithology which included the ‘Hippuritic limestone” of Vredenburg (1901).
Conglomerate at the base, intercalations of shale, sandstone, siltstone and limestone in the middle
and thick bedded to massive limestone at the top. The formation overlies unconformably the Chagai
intrusion/Sinjrani volcanic group along the southern margin of the Chagai hills but in other areas has
also a disconfirmable contact through the presence of basal conglomerate. The age is Late
Cretaceous (Campanion-Maastrichtian) (HSC, 1961). It is correlated with Akhtar Nika Formation of
Nisai Group (Malkani 2011a).

Rakhshani formation is derived from the tribal belt of Rakhshani at the eastern end of Dalbandin
valley (HSC, 1961). It also includes the Juzzak formation, lower half of Gidar Dhor group and basal
part of Pishi group of HSC (1961). It consists of intercalations of sandstone, shale, mudstone and
limestone representing a turbidite sequence, and andesitic lava flows and volcaniclastics. Its age is
Late Cretaceous to Paleocene. It is correlated wit Jabrai Formation of Nisai Group.

Nisai (Kharan/Robat) Limestone is named by (HSC, 1961) after Nisai village near Qila Saif Ullah.
It consists of medium to thick bedded foraminiferal and argillaceous limestone. Tanki sills consisting
of mainly pyroxene diorite are located in the Robat limestone. Its age seems o be Paleocene. Kharan
limestone/Robat limestone is considered as synonym with Nisai formation. See more description in
Nisai formation (Malkani 2011a)..

Saindak formation name is derived from Saindak Fort (a large syncline) which has been designated
as the type locality (HSC, 1961). Its synonyms are Washap formation at Gwalishtap near the
Pakistan-Iran boarder and the Amalaf formation. It consists of shale, siltstone, sandstone, marl and
limestone with andesitic lava flows and volcaniclastics in the lower part. It is Early to Late Eocene.
It is correlated wit Murgha Faqirzai shale of Khojak Group.

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Shorkoh intrusions are dykes or sills but a few small lenticular stocks have been found in the
region of Robat and Saindak. These are hypabyssal and intermediate composition. The rocks are
mainly diorite. The age is Late Eocene or later (HSC, 1961).

Pishi group (synonym of Dalbandin formation) is named after the Pishi Rud lies in the Ras Koh
Range south of Dalbandin. These rocks are found in between Gaukoh Hamun (30P/15) and Bunap
(34H/5). The rocks of the group are thought to be also present in the Dalbandin synclinorium named
as Dalbandin assemblage (HSC, 1961). It consists of shale, mudstone, soft sandstone and
conglomerate. The clay is white, green, ochre and brown. A small amount of limestone in the lower
part of assemblage contains Paleocene fossils. The Pishi and Dalbandin group are similar to Urak
and Multana formations. The succession of sandstone and shale is similar to Nauroz formation but
the limestone resembles the Kharan Limestone. The sandstone of the Pishi area is more gritty and
thick than Dalbandin and Makran flysh indicating close to source and further does not show two fold
subdivision like Murgha Faqirzai and Mina in the north (Kaker-Khurasan), and Hoshab and Panjgur
in the south (Makran). It is Early Miocene to middle Pliocene.

Buze Mashi Koh volcanic group consists of intercalations of andesitic-basaltic lava flows and
volcaniclastics. It is Middle Miocene.

Koh-i-Sultan volcanic group shows intercalations of dacitic-andesitic lava flows and

volcaniclastics. It is Late Pliocene to Pleistocene.

Kamerod formation is derived from Kamerod on the northern margin of the Siahan range
(31M/10). The lithology and description is same as Kech formation.
Subrecent and Recent deposits consist of unconsolidated gravel, sand, silt and clay.

REVISED STRATIGRAPHY OF WAZHDAD MAGMATIC ARC

The Wazhdad magmatic arc shows the Eocene Wakai limestone, Siahan shale, Wazhdad
Volcaniclastic group, Zurati Formation, Washuk ophiolitic mélange, Hoshab shale, Panjgur and
Kamerod formations. The detail is provided in the Makran and Siahan ranges.

REVISED STRATIGRAPHY OF KAKAR-KHURASAN (BACK ARC) BASIN

Malkani (2014c) reviewed the stratigraphy of Balochistan basin for present and future research and
studies. The revised Stratigraphy of Kakar Khorasan basin includes Cretaceous-Paleocene Nisai
Group (=2000m thick) comprises of Akhtar Nika Formation (alternated limestone and shale;
1000-1500m thick), Jabrai Formation (mudstone/shale with alternation of thin marl/limestone
beds; 500-1000m thick) and Nisai Formation (mainly two massive limestone unit separated by
shale unit; 100m thick), Paleocene-Eocene Shagala Group consists of Murgha Faqirzai
Formation (shale, 2000m thick), Mina Formation (alternation of green shale unit and sandstone
unit; 3000m thick) and Shagala Formation (=Shagalu; alternation of terrestrial red shale unit and
sandstone unit; 3000m thick), Oligocene-Pliocene Vihowa Group (synonyms; Malthanai/Dasht
Murgha group) represents Chitarwata, Vihowa, Litra and Chaudhwan formations and

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Pleistocene-Holocene Sakhi Sarwar Group (Boston formation) represents Dada and Sakhi
Sarwar formations (mud and sandstone with poorly developed conglomerate, while in centre of
valleys the mud is dominant) concealed at places especially in the valleys and plain areas by the
Subrecent and Recent mud flows, fluvial, eolian and colluvial deposits. The Nisai Group is
correlated with Early Cretaceous Parh Group, Late Cretaceous Fort Munro Group and Paleocene
Sangiali Group (Sangiali, Rakhi Gaj and Dungan formations) of Sulaiman basin. The Shagala Group
is correlated with Chamalang (Ghazij) Group and Kahan Group of Sulaiman basin. The southern
part of Kakar Khorasan basin shows flysch deposition like Murgha Faqirzai Shale and Mina
Formation (green shale and sandstone) while the northern part of Kakar-Khorasan basin shows both
these formations as flysch deposition while the middle-Late Eocene Shagala (Shaigalu) Formation
(sandstone and red to maroon, brown shale and sandstone) as terrestrial/molase deposits which is
supported by continental rhinoceros-baluchithere mammal fauna.

Nisai Group: Hunting Survey Corporation (1961) proposed the name Nisai group for the black
nummulitic limestone, conglomerate, etc but the Cheema et al. 1977 redefined as Nisai formation for
Nisai group, Nimargh limestone, Wad limestone, Wakabi limestone, Wakai limestone, Khude
limestone, Kasria group, and upper parts of Jakker and Jhamburo groups of HSC (1961) of similar
lithology. The section is exposed 12 km north of the Nisai Railway station and traversed by the road
leading north from the Railway station, was designated as type section (39B/1) by HSC (1961). In
the type section it consists of limestone, marl and shale with subordinate sandstone and
conglomerate. HSC (1961) subdivided in two units like thin (few lithologies) and thick (more
diverse lithology) assemblages. The thick sequence is further subdivided in to three parts like lower
dark limestone and pale grey shale, the middle largely shale with some limestone, marl and
sandstone, the upper part contain thick member of limestone and sandstone with thin layer of shale
and conglomerate. Thick assemblages are only found in the northern Balochistan Basin. The thin
assemblages have a few exposures in northern and southern Balochistan basins and it is exposed
mainly in the western Indus Suture (Axial Belt) areas. Malkani (2014c) reported the Cretaceous-
Paleocene Nisai Group comprises of Akhtar Nika Formation (alternated limestone and shale),
Jabrai Formation (mudstone/shale with alternation of thin marl/limestone beds) and Nisai
Formation (mainly two massive limestone unit separated by shale unit) (Malkani 2014c).

Akhtar Nika Formation named by Aminullah and Kansi (2012). It consists of alternated limestone
and shale. Its thickness is 1000-1500m in the Qila Saifullah-Sharin Jogezai section. Its age is
considered Cretaceous by Malkani (2014c).

Jabrai Formation named by Aminullah and Kansi (2012). It consists of mudstone/shale with
alternation of thin marl/limestone beds. Its thickness is 500-1000m exposed in the Qila Saifullah-
Sharin Jogezai section. Malkani (2014c) assumed as Cretaceous by law of super position and also
correlation with Parh and Fort Munro groups and Chamalang (Ghazij) Group of Sulaiman basin.

Nisai Formation consists of mainly two massive limestone unit separated by shale unit. Its
thickness is 100m. It is correlated with Dungan Limestone. Malkani assumed its age as Paleocene,
deduced from correlation with Dungan limestone of adjoining Western Indus Suture and Sulaiman
Basin (Malkani 2014c).

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Shagala Group was named by (Malkani 2014c). It includes the Murgha Faqirzai, Mina and Shagala
formations (Malkani 2014c).

Murgha Faqirzai Formation is named after the village of Murgha Faqirzai about 25 km north of
Muslimbagh (34M/16; HSC, 1961). It is mapped by HSC (1961) in the northern and southern
Balochistan Basin and also in Indus Suture. It comprises shale with minor sandstone and shelly
limestone. The shale is pale greenish grey and calcareous. Pencil cleavage is the typical feature of
this shale observed in the metamorphosed area. The sandstone is green to grey, calcareous and ripple
marked. Thin shelly limestone beds are found in the base and top for fossil collection source. The
source of this formation is mostly Hinterland and partially Indus Suture. The tentative thickness
ranges from 400-1200m. The lower contact with the Nisai formation and upper contact with Shagala
formation seems to transitional and conformable. According to stratigraphic position, its age is
supposed to be Early-Middle Oligocene.

Mina Formation (previous Panjgur formation and lower part of Shagala formation in northern
Balochistan) is named by Malkani (2014c) after the Mina village on the Shagala-Zhob road which is
about 30Km southwest of Zhob. It consists of marine alternating green shale and sandstone. The
sandstone is fine to coarse grained, gritty, thin to thick bedded, grey to greenish grey and weathers
light grey and at places black desert varnish on its surface. It is about 2000m thick in the northern
Balochistan Basin and 1000-2000m thick in the area between the Khwaja Amran Range and Jangal.
This formation shows the marine conditions in all Balochistan basins. Its upper contact with
Continental Shagala formation is disconfirmable while lower contact with Murgha Faqirzai shale is
confirmable.

Shagala Formation is named after the militia post of Shagala about 50Km southwest of Zhob
(39A/16). It consists of sandstone and shale but at places conglomerate and limestone. The sandstone
is fine to coarse grained, gritty, thin to thick bedded, grey to greenish grey, brown and weathers light
grey, brown, rusty with patches of black desert varnish on its surface. In the central and eastern part
of Kaker Khurasan range the sandstone is more coarsely grained and thick bedded than western part.
It shows the source from the Indus Suture, however the western part may have northern and
northwestern source. Some sandstone is pebbly, red and maroon. Cross bedded and ripple marks are
common. The shale is maroon, red ochre type, grey, greenish grey and calcareous. The red and
maroon color is dominant in the Kaker Khurasan area while grey to greenish grey shale color is
dominate in the southern Balochistan basin. It is 3000m thick and only exposed in the northern
Balochistan Basin (Kakar-Khorasan range). This formation shows the continental (Molasse)
conditions in the Kaker Khurasan range. Continental vertebrate bones of rhinoceros, horses,
crocodiles, wood fossils, etc (Malkani et al. 2013; Malkani 2014f) are also found in the Kaker
Khurasan areas. Recently Malkani et al. (2013) found a baluchithere Pakitherium shagalai with his
baby. Pakitherium shagalai Malkani et al. 2013 --a baluchithere reported first time in Balochistan
basin.

Vihowa Group is first used by Malkani (2009a) after Vihowa rud. Oligocene-Pliocene Vihowa group
represents Chitarwata, Vihowa, Litra and Chaudhwan formations. consists of Chitarwata, Vihowa, Litra

7
and Chaudhwan formations. Vihowa Group is correlated with Multana formation (named by HSC
(1961) after Multana/Multanai Kili (39E/4) west of Mina Bazar railway station. It consists of
conglomerate with subordinate shale and sandstone. Its age is Oligocene-Pliocene.

Sakhi Sarwar Group is first used by Malkani (2012k) after Sakhi Sarwar area of D.G.Khan. It is
synonymous with Boston formation. It represents Dada (mainly conglomerate) and Sakhi Sarwar
Formation named by Malkani (2012k) (mud and sandstone with poorly developed conglomerate,
while in centre of valleys the mud is dominant) concealed at places especially in the valleys and
plain areas by the Subrecent and Recent fluvial, eolian and colluvial deposits. Bostan Formation is
named after the Village Bostan, 20km east of Kuchlak (HSC, 1961). It consists of clay, silt,
sandstone and conglomerate. The clay and silt are red to maroon and brown. The sandstone and
conglomerate are medium to thick bedded and mostly friable, and show uplift of the area. It belongs
to Sakhi Sarwar group (Malkani 2014c) and Pleistocene-Holocene Sakhi Sarwar Group (Boston
formation) represents Dada and Sakhi Sarwar Formation (mud and sandstone with poorly developed
conglomerate, while in centre of valleys the mud is dominant) concealed at places especially in the
valleys and plain areas by the Subrecent and Recent fluvial, eolian and colluvial deposits.

REVISED STRATIGRAPHY OF MAKRAN-SIAHAN BASIN (ARC-TRENCH GAP),

WAZHDAD ARC AND MASHKEL/KHARAN (INTER ARC) BASIN

Malkani (2014c) presented revised stratigraphy of Balochistan basin. The Makran basin show the
Cretaceous-Paleocene Nisai Group includes Akhtar Nika and Jabrai formations (Parh like limestone
near Mand) and Nisai Limestone (Wakai limestone), Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Shagala Group
includes Murgha Faqirzai Shale (Siahan shale, Zurati shale and sandstone; Hoshab shale), and Mina
Formation (Panjgur sandstone and shale), Oligocene-Pliocene Talar (=Vihowa) Group (Parkani
mudstone, Talar sandstone and Chatti mudstone), and Pleistocene-Holocene Sakhi Sarwar Group
(Malkani 2014c) .
It represents Paleocene Ispikan, Paleocene Nisai/Wakai, Eocene Siahan group (Siahan,
Wazhdad volcaniclastic and Zurati formations), Eocene-Oligocene Makran group (Hoshab and
Panjgur formations), Washuk ophiolite complex, Miocene-Pliocene Talar group (Parkini, Talar and
Chatti formations), Pliocene-Pleistocene Ormara, Jiwani and Kech formations, Subrecent to Recent
Makran extrusive muds and surficial and coastal deposits.

Ispikan conglomerate is named after the village of Ispikan about 12 miles northeast of Mand (31
J/4; HSC, 1961). Conglomerate consists of pebbles of quartz, granite, andesite, and other igneous
rocks. Matrix of conglomerate is chloritic (green). Its lower contact with the thin bedded marl
assigned to Parh series seems to be unconformable. Its upper contact is not clear but some remnants
of Wakai limestone are found at the eastern end of the hill near Ispikan which show contact with
Wakai formation. Age of Ispikan conglomerate is Paleocene determined by stratigraphic position
between the Cretaceous and Eocene rocks and some diagnostic fossils (HSC 1961).

Wakai limestone is named after Koh-i-Wakai in the valley of Tagrana Kaur (31 J/11; HSC, 1961).
It consists of limestone, marl and shale. The age of formation is interpreted as Paleocene. The
formation is important for petroleum prospecting and source, if it has large subsurface extension.

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Siahan group is named by the Malkani (2011a). It represents Siahan shale, Wazhdad volcaniclastic,
Zurati and Washuk formations.

Siahan formation is named after the Siahan Ranges (31 M/8; HSC, 1961). It comprises shale,
slates, with siltstone and sandstone. The lower contact is with Wakai limestone and the upper contact
is with the Zurati formation and Wazhdad volcaniclastic group which are conformable. According to
(HSC1961) megafossils are rare in the shale and can not be thoroughly tested for microforaminifers,
however some thin limestone beds yielded fossils which may be equivalent to Wakai limestone.
According to HSC (1961) and stratigraphic position the age is Early Eocene.

Wazhdad volcaniclastic group is named after the Wazhdad Mountain (35 A/6) by the Malkani, et
al. 1995 for Wazhdad volcaniclastic group. The Wazhdad Range is located just west of Washuk and
east of Palantak. These rocks are exposed in the Wazhdad Mountain (35 A/6) and may be extending
upto 35 A/10. It consists of tuff, agglomerate, tuff breccias, tuffaceous sandstone and shale. These
rocks are dark green colour and weather in to dark grey to black colour, hard and resistant, forming
high peaks. The estimated thickness of this formation is 1200 to 1500m in the Wazhdad Range, the
actual measurement is also difficult due to intense faultings and foldings. Their lower and upper
contacts are faulted but seem to be conformable with the lower Siahan shale and upper Zurati
formation. According to law of superposition the age of Wazhdad volcaniclastic group may be Early
to Late Eocene.

Zurati formation is named after the Zurati Koh and Tank e Zurati 31 M/11 by Hafez et al, 1995.
Hunting Survey Corporation 1961 gave the composite name as Panjgur and Siahan shale. Hafeez et
al 1992 separated the Siahan shale and Panjgur formation, but one unit arises complication exist in
between these two formation. So it was named as Zurati formation. It comprises sandstone, shale,
slates, and minor siltstone. The lower contact with the Wazhdad volcaniclastic formation and upper
contact with the Hoshab shale is gradational and confirmable. Fossils are not observed but according
to law of superposition, it seems to be middle to late Eocene age.

Washuk ophiolite complex is named by the Malkani et al 1995. These ophiolite (part of complete
sequence) is exposed in the thrusted plane of Wazhdad mountain range. It is exposed on the southern
side of Wazhdad mountain range at Mazargati (35 A/6), Jhal Kaur (35 A/7), and Toekoh (35 A/10)
and also in Zurati quadrangle 31 M/11 areas. The observed rocks are granite, peridotite, bronze
dunite, asbestos, (serpentine), soapstone (talc), and chromite. Its exposures are small, however in the
southern vicinity, there is a wide alluvium cover which may yield more ophiolitic rocks in
subsurface. The contact with the Zurati formation is faulted. Some phylite/schist is observed near the
contact zone. The age may be Late Eocene or Early Oligocene.

Hoshab formation is named after the village of Hoshab in the Kech valley (31 N/16; HSC, 1961).
HSC 1961 correlated it with the upper part of Murgha Faqirzai shale of north Zhob district. It
comprises shale with minor siltstone and sandstone. The lower contact with the Zurati formation and
upper contact with the Panjgur formation which are conformable. According to HSC (1961) the
Hoshab formation has no age guide fossils tested only one sample. Further (HSC 1961) correlated

9
the Hoshab shale with the Murgha Faqirzai shale and upper part of Siahan formation. According to
stratigraphic position, its age is supposed to be Early Eocene. It is correlated with Siahan shale of
Siahan range and Murgha Faqirzai shale of north Balochistan. But Siahan is more metamorphosed
due to close occurrence of Washuk ophiolitic thrust and Wazhdad volcaniclastic group.

Panjgur formation is named after the Panjgur town (35 B/1; HSC, 1961). It consists of alternated
sandstone and shale. Sandstone is light green to light grey to grey, fine to medium grained, thin to
thick bedded, hard and calcareous. It is correlated with the Mina Formation of north Zhob (Kakar
Khurasan). Panjgur formation is devoid of fossils in the Panjgur area, however on the west of
Panjgur near Iran Boarder, this formation has yielded Oligocene age diagnostic foraminifers. Further
the stratigraphic position tells Early to Late Oligocene. In the Eocene-Oligocene strata, the
undersurface sedimentary structure commonly observed are groove marks, and load casts, and rarely
observed are flute casts, upper surface sedimentary structures are ripple beddings. A general
paleocurrent direction of Eocene-Oligocene strata of northwestern part of Makran basin was
northwest to southeast, deduced from the vector sedimentary structures such as flute casts, and scalar
sedimentary structures such as ripple and groove marks. However the source of the northeastern part
of Makran basin seems to be both from northwestern and also from east/Indus Suture due to its close
vicinity.

Talar Group: It is named by Malkani (2011a). It represents marine Parkini mudstone, Talar
sandstone and Chatti mudstone. The Hinglaj series of Vredenburg is considered here in this group.
Talar group is well exposed in the South Makran.

Parkini Formation is named after the Parkini Kaur, a tributary of the Hingol River (35 G/6; HSC
1961). It consists of mostly poorly bedded mudstone with minor intercalations of siltstone or fine
sandstone. The lower contact with the Panjgur formation is abrupt and gradational and upper contact
with the Talar formation is transitional. Large fossils are rare while Miocene microforams are
prolifically abundant and can be obtained relatively easily from the mudstone, most of which
disintegrates readily in warm water. According to microforms and stratigraphic position its age is
Early Miocene.

Talar Formation is named after the Talar gorge (31 K/10; HSC, 1961). It is considered equilent to
Hinglaj group of HSC (1961). It consists of sandstone, shale, mudstone and shelly limestone. Its
lower contact with Parkini and Chatti formations is transitional but at places sharp. The fossils like
gastropods (Mollusks) and lamellibranches are common. The microforms are Miocene age
diagnostic (HSC 1961). The age of the formation is Late Miocene to Early Pliocene.

Chatti Formation is after the locality of Chatti (31 K/3) about 17 miles north west of Gawader
(HSC, 1961). These rocks were also included in the “Upper Mudstone” of Khan (1951). It is a part
of Makran series paleontologically defined by Vredenburg (1909; p. 299-300). It consists of mostly
mudstone which is interbedded with siltstone or fine grained sandstone and marl. The Ormara is the
synonym of Chatti because Ormara is mapped in the eastern part of southern Makran coastal areas
where Chatti formation is not mapped and distinction between Ormara and Chatti mudstone is also
difficult in the western part also (HSC, 1961).

10
Kech formation is named by HSC (1961) after the Kech valley near Gish Kaur (Map 9; 31N/8) and
Kech Valley generally existed from Hoshab area to Turbat. It is also correlated with Kamerod/
partly Ormara formation. It consists of conglomerate, mudstone and sandstone facies. It also has
upper angular contact with Subrecent to Recent surficial deposits. The age of the formation is
Pleistocene.

Jiwani formation is named after the coastal village of Jiwani (31 G/12), where it is best exposed. It
is synonymous with the “Sub-Recent shelly limestone” (Directory, p.12) and “littoral concrete”
(Blanford, 1872a, p.45). The formation is restricted to the South Makran division of the arenaceous
zone and has a thickness upto 100 feet in the type area of Jiwani headland (HSC, 1961). The
formation is composed mainly of shelly limestone, sandstone, and conglomerate. The lower contact
with Ormara formation is gradational and placed at the base of lower persistent bed of shelly
conglomerate, and at places angular unconformable with Ormara, Parkini and Chatti formations. Its
upper contact with the recent deposits or extrusive mud may be angular. The age may be Late
Pleistocene to Subrecent (HSC, 1961).

Makran Mudvolcanoes are common in coastal areas of Makran but also found in the Pishin Zhob
basin particularly near the Qilla Saif Ullah area (HSC 1961). It consists of solidified silty and gritty
muds. It is soft and friable. In general the mud appears in two forms like cones and ridges. The cones
formed by one or more ventral vents. It involves series of eruption and cone is formed from the
drying of muds. The ridge type of mud accumulation seems to have no connection with ventral
vents or discrete points of eruption but appear as high, broad hill with steep sides and long and
parallel with the regional structures.. Rutile is also present in these volcanoes. Its age is Pleistocene
to Recent

Subrecent and Recent deposits: These are represented by Terrace gravel deposits, Fan gravel
deposits, sand, silt and clay deposits (cultivated and noncultivated lands), Hamun deposits like Sand
dunes (Seif/longitudinal and Barchann), and present channel deposits.

Revised stratigraphy of Mashkel (inter arc) basin represents the Hamun-e-Mashkel. It represents
mostly eolian sand dunes covering the fluvial Pleistocene Kamerod formation (conglomerate,
sandstone and clays) and sub recent alluvium deposits. The older rocks may be like Siahan and
northern Makran range.

REVISED STRATIGRAPHY OF MAKRAN OFFSHORE

The offshore areas are significant for petroleum exploration. The Makran offshore areas located in
the west of Indus Suture line and show the Balochistan basin stratigraphy and further the trench is
also located in the near offshore area. The Indus offshore area located in the east of Indus Suture line
and shows the Kirthar basin stratigraphy.

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS, GEOLOGICAL HISTORY AND GEOEVENTS

OF MAKRAN-SIAHAN SUB-BASIN

11
Makran-Siahan (arc-trench gap) basin shows structural features like complex (close) folds, imbricate
(reverse) faults, strike slip faults, cuesta and hog back topography. General axes of folds and
imbricate/reverse faults are E-W and NE-SW. The dips of synclines and anticlines of the Tertiary
strata are greater than 500 in the north and less than 500 in the south. The major anticlines are located
in the high area and synclines in the low area. The trends of the strike slip faults are mostly oblique
to the bedding. The Pleistocene strata show dips less than 30 o which form open folds in and around
the valleys. During Late Cretaceous Indo-Pakistan plate started journey, and connected with
Balochistan basin, represented as Indus Suture. Due to northward movements of Indo-Pakistan
subcontinent resulted as Chaman-Nal transform fault boundary just close to western belt of Indus
Suture. Convergence of Indo-Pakistan plate with Asian plate affected the Arabian plate. In this way
Arabian plate convergence and subduction in the Tethys came into existence and resulted in the form
of Bazman volcanics in Iran, and Chagai, Raskoh and Wazhdad volcanics in Pakistan termed as
Island arc. At present the convergence trench is located in off shore areas. The Kaker-Khurasan
(back arc) basin show early flysch condition of Murgha Faqirzai shale and later molasse condition of
Shaigalu formation with source in the east from Indus Suture. Makran and Siahan basin are located
in the arc-trench gap, which represents accretionary wedge complex. The oldest formation Paleocene
Ispikan conglomerate shows unstable marine conditions. The Paleocene Wakai limestone show the
reef marine condition, and Early Eocene Siahan (slates; metamorphic product of Hoshab shale) and
Hoshab shale facies show the marine condition, limestone lenses show the calcareous and reef and
shallow marine environments for short time, thick sequences of sandstone show the turbidities
current marine environments, and slates and quartzite are the post depositional dynamically
metamorphosed products of shale and sandstone respectively. In the beginning of Late Eocene, the
Wazhdad volcaniclastic group are deposited and it consist of tuff, agglomerate, breccias, tuffaceous
sandstone and shale which show the volcaniclastic/pyroclastic marine sedimentary environments.
During Late Eocene to Oligocene the sandstone, shale and siltstones sequence of Panjgur formations
and Zurati (metamorphic product of Panjgur sandstone and shale) are deposited in marine
environment. Slates and quartzite of Zurati formation are dynamically metamorphosed by the
convergence of Arabian plate and Iran-Afghan block of Eurasian plate. The Late Eocene to
Oligocene Washuk ophiolitic rocks are observed in the faulted and thrusted zone of Washuk-
Wazhdad-Zurati range (Wazhdad magmatic arc). Wazhdad magmatic arc is the third magmatic arc
after Chagai and Raskoh in Balochistan. Washuk ophiolites have also faulted contact with Zurati
formation of Late Eocene age and show the unstable obduction condition. During Miocene and
Pliocene the northern Makran and Siahan ranges have no evidence of deposition which show the
uplift by tectonism and convergence of Arabian plate, however the southern Makran continue the
deposition like Miocene Parkani mudstone and Talar sandstone, Pliocene Chatti mudstone. This
uplift is confirmed by the angular unconformity between Pleistocene Kamerod formation and older
formations. During Pleistocene the Kech/Kamerod/Gawader formation are deposited which show the
lithology as mudstone, sandstone, and conglomerate of fluvial and lacustrine origin. Conglomerate
deposited near the source, while the mudstone far from the source and sandstone in transitional
stage. Existence of gypsum gives clue to the lacustrine evaporation or lagoonal environments. The
Pleistocene Jiwani formation shows the coastal environments as by shelly lithology. After the
deposition of Kech/Kamerod formation, further uplift took place and this evidence is confirmed by
the angular unconformity in between the Kech/Kamerod formation and surficial subrecent and recent

12
deposits. Subrecent and Recent deposits show the continental fluviatile, eolian seif and barchan sand
dunes (wind action), and hamun (lacustrine playa) deposits. Active mud volcanoes are also common
due to overburden pressure and temperature in old muddy formations. As a whole four main
geoevents of subduction of Arabian plate in Tethy are interpreted. First episode of tectonic activity
occurred at the end of Paleocene which changes the calcareous limy conditions (Wakai limestone)
into flysch shale and sandstone conditions (Siahan/Hoshab shale, Panjgur/Zurati formation). This
episode is also responsible for deposition of volcaniciclastic rocks of Wazhdad volcaniclastic group.
The second episode of tectonic activity happened at the end of Oligocene and obduction of Washuk
ophiolite occurred. By this phase the Siahan and northern Makran were uplifted. This is confirmed
by the non deposition during Miocene and Pliocene period in this area. Third episode happened at
the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene and areas uplifted further which is confirmed by the
deposition of conglomerate in Pleistocene deposits and also angular unconformity between the older
strata (Eocene/Oligocene) and Pleistocene Kech/Kamerod formation. This phase is responsible for
the foldings and faultings of older strata. Fourth phase of tectonic orogeny occurred at the end of
Pleistocene which is confirmed by the angular unconformity between Kech/Kamerod (Pleistocene)
and surficial Holocene, Subrecent and Recent deposits. This phase is responsible for the open
folding of Miocene-Pleistocene strata and intense (complex) foldings, and imbricate and strike slip
faultings of Oligocene, Eocene and older strata. In some places the Subrecent and Recent surficial
deposits show the fault alignment in aerial photographs and give some dip and other features show
the rising and continuous movement of convergence plates.

SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES AND PALEOCURRENT DIRECTION IN EOCENE-

OLIGOCENE OF MAKRAN RANGES

In the Eocene-Oligocene strata, the undersurface sedimentary structure commonly observed are
groove marks, and load casts, and rarely observed are flute casts, upper surface sedimentary
structures are ripple beddings. A general paleocurrent direction of Eocene-Oligocene strata of
northwestern part of Makran basin was northwest to southeast, deduced from the vector sedimentary
structures such as flute casts, and scalar sedimentary structures such as ripple and groove marks.
However the source of the northeastern part of Makran basin seems to be both from northwestern
and also from east/Western Indus Suture due to its close vicinity.

REVISED STRATIGRAPHY OF WESTERN INDUS SUTURE (WIS), PAKISTAN

The Indus Suture represents here the abducted ophiolitic complex with flysch deposition in the west
represented by Balochistan basin, and mostly marine carbonate facies in the east represented by
Sulaiman and Kirthar basins. Indus Suture complexes in the studied area are Bela volcanic group,
Wad ophiolite complex, Muslimbagh ophiolite complex and Zhob ophiolite complex. These
complexes include the ophiolitic mélanges and sedimentary Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary
sequences.

Bela volcanic group is 190km long and 20km wide, extending from Ornach in the north to Windar
in the south. Volcanic rocks are subordinate in the north of Ornach and dominate in the south. It
consists of intermixed volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The volcanic rocks are mainly basalt, lava,

13
coarse grained agglomerate and bedded tuff. The lava flows are commonly pillowed and spilitic.
Most of the weather reddish brown or green, but the more massive types weather black and are
difficult to distinguish from intrusions (HSC, 1961). Rocks are altered and fractured filled with
epidote and carbonate. Phenocrysts of augite with rims of chlorite are common, amygdules of calcite
and microlites of feldspar are abundant. Interlayered sediments are shale, marl, limestone,
conglomerate, and radiolarian chert. This group overlies the Windar group conformably (west of
Mor range), and is overlain unconformably by the Oligocene Nal limestone (Northwest of Bela). The
age is Cretaceous (HSC, 1961).

Bela ophiolite complex consists of mainly ultrabasic, basic, and intermediate compositions. Granitic
rocks are rare. The true granite is in the form of conglomerate pebbles. The ultrabasic rocks are
altered pyroxenite, serpentinized peridotite and amorphous and sheared serpentrinite. The rocks of
intermediate compositions are diorite and gabbro. The gabbro is dark green rock spotted with large
crystals of white feldspar which is kaolinized. Some types are pegmatitic and exhibit crystals upto 4
inches across of biotite and pyroxene. A small body of the granodiorite located in the west of Porali
river, 10km south of Wad. Concordant and discordant intrusions are found.
Iridescent soapstone has been reported from Nal area.

Muslimbagh ophiolite complex consists of mainly serpentinized ultrabasic rocks that include
saxoniter, dunite and pyroxenite. It also consists of dolerite, gabbro, and diorite but these seem
slightly later phase. The age is Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene (Ahmed and Abbas, 79; HSC,
1961).

Geological formations associated with igneous rocks: The geological formations (Permian-
Mesozoic) associated with igneous rocks are widely (10km) exposed in the Indus Suture zone as
pericratonic shelf carbonates, neritic shales and volcanics occasionally intruded by magmatic rocks
and tectonically emplaced ophiolites and mélanges (Kazmi and Abassi, 2001) like Bela volcanics
(Bela volcanic group/Porali agglomerates/Porali volcanic conglomerate), Bela ophiolite, Mor
intrusives, Konar mélange, Zhob ophiolite, Zhob mélange, Bagh complex, Waziristan ophiolite
mélange, Twin sister soda dolerite and Pir Umar basalts, and Triassic Khanozai group (Gwal and
Wulgai formations, Jurassic Shirinab, Cretaceous Parh group (Sembar, Goru and Parh formations),
Fort Munro group (Mughalkot or Bibai formation), and Paleocene Thar formation, Bad Kachu
formation and Gidar Dhor group.

CORRELATION OF THE CAINOZOIC STRATA OF BALOCHISTAN BASIN (PART OF

TETHYS) AND SULAIMAN BASIN (PART OF GONDWANA) WITH ADJOINING
NORTHERN PAKISTAN

Sulaiman Basin is located in the middle part of Supper Indus Basin which belongs to an Indo-
Pakistan subcontinent (A Gondwana Fragment). The Super Indus Basin is subdivided in to
Uppermost/northernmost Indus, upper/north Indus, middle Indus (Sulaiman) and lower/south Indus
basins. Balochistan Basin is evolved under Tethys Sea. Balochistan Basin is subdivided into Chagai-
Raskoh-Wazhdad magmatic arc, northern Balochistan/Kakar Khorasan (back arc) and southern
Balochistan/Makran (fore arc; arc-trench gap) basins. The Cainozoic of Sulaiman Basin is well

14
correlated with adjoining northern Balochistan basin due to collision of Indo-Pakistan plate with
Asian plate during Latest Cretaceous. Due to this terminal Cretaceous collision, the adjoining
contact of northern Balochistan (Kaker Khorasan) Basin occurred with the Indus Basin especially
Sulaiman/Middle Indus Basin. Due to this collision the birth of Paleo Indus River systems occurs
and ended the dynasty of Paleo Vitakri River systems. The Paleocene Sangiali Group of Sulaiman
Basin is well correlated with the Nisai Group of Balochistan Basin especially the Nisai Limestone
with the Dungan Limestone. In this way Early Eocene Shagala Group of Balochistan Basin is well
correlated with the Chamalang/Ghazij Group (Shaheed Ghat-shale, Toi-sandstone and shale, Kingri-
red muds and sandstone-Drug-rubbly limestone and Baska-gypsum and shale) and Kahan Group
(Habib Rahi-limestone, Domanda-shale, Pirkoh-marl and shale and Drazinda-shale) of Sulaiman
basin. The Murgha Faqirzai Formation (shale, 2000m thick) of Shagala Group is correlated with
Shaheed Ghat shale of Sulaiman basin, the Mina Formation (alternation of green shale unit and
sandstone unit; 3000m thick) of Balochistan is well correlated with Toi Formation of Sulaiman
Basin, and the Shagala Formation (=Shagalu; alternation of terrestrial red shale unit and sandstone
unit; 3000m thick) of Balochistan basin is well correlated with the Kingri Formation of Sulaiman
Basin. At the hard contact of Indo-Pakistan plate with Asia at the end of Eocene resulted in the form
of the Oligocene-Pliocene Vihowa Group (synonyms; Malthanai/Dasht Murgha group) in both
basins. The Vihowa Group represents Chitarwata (which is the host of Buzdartherium gulkirao-a
baluchithere-the largest land mammals), Vihowa, Litra and Chaudhwan formations. So far last major
tectonic episode occurred at Early Pleistocene which deposited the Pleistocene-Holocene Sakhi
Sarwar Group (Boston formation) represents Dada (conglomerate) and Sakhi Sarwar (mud and
sandstone with poorly developed conglomerate, while in centre of valleys the mud is dominant)
formations well developed in both basins. The southern part of Kakar Khorasan basin shows flysch
deposition like Murgha Faqirzai Shale and Mina Formation (green shale and sandstone) while the
northern part of Kakar-Khorasan basin shows both these formations as flysch deposition while the
middle-Late Eocene Shagala (Shaigalu) Formation (sandstone and red to maroon, brown shale and
sandstone) as terrestrial/molase deposits which is supported by continental rhinoceros-baluchithere
(Pakitherium Shagalai)-the largest land mammalian fauna (Malkani and Mahmood 2016b).

MINERAL POTENTIAL OF BALOCHISTAN BASIN, PAKISTAN

Islam et al., (2010) reported the production from Balochistan Province during 2007-08, 36, 583 tons
(t) copper, 245t antimony, 49,268t barite, 331t basalt, 33,815t chromite, 25t clay, 2,325,220t coal,
291t granite, 259t rhyolite, 134t diorite, 183t gabbro, 2,431t serpentinite, 98t gneiss, 323t quartzite,
360t sulphur, 176t dolomite, 424t fluorite, 75t galena, 15,808t iron ore, 727,951t limestone, 70,740t
marble (onyx), 267,312t marble (ordinary), 790t magnesite, 1,385t manganese, 5,060t pumice and
1,306,764t shale. Mineral resources of Balochistan Province has large proven reserves of iron,
copper (associated some gold, silver, molybdenum), lead, zinc, barite, chromite, coal, gypsum,
limestone (marble), ochre, silica sand, etc, small deposits of antimony, asbestos, celestite, fluorite,
magnesite, soapstone, sulphur, vermiculite, etc. Some commodities are being utilized and some are
being exported but most of the commodities are waiting for their utilization and developments.
Mineral potential of different areas under the Balochistan province are being described here.

15
MINERAL POTENTIAL OF CHAGAI MAGMATIC ARC

The Chagai arc is economically most important mountain belts of Pakistan. Many important
minerals including porphyry (Cu-Mo-Au), manto and vein type copper, stratiform and skarn type
iron, volcanogenic gold-silver and sulphur, Kuroko type lead-zinc-silver-copper are intimately
associated with the magmatic rocks of this arc (Siddiqui, 1996). The tholiitic and calc-alkaline
magmatism in oceanic island arc was reported by Siddiqui (1996;2010) while before this it was
considered as Andean type (continental) calc-alkaline magmatic belt.

Copper: The copper deposits and showings occur extensively at several localities in the Chagai
magmatic arc (White, undated; HSC, 1961). Dasht Kain copper deposit is 35km NW of Chagai
village (290 33’N; 640 29’E) is porphyry type copper prospect associated with two tonalite porphyry
stocks. The stocks are intruded into a diorite cupola which is a part of a large batholith comprised of
quartz monzonite and diorite. The batholith has intruded the Cretaceous Sinjrani volcanic group. The
host rock tonalite porphyry is centered by potassium silicate alteration and followed outwardly by
quartz sericite and porphyritic alterations. There is a moderate to weak K zone and the hypogene
mineralization has developed in two phases, the first phase produced pyrite, chalcopyrite, enargite
and pyrrhotite and the second one introduced magnetite, molybdenite and chalcopyrite (Siddiqui
1984). Three bore holes have been drilled in western stock. Average copper values in quartz sericite
zone vary from 0.1-0.17% and in the potassium silicate zone from 0.25 to 0.54 %. The breccia pipe
zone in the eastern stock contains surface values upto 4.5% copper but not drilled (Kazmi and
Abbas, 2001). Talaruk copper deposit is 64km NW of Saindak in Chagai District. It is a massive
Kuroko type deposit and mineralization is of submarine exhalative origin. The copper ore occurs in
two zones, one in rhyolite intrusives in which chalcocite is the main copper mineral and the other in
volcanic breccia associated with gypsum, with malachite as the main copper mineral. Six bore holes
were drilled at this deposits and its copper content has been about 0.65% (Saigus 1977). Saindak
copper deposit is located about 9.4km SE of Fort Saindak (290 18’N; 610 33’E) in Chagai district.
The ore is hydrothermally altered and the mineralized zone is known as Saindak alteration zone
(Sillitoe and Khan, 1977). It is developed in siltstone, sandstone, and tuff of Amalaf Formation. The
mineralization is related two small patterns centered on three porphyry stocks of Mid-Miocene age
and consequently there are three main ore bodies, the North, South and East ore bodies. The north
ore body is developed along vein zones though oxide mineralization is also present in patches.
Nineteen bore holes were drilled on this body and 19mt of ore averaging 0.498% copper (cut off
grade 0.3%) has been proved. The south ore body lies 2km south of north ore body. Here the oxide
zone is developed in patches. The ore is developed within a few meter of the surface and has been
proved to a depth of 328m. 27 holes were drilled and reserves of 54mt of ore averaging 0.488% (cut
off grade 0.3%) including 27 mt of 0.64% copper at cut off grade of 0.4% have been proved.
Significant gold and molybdenum values are associated with this ore body. The east ore body is 1km
SE of the south ore body. A lean, patchy copper oxides zone with 0.4-0.5% copper is developed over
the ore body. In this area 37 bore holes have established indicating reserves of 264mt averaging
0.388% copper at cut off grade 0.3%. The total reserves at Saidak comprised 412mt of ore
containing average 0.38% copper and 0.3228gm/to of gold. At Saindak an open cast mine with
infrastructure, crushing plant, concentrators and smelter has been developed and trial production of
blister copper has been done. It is planned to produce annually 15,800 tons of copper, 1.47 tons of

16
gold and 2.76 tons of silver (Bizenjo, 1994). Other porphyry copper deposits in Chagai district
were explored and evaluated by BHP. Their results suggest that the western part of the district has
great potential for development of porphyry copper deposits. Based on the results of 80 test holes, it
is estimated that this region has reserves of 550mt (Razique 2001) of averaging 0.4 to 0.6% copper
and 0.2 to 0.5gm/ton of gold. According to BHP besides Rekodiq, Buzzi Mashi and western Ware
Chah, other localities such as Parrah Koh, Borghar Koh, Koh Dalil, Koh Sultan and Ting Daragaun
look promising and merit detailed exploration. Tethyan Copper Company has recently drilled 30
holes at Rekodiq (Koh Dalil) and has encountered a chalcocite blanket and hypogene zone. In this
zone reserves of 70mt of ore with 0.85% copper are indicated. Chagai areas like Talaruk, Saindak,
Rekodiq, Max. G. White, Koh-e-Dalil (Sam Koh), Mashki Chah, Darband Chah, Amuri, Yakmach,
Kangord, Galtori, Omi, Ziarat Pir Sultan, Kabul Koh, Missi, Humai, Dasht Kain, Koh-i-Marani,
Pakus nala, Nok Chah, Dalbandin, Amir Chah, Ziarat Malik Karkam, Bazgawanan, Kundi Balochap,
Bandegan, Robat, Buzzi Mashi, Western War Chah porphyries, Parrah Koh, Bor Ghar Koh, Malaik
Koh, Ting Daragun, Machi and Kirtaka (White, undated; HSC, 1961; Kazmi and Abbas, 2001) seem
to be significant.

Gold-Silver: The production of copper along with gold will be started soon from Saindak porphyry
copper deposits. GSP has discovered a number of porphyry copper deposits with gold and silver
mineralization (Ahmad, 1986). Telethermal vein type and skarn deposits are also reported. Broken
Hill Propriety (BHP) of Australia in collaboration with BDA has discovered world class gold
deposits. Lake Resources (Australia) also explored copper and associated gold deposits and their
alteration zones (Kazmi and Abbas, 2001).

Iron ore: Balochistan Basin show iron from Saindak, Mashki Chah, Durban Chah, Amir Chah,
Chilghazi, Gorband, Kasanen Chapar, Kundi Baluchap, Pachin Koh, Chigendik, Bandegan and Nok
Chah areas (Ahmed, 1969). Pachin Koh-Chigendik iron deposits is located 88km and Chigendik
40 km NW of Nokundi town. It is comprised of magnetite and hematite. It is volcanogenic and
occurs as intercalations with andesites of Sinjrani volcanics. The ore contains Fe 2 O3 767-82%, SiO2
9-22%, Al2O3 1.4-4.4% and CaO 1.2-2.2% (Asrarullah 1978; Kazmi and Abbas, 1991). There are 27
small magnetite-hematite bodies at this area. At Pachin Koh 62 holes, where as 29 holes in
Chigendik drilled. The estimated ore reserves of Pachin Koh is 45mt and of Chigendik is 5mt of
which 30mt are proved. The geological and geophysical investigations show that the deposit may be
increased upto 100mt. Steel mills process this ore with 46% substitute of the imported ore. Hussain
(1983) has suggested the ore is suitable for direct reduction plus electric arc furnace process
combination. This process can produce steel billets at about 30% lower cast. Chilghazi iron
deposits are located 52km NW of Dalbandin town. The area is underlain by Cretaceous Sinjrani
volcanics, which are intruded by small bodies of diorite, quartz monzonite and granodiorite. The
deposit sis found in Sinjrani which forms asymmetrical gently dipping anticline. The iron ore is
comprised of massive magnetite and layers of disseminated magnetite. The ore occurs at three
horizons. The upper one near the top contains main deposits. The other two are 166 and 500m below
the first one. The lower ore bodies are largely comprised of magnetite disseminations in volcanic
rocks and are lean in their iron content (10-12%). The deposit has been drilled and indicates the main
ore body contains iron 32-52% (average 45%), copper 0.1-1.96% (in one hole upto 7%),
phosphorous upto 0.1%. Some portion of the ore body contains upto 1 oz/ton of gold (Farooq and

17
Rahman 1970; Ahmad, 1975). It has high grade ore with 3.36mt (2.46 proven and 0.90 probable).
The low grade reserves with 25-30% iron are estimated 20mt (Schmitz 1968).

Tungston: The tungsten ore has been recorded by Siddiqui et al. (1986) from Amalaf (29 0 18’N; 610
37’E) in Chagai district. The ore is found in pyroclastic rocks of Saindak formation intruded by
quartz porphyry. The ore minerals are sheelite and tungstite associated with molybdenum and tin
minerals. The mineralization is attributed to xenothermal alterations in the host rock.

Sulphur: Sulphur deposit is located in the Koh-i-Sultan volcano. Massive layers and lenses are
interbedded with the Pleistocene volcanic ash. The ore contains 50% sulphur and reserves of
738,000 tons (Muslim, 1973b). Potential source of sulphur are Kohi-Dimak dome, desulphurization
plants in the coalfields, sour gas (gas containing hydrogen sulphide in Natural gas, anhydrite and
gypsum.

Marble: The marble (Ahmad W., 1965), various types of limestones and igneous rocks, mainly
granite are found from Chagai area can be used for buildings, construction and Decorative stones

Others: Lead-zinc (Ahmed,1943) is reported from Saindak, Koh Marani, Dirang Kalat, Makki Chah
(4km SE of Talaruk) and Ziarat Balanosh (100kn NE of Dalbandin). Manganese from Nushki (9km
north of town), Barite from Chagai area (Koh Sultan), Barite from Chagai area (Koh Sultan),
tourmaline from many sites from Chagai area, Zinc from Makki Chah area is reported (Kazmi and
Abbas, 2001). HSC (1961) reported some gypsum from Chagai (Gawalishtap gypsum in red shale of
Washap formation) and Lasbela districts and some gypsum from Spin Tangi, Chamalang, etc of
Balochistan Province.

MINERAL POTENTIAL OF RASKOH MAGMATIC ARC

The Raskoh arc includes many minerals like Chromite, vermiculite, manganese, copper etc.

Chromite: It is associated with ultramafic rocks as layered intrusions or as ophiolitic sequences. It

occurs as extensive layer in layered intrusives while irregular and podiform/lenses in dunite of
ophiolitic rocks (Alpine type). Dunite occurs in the basal part of ophiolites i.e., in ultramafic
tectonites and ultramafic cumulates (Kazmi and Abbas, 2001). Bunap and Rayo Ras Koh chromite
(Kharan District) occurs in Nag-Bunap and Rayo Nai valley within a distance of 3km, located
30km NW of Kharan Kalat town. Chromite occurs as lenticular bodies or disseminations in the
dunites. Nine small deposits with total reserves of 9,664 tons near Bunap and 7 deposits with
reserves of 355 tons near Rayo Nai were reported by HSC (1960). These deposits have been mined
out and exhausted (Ahmad, 1969) but still mining are continuing indicating more deposits.

Vermiculite: It is mica like mineral that expands on heating to produce low density materials. It is
used as light weight aggregate, thermal insulator, as a fertilizer carrier, soil conditioner in agriculture
and as a filler and texturiser for plastics and rubber. It is not being used in Pakistan but can be
exploited due to its availability. Vermiculite deposits are reported from Doki River on the northern
edge of the western Raskoh. It occurs in cliff 160m long, 140m wide and 40m high with reserves of

18
11 mt (Grundstoff-Technik, 1993). The vermiculite contents vary from 5-20%. Exfoliation tests at
7750 C resulted in tenfold increase in the particle size (Hussain, 1970). The average analyses
includes 42% SiO2, 13.16% Fe2 O3, 119.05 % Al2 O3, 1.38% TiO2 and 10.75% H2 O and 10.30% MgO
(Bakr, 1965b).

Others: Manganese is reported from Sotkinoh hill (Ras Koh) (Kazmi and Abbas, 2001). The small
deposit of gypsum (3.3m thick) is reported from the red shale of Eocene Gawalishtap formation
(HSC, 1961; Ahmad, 1975). Copper is reported from Tor Tangi of Ras Koh areas (White, undated).
Various types of limestones and igneous rocks can be used for this construction and decorative
stones. .

MINERAL POTENTIAL OF WAZHDAD (WASHUK) MAGMATIC ARC

The ophiolitic and volcaniclastic rocks in the Wazhdad area and its vicinity show minor chromite,
copper, soapstone and asbestos mineralizations (Malkani 2004a,d). This magmatic arc show Washuk
ophiolite (including ultrabasic to acidic granitic rocks) and Wazhdad volcaniclastic group including
mostly tuffaceous rocks. Granite of Washuk ophiolite is best for dimension and décor stones, besides
this the best green to grey tuffaceous rocks of Wazhdad range are also significant for cu
mineralization, decorative and dimension stones resources.

MINERAL POTENTIAL OF KAKER-KHURASAN (BACK ARC) BASIN

Some economic minerals/commodities like antimony, ochre, saline springs, and mud flows with
methane-nitrogen gas are found. Antimony deposit like the stibnite veins are hosted in Khojak
group of Qila Abdullah which is 24 km NE of Qila Abdullah town, and smaller deposits in the Qila
Viala area 40 km east of Qila Abdullah (LeMessurier, 1844; HSC, 1961; Klinger et al, undated;
Ahmad, 1969; 1975). Ochre deposits are found in the Shaigalu sandstone of Kaker Khurasan area
(Malkani and Mahmood 2016a). Many Saline springs are found in the Qila Saifullah area especially
in the Nisai formation. Salt springs running and dry are reported from the red shale at the base of
Nisai limestone and so far active mud volcano in the Spara Manda and its vicinity areas of Qila Saif
Ullah district (39 B/5,9) (Malkani 2011a).

MINERAL POTENTIAL OF MAKRAN AND SIAHAN RANGES OF SOUTHERN

BALOCHISTAN (ARC-TRENCH GAP) BASIN

Malkani (2004a,d) reported first time some new findings of Makran and Siahan ranges. Malkani
(2011a) reported details of stratigraphy and mineral deposits.

Antimony and associated gold and silver mineralizations: The stibnite in the Qila Abdullah is
located in the back arc basin (northern Balochistan) and all other stibnite localities (show very small
deposits) are found in the fore arc basin (Southern Balochistan) (Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a). Presence
of antimony mineral stibnite and chalcedonic (cryptocrystalline texture) quartz show the epithermal
type of mineralization. But the fluid inclusion study (homogenizing temperature) of some samples
were analyzed by Rehan ul Haq Geoscience lab. Islamabad and show the possibility of mesothermal

19
mineralization, only one sample of Grawag (31 M/8) show the homogenizing temperature upto 333 0
C, so it may be hypothermal. Antimony is found mostly in the strike slip faults (Fig.1f in Malkani
2011a), except the Jauder locality where it is found in thrust fault (Fig.1g in Malkani 2011a). The
antimony mineralization originated due to dynamic (tectonic) activities and shearing in host rocks
and deposited their lodes in the fractures, cavities, faults and gash fractures. This idea is proved by
the metamorphism of shale into slates and intense faulting and folding in Siahan range and north
Makran. According to Shcheglov (1969), the antimony mineralization of Makran range is of
epithermal origin. According to Sillitoe (1975), the circulation of connate fluids in the flysch
succession during dynamo thermal metamorphism related directly to the faulting is proposed as an
origin for the antimony deposits. Stibnite (antimony trisulphide, Sb 2S3) is coated by yellowish
mineral like sulphur. Gold, silver and sulphur mineralization are also enriched in this zone. Stibnite
is shining lead grey, fine grained to fibrous and blady, metallic, subconchoidal to irregular and
hardness is low (2 to 3). Gold and silver mineralizations associated with stibnite have been detected
by the chemical analyses. The gold found is fine grained and disseminated with the antimony
mineral. The carbonate mineral is calcite (CaCO3). Quartz is cryptocrystalline to crystalline,
translucent to transparent, subconchoidal and have commonly box like texture. Stibnite occurs in the
form of veins, stringers and lenses in the faults especially oblique strike slip faults, gash fractures
and shear zone in the Siahan, Hoshab and Panjgur formations. The thickness of the stibnite varies
from 2mm to 20cm. The stibnite vein is surrounded by quartz carbonate. Quartz is partially stained
(maroon to red). Host rock or enclosing strata are also stained (brown, maroon to red) at the contact
of antimony and quartz carbonate vein. Ferruginous alterations are also observed around the
antimony vein. The thickness of the quartz carbonate vein varies from 2mm to 2metres. The nature
and extent of quartz carbonate veins are discontinuous, lense shape, pinches and swells. Private and
public sectors showed no interest for mining because of difficulties in access and also less thickness
of stibnite vein. Some private sectors have started the mining at Jauder and Patkin but ended the
work due to fair weather difficult accessibility, less thickness and discontinuous nature. The tentative
estimated reserves of stibnite of known main localities of Siahan range are about 22500 tons, by
taking total 500m length, 10cm thickness, 100m easy mineable depth and specific gravity about 4.5.
The author discovered most of the following localities while some localities are found by Younas et
al. (1995), Hussain, et al. (1995), Hafeez et al. (1995), Mustafa, et al. (1995) and Malkani et al
(1995). Jauder locality (35A/11: Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a) is accessible from Washuk town and
located on the northern slope of Koh Sabz Mountain range. Antimony-gold-silver is associated with
the hanging wall of thrust fault 350 dipping toward south (Fig.1g in Malkani 2011a). Vein is found in
the sandstone unit of Panjgur formation. Antimony vein upto 20cm thick, discontinous lense shape
are observed. Now mining work is abandoned. Nearly 8 quarry (incline of 35 degree south) pits are
observed. Quarry pits are less than 30 meters in depth but now they filled with scree/ overburden.
But the local inhabitant told that the antimony vein upto 30cm are recorded at the ending mining
work. Hurain locality (35 A/11: Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a) is accessible from Nag, Sabzab, and
Panjgur town. Gold in this antimony veins are reported upto 8.81 ppm. This locality has many iron
oxidize and quartz carbonate veins. Gokumb locality (35 A/11: Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a) is located
at the southern slope of Koh Sabz and accessible from Basima, Nag and Panjgur. Antimony vein
(18cm thick) is discontinuous lense shape. Host rock is Siahan shale. Gold upto 1.7ppm is also
found. Kuchaki North locality (35 A/11: Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a) is located on the southern slope
of Koh Sabz and accessible from Basima, Nag and Panjgur town. Antimony vein (10 cm thick) is

20
discontinuous lense shape. Host rock is Siahan shale is observed in the strike slip fault trending
northwest. In the southern and eastern vicinity the other Sb veins and stringers are also reported.
Siminj locality (Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a: 35A/4: Younas, et al. 1995) is accessible from Panjgur,
Washuk and Palantak towns. The antimony vein is 10-12 cm thick and 30 metres long and occurred
as lense and discontinous nature. Mir Baig Raidgi locality (35M/15: Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a) is
accessible from Panjgur, Washuk and Palantak towns. This vein is reported in the strike slip fault on
the northern slope of Koh Sabz ridge continuation. It is 10km from the Bibi Jan Ziarat (Langar).
Siahan shale is the host rock. Safed Gilanchi locality (35M/15: Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a) is
accessible from Washuk and Panjgur in fair weather season. Exposures of antimony, gold, quartz
carbonate vein and associated mineralization in the strike slip fault are exposed at south from Bibi
Jan Ziarat village. It is found on the northern slope of Koh Sabz ridge continuation. Its accessibility
is slightly easy. There is no major rise and fall. It is situated in the base of ridge continuation. Host
rock is Siahan shale. Machi Koh locality (35M/15: Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a) is accessible from
Panjgur 85km toward north in fair weather. Machi Koh antimony, gold, silver and quartz carbonate
vein and associated mineralization have reported on the northern slope of Koh Sabz range. It is
located on the north of Machi Koh. It is observed in the south eastern top of Kunarain Kaur. It is
10km from Thal Waro area and approachable from Machi kaur. The accessibility is difficult and
have two hour foot walk with high water fall (upto 20 meters). The host rock is Siahan shale.
Palantak Koh locality (35A/2: Fig.1e in Malkani 2011a) is 1km on northwest from Palantak town.
The antimony, gold, silver and quartz carbonate and iron oxide vein and associated mineralization
have been found on the western part of Palantak Koh. Host rocks are Siahan and Panjgur formations.
Lidi locality (35A/14: Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a: Iqbal and Khan, 1995) is 10km east of Washuk
town. The Sb-Au mineralization is also associated with discontinuous quartz carbonate vein. Saghar
locality (35A/4; Fig.1e in Malkani 2011a: Younas et al. 1995) is 20km toward north from Panjgur
town. It is situated on the southern slope of Rakhshan range. Antimony is disseminated in the quartz
carbonate vein. The vein is in discontinous nature. Miani locality (35A/13; Fig.1e in Malkani
2011a: Iqbal and Khan 1995) is 20km toward south west from Washuk town. It is found on the
northern slope of mountain range. Au-Sb is associated with discontinuous lenticular quartz carbonate
vein. Other localities of stibnite associated with gold and silver hosted by quartz carbonate veins in
toposheet 35A/11 (Malkani and Rana 1995) are South Surmagi Patkin, North Surmagi Patkin, Haspi
Patkin, Kulo Patkin, Hurain Patkin, Siagari, Kuchaki south, Ahmadab Kaur, Sor Jor Jauder,
Mahmoodi Kaur, Kasig Kaur, Musa Kaur, Panir body east, Nagindap Damagi, Hashani Damagi,
Hashani and Panir Body west.

Mercury and silver mineralizations: Mercury and silver mineralization are reported in the western
and eastern Waro area (35 M/16; Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a). Western Waro area is divided into three
zones like southern, central and northern zones. Thal Waro Hg-Ag and associated mineralization
have been found on the western plunge of doubly plunging syncline. Its accessibility is easy and on
the Panjgur-Palantak track. Chemical results show highly anomalous mercury, silver and iron while
slight anomalous Pb,Zn,Ni,Co,Cu,Mn,Cd and Au. Mercury, silver, iron oxide, and other associated
mineralization occur in the form of network of calcite veins, stringes and lenses in the fracture zone
in Panjgur formation. These veins and stringes pinches and swells. Thickness of stringes and lenses
vary from 0.5cm to 15cm. Some calcite veins are also stained by yellowish brown to maroon iron

21
colorations. In this area overturning of some beds and faults are observed. Mercury and silver
mineralization is detected by the chemical analyses (Younas, et al. 1995).

Iron oxidized zone: Many iron oxidized zone are observed in the reported area (Fig.1c) like Waro
(31 M/16), Jauder, Kasig, Musa Kaur, Sor Jor Jauder, and Hashani (35 A/11), Ahurag (31 M/12),
Mazan Dastak (31 M/12), Palantak Koh (35 A/2), Sorgari and Siahgari (31 M/16), Sabz Village (35
A/12), 8km SW of Panjgur (35 B/1), Mazarap Malhan, Kurki, Saghar, Soro and Phud Kush (35
A/3,4,7,8), Baskroach (31 M/11), Hingol and many other areas. All of these areas have greater than
1km length and more than 200 meters thickness. Host rock of these iron oxidized zone are Siahan
shale, Hoshab shale, Zurati formation, and Panjgur formation. All these iron oxidized zones have
network of quartz carbonate veins and stringes, carbonate veins and veinlets. Malkani (2004a,d,
2011a) has reported possible meteorite first time in Pakistan, represented by one iron ore body just
like a big boulder with one or two minor boulders which are observed in the Soro and Phudkush area
(Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a) have no relation to host rocks and seems to be meteorites. It is a hematite
with green weathered colour.

Quartz carbonate veins: Many quartz carbonate veins are observed in the iron oxidized zone.
Au(gold)-Sb(antimony) mineralization are associated with quartz carbonate veins. Hg(mercury)-
Ag(silver) of eastern Waro area (Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a) is also associated with quartz carbonate
veins network. Some quartz carbonate localities are Sor Jor Jauder, Hashani, Musa Kaur and Kasig
Kaur, (35 A/11), Haibatan Koh (35 M/16), Siagari Shand long and thick quartz vein (35 A/11),
Safed Gilanchi, Mir Baig Raidgi, Machi Koh and Dauda Top (35 M/15), Baskroach Koh and Tank
Zurati (31 M/11) Ahurag, Mazan Dastak, Sarkini, Mustaki, Nalingar, and Darag Parag (31 M/12),
Grawag (31 M/8), Palantak Koh and Baran Koh (35 A/2), Miani and Lidi (35 A/14), Sabzab (35
A/12) and Saghar, Mazarap and Kurki (35 A/3,4,7,8) and Surap (35 A/6). Other parts of Siahan and
Makran also have many quartz carbonate veins. Siagari Shand quartz vein (35A/11: Fig.1c in
Malkani 2011a) is located on the southern slope of the range. Its accessibility is difficult and can be
made from Panjgur, Nag and Basima. Quartz vein is found in the imbricate fault trended east west.
Quartz vein thickness is 2 meters with discontinous length of more than 500 meters. Quartz is
crystalline to cryptocrystalline. Elongated hexagonal quartz crystal upto 1cm are observed. The host
rock is Siahan shale. Gold upto 0.458 ppm is recorded. Eastern Waro locality (35M/16: Fig.1c in
Malkani 2011a) is 6 km east from the western Waro locality. It consists of network of quartz vein
and stringers and also have major ferruginous quartz carbonate vein trending northwest to southeast.
On the west of this main vein the network of quartz veining are observed. Quartz of main vein is
cryptocrystalline. Network of veining have subhedral quartz, however at the ending phase quartz are
well developed which represent the late stage crystallization.

Pyrite mineralization: These mineralization are observed in the Durgi Kaur, Surap Kaur, and
Wazhdad Kaur, etc. Durgi Kaur locality (35A/3: Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a) is 90 km toward north
from the Panjgur and also accessible in fair weather. Durgi Kaur pyrite locality is also near the
south-west of Palantak Tank. It is found in the calcareous sandstone. This sandstone is greenish grey,
thin to thick bedded, hard and calcareous. Pyrite and chalcopyrite is observed as nodules and flakes
in the host rock. Host rock is Panjgur formation. Wazhdad Kaur locality (35A/6: Fig.1c in Malkani
2011a) is 20 km far toward east from Palantak village and 70 km toward west from Washuk.

22
Wazhdad Kaur pyrite/chalcopyrite mineralization is observed in the sandstone, shale, tuffaceous
sandstone and shale of Zurati formation. It is found as nodules and flacks. Surap locality ((35A/6:
Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a) is 30 km toward east from Palantak village and 60 km toward west from
Washuk. It is associated with iron oxide quartz carbonate vein in the Surap strike slip fault. Host
rock is Zurati formation. Pyrite is observed as nodules and flakes.

Coal, carbonaceous shale and carbonaceous sandstone: Coal, carbonaceous shale and
carbonaceous sandstone are observed in the Ahurag area (31 M/12; Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a).). It is
90 km northwest from Panjgur town. The thickness of coal and carbonaceous sandstone is 4 cm on
the eastern side of Ahurag Kaur. On the western side of Ahurag Kaur 3 further layers of coal,
carbonaceous shale and carbonaceous sandstone are observed. The extension of these coal seams is
not known. Coal and carbonaceous shale is also reported by HSC (1961) from the Hoshab/Balgor
area. However Balochistan desert is also important for exploration of lagoonal and lacustrine coal.

Sulphur: The Jiwani sulphur deposit (250 05’N; 710 47’E) are 20km NW of Jiwani and can be
reached by boat from Jiwani but during the monsoon the best route is overland via Kuldan (Nagell,
1965). The sulphur deposit is nine inches thick discontinuous layer in dark grey clay near mud
volcano. It is found within a few feet near the surface and some crystals are found in the overlying
alluvial sand, cemented by gypsum, limonite and sulphur. The sulphur ranges from 43-56%.
According to Ahmed (1962) the deposit is small. The Ganz sulphur deposit, about 1km to the west
of town Ganz which is a small fishing village about 15km east of Jiwani, another similar deposit like
Jiwani and also negligible deposit (Ahmed, 1969). The Pimpishka sulphur deposit (260 45’N; 630
43’E) is on the north side of salt playa at about 50km to the SW of Panjgur (Nagell, 1969). The
deposit is near the road about 5km to the SW of small peak named Pimpishka. Oligocene sandstone
has been intensely leached in an area of about 50 square feet, leaving quartz grains in a matrix of
sulphur and gypsum. The sulphur ore contains less than 20% sulphur which fills fractures in the
rocks near the spring. Origin is similar to Sanni sulphur. The Karghari sulphur deposit (250 27’N;
640 09’E) is near Gokurt on the Makran coast. Further sulphur deposit was also reported near Khan
Berar at the southern end of Haro range about 5km from the sea coast near the Porh river (Nagell,
1965). Both sulphur and salts are associated with saline springs are found in the rocks of Miocene-
Pliocene age (Kazmi and Abbas, 2001).

Bed rock and aggregate resources: The large reserves of bed rock resources like shale, slates, and
sandstone, with negligible showings of limestone, the aggregate resources like gravel and sands are
observed in the area. The sandstone of Zurati, Panjgur and Shaigalu formations, and limestone of
Wakai and Jiwani formations though very rare but are significant for construction materials
(Malkani 2011a).

Water resources: Channel (stream) alluvium deposits, Quaternary gravel deposits and Pleistocene
Kech/Kamerod/Jiwani formation, sandstone unit of Talar, Panjgur and Zurati formations play a
significant role for ground water resources. Main tributaries of the reported area are of Rakhshan
river, Mashkel rud. Bibi Tank, Palantak Tak, Kurki, Mazarap, Greshag Kaur, Regintak, Kech,
Hingol, Haro, etc. are ephemeral stream. Some hole are drilled and installed for domestic water
supply in the Panjgur town. These holes are drilled on the banks of Rakhshan River. The water is

23
fresh to slightly brackish. Here the water bearing rocks are stream channel, quaternary gravels and
Kamerod/Kech conglomerate. In and vicinity of Panjgur town, the kareezes are the main source of
cultivation, vegetation, and date farming. Kareezes are digged and pitted in the quaternary fan and
terrace gravels and Kech formation. The water quality is slightly brackish to brackish. In the
dispersed villages namely Grawag, Palantak, Nok Chah, etc, the artificial pitted wells, tributaries
water and springs are source of water for domestic supply. Artificial holes are pitted in the alluvium
and water table varies from 5metres to 50 metres. Rains are the main source for cultivations. One
drilled (cased) hole are observed in Tank Zurati area (31 M/11) giving low pressure peizometric
water (slightly brackish), may be completed by Asian development Bank (known by local
inhabitants). Tank Zurati is best place for the construction of small dam on the Mashkel rud for the
cultivation. More than 100 gorges are also suitable for smaller dam for water storage for cultivation
and population which can play best for the development of the area. In short, these areas can be
converted into cultivation and vegetation by efforts. In the Panjgur town the channel gravels give
fresh water for domestic supply. The tube wells are observed on the both banks of Rakhshan river.
Very low quality and quantity water is also available from the springs in mountaineous areas. This
low quantity and quality may be due to presence of shale and salts. The Makran is a mostly
mountainous areas which have some plains and semiplains areas inside where dam construction are
necessary (Malkani 2011a).

Others: Petroleum seep is reported near the boarder of Iran near to Grawag area called as Kwash
seep (Clapp, 1939). Further two water springs (negligible quantity) coated by petroleum lustrous
material was observed in the Gish Kaur Bulleda valley near the village of Koshk 31 n/3 district
Turbat and in the Sor Jor Jauder area 35 A/11 district Kharan (Fig.1c in Malkani 2011a). Mud
volcanoes of cold muddy water also show anomalous gas like methane upto 74.5% and nitrogen upto
13.8% near Ormara (HSC, 1961). Many salts deposits and lakes are located in the vicinity of Makran
coast and Hamun i Mashkel area. Alum may also be associated with these salts (Malkani 2011a). .

MINERAL POTENTIAL OF WESTERN INDUS SUTURE (WIS; CONTACT OF

BALOCHISTAN BASIN OF TETHYS AND INDUS BASIN OF GONDWANA SOUTHERN
HEMISPHERE)

After the Chagai magmatic arc, the Indus Suture shows significant economic commodities.

Chromite: Chromite is first reported by Vredenburg (1901) and its mining was started in 1903 in the
Khanozai area and extended to Muslimbagh in 1915 and in early twenties mining started in Sra
Salwat area, 29 km south of Muslimbagh. The following deposits like Muslimbagh chromite (Qila
Saifullah District) and Wad, Sonaro and Ornach chromite (Khuzdar District) are significant
(Asrarullah,1960). Muslimbagh area chromite (Qila Saifullah District) extends from Gwal to
Nisai a distance of about 100km. This region shows the best and largest deposits in Pakistan. Thrust
blocks of various sizes are scattered in the Muslimbagh valley, however large outcrops are exposed
near Muslimbagh and Khanozai areas. Two large bodies namely Saplai Tor Ghar and Jang Tor Ghar
located south of Muslimbagh town, show a classic sequence of ultramafic tectonites, ultramafic and
mafic cumulates, a dyke complex and a dolerite dyke swarm. Chromite occurs in the serpentinised
dunites of ultramafic tectonites and cumulates in different forms and shapes. There are massive ore

24
surrounded by banded ore, grape shot ores, banded deposits of disseminated ores, cigar-shaped ore
bodies, dyke like ore bodies upto 100m long and thin wiggly, irregularly shaped bodies. The reserve
in these types of ore bodies varies from 100-15,000 ton (Bilgrami, 1956,1987; Ahmad and Bilgrami
1987; Rossman and Abbas, 1970). The Muslimbagh chrome ores are aluminous chromite. The
chrome of Jang Tor Ghar ore is of metallurgical grade. The Khanozai ore shows Cr 2 O3 49.3-52.6%
and Cr:Fe ration 2.7-3.5:1, Jang Tor Ghar ore shows Cr 2 O3 48-57% and Cr:Fe ration 3-3.7:1, Saplai
Tor Ghar ore shows Cr2 O3 44-52.5% and Cr:Fe ration 3:1, and Nisai ore shows Cr 2 O3 39-49% and
Cr:Fe ration 2.1-2.6:1. The extension of present pitting shows much more reserves than above
mentioned. Zhob area chromite (Zhob District) is close to Zhob town in the north. Thrust blocks
of various sizes are found in the Zhob area. The Zhob chrome ores are aluminous chromite.
Naweoba and Zizha (near Zhob town) is refractory grade while Jang Tor Ghar ore is metallurgical
grade. The Naweoba and Zizha ore shows Cr 2 O3 36.7-46.5% and Cr:Fe ration 2.9:1. Due to
relatively less exposures, the deposit seems to be small. Wad, Sonaro, Ornach chromite (Khuzdar
District) region contains the largest ophiolitic complex in Pakistan covers a long distance of about
320km. The Bela complex is mainly comprised of mega mélanges, tectonically wedged in between
the thrust sheets of Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks (DeJong and Subhani, 1979). The
ophiolites include fragments and blocks of peridotite, dunite, minor pyroxene, serpentinite, diabase,
gabbro and lava flows. The Sonaro block extend over 116 sq kms and show a complete sequence of
ultramafic tectonites at base and ranging upto pillow lavas and sediments at the top. The ophiolite
contains lenticular or disseminated bodies of chromite. The main chromite deposits are near Sonaro,
Baran Lak, Drakalo and Greshak area of Khuzdar, while Ahsan and Qureshi (1997) identified more
than 15 pods. Open pit mining is in progress (Kazmi and Abbas, 2001).

Magnesite: There are several occurrences in the ophiolitic thrust belt showing small deposits or
trivial showings. Magnesite from Nisai, Spin Tangi, Shabi Ghundi (Muslim Bagh), Tleri Mid Jan,
Sra Salwat (Muslim Bagh), Zhizha, Loya Na Pani, Sinchi Md Khan (Wad) and Baran Lak (Bela)
area are reported. The very small deposits like 60,000 tones of Magnesite (MgO 43.38-45.4%) of
Spin Kan (300 47’N; 680 06’E) in serpentinised ultramafic rocks of Bagh ophiolitic thrust, 6,000
tones of magnesite (MgO 38.04-42.36%) deposit of Shabi Ghundi (30 0 48’N; 680 00’E) in
serpentinised ultramafic rocks of Bagh ophiolitic thrust, very small deposits of magnesite of Tlerai
Mohd Jan (300 53’N; 670 42’E) in serpentinised ultramafic rocks of Zhob ophiolitic thrust, very
small deposits of magnesite of Zizha (310 3’N; 690 37’E) in serpentinised ultramafic rocks of Bagh
ophiolitic thrust, very small deposit of magnesite (MgO 32.8%) of Kakru (27 0 43’N; 660 09’E)
occurs as vein in serpentinised ultramafic rocks of Bela ophiolitic thrust, very small deposit of
magnesite (MgO 32.84-44.56%) of Loya Na Pani (270 15’N; 660 20’E) occurs as vein in
serpentinised ultramafic rocks of Bela ophiolitic thrust, 20,000 tones of magnesite (MgO 18.08%)
of Baran Lak (260 59’N; 660 18’E) occurs as vein in serpentinised ultramafic rocks of Bela ophiolitic
thrust, very small deposit of magnesite of Sinchi Bent (26 0 30’N; 260 21’E) occurs as vein in
serpentinised ultramafic rocks of Bela ophiolitic thrust, 16,000 tones of magnesite (MgO 46.49%) of
Sra Salwat (300 40’N; 670 53’E) occurs in Eocene dolomite unconformity overlying the Zhob
ophiolites, very small deposit of magnesite of Nal (27 0 41’N; 660 11’E) occurs as replacement veins
in limestone of Shirinab Formation of Bela ophiolitic thrust (Vloten, 1963; Kazmi and Abbas,2001).

25
Barite: It is being used for weighting agent in drilling mud. It is also used for barium chemicals,
white pigment and in paper industry. It is deposited by hydrothermal solutions. The barite deposits
of Balochistan were discovered by Ahmad and Klinger (1967). These deposits extend from Khuzdar
to Uthal (Jankovic, 1984, Azam et al, 1989; Jones and Shah, 1994)). It is found in the Shirinab, Zidi
and Windar formations (Triassic-Jurassic) forming bedded replacement or veins. The deposits of
Gunga (near Khuzdar) and Duddar in Las Bela district have over 12 million tons of barite (Ahsan
and Khan, 1994). The Gunga deposit is being mined by joint venture of Balochistan Government
and Pakistan Petroleum Ltd. Barite deposits are estimated about 30 mt. The production from these
deposits meets the total requirement for drilling and barium based chemical plants. Further the
nodules of barite are commonly found in the Cretaceous Sembar shale. Barite from Las Bela area
like Naka Pabni, Gacheri, Dhoro, Siro Dhoro, Bankhari and Kundi; Khuzdar area like Gunga,
Shekran and Monar Talar have reported.

Platinum group elements (PGE)- Muslimbagh area: Platinum group elements (PGE) have been
reported in the chromitites from the Muslimbagh ophiolites of Saplai Tor Ghar. Preliminary study
show the primary deposits but not economic and however there are chances of economic placer
deposits (Nakagawa et al., 1996). The two samples from tectonites show ppb values of Os 24,36; Ir
30,45; Ru 85,130; Rh 10,13.3; Pt 35,33; Pd 15,46; Au 2.5, 7.4; Total PGE 179, 303 The three
samples from cumulate show ppb values of Os 41,13,6; Ir 35,24,7.7; Ru 100,55,9; Rh 16.8, 11.1,
4.5; Pt <5,<5,18; Pd 4,3,<2; Au 9.1, 7.4,1.3; Total PGE 202,111,47. CI-chondrite value of OS 514, Ir
540, Ru 690, Rh 200, Pt 1020, and Pd 545. Chondrite is a stony meteorite contains chondrule (small
rounded bodies of olivine or enstatine) embedded in a fine grained matrix of pyroxene, olivine and
nickel-iron (Page et al. 1979).

Asbestos: Small deposits and showing of chrysotile and tremolite asbestos are found in serpentines
of the ophiolitic complex near Naweoba (Zhob; Ahmad, 1969), Taleri Mohd Jan (Muslimbagh;
Ahmad, 1969) and Wad Khuzdar.

Lead and Zinc: The major lead-zinc and barite deposits are discovered by GSP from the Las Bela-
Khuzdar region (Azam et al. 1989; Ahsan and Qureshi, 1997). The mineralization is found in the
upper part of Lower Jurassic Shirinab Formation. Main deposits are Shekran, Ranj Laki, Malkhor
(NW of Khuzdar), Mithi, Gunga, Surmai (SW of Khuzdar, and Duddar (SE of Bela). Gunga, Surmai
and Duddar deposits have been explored and evaluated in detail. The Gunga and Duddar deposits
occur in the upper part (Anjira member) of the Shirinab Formation and are of sedimentary exhalative
(Sedex) type. The deposits are found between major faults which have many subsidiary smaller
faults. The Duddar deposit has multiphase mineralization and overprinting of later phases on the
earlier ones. At Duddar, the barite may be exhalative and formed on sea floor where as the sulphide
mineralization is syndiagenetic and formed by displacement or replacement of the host siliceous
fluids. Deformation of sulphide layering shows that ore was formed before early emplacement and
there fore preTertiary. Proved reserves of 6.38mt and inferred reserves 3.43mt with 11.34%Zinc and
2.01% lead have been established (Jones and Shah, 1994). The Gunga deposit, 11km SE of Khuzdar,
is hosted by Early to Middle Jurassic Anjira Formation. The mineralization is stratiform,
stratabound, open space filling type. The zone extends over a distance of 1200m and easily
distinguished as silicic gossans. The gossans contains 3-4% Pb and Zn. The deposit was explored

26
through 14 drill holes. The ore body contains over 6% Zn and 1.5% Pb, with proven reserves of
6.5mt, probable reserves of 3.0mt, and possible reserves of 3.3mt (Jankovic 1983; Ahsan and
Qureshi, 1997). The Surmai deposit is located 1km South of Gunga deposit and hosted by Loralai
Formation and is of Mississippi valley type. It has been explored by GSP and JICA and reserves of
2.93mt of ore with average content of 6.5% have been established. This deposit also contains 10-
20gm/tone of Silver (Subhani and Durrazai, 1989; Ahsan and Khan, 1994

Manganese ore: Manganese deposits occur as marine, chemically precipitated sedimentary ores, as
secondary enrichment deposits and as hydrothermal deposits. The deposits of manganese ore in
Pakistan are associated with volcanic rocks in the ophiolitic thrust belt (Rizvi, 1951). In the Bela
ophiolitic thrust belt, lenticular manganese ore bodies occur in ferruginous and siliceous horizons
overlying basaltic pillow lavas. The more important localities are Kharari Nai (25 0 54’N; 660 45’E;
35K/9) 34,000 tons of two separate pods of 70 and 7 square metres (Abbas 1980a) of Manganese
42% (Nasim 1996), Siro Dhoro (260 17’N; 660 33’E; 35J/11) 950,000 tons irregular veins and lenses
ranges from 1-6 inches in thickness (Master 1960) of Mn 36% (Nasim 1996), Sanjro Dhoro (26 0
28’N; 660 26’E; 35J/7) 65,000 tons mineralization in discontinous lenticular bodies having 0.5km
strike length and 1-5metres thickness (Ahmad 1969) of Mn 15% (Nasim 1996), Bhampani Dhoro
(260 11’N; 660 33’E; 35J/2) 5,800 tons the ore is square shape in an open pit (HSC, 1960) of Mn
41% (Nasim 1996), Gadani ridge (26 0 05’N; 660 34’E; Mn, 48%) and Dadi Dhoro (26 0 05’N; 660
37E; Mn, 35%). Most of the production comes from Las Bela region. Other localities are in Zhob
area like Naweoba and Waltoi rud localities, Las Bela region like Kohan Jhal, Haji Khan Bent,
Sanjro, Khabri, Siro and Khan Kheo localities.

Buildings, construction stones and Decorative stones: Large reserves of recrystallised limestone
and marble are being used from the Indus Suture zone due to near road location to main industrial
city Karachi. Large reserves of good quality gabbro are found in Muslimbagh- Nisai area. Dolerite
dykes from several localities provide jet black slabs for tiles and wall facings. Several kinds of
multicolored, exquisite brecciated rocks are mined from the Bela and Kanar mélanges in Bela-
Khuzdar area. Several varieties of fossiliferous limestone with beautifully oriented designs of
foraminifers, mollusk shells and quartz and calcite veins, ranging in shade from cream to fawn, light
brown to shades of grey occur extensively in the Paleocene to Eocene sequences in Las Bela area.
These are being mined and marketed under erotic trade names such as Golden, Trevera, Boutecenne,
Verona, Black and Red Zebra, Oceanic etc. The private sector exclusively deals with the production,
processing and marketing of marble and other decorative stones (Kazmi and Abbas, 2001).

Others: The iron ore from Las Bela-Khuzdar region of Western Indus Suture (WIS) like Shekran
and Mona Talar, while Zhob region like Naweoba and Inzarki (Ahmad, 1969), minor graphite
showings like stringes and lenses in Shirinab Formation from Sheikh Wasil area (29 0 55’N; 660
36’E) and in the west and northwest of Quetta (HSC, 1961), soapstone showings in the ophiolitic
rocks from Zhob valley like Gach Inziakai, Shinghar hill, Zamankar nala (Walgai Oba) and Bahram
Khel localities, the copper from Sange Gar, Zizha, Shin Ghar and Otman near Jalat Killi of Zhob
area, Nisai and Tor Ghar of Muslimbagh area and Ann Dhoro and Paha Dhoro of Las Bela area have
been reported (Abbas, 1980b; Kazmi and Abbas, 2001), the mercury from Gunga and Duddar area,
Nickel from Muslimbagh area, Niobium and platinum from Muslimbagh area, phosphate from

27
Chapar area (WNW of Kalat), and sulphur deposit (290 06’N; 660 21’E) of Chapar near Manguchar
about 25km NW of Kalat, large deposits of dolomite occurs in Jurassic Chiltan formation of Chiltan
Range-Ziarat Nala (MgO 20%, CaO 32%, 250mt), quartz from Zhob and Las Bela and its vicinity
areas, and jasper from Las Bela area (Kazmi and Abbas, 2001) and minor showings of soapstone are
found in the Shirinab formation of Khad Kuch area have been reported.

MINING AND GEO-ASSETTS

Some times during mining process the significant geo-assets were destroyed, so try should be made
to protect significant geo-assets. Some times the mining process reveals also very significant
discoveries. Pakistan represents Precambrian to recent marine and terrestrial strata. Pakistan includes
Gondwanan and Laurasian parts. So its paleontology, paleobiogeography, geodynamics and tectonic
evolution are critical among world scientists because its Indus Basin was attached to Gondwana in
the past but now connected with Asia. Pakistan is museum for many significant invertebrates and
vertebrates. We should construct large museums with bones where the national and international
researchers, students and visitors can access easily. For example the dinosaur bones are in GSP
Quetta Museum where access is difficult. The world scientists take interest to work in Pakistan and
our students get abroad higher studies scholarship, all these go to the development of Pakistan. The
recent finding of fossils of walking whales (Gingerich et al. 2001) and basilosaurids-king of the
basal whale (Malkani et al. 2013), baluchitheres-the largest land mammals (Malkani et al. 2013),
dinosaurs and mesoeucrocodiles (Malkani and Anwar 2000; Malkani et al. 2001; Malkani 2003,
2004e, 2006a,b,c, 2007b,c,d,e, 2008a,b,c,d,e, 2009a,b,c,d,e, 2010a,b,c,d,e,f, 2011b,c, 2012f,g,h,i,j,
2013c,d,e,f,g,h,i, 2014d,e,f,g,h, 2015b,c,d,e,f,g, 2016c,d; Malkani and Sun 2016; Wilson 2010;
Wilson et al. 2001,2005), pterosaurs (2013c, 2014d, 2015c), many footprints and trackways of small
and large theropods and herd of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs (Malkani
2007a,2008a,2014c,2015c,d,e,f), first trackways of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from Asia
found from Pakistan (Malkani 2007, 2008a, 2015c,d,e,f), articulated atlas-axis of titanosaurs
(Malkani 2008b), first osteoderms of titanosaurs reported in Asia found from Pakistan (Malkani
2003b,2010c,2015c,g,h), large proboscideans and other vertebrates (Malkani 2014e,2015c; Malkani
and Sun 2016; Raza and Meyer 1984, etc) from Pakistan are unique gifts for the world.
Pakistan has wonderfully exposed diverse tectonic elements like convergent collision of
Indo-Pakistan with Asia (continent-continent collision), Chaman-Uthal regional transform fault and
active subduction like convergent of Arabian sea plate with Balochistan basin of Tethys sea plate,
different types of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, sedimentary rocks and minerals,
typical sedimentary and tectonic structures, diverse topography like sea coast in the south, plain
areas in the central east, some world class peaks more than 29000 feet above sea level such as K2,
Nanga Parbat, broad peak (Falchan Kangri) and Tirich Mir, many Muztagh (group of maintains)
from east to west in Karakoram are Batura, Hispar, Panmah, Baltaro, Siachen, Rimo and Saser,
many glaciers (more than 1km deep) like Siachen (74km) Baltaro (62km), Batura (58km), Godwin
Austin, Biafo, Chogolisa, Gondokhoro, Hispar (53km), Yazgil etc. many mountainous peaks
surrounded by pleasant and heaven valleys in the north and west, many localities of Paleozoic to
recent flora and invertebrates, Mesozoic and Cenozoic vertebrates, terrestrial and marine
Cretaceous-Tertiary (Malkani 2010b) and other boundaries, rich mineral, gemstone, petroleum and
other natural resources, variable four season (summer, autumn, winter and spring), severe summer in

28
plain while pleasant in mountainous areas, pleasant winter in plain and severe in mountainous areas;
many glacier bearing mountains and many rivers like Indus, Jhelum, Zhob, Kech, etc offer
unmatched opportunities for research, exploration and development (Malkani 2015b). The Pakistan
represents both Gondwanan as well as Laurasian geo-heritage. In short Pakistan has large exposures
of geoheritage and paleobioheritage. In some case these heritage are being destroyed like the
footprints and trackways of dinosaurs in Pakistan. Now it became necessary to protect the
geoheritage and paleobioheritage of Pakistan as national and global geoparks (Malkani 2015b,c)
which is an innovation for the sustainable development of science and Pakistan.

Map of Pakistan showing mineral localities: Legend

Copper Iron Lead-Zinc Barite

Antimony Chromite Magnesite Gold

Fluorite Celestite Gypsum Coal

Uranium

Manganese Vermiculite Kakar Khurasan (back

arc basin)
Sulphur Mercury

Salt Meteorite

Quartz vein Phosphate

Sulaiman foldbelt
Fuller Earth SilicaSand

Chagai arc

Raskoh arc

Wazhdad arc Kirthar foldbelt Figure 1. Map of Pakistan showing

mineral localities in Balochistan
Basin (a Tethyan block), Pakistan.
Makran and Siahan ranges

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Cretaceous World-Publication, 44-47.

Malkani M.S., 2007d. First diagnostic fossils of Late Cretaceous Crocodyliform (Mesoeucrocodylia, Reptilia) from Vitakri area,
Barkhan District, Balochistan, Pakistan.  In; Ashraf, M., Hussain, S. S., and Akbar, H. D. eds. Contribution to Geology of Pakistan
2007, Proceedings of 5th Pakistan Geological Congress 2004, A Publication of National Geological Society of Pakistan, Pakistan
Museum of Natural History, Islamabad, Pakistan, 241-259.

Malkani M.S. 2007e. Paleobiogeographic implications of titanosaurian sauropod and abelisaurian theropod dinosaurs from Pakistan.
Sindh University Research Journal (Science Ser.) 39 (2), 33-54.

Malkani M.S. 2008a. Marisaurus (Balochisauridae, Titanosauria) remains from the latest Cretaceous of Pakistan. Sindh University
Research Journal (Science Series), 40 (2), 55-78.

Malkani M.S. 2008b. First articulated Atlas-axis complex of Titanosauria (Sauropoda, Dinosauria) uncovered from the latest
Cretaceous Vitakri member (Dinosaur beds) of upper Pab Formation, Kinwa locality of Sulaiman Basin, Pakistan. Sindh University
Research Journal (Science Series) 40 (1), 55-70.

Malkani M.S. 2008c. Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystem from Pakistan. In Abstracts of the 33rd International Geological Congress,
(Theme HPF-14 Major events in the evolution of terrestrial biota, Abstract no. 1137099), Oslo, Norway, 1.

Malkani M.S. 2008d. Titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) osteoderms from Pakistan. . In abstract volume of the 3rd International
Symposium of IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates in Asia during the Cretaceous: their variations, causes, and biotic and environmental
responses, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 56-60.

Malkani M.S. 2008e. Mesozoic Continental Vertebrate Community from Pakistan-An overview. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
Volume 28, Supplement to Number 3, 111A.

Malkani M.S. 2009a. New Balochisaurus (Balochisauridae, Titanosauria, Sauropoda) and Vitakridrinda (Theropoda) remains from
Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series), 41 (2), 65-92.

Malkani M.S. 2009b. Terrestrial vertebrates from the Mesozoic of Pakistan. In abstract volume of 8 th International Symposium on the
Cretaceous System, University of Plymouth, UK, 49-50.

Malkani M.S. 2009c. Basal (J/K) and upper (K/T) boundaries of Cretaceous System in Pakistan. In abstract volume of 8 th International
Symposium on the Cretaceous System, University of Plymouth, UK, 58-59.

Malkani M.S. 2009d. Cretaceous marine and continental fluvial deposits from Pakistan. In abstract volume of 8 th International
Symposium on the Cretaceous System, University of Plymouth, UK, 59.

Malkani M.S. 2009e. Dinosaur biota of the continental Mesozoic of Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium of the
IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in Asia and their global correlation, Kumamoto University and Mifune Dinosaur
Museum, Japan, 66-67.

Malkani M.S. 2010a. Updated Stratigraphy and Mineral potential of Sulaiman (Middle Indus) basin, Pakistan. Sindh University
Research Journal (Science Series). 42 (2), 39-66.

Malkani M.S. 2010b. New Pakisaurus (Pakisauridae, Titanosauria, Sauropoda) remains, and Cretaceous Tertiary (K-T) boundary
from Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series). 42 (1), 39-64.

Malkani M.S. 2010c. Osteoderms of Pakisauridae and Balochisauridae (Titanosauria, Sauropoda, Dinosauria) in Pakistan. Journal of
Earth Science, Vol. 21, Special Issue 3, 198-203; doi: 1007/s12583-010-0212-z.

Malkani M.S. 2010d. Pakisauridae and Balochisauridae Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaurs from the Non Marine Mesozoic of
Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in .Asia and their global correlation,
October 7-8, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, extended abstract no 61, 13p.

Malkani M.S. 2010e. Lithostratigraphy and Vertebrates from the Indus Basin of Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of
IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in Asia and their global correlation, October 7-8, 2010, Yogyakarta, Indonesian,
extended abstract no 65, 4p.

Malkani M.S. 2010f. Dinosaurs and Cretaceous Tertiary (K-T) boundary of Pakistan-a big disaster alerts for present disaster advances.
Proceeding volume of International Conference of Disaster Prevention Technology and Management (DPTM; Chongqing, China,
October 23-25, Journal Disaster Advances 3 (4), 567-572.

32
Malkani M.S. 2011a. Stratigraphy, Mineral Potential, Geological History and Paleobiogeography of Balochistan Province, Pakistan.
Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series). 43 (2), 269-290.

Malkani M.S. 2011b. Vitakridrinda and Vitakrisaurus of Vitakrisauridae theropoda from Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 6th
Symposium of IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in Asia and their global correlation, August 15-16, 2011, Beijing,
China, 59-66.

Malkani M.S. 2011c. Trackways: Confrontation Scenario among A Theropoda and A Herd of Wide Gauge Titanosaurian Sauropods
from Middle Jurassic of Pakistan. In Proceedings of 6th Symp. of IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in Asia and their
global correlation, August 15-16, Beijing, China, 67-75.

Malkani M.S. 2012a. A review of Coal and Water resources of Pakistan. Journal of “Science, Technology and Development” 31(3),
202-218.

Malkani M.S. 2012b. Discovery of fluorite deposits from Loralai District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Abstract Volume and Program, Earth
Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 45
(2), 69.

Malkani M.S. 2012c. Discovery of celestite deposits in the Sulaiman (Middle Indus) Basin, Balochistan, Pakistan. A bstract Volume
and Program, Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of
Himalayan Earth Sciences, 45 (2), 68-69.

Malkani M.S. 2012d. Natural Resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Abstract Volume and
Program, Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan
Earth Sciences, 45 (2), 70.

Malkani M.S. 2012e. A review on the mineral and coal resources of northern and southern Punjab, Pakistan. A bstract Volume and
Program, Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan
Earth Sciences, 45 (2), 67.

Malkani M.S. 2012f. New Look of titanosaurs: Tail Special of Pakisauridae and Balochisauridae, Titanosauria from Pakistan. In
abstract volume of 11th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 2012), Biota and Ecosystem and their Global
Correltion” August 15-18, Gwanju, Korea.

Malkani M.S. 2012g. New Styles of locomotion: Less wide gauge movement in Balochisauridae and More Wide gauge movement in
Pakisauridae (Titanosauria) of Pakistan. In abstract volume of 11 th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 2012),
Biota and Ecosystem and their Global Correltion” August 15-18, Gwanju, Korea.

Malkani M.S. 2012h. Paleobiogeography and Wandering of Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent. In abstract volume of 11 th Symposium on
“Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 2012), Biota and Ecosystem and their Global Correltion” August 15-18, Gwanju, Korea.

Malkani M.S. 2012i. Paleobiogeography and first collision of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent with Asia. Abstract Volume and Program,
Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth
Sciences, 45 (2), 71- 72.

Malkani M.S. 2012j. Biodiversity of Dinosaurs from the Mesozoic of Pakistan. In abstract volume of International Conference on
“Climate Change: Opportunities and Challenges” May 9-11, 2012, Islamabad, Pakistan, 83-84.

Malkani M.S. 2012k. Revised lithostratigraphy of Sulaiman and Kirthar Basins, Pakistan. A bstract Volume and Program, Earth
Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 45
(2), 72.

Malkani M.S. 2013a. Natural resources of Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA regions (Kohat sub-basin and part of northern
Sulaiman Basin and Western Indus Suture), Pakistan-A review. Abstract Volume, Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources of the
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, February 11, Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, Special volume 2013, 30-
31.

Malkani M.S. 2013b. Coal and petroleum resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA (Pakistan)-An overview. Abstract,
Sustainable utilization of Natural Resources of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA. Abstract Volume, Sustainable Utilization of
Natural Resources of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, February 11, Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences,
Special Volume 2013, 27-29.

Malkani M.S. 2013c. New pterosaur from the latest Cretaceous Terrestrial Strata of Pakistan. In; Abstract Book of 9 th International
Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 62.

Malkani M.S. 2013d. Dinosaurs and Crocodiles from the Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystem of Pakistan. In; Abstract Book of 9 th
International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 114.

33
Malkani M.S. 2013e. Geodynamics of Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent (South Asia). In; Abstract Book of 9 th International Symposium on
the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 36.

Malkani M.S. 2013f. Paleobiogeographic implications of Cretaceous dinosaurs and mesoeucrocodiles from Pakistan. In; Abstract
Book of 9th International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 35.

Malkani M.S. 2013g. Depositional environments of Cretaceous strata of Indus basin (Pakistan). In; Abstract Book of 9 th International
Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 66.

Malkani M.S. 2013h. Major Bioevents and extinction of land vertebrates in Pakistan; Cretaceous-Tertiary and other boundaries. In;
Abstract Book of 9th International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 44.

Malkani M.S. 2013i. Latest Cretaceous land vertebrates in Pakistan; a paradise and a graveyard. In; Abstract Book of 9 th International
Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 41.

Malkani M.S. 2014a. Mineral resources of Sindh Province, Pakistan. Abstract Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer
Campus, University of Peshawar, August 29-31, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, abstract volume, 57-58.

Malkani M.S. 2014b. Mineral and gemstone resources of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan). A bstract Volume, Earth
Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, August 29-31, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences,
abstract volume, 58-59.

Malkani M.S. 2014b. Mineral and gemstone resources of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan). A bstract Volume, Earth
Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, August 29-31, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences,
abstract volume, 58-59.

Malkani M.S. 2014c. Revised Stratigraphy of Balochistan Basin, Pakistan. Abstract Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali
Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, August 29-31, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, abstract volume, 59-60.

Malkani M.S. 2014d. Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from the Latest Cretaceous of Pakistan. In abstract volume; 2nd symposium of
International Geoscience Program 608 (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” September 04-06, 2014, Tokyo,
Japan, 108-111.

Malkani M.S. 2014e. Theropod dinosaurs and mesoeucrocodiles from the Terminal Cretaceous of Pakistan. In abstract volume; 2nd
Symposium of International Geoscience Program 608 (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” September 04-06,
2014, Tokyo, Japan, 169-172.

Malkani M.S. 2014f. Records of fauna and flora from Pakistan; Evolution of Indo-Pakistan Peninsula. In abstract volume; 2nd
symposium of International Geoscience Program 608 (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” September 04-06,
2014, Tokyo, Japan, 165-168.

Malkani M.S. 2014g. Dinosaurs from the Jurassic and Cretaceous Systems of Pakistan: their Paleobiogeographic link. In Abstract
Volume of 1st Symposium of IGCP 632 “Geologic and biotic events on the continent during the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition” and 4 th
International Palaeontological Congress, September 28 to October 03, 2014, Mendoza, Argentina, 872.

Malkani M.S. 2014h. Terrestrial Ecosystem from the Mesozoic Geopark of Pakistan. In Abstract Volume of 6th Symposium of
UNESCO Conference on Global Geoparks, September 19-22, Stonehammer Geopark, Saint John, Canada, 56.

Malkani M.S. 2015a. Mesozoic tectonics and Sedimentary Mineral Resources of Pakistan. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds.,
abstract volume, 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and 3 rd Symposium of International
Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific”, August 15-20, 2015, Paleontological Museum of
Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, 261-266.

Malkani M.S. 2015b. Geodiverse and biodiverse heritage of Pakistan demands for protection as national and global Geoparks: an
innovation for the sustainable development of Pakistan. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12 th Symposium on
“Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12) and 3 rd Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous
Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015, Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University,
Shenyang, China, 247-249.

Malkani M.S. 2015c. Dinosaurs, mesoeucrocodiles, pterosaurs, new fauna and flora from Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan,
Information Release No. 823: i-iii,1-32 (Total 35 pages).

Malkani M.S. 2015d. Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from Pakistan. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12 th
Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and 3 rd Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608)
“Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015, Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University,
Shenyang, China, 93-98

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Malkani M.S. 2015e. Footprints and trackways of dinosaurs from Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent-Recent Advances in discoveries from
Pakistan. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and
3rd Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015,
Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, 186-191.

Malkani M.S. 2015f. First Trackways of Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from Asia found from the Latest Cretaceous of Pakistan:
Recent Advances in discoveries of dinosaur trackways from South Asia. In abstract volume of 2nd Symposium of IGCP 632
“Geologic and biotic events on the Continent during Jurassic/Cretaceous transition” September 12-13, 2015, Shenyang,
China, 86-88.

Malkani M.S. 2015g. Osteoderms and dermal plates of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs found from Pakistan; Reported first time in
Asia. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and 3 rd
Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015,
Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, 250-254.

Malkani M.S. 2015h. Titanosaurian (Sauropoda, Dinosauria) Osteoderms: First Reports from Asia. In abstract volume, 2nd Symposium
of IGCP 632 “Geologic and biotic events on the continent during the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition” September 12-13, 2015,
Shenyang, China, 82-85.

Malkani M.S. 2016a. New Coalfields of Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA and Azad Kashmir. Abstract Volume, Qazi, M.S.,
Ali, W. eds., International Conference on Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources, October 03, National Centre of Excellence in
Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 53-54.

Malkani M.S. 2016b. Petroleum and construction stone resources of Balochistan, Sulaiman and Kirthar basins (Pakistan). A bstract
Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17 July, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of
Himalayan Earth Sciences, 104.

Malkani M.S. 2016c. Vitakri Dome of Pakistan-a richest graveyard of Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaurs and Mesoeucrocodiles in
Asia. In: Dzyuba, O.S., Pestchevitskaya, E.B., and Shurygin, B.N. Eds., (ISBN 978-5-4262-0073-9) Cretaceous Ecosystems and Their
Responses to Paleoenvironmental Changes in Asia and the Western Pacific: Short papers for the Fourth International Symposium of
International Geoscience Programme IGCP Project 608, August 15-20, 2016, Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and
Geophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science (IPGG SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia, 129-132.

Malkani M.S. 2016d. Revised stratigraphy of Indus Basin (Pakistan): Sea level changes. In: Dzyuba, O.S., Pestchevitskaya, E.B., and
Shurygin, B.N. Eds., (ISBN 978-5-4262-0073-9) Cretaceous Ecosystems and Their Responses to Paleoenvironmental Changes in Asia
and the Western Pacific: Short papers for the Fourth International Symposium of International Geoscience Programme IGCP Project
608, August 15-20, 2016, Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science
(IPGG SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia, 96-99.

Malkani M.S. 2016e. Pakistan Paleoclimate under greenhouse conditions; Closure of Tethys from Pakistan; Geobiological evolution
of South Asia (Indo-Pak subcontinent). In: Dzyuba, O.S., Pestchevitskaya, E.B., and Shurygin, B.N. Eds., (ISBN 978-5-4262-0073-9)
Cretaceous Ecosystems and Their Responses to Paleoenvironmental Changes in Asia and the Western Pacific: Short papers for the
Fourth International Symposium of International Geoscience Programme IGCP Project 608, August 15-20, 2016, Trofimuk Institute
of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science (IPGG SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia, 59-61.

Malkani M.S., Anwar C.M. 2000. Discovery of first dinosaur fossil in Pakistan, Barkhan District, Balochistan. Geological Survey of
Pakistan Information Release 732: 1-16.              

Malkani M.S., Alyani M.I. Khosa M.H., Buzdar M.A. 2016. Mineral Resources of Pakistan-an update. Lasbela University Journal of
Science & Technology Volume 5, in process.

Malkani M.S., Buzdar M.A., Alyani M.I., Khosa M.H. 2016. New Fluorite and Celestite deposits from Pakistan: Tectonic and
Sedimentary Mineral Resources of Indus Basin (Pakistan)-an overview. Lasbela University Journal of Science & Technology Volume
5, in process.

Malkani M.S., Dhanotr M.S.I. 2014. New remains of giant Basilosauridae (Archaeoceti, Cetacea, Mammilia) and Giant baluchithere
(Rhinocerotoidea, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) found from Pakistan. In Abstract Volume of 1st Symposium of IGCP 632 “Geologic and
biotic events on the continent during the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition” and 4 th International Palaeontological Congress, September 28
to October 03, 2014, Mendoza, Argentina, 884.

Malkani M.S., Dhanotr M. S. I., Latif A., Saeed, H. M., 2013. New remains of Basilosauridae-the giant basal whale, and baluchithere-
the giant rhinoceros discovered from Balochistan Province (Pakistan). Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series). 45 (A-1),
177-188.

Malkani M.S., Haq M. 1998. Discovery of pegmatite and associated plug in Tor Ghundi, Shabozai area, Loralai Distt., Balochistan.
GSP, IR 668, 1-19.

35
Malkani M.S., Khosa M.H., Alyani M.I., Buzdar M.A. 2016. Coal Resources of Pakistan: new coalfields. Lasbela University Journal
of Science & Technology Volume 5, in process.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016a. Mineral Resources of Pakistan: A Review. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Record Volume 128: i-
iii, 1-90.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016b. Revised Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Record Volume 127: i-iii, 1-87.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016c. Coal Resources of Pakistan: entry of new coalfields. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information
Release No. 981: 1-28.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016d. Fluorite from Loralai-Mekhtar and Celestite from Barkhan, Dera Bugti, Kohlu, Loralai and
Musakhel districts (Sulaiman Foldbelt) and Karkh area of Khuzdar district (Kirthar Range): a glimpse on Tectonic and Sedimentary
Mineral Resources of Indus Basin (Pakistan). Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release No. 980: 1-16.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016e. Clay (ceramic) mineral resources of Pakistan: recent advances in discoveries. A bstract Volume,
Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17 July, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth
Sciences, 101.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016f. Coal resources of Pakistan: new coalfields of Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad
Kashmir. Abstract Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17July, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan,
Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 102.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016g. Mineral Resources of Azad Kashmir and Hazara (Pakistan): special emphasis on Bagnotar-Kala
Pani (Abbottabad, Hazara) new coalfield. Abstract Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17July, Baragali Summer Campus,
University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 103.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016h. Revised stratigraphy of uppermost Indus (Khyber-Hazara-Kashmir) basin, Pakistan. A bstract
Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17 July, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of
Himalayan Earth Sciences, 105.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Shaikh S.I., Arif S.J., Alyani M.I. 2017a. Mineral Resources of Sindh. Geological Survey of Pakistan,
Information Release 994: 1-38.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Arif S.J., Shaikh S.I., Alyani M.I. 2017b. Mineral Resources of north and south Punjab. Geological
Survey of Pakistan, Information Release 995: 1-52.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Alyani M.I., Shaikh S.I., Arif S.J. 2017c. Mineral Resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA,
Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release 996: 1-61.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Usmani N.A., Alyani M.I., Shaikh S.I. 2017d. Mineral Resources of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan,
Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release 997: 1-40.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Shaikh S.I., Arif S.J., Alyani M.I. 2017e. Mineral Resources of Balochistan Province, Pakistan.
Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release (GSP IR) No. 1001: 1-43.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Shaikh S.I., Alyani M.I., Arif S.J. 2017f. Revised Stratigraphy and Mineral Resources of Sulaiman
Basin, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release (GSP IR) No. 1003: 1-63.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Arif S.J., Alyani M.I., Shaikh S.I. 2017g. Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Pakistan, Gilgit-Baltistan
and Azad Kashmir. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release (GSP IR) No. 1004: 1-28.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Alyani M.I., Arif S.J., Shaikh S.I. 2017h. Cement Resources, Agrominerals, Marble, Construction,
Dimension and Decorative Stone Resources of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release (GSP IR) No. 1005: 1-
23.

Malkani M.S., Qazi S., Mahmood Z., Khosa M.H., Shah M.R., Pasha A.R., Alyani M.I. 2016. Agromineral Resources of Pakistan: an
urgent need for further sustainable development. Abstract Volume, Qazi, M.S., Ali, W. eds. International Conference on Sustainable
Utilization of Natural Resources, October 03, National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 51-52.

Malkani M.S., Sajjad A. 2012. Coal of Shirani Area, D.I. Khan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Abstract Volume and
Program, Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan
Earth Sciences, 45 (2), 73-74.

Malkani M. S., Shah M.R. 2016. Chamalang coal resources and their depositional environments, Balochistan, Pakistan. Geological
Survey of Pakistan, Information Release No. 969:13p.

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Malkani M.S., Shah M.R. 2014. Chamalang coal resources and their depositional environments, Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of
Himalayan Earth Sciences, 47(1), 61-72.

Malkani M.S., Shah M.R., Bhutta A.M. 2007. Discovery of Flourite deposits from Mula-Zahri Range of Northern Kirthar Fold Belt,
Khuzdar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. In; Ashraf, M., Hussain, S.S. and Akbar, H.D. eds. Contribution to Geology of Pakistan 2007,
Proceedings of 5th Pakistan Geological Congress 2004, A Publication of the National Geological Society of Pakistan, Pakistan
Museum of Natural History, Islamabad, Pakistan, 285-295.

Malkani M.S., Shah M.R., Sajjad A., Kakepoto A.A., Haroon Y. 2013. Mineral and Gemstone Resources of Northern Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and FATA regions, Pakistan-A good hope. Abstract Volume, Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources of the
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, February 11, Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, Special Volume 2013, 25-
26.

Malkani M.S., Shahzad A., Umar M., Munir H., Sarfraz Y., Umar M., Mehmood A. 2016. Lithostratigraphy, structure and economic
geology of Abbottabad-Nathiagali-Kuldana-Murree road section, Abbottabad and Rawalpindi districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and
Punjab provinces, Pakistan. Abstract Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17 July, Baragali Summer Campus, University of
Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 168.

Malkani M.S., Sun G. 2016. Fossil biotas from Pakistan with focus on dinosaur distributions and discussion on paleobiogeographic
evolution of Indo-Pak Peninsula. Proceeding volume of 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE-12) and 3 rd
Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015,
Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, Global Geology 19 (4), 230-240. Article ID:
1673-9736 (2016) 04-0230-11: Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10. 3936/j. issn. 1673-9736. 2016. 04. 04.

Malkani M.S., Tariq M. 2000. Barite Mineralization in Mekhtar area, Loralai District, Balochistan, Pakistan, GSP IR 672, 1-9.

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