01 Ray Optics MM
01 Ray Optics MM
01 Ray Optics MM
When a ray of light after incidenting on a boundary separating two media comes back into the same
media, then this phenomenon, is called reflection of light.
Note : ❑ After reflection velocity, wavelength and frequency of light remains same but
intensity decreases.
❑ If light ray incident normally on a surface, after reflection it retraces the path.
Plane Mirror.
The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual, erect, laterally inverted, equal in size that of the object
and at a distance equal to the distance of the object in front of the mirror.
(1) Deviation : Deviation produced by a plane mirror and by two inclined plane mirrors.
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Note : ❑ If two plane mirrors are inclined to each other at 90 o, the emergent ray is anti-
parallel to incident ray, if it suffers one reflection from each. Whatever be the angle to
incidence.
(2) Rotation : If a plane mirror is rotated in the plane of incidence through angle θ, by keeping the
incident ray fixed, the reflected ray turned through an angle 2θ.
(3) Images by two inclined plane mirrors : When two plane mirrors are inclined to each other at an
angle , then number of images (n) formed of an object which is kept between them.
Note : ❑ If θ = 0o i.e. mirrors are parallel to each other so i.e. infinite images will be
formed.
❑ If θ = 90o,
(iii) A man of height h requires a mirror of length at least equal to h/2, to see his own complete image.
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(iv) To see complete wall behind himself a person requires a plane mirror of at least one third the
height of wall. It should be noted that person is standing in the middle of the room.
Concepts
☞ The reflection from a denser medium causes an additional phase change of π or path change of λ/2 while reflection from rarer medium
doesn't cause any phase change.
☞ We observe number of images in a thick plane mirror, out of them only second is brightest.
☞ To find the location of an object from an inclined plane mirror, you have to see the perpendicular distance of the object from the mirror.
Example: 1 A plane mirror makes an angle of 30 o with horizontal. If a vertical ray strikes the mirror, find the
angle between mirror and reflected ray
[RPET 1997]
o
(a) 30 (b) 45o (c) 60o (d) 90o
Solution : (c) Since angle between mirror and normal is 90 o and reflected ray (RR) makes an
angle of 30o with the normal so required angle will be .
Example: 2 Two vertical plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of 60 o with each other. A ray of light travelling
horizontally is reflected first from one mirror and then from the other. The resultant deviation is
(a) 60o (b) 120o (c) 180o (d) 240o
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Solution : (c) The walls will act as two mirrors inclined to each other at 90 o and so sill form images of
the person. Now these images with object (Person) will act as objects for the ceiling mirror and so
ceiling will form 4 images as shown. Therefore total number of images formed = 3 + 4 = 7
Example: 5 A ray of light incident on the first mirror parallel to the second and is reflected from the second
mirror parallel to first mirror. The angle between two mirrors is
(a) 30o (b) 60o (c) 75o (d) 90o
Solution : (b) From geometry of figure
Example: 6 A point object is placed mid-way between two plane mirrors distance 'a' apart. The plane mirror
forms an infinite number of images due to multiple reflection. The distance between the nth order
image formed in the two mirrors is
(a) na (b) 2na (c) na/2 (d) n2 a
Solution : (b)
From above figure it can be proved that seperation between nth order image formed in the two
mirrors = 2na
Example: 7 Two plane mirrors P and Q are aligned parallel to each other, as shown in the figure. A light ray is
incident at an angle of θ at a point just inside one end of A. The plane of incidence coincides with the
plane of the figure. The maximum number of times the ray undergoes reflections (including the first
one) before it emerges out is
(a)
(b)
(c)
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So nx = l also
Example: 8 A plane mirror and a person are moving towards each other with same velocity v. Then the velocity
of the image is
(a) v (b) 2v (c) 3v (d) 4v
Solution : (c) If mirror would be at rest, then velocity of image should be 2v. but due to the motion of mirror,
velocity of image will be 2v + v = 3v.
Example: 9 A ray reflected successively from two plane mirrors inclined at a certain angle undergoes a deviation
of 300o. The number of images observable are
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13
Solution : (b) By using
A small plane mirror placed at the centre of a spherical screen of radius R. A beam of light is falling on the
mirror. If the mirror makes n revolution. per second, the speed of light on the screen after reflection from the
mirror will be
A watch shows time as 3 : 25 when seen through a mirror, time appeared will be
[RPMT 1997; JIPMER 2001, 2002]
(a) 8 : 35 (b) 9 : 35 (c) 7 : 35 (d) 8 : 25
Solution : (a) For solving this type of problems remember
Actual time = 11 : 60 – given time
So here Actual time = 11 : 60 – 3 : 25 = 8 : 35
When a plane mirror is placed horizontally on a level ground at a distance of 60 m from the foot of a tower,
the top of the tower and its image in the mirror subtend an angle of 90 o at the eye. The height of the tower
will be [CPMT 1984]
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Curved Mirror.
It is a part of a transparent hollow sphere whose one surface is polished.
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Distance of object u → – u → – u → –
Distance of image v → – v → + v → +
Focal length f → – f → – f → +
Height of object O →+ O→+ O → +
Height of image I → – I →+ I → +
Radius of curvature R → – R→ – R → +
Magnification m→ – m→+ m → +
(4) Position, size and nature of image formed by the spherical mirror
Note : ❑ In case of convex mirrors, as the object moves away from the mirror, the image
becomes smaller and moves closer to the focus.
❑ Images formed by mirrors do not show chromatic aberration.
❑ For convex mirror maximum image distance is it’s focal length.
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❑ In concave mirror, minimum distance between a real object and it's real image is zero.
(i.e. when u = v = 2f)
(1) Mirror formula : ; (use sign convention while solving the problems).
Note : ❑ Newton’s formula : If object distance (x1) and image distance (x2) are measured
(2) Magnification : m =
Linear magnification Areal magnification
Transverse Longitudinal
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Note :❑ Field of view of convex mirror is more than that of concave mirror.
Different graphs
Graph between u and v for Graph between u and m for Graph between u and m for
real image of concave mirror virtual image by concave mirror virtual image by convex
mirror.
Concepts
☞ Focal length of a mirror is independent of material of mirror, medium in which it is placed, wavelength of incident light
☞ Divergence or Convergence power of a mirror does not change with the change in medium.
☞ If an object is moving at a speed vo towards a spherical mirror along it’s axis then speed of image away from mirror is
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faster in the beginning and slower later on, towards the mirror.
☞ As every part of mirror forms a complete image, if a part of the mirror is obstructed,
full image will be formed but intensity will be reduced.
Example: 10 A convex mirror of focal length f forms an image which is 1/n times the object. The distance of the
object from the mirror is
Here , So,
Example: 11 An object 5 cm tall is placed 1 m from a concave spherical mirror which has a radius of curvature of
20 cm. The size of the image is
[MP PET 1993]
(a) 0.11 cm (b) 0.50 cm (c) 0.55 cm (d) 0.60 cm
Here ,
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Example: 14 Two objects A and B when placed one after another infront of a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm
from images of same size. Size of object A is four times that of B. If object A is placed at a distance of
50 cm from the mirror, what should be the distance of B from the mirror
(a) 10 cm (b) 20 cm (c) 30 cm (d) 40 cm
Example: 16 A convex mirror of focal length 10 cm is placed in water. The refractive index of water is 4/3. What
will be the focal length of the mirror in water
(a) 10 cm (b) 40/3 cm (c) 30/4 cm (d) None of
these
Solution : (a) No change in focal length, because f depends only upon radius of curvature R.
Example: 17 A candle flame 3 cm is placed at distance of 3 m from a wall. How far from wall must a concave
mirror be placed in order that it may form an image of flame 9 cm high on the wall
(a) 225 cm (b) 300 cm (c) 450 cm (d) 650 cm
Solution : (c) Let the mirror be placed at a distance x from wall
By using
Example: 18 A concave mirror of focal length 100 cm is used to obtain the image of the sun which subtends an
angle of 30'. The diameter of the image of the sun will be
(a) 1.74 cm (b) 0.87 cm (c) 0.435 cm (d) 100 cm
.
Example: 19 A thin rod of length f / 3 lies along the axis of a concave mirror of focal length f. One end of its
magnified image touches an end of the rod. The length of the image is [MP PET 1995]
Solution : (b) If end A of rod acts an object for mirror then it's image will be A' and if
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So by using
Length of image
Example: 20 A concave mirror is placed on a horizontal table with its axis directed vertically upwards. Let O be
the pole of the mirror and C its centre of curvature. A point object is placed at C. It has a real image,
also located at C. If the mirror is now filled with water, the image will be
[IIT-JEE 1998]
(a) Real, and will remain at C (b) Real, and located at a point between C
and ∞
(c) Virtual and located at a point between C and O (d) Real, and located at a point between C
and O
Solution : (d)
An object is placed infront of a convex mirror at a distance of 50 cm. A plane mirror is introduced covering
the lower half of the convex mirror. If the distance between the object and plane mirror is 30 cm, it is found
that there is no parallel between the images formed by two mirrors. Radius of curvature of mirror will be
By using
∴ R = 12 cm
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1. A light bulb is placed between two mirrors (plane) inclined at an angle of 60 o. Number of images formed are
[NCERT 1980; CPMT 1996, 97; SCRA 1994; AIIMS 1997; RPMT 1999; AIEEE 2002; Orissa JEE 2003; MP PET 2004]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
2. Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of . The number of images of a point object placed between them will be
[KCET (Engg. & Med.)1999; BCECE 2003]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
3. To get three images of a single object, one should have two plane mirrors at an angle of [AIEEE
2003]
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16. What should be the angle between two plane mirrors so that whatever be the angle of incidence, the incident ray and the
reflected ray from the two mirrors be parallel to each other [KCET 1994;
SCRA 1994]
(a) 60o (b) 90o (c) 120o (d) 175o
17. Ray optics is valid, when characteristic dimensions are [CBSE PMT
1994]
(a) Of the same order as the wavelength of light (b) Much smaller than the wavelength of light
(c) Of the order of one millimeter (d) Much larger than the wavelength of light
18. It is desired to photograph the image of an object placed at a distance of 3 m from the plane mirror. The camera which is at a
distance of 4.5 m from the mirror should be focussed for a distance of [NCERT
1971]
(a) 3 m (b) 4.5 m (c) 6 m (d) 7.5 m
19. Two plane mirrors are parallel to each other an spaced 20 cm apart. An object is kept in between them at 15 cm from A. Out
of the following at which point an image is not formed in mirror A (distance measured from mirror A)
(a) 15 cm (b) 25 cm (c) 45 cm (d) 55 cm
20. Two plane mirrors A and B are aligned parallel to each other, as shown in the figure. A light ray is incident at an angle of 30 o
at a point just inside one end of A. The plane of incidence coincides with the plane of the figure. The maximum number of
times the ray undergoes reflections (including the first one) before it emerges out is
[IIT-JEE (Screening) 2002]
(a) 28
(b) 30
(c) 32
(d) 34
21. A point source of light B is placed at a distance L in front of the centre of a mirror of width d hung vertically on a wall. A
man walks in front of the mirror along a line parallel to the mirror at a distance 2L from it as shown. The greatest distance
over which he can see the image of the light source in the mirror is [IIT-JEE
(Screening) 2000]
(a) d/2
(b) d
(c) 2d
(d) 3d
22. The figure shows two rays A and B being reflected by a mirror and going as A' and B'. The mirror is
23. An object is initially at a distance of 100 cm from a plane mirror. If the mirror approaches the object at a speed of 5 cm/s,
then after 6 s the distance between the object and its image will be
(a) 60 cm (b) 140 cm (c) 170 cm (d) 150 cm
24. An object placed in front of a plane mirror is displaced by 0.4 m along a straight line at an angle of 30 o to mirror plane. The
change in the distance between the object and its image is
(a) 0.20 m (b) 0.40 m (c) 0.25 m (d) 0.80 m
25. A ray of light travels from A to B with uniform speed. On its way it is reflected by the surface XX'. The path followed by the
ray to take least time is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
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26. A point object O is placed between two plan mirrors as shown is fig. The distance of the first three images formed by mirror
from it are
(a) 2 mm, 8 mm, 18 mm
(b) 2 mm, 18 mm, 28 mm
(c) 2 mm, 18 mm, 22 mm
(d) 2 mm, 18 mm, 58 mm
27. A plane mirror is placed at the bottom of the tank containing a liquid of refractive index . P is a small object at a height h
above the mirror. An observer O-vertically above P outside the liquid see P and its image in the mirror. The apparent
distance between these two will be
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
28. One side of a glass slab is silvered as shown. A ray of light is incident on the other side at angle of incidence .
Refractive index of glass is given as 1.5. The deviation of the ray of light from its initial path when it comes out of the slab is
(a) 90o
(b) 180o
(c) 120o
(d) 45o
29. If an object moves towards a plane mirror with a speed v at an angle to the perpendicular to the plane of the mirror, find
the relative velocity between the object and the image
(a) v
(b) 2v
(c)
(d)
30. Figure shows a cubical room ABCD will the wall CD as a plane mirror. Each side of the room is 3m. We place a camera at
the midpoint of the wall AB. At what distance should the camera be focussed to photograph an object placed at A
(a) 1.5 m (b) 3 m
(c) 6 m (d) More than 6 m
31. A man having height 6 m, want to see full height in mirror. They observe image of 2m height erect, then used mirror is [J & K
CET 2004]
(a) Concave (b) Convex (c) Plane (d) None of
these
32. An object of length 6cm is placed on the principal axis of a concave mirror of focal length f at a distance of 4 f. The length of
the image will be [MP PET
2003]
(a) 2 cm (b) 12 cm (c) 4 cm (d) 1.2 cm
33. Convergence of concave mirror can be decreased by dipping in [AFMC 2003]
(a) Water (b) Oil (c) Both (d) None of these
34. In an experiment of find the focal length of a concave mirror a graph is drawn between the magnitudes of u and v. The graph
looks like
[AIIMS 2003]
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35. An object 2.5 cm high is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a concave mirror of radius of curvature 30 cm The size of the
image is
[BVP 2003]
(a) 9.2 cm (b) 10.5 cm (c) 5.6 cm (d) 7.5 cm
36. A diminished virtual image can be formed only in [MP PMT
2002]
(a) Plane mirror (b) A concave mirror (c) A convex mirror (d) Concave-
parabolic mirror
37. A point object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 30cm. The image will form at [JIPMER
2002]
(a) Infinity (b) Focus (c) Pole (d) 15 cm
behind the mirror
38. The focal length of a convex mirror is 20 cm its radius of curvature will be [MP PMT
2001]
(a) 10 cm (b) 20 cm (c) 30 cm (d) 40 cm
39. A concave mirror of focal length 15 cm forms an image having twice the linear dimensions of the object. The position of the
object when the image is virtual will be
[AIIMS 2001]
(a) 22.5 cm (b) 7.5 cm (c) 30 cm (d) 45 cm
40. Under which of the following conditions will a convex mirror of focal length f produce an image that is erect, diminished and
virtual
[AMU (Engg.) 2001]
(a) Only when 2f > u > f (b) Only when u = f (c) Only when u < f (d) Always
41. A concave mirror gives an image three times as large as the object placed at a distance of 20 cm from it. For the image to be
real, the focal length should be [SCRA 1998;
JIPMER 2000]
(a) 10 cm (b) 15 cm (c) 20 cm (d) 30 cm
42. A point object is placed at a distance of 10 cm and its real image is formed at a distance of 20cm from a concave mirror. If
the object is moved by 0.1cm towards the mirror, the image will shift by about
[MP PMT 2000]
(a) 0.4 cm away from the mirror (b) 0.4 cm towards the mirror
(c) 0.8 cm away from the mirror (d) 0.8 cm towards the mirror
43. The minimum distance between the object and its real image for concave mirror is [RPMT 1999]
(a) f (b) 2f (c) 4f (d) Zero
44. An object is placed at 20 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 10 cm. The image formed by the mirror is [JIPMER
1999]
(a) Real and at 20 cm from the mirror (b) Virtual and at 20 cm from the mirror
(c) Virtual and at 20/3 cm from the mirror (d) Real and at 20/3 cm from the mirror
45. An object is placed 40 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm. The image formed is [MP PET 1986; MP
PMT/PET 1998]
(a) Real, inverted and same in size (b) Real, inverted and smaller
(c) Virtual, erect and larger (d) Virtual, erect and smaller
46. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists [SCRA 1998]
List I List II
(Position of the object) (Magnification)
(I) An object is placed at focus before a convex mirror (A) Magnification is – ∞
(II) An object is placed at centre of curvature before a concave mirror (B) Magnification is 0.5
(III) An object is placed at focus before a concave mirror (C) Magnification is + 1
(IV) An object is placed at centre of curvature before a convex mirror (D) Magnification is – 1
(E) Magnification is 0.33
Codes :
(a) I-B, II-D, III-A, IV-E (b) I-A, II-D, III-C, IV-B (c) I-C, II-B, III-A, IV-E (d) I-B, II-E, III-
D, IV-C
47. In a concave mirror experiment, an object is placed at a distance from the focus and the image is formed at a distance
from the focus. The focal length of the mirror would be [MP PET
1997]
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48. Which of the following forms a virtual and erect image for all positions of the object [IIT-JEE
1996]
(a) Convex lens (b) Concave lens (c) Convex mirror (d) Concave
mirror
49. A convex mirror has a focal length f. A real object is placed at a distance f in front of it from the pole produces an image at
[MP PAT 1996]
(a) Infinity (b) f (c) f / 2 (d) 2f
50. Radius of curvature of concave mirror is 40 cm and the size of image is twice as that of object, then the object distance is
[AFMC 1995]
(a) 60 cm (b) 20 cm (c) 40 cm (d) 30 cm
51. All of the following statements are correct except [Manipa
MEE 1995]
(a) The magnification produced by a convex mirror is always less than one
(b) A virtual, erect, same-sized image can be obtained using a plane mirror
(c) A virtual, erect, magnified image can be formed using a concave mirror
(d) A real, inverted, same-sized image can be formed using a convex mirror
52. Radius of curvature of convex mirror is 40 cm and the size of object is twice as that of image, then the image distance is
[AFMC 1995]
(a) 10 cm (b) 20 cm (c) 40 cm (d) 30 cm
53. If an object is placed 10 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm, the image will be [MP PMT
1995]
(a) Diminished, upright, virtual (b) Enlarged, upright, virtual (c) Diminished, inverted, real (d) Enlarged,
upright, real
54. An object 1 cm tall is placed 4 cm in front of a mirror. In order to produce an upright image of 3 cm height one needs a
[SCRA 1994]
(a) Convex mirror of radius of curvature 12 cm (b) Concave mirror of radius of curvature 12 cm
(c) Concave mirror of radius of curvature 4 cm (d) Plane mirror of height 12 cm
55. The image formed by a convex mirror of a real object is larger than the object [CPMT 1994]
(a) When u < 2f (b) When u > 2f (c) For all values of u (d) For no value
of u
56. An object 5 cm tall is placed 1 m from a concave spherical mirror which has a radius of curvature of 20 cm. The size of the
image is
[MP PET 1993]
(a) 0.11 cm (b) 0.50 cm (c) 0.55 cm (d) 0.60 cm
57. A virtual image three times the size of the object is obtained with a concave mirror of radius of curvature 36 cm. The distance
of the object from the mirror is [MP PET
1986]
(a) 5 cm (b) 12 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 20 cm
58. Given a point source of light, which of the following can produce a parallel beam of light [CPMT 1974]
(a) Convex mirror (b) Concave mirror
(c) Concave lens (d) Two plane mirrors inclined at an angle of 90o
59. A convex mirror is used to form the image of an object. Then which of the following statements is wrong [CPMT 1973]
(a) The images lies between the pole and the focus (b) The image is diminished in size
(c) The images is erect (d) The image is real
th
60. A boy stands straight infront of a mirror at a distance of 30 cm away from it. He sees his erect image whose height is of
his real height. The mirror he is using is
[MP PMT 1993]
(a) Plane mirror (b) Convex mirror (c) Concave mirror (d) Plano-
convex mirror
61. For the largest distance of the image from a concave mirror of focal length 10cm, the object should be kept at
(a) 10 cm (b) Infinite (c) 40 cm (d) 60 cm
62. A dentist uses a small mirror that gives a magnification of 4 when it is held 0.60 cm from a tooth. The radius of curvature of
the mirror is
(a) 1.60 cm (convex) (b) 0.8 cm (concave) (c) 1.60 cm (concave) (d) 0.8 cm
(convex)
63. A dice is placed with its one edge parallel to the principal axis between the principal focus and the centre of the curvature of
a concave mirror. Then the image has the shape of
(a) Cube (b) Cuboid (c) Barrel shaped (d) Spherical
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64. A short linear object of length l lies along the axis of a concave mirror of focal length f at a distance u form the pole of the
mirror. The size of the image is approximately equal to [IIT 1988;
BHU 2003]
71. A vehicle has a driving mirror of focal length 30 cm. Another vehicle of dimension is 9 m away from the
mirror of first vehicle. Position of the second vehicle as seen in the mirror of first vehicle is
(a) 30 cm
(b) 60 cm
(c) 90 cm
(d) 9 cm
72. A cube of side 2 m is placed in front of a concave mirror focal length 1m with its face P at a distance of 3 m and face Q at a
distance of 5 m from the mirror. The distance between the images of face P and Q and height of images of P and Q are
(a) 1 m, 0.5 m, 0.25 m
(b) 0.5 m, 1 m, 0.25 m
(c) 0.5 m, 0.25 m, 1m
(d) 0.25 m, 1m, 0.5 m
73. A concave mirror of radius of curvature 60 cm is placed at the bottom of tank containing water upto a height of 20 cm. The
mirror faces upwards with its axis vertical. Solar light falls normally on the surface of water and the image of the sun is
formed. If then with the observer in air, the distance of the image from the surface of water is
(a) 30 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 7.5 cm above (d) 7.5 cm
below
74. A concave mirror forms an image of the sun at a distance of 12 cm from it
(a) The radius of curvature of this mirror is 6 cm
(b) To use it as a shaving mirror, it must be held at a distance of 8-10 cm from the face
(c) If an object is kept at a distance of 12 cm from it, the image formed will be of the same size as the object
(d) All the above a alternatives are correct
75. A small piece of wire bent into an L shape with upright and horizontal portions of equal lengths, is placed with the horizontal
portion along the axis of the concave mirror whose radius of curvature is 10 cm. If the bend is 20 cm from the pole of the
mirror, then the ratio of the lengths of the images of the upright and horizontal portions of the wire is
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(a) b c d
(b) (c)
(d)
78. A concave mirror has a focal length 20 cm. The distance between the two positions of the object for which the image size is
double of the object size is
(a) 20 cm (b) 40 cm (c) 30 cm (d) 60 cm
79. A concave mirror of focal length 10 cm and a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm are placed facing each other 40 cm apart.
A point object is placed between the mirrors, on their common axis and 15 cm from the concave mirror. Find the position and
nature of the image produced by the successive reflections, first at concave mirror and then at convex mirror
(a) 2 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 8 cm
Answer Sheet
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
c c c c c b b b b c b b a b c b d d c b
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
d a b b c c b a c d b a d c d c d d b d
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
b a d c a a b b, c c d d a b b d c b b d b
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
a c b d c a a a a b a d c b b a a c
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The bending of the ray of light passing from one medium to the other medium is called refraction.
Snell’s law
The ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the angle of refraction (r) is a constant called refractive
index
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(iii) Temperature of the media : Refractive index decreases with the increase in temperature.
(3) Principle of reversibility of light and refraction through several media :
Principle of reversibility Refraction through several media
Normal shift
Normal shift
Or the object appears to be shifted towards the slab by the distance x
(2) Optical path :
It is defined as distance travelled by light in vacuum in the same time in which it travels a given path
length in a medium.
Note : ❑ Since for all media so optical path length is always greater than the
geometrical path length (x).
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(1) When object is in denser medium and observer is in (1) Object is in rarer medium and observer is in denser
rarer medium medium.
(2) (2)
Real depth >Apparent depth that's why a coin at the Real depth < Apparent depth that's why high flying aeroplane
bottom of bucket (full of water) appears to be raised) appears to be higher than it's actual height.
(3)
(3) Shift
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(a)
(b) Sin C (for two media) (c) For TIR from boundary of two media
(ii) Nature of the pair of media : Greater the refractive index lesser will be the critical angle.
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(iv) Field of vision of fish (or swimmer) : A fish (diver) inside the water can see the whole world
through a cone with.
(a) Apex angle
Example: 1 A beam of monochromatic blue light of wavelength 4200 Å in air travels in water . Its
wavelength in water will be [MNR 1991]
Solution: (c)
Example: 2 On a glass plate a light wave is incident at an angle of 60 o. If the reflected and the refracted waves are
mutually perpendicular, the refractive index of material is [MP PMT 1994; Haryana
CEE 1996]
Example: 3 Velocity of light in glass whose refractive index with respect to air is 1.5 is 2 × and in
certain liquid the velocity of light found to be . The refractive index of the liquid with
respect to air is
[CPMT 1978; MP
PET/PMT 1988]
(a) 0.64 (b) 0.80 (c) 1.20 (d) 1.44
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Solution: (c)
Example: 4 A ray of light passes through four transparent media with refractive indices as
shown in the figure. The surfaces of all media are parallel. If the emergent ray CD is parallel to the
incident ray AB, we must have
[IIT-JEE (Screening) 2001]
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Solution: (d) For successive refraction through difference media constant.
Solution: (b) For glass water interface ......(i) and For water-air interface .....(ii)
Example: 6 The ratio of thickness of plates of two transparent mediums A and B is 6 : 4. If light takes equal time
in passing through them, then refractive index of B with respect to A will be [UPSEAT
1999]
(a) 1.4 (b) 1.5 (c) 1.75 (d) 1.33
Example: 7 A ray of light passes from vacuum into a medium of refractive index μ, the angle of incidence is
found to be twice the angle of refraction. Then the angle of incidence is
. So, .
Example: 8 A ray of light falls on the surface of a spherical glass paper weight making an angle with the
normal and is refracted in the medium at an angle . The angle of deviation of the emergent ray
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Example: 9 A rectangular slab of refractive index μ is placed over another slab of refractive index 3, both slabs
being identical in dimensions. If a coin is placed below the lower slab, for what value of μ will the
coin appear to be placed at the interface between the slabs when viewed from the top
(a) 1.8 (b) 2 (c) 1.5 (d) 2.5
Example: 10 A coin is kept at bottom of an empty beaker. A travelling microscope is focussed on the coin from
top, now water is poured in beaker up to a height of 10 cm. By what distance and in which direction
should the microscope be moved to bring the coin again in focus
(a) 10 cm up ward (b) 10 cm down ward (c) 2.5 cm up wards (d) 2.5 cm
down wards
Solution: (c) When water is poured in the beaker. Coin appears to shift by a distance
Hence to bring the coil again in focus, the microscope should be moved by 2.5 cm in upward
direction.
Example: 11 Consider the situation shown in figure. Water is filled in a breaker upto a height of 10 cm.
A plane mirror fixed at a height of 5 cm from the surface of water. Distance of image from the mirror
after reflection from it of an object O at the bottom of the beaker is
(a) 15 cm (b) 12.5 cm (c) 7.5 cm (d) 10 cm
Example: 12 The wavelength of light in two liquids 'x' and 'y' is 3500 Å and 7000 Å, then the critical angle of x
relative to y will be
(a) 60o (b) 45o (c) 30o (d) 15o
Solution: (c)
Example: 13 A light ray from air is incident (as shown in figure) at one end of a glass fiber (refractive index μ =
1.5) making an incidence angle of 60o on the lateral surface, so that it undergoes a total internal
reflection. How much time would it take to traverse the straight fiber of length 1 km [Orissa JEE
2002]
(a) 3.33 μ sec
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From
Example: 14 A glass prism of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in water . A light beam incident
normally on the face AB is totally reflected to reach the face BC if
[CPMT 1981; IIT-JEE 1981]
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Solution: (a) From figure it is clear that
Total internal reflection takes place at AC, only if θ > C
Example: 15 When light is incident on a medium at angle i and refracted into a second medium at an angle r, the
graph of sin i vs sin r is as shown in the graph. From this, one can conclude that
(a) Velocity of light in the second medium is 1.73 times the velocity of
light in the I medium
(b) Velocity of light in the I medium is 1.73 times the velocity in the II
medium
(c) The critical angle for the two media is given by sin
(d) sin
Also from ⇒ ⇒ .
Example: 16 A beam of light consisting of red, green and blue colours is incident on a right angled prism. The
refractive indices of the material of the prism for the above red, green and blue wavelength are 1.39,
1.44 and 1.47 respectively. The prism will
[IIT-JEE 1989]
(a) Separate part of red colour from the green and the blue colours
(b) Separate part of the blue colour from the red and green colours
(c) Separate all the colours from one another
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(d) Not separate even partially any colour from the other two colours
Solution: (a) At face AB, i = 0 so r = 0, i.e., no refraction will take place. So light will be incident on face AC at an
angle of incidence of 45o. The face AC will not transmit the light for which i.e.,
or i.e.,
Example: 17 An air bubble in a glass slab is 6 cm deep when viewed from one
face and 4 cm deep when viewed from the opposite face. The thickness of the glass plate is
(a) 10 cm (b) 6.67 cm (c) 15 cm (d) None of
these
Solution: (c) Let thickness of slab be t and distance of air bubble from one side is x
One face of a rectangular glass plate 6 cm thick is silvered. An object held 8 cm in front of the first face,
forms an image 12 cm behind the silvered face. The refractive index of the glass is [CPMT 1999]
Also
A ray of light is incident on a glass sphere of refractive index 3/2. What should be the angle of incidence so that the ray which
enters the sphere doesn't come out of the sphere
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The image of point P when viewed from top of the slabs will be
(a) 2.0 cm above P (b) 1.5 cm above P (c) 2.0 cm below P (d) 1 cm above P
Solution: (d) The two slabs will shift the image a distance
Refractive index of the medium from which light rays are coming (from object).
Refractive index of the medium in which light rays are entering.
u = Distance of object, v = Distance of image, R = Radius of curvature
where v=?
On putting values
Lens.
Lens is a transparent medium bounded by two refracting surfaces, such that at least one surface is
spherical.
Convex lens (Converges the light rays) Concave lens (Diverges the light rays)
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Double convex Plano convex Concavo convex Double concave Plane concave Convexo concave
Thick at middle Thin at middle
It forms real and virtual images both It forms only virtual images
(i) Optical centre (O) : A point for a given lens through which light ray passes undeviated (Light ray
passes undeviated through optical centre).
(ii) Principle focus
First principle focus Second principle focus
❑ If medium on two sides of lens are not same then the ratio of two focal lengths
(iii) Focal length (f) : Distance of second principle focus from optical centre is called focal length
positive, negative,
(iv) Aperture : Effective diameter of light transmitting area is called aperture.
(v) Power of lens (P) : Means the ability of a lens to converge the light rays. Unit of power is Diopter
(D).
; .
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Note : ❑Minimum distance between an object and it’s real image formed by a convex lens is 4 f.
❑ Maximum image distance for concave lens is it’s focal length.
Equiconvex lens Plano convex lens Equi concave lens Plano concave lens
and , ,
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Note : ❑ Focal length of a glass lens is f in air then inside the water it’s focal length
is 4f.
❑ In liquids focal length of lens increases (↑) and it’s power decreases (↓).
(6) Opposite behaviour of a lens
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(i) For two different positions of lens two images of an object is formed at the same
location.
where and
part will be less compared as that of complete lens.(aperture of each part is times that of complete lens)
, ,
(ii) In case when two thin lens are in contact : Combination will behave as a lens, which have more
power or lesser focal length.
⇒ and
(iii) If two lens of equal focal length but of opposite nature are in contact then combination will behave
and
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On silvering the surface of the lens it behaves as a mirror. The focal length of the silvered lens is
where focal length of lens from which refraction takes place (twice)
focal length of mirror from which reflection takes place.
(i) Plano convex is silvered
so so
(ii) Double convex lens is silvered
Since
So
Note : ❑ Similar results can be obtained for concave lenses.
(13) Defects in lens
(i) Chromatic aberration : Image of a white object is coloured and blurred because μ (hence f) of lens
is different for different colours. This defect is called chromatic aberration.
so
Mathematically chromatic aberration =
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Removal : A simple method to reduce spherical aberration is to use a stop before and infront of the
lens. (but this method reduces the intensity of the image as most of the light is cut off). Also by using plano-
convex lens, using two lenses separated by distance d = F – F ', using crossed lens.
Note : ❑ Marginal rays : The rays farthest from the principal axis.
Paraxial rays : The rays close to the principal axis.
❑ Spherical aberration can be reduced by either stopping paraxial rays or marginal rays, which
can be done by using a circular annular mask over the lens.
❑ Parabolic mirrors are free from spherical aberration.
(iii) Coma : When the point object is placed away from the principle axis and the image is received on
a screen perpendicular to the axis, the shape of the image is like a comet. This defect is called Coma.
It refers to spreading of a point object in a plane ⊥ to principle axis.
Removal : It can be reduced by properly designing radii of curvature of the lens surfaces. It can also
be reduced by appropriate stops placed at appropriate distances from the lens.
(iv) Curvature : For a point object placed off the axis, the image is spread both along and
perpendicular to the principal axis. The best image is, in general, obtained not on a plane but on a curved
surface. This defect is known as Curvature.
Removal : Astigmatism or the curvature may be reduced by using proper stops placed at proper
locations along the axis.
(v) Distortion : When extended objects are imaged, different portions of the object are in general at
different distances from the axis. The magnification is not the same for all portions of the extended object.
As a result a line object is not imaged into a line but into a curve.
(vi) Astigmatism : The spreading of image (of a point object placed away from the principal axis)
along the principal axis is called Astigmatism.
Concepts
☞ If a sphere of radius R made of material of refractive index is placed in a medium of refractive index , Then if the object is
placed at a distance from the pole, the real image formed is equidistant from the sphere.
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☞ The lens doublets used in telescope are achromatic for blue and red colours, while these used in camera are achromatic for violet and
green colours. The reason for this is that our eye is most sensitive between blue and red colours, while the photographic plates are most
sensitive between violet and green colours.
☞ Position of optical centre
Equiconvex and equiconcave Exactly at centre of lens
Convexo-concave and concavo-convex Outside the glass position
Plano convex and plano concave On the pole of curved surface
☞ Composite lens : If a lens is made of several materials then
Number of images formed = Number of materials used
Here no. of images = 5
Example: 18 A thin lens focal length and its aperture has diameter d. It forms an image of intensity I. Now the
central part of the aperture upto diameter d/2 is blocked by an opaque paper. The focal length and
image intensity will change to [CPMT 1989; MP PET 1997;
KCET 1998]
Solution: (d) Centre part of the aperture up to diameter is blocked i.e. area is blocked .
.
Focal length doesn't depend upon aperture.
Example: 19 The power of a thin convex lens is + 5.0 D. When it is placed in a liquid of refractive
index then it behaves as a concave lens of local length 100 cm. The refractive index of the
liquid will be
(a) 5 / 3 (b) 4 / 3 (c) (d) 5 / 4
⇒ ⇒
Example: 20 A double convex lens made of a material of refractive index 1.5 and having a focal length of 10 cm is
immersed in liquid of refractive index 3.0. The lens will behave as [NCERT
1973]
(a) Diverging lens of focal length 10 cm (b) Diverging lens of focal length 10 / 3 cm
(c) Converging lens of focal length 10 / 3 cm (d) Converging lens of focal length 30 cm
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(a) 12 cm
(b) 24 cm
(c) 36 cm
(d) 48 cm
Solution: (d) From the figure shown it is clear that
For lens : u = 12 cm and v = x = ?
By using ⇒ ⇒ x = 48 cm.
Example: 22 A convex lens of focal length 40 cm is an contact with a concave lens of focal length 25 cm. The
power of combination is [IIT-JEE 1982; AFMC 1997; CBSE PMT 2000]
⇒ , hence
Example: 23 A combination of two thin lenses with focal lengths and respectively forms an image of distant
object at distance 60 cm when lenses are in contact. The position of this image shifts by 30 cm
towards the combination when two lenses are separated by 10 cm. The corresponding values of
......(ii)
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real image Q in the glass. The line PQ cuts the surface at a point O and . The distance PO
is equal to
[MP PMT 1994; Haryana CEE 1996]
(a) 5 R (b) 3 R (c) 2 R (d) 1.5 R
Where u = – OP, v = OQ
Hence ⇒
⇒ OP = 5 R
Example: 26 The distance between an object and the screen is 100 cm. A lens produces an image on the screen
when placed at either of the positions 40 cm apart. The power of the lens is [SCRA 1994]
Hence power
Example: 27 Shown in figure here is a convergent lens placed inside a cell filled with a liquid. The lens has focal
length +20 cm when in air and its material has refractive index 1.50. If the liquid has refractive index
1.60, the focal length of the system is
[NSEP 1994; DPMT 2000]
(a) + 80 cm (b) – 80 cm
(c) – 24 cm (d) – 100 cm
.......(ii)
.......(iii)
By using ⇒ ⇒
Example: 28 A concave lens of focal length 20 cm placed in contact with a plane mirror acts as a RA 1998]
(a) Convex mirror of focal length 10 cm (b) Concave mirror of focal length 40 cm
(c) Concave mirror of focal length 60 cm (d) Concave mirror of focal length 10 cm
Since ⇒
(After silvering concave lens behave as convex mirror)
Example: 29 A candle placed 25 cm from a lens, forms an image on a screen placed 75 cm on the other end of the
lens. The focal length and type of the lens should be [KCET
(Med.) 2000]
(a) + 18.75 cm and convex lens (b) – 18.75 cm and concave lens
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(c) + 20.25 cm and convex lens (d) – 20.25 cm and concave lens
Solution: (a) In concave lens, image is always formed on the same side of the object. Hence the given lens is a
convex lens for which u = – 25 cm, v = 75 cm.
Example: 33 The sun's diameter is and its distance from the earth is . The diameter of its image,
formed by a convex lens of focal length 2m will be [MP PET
2000]
(a) 0.7 cm (b) 1.4 cm (c) 2.8 cm (d) Zero (i.e.
point image)
Solution: (c) From figure
Example: 34 Two point light sources are 24 cm apart. Where should a convex lens of focal length 9 cm be put in
between them from one source so that the images of both the sources are formed at the same place
(a) 6 cm (b) 9 cm (c) 12 cm (d) 15 cm
Solution: (a) The given condition will be satisfied only if one source (S1) placed on one side such that u < f (i.e. it
lies under the focus). The other source (S2) is placed on the other side of the lens such that u > f (i.e. it
lies beyond the focus).
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Example: 35 There is an equiconvex glass lens with radius of each face as R and and .
If there is water in object space and air in image space, then the focal length is
Now consider the refraction at the second surface of the lens i.e.
refraction from denser medium to rarer medium
The image will be formed at a distance do . This is equal to the focal length of the lens.
A luminous object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from the convex lens of focal length 20 cm. On the other
side of the lens. At what distance from the lens a convex mirror of radius of curvature 10 cm be placed in
order to have an upright image of the object coincident with it
[CBSE PMT 1998; JIPMER 2001, 2002]
(a) 12 cm (b) 30 cm (c) 50 cm (d) 60 cm
A convex lens of local length 30 cm and a concave lens of 10 cm focal length are placed so as to have the
same axis. If a parallel beam of light falling on convex lens leaves concave lens as a parallel beam, then the
distance between two lenses will be
(a) 40 cm (b) 30 cm (c) 20 cm (d) 10 cm
Solution : (c) According to figure the combination behaves as plane glass plate (i.e., F= ∞)
Hence by using
⇒ ⇒ d = 20 cm
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Prism
Prism is a transparent medium bounded by refracting surfaces, such that the incident surface (on which light ray is
incidenting) and emergent surface (from which light rays emerges) are plane and non parallel.
Commonly used prism :
and
It is observed if
and
then :
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(iii) or
Note : ❑ If then
.
(5) Dispersion through a prism
The splitting of white light into it’s constituent colours is called dispersion of light.
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Dispersion without deviation (chromatic combination) Deviation without dispersion (Achromatic combination)
(i) (i)
(ii) (ii)
Scattering of Light
Molecules of a medium after absorbing incoming light radiations, emits them in all direction. This
phenomenon is called Scattering.
atmosphere.
(1) Primary rainbow : (i) Two refraction and one TIR. (ii)
Innermost arc is violet and outermost is red. (iii) Subtends an
angle of at the eye of the observer. (iv) More bright
(2) Secondary rainbow : (i) Two refraction and two TIR.
(ii) Innermost arc is red and outermost is violet.
(iii) It subtends an angle of at the eye. (iv)
Comparatively less bright.
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Colours
Colour is defined as the sensation received by the eye (cone cells of the eye) due to light coming from object.
(1) Types of colours
(2) Colours of object : The perception of a colour by eye depends on the nature of object and the light
incident on it.
Colours of opaque object Colours of transparent object
(i) Due to selective reflection. (i) Due to selective transmission.
(ii) A rose appears red in white light because it reflects red (ii) A red glass appears red because it absorbs all colours,
colour and absorbs all remaining colours. except red which it transmits.
(iii) When yellow light falls on a bunch of flowers, then (iii) When we look on objects through a green glass or
yellow and white flowers looks yellow. Other flowers looks green filter then green and white objects will appear green
black. while other black.
Note : A hot object will emit light of that colour only which it has observed when it was heated.
Spectrum.
The ordered arrangements of radiations according to wavelengths or frequencies is called Spectrum.
Spectrum can be divided in two parts (I) Emission spectrum and (II) Absorption spectrum.
(1) Emission spectrum : When light emitted by a self luminous object is dispersed by a prism to
get the spectrum, the spectrum is called emission spectra.
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(2) Absorption spectrum : When white light passes through a semi-transparent solid, or liquid or gas,
it’s spectrum contains certain dark lines or bands, such spectrum is called absorption spectrum (of the
substance through which light is passed).
(i) Substances in atomic state produces line absorption spectra. Polyatomic substances such as
and produces band absorption spectrum.
(ii) Absorption spectra of sodium vapour have two (yellow lines) wavelengths and
Note : ❑ If a substance emits spectral lines at high temperature then it absorbs the same lines at low
temperature. This is Kirchoff’s law.
(3) Fraunhoffer’s lines : The central part (photosphere) of the sun is very hot and emits all possible
wavelengths of the visible light. However, the outer part (chromosphere) consists of vapours of different
elements. When the light emitted from the photosphere passes through the chromosphere, certain
wavelengths are absorbed. Hence, in the spectrum of sunlight a large number of dark lines are seen called
Fraunhoffer lines.
(i) The prominent lines in the yellow part of the visible spectrum were labelled as D-lines, those in
blue part as F-lines and in red part as C-line.
(ii) From the study of Fraunhoffer’s lines the presence of various elements in the sun’s atmosphere can
be identified e.g. abundance of hydrogen and helium.
(4) Spectrometer : A spectrometer is used for obtaining pure spectrum of a source in laboratory and
calculation of μ of material of prism and μ of a transparent liquid.
It consists of three parts : Collimator which provides a parallel beam of light; Prism Table for holding
the prism and Telescope for observing the spectrum and making measurements on it.
The telescope is first set for parallel rays and then collimator is set for parallel rays. When prism is set
in minimum deviation position, the spectrum seen is pure spectrum. Angle of prism ( A) and angle of
minimum deviation are measured and μ of material of prism is calculated using prism formula. For μ
of a transparent liquid, we take a hollow prism with thin glass sides. Fill it with the liquid and measure
and A of liquid prism. μ of liquid is calculated using prism formula.
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(5) Direct vision spectroscope : It is an instrument used to observe pure spectrum. It produces
dispersion without deviation with the help of n crown prisms and flint prisms alternately arranged in
a tabular structure.
For no deviation .
Concepts
☞ When a ray of white light passes through a glass prism red light is deviated less than blue light.
☞ For a hollow prism but
☞ If an opaque coloured object or crystal is crushed to fine powder it will appear white (in sun light) as it will lose it's property of
selective reflection.
☞ Our eye is most sensitive to that part at the spectrum which lies between the F line (sky green) one the C-line (red) of hydrogen
equal to the refractive index for the D line (yellow) of sodium. Hence for the dispersive power, the following formula is
internationally accepted
☞ Sometimes a part of prism is given and we keep on thinking whether how should we proceed ? To solve such problems first
complete the prism then solve as the problems of prism are solved
Example: 36 When light rays are incident on a prism at an angle of 45 o, the minimum deviation is obtained. If
refractive index of the material of prism is , then the angle of prism will be [MP PMT
1986]
(a) 30o (b) 40o (c) 50o (d) 60o
Solution: (d)
Example: 37 Angle of minimum deviation for a prism of refractive index 1.5 is equal to the angle of prism. The
angle of prism is
[MP PET/PMT 1988]
o
(a) 62 (b) 41o (c) 82o (d) 31o
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.
o
Example: 38 Angle of glass prism is 60 and refractive index of the material of the prism is 1.414,then what will be
the angle of incidence, so that ray should pass symmetrically through prism
(a) 38o 61' (b) 35o 35' (c) 45o (d) 53o 8'
Solution: (c) incident ray and emergent ray are symmetrical in the cure, when prism is in minimum deviation
position.
Example: 39 A prism has the refracting angle of 30o. The deviation of a monochromatic ray incident
Also from
Example: 40 Angle of a prism is 30 o and its refractive index is and one of the surface is silvered. At what
angle of incidence, a ray should be incident on one surface so that after reflection from the silvered
surface, it retraces its path [MP PMT 1991; UPSEAT 2001]
Hence by using
Example: 41 The refracting angle of prism is A and refractive index of material of prism is . The angle of
minimum deviation is [CPMT 1992]
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Example: 42 A ray of light passes through an equilateral glass prism in such a manner that the angle of incidence is
equal to the angle of emergence and each of these angles is equal to 3/4 of the angle of the prism. The
angle of deviation is [MNR 1988; MP PMT 1999; Roorkee 2000; UPSEAT
2000]
(a) 45o (b) 39o (c) 20o (d) 30o
Example: 43 PQR is a right angled prism with other angles as 60 o and 30o. Refractive index of prism is 1.5. PQ has
a thin layer of liquid. Light falls normally on the face PR. For total internal reflection, maximum
refractive index of liquid is
(a) 1.4
(b) 1.3
(c) 1.2
(d) 1.6
Solution: (c) For TIR at PQ
From geometry of figure i.e.
.
o o o
Example: 44 Two identical prisms 1 and 2, each will angles of 30 , 60 and 90 are placed in contact as shown in
figure. A ray of light passed through the combination in the position of minimum deviation and
suffers a deviation of 30o. If the prism 2 is removed, then the angle of deviation of the same ray is
[PMT (Andhra) 1995]
Solution: (c)
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Example: 47 If the refractive indices of crown glass for red, yellow and violet colours are 1.5140, 1.5170 and
1.5318 respectively and for flint glass these are 1.6434, 1.6499 and 1.6852 respectively, then the
dispersive powers for crown and flint glass are respectively
[MP PET/PMT 1988]
(a) 0.034 and 0.064 (b) 0.064 and 0.034 (c) 1.00 and 0.064 (d) 0.034 and 1.0
Example: 48 Flint glass prism is joined by a crown glass prism to produce dispersion without deviation. The
refractive indices of these for mean rays are 1.602 and 1.500 respectively. Angle of prism of flint
prism is 10o, then the angle of prism for crown prism will be
[DPMT 2001]
An achromatic prism is made by crown glass prism and flint glass prism . If
and , then resultant deviation for red coloured ray will be
(a) 1.04o (b) 5o (c) 0.96o (d) 13.5o
Solution : (d) For achromatic combination
Resultant deviation
The light is incident at an angle of 60 o on a prism of which the refracting angle of prism is 30 o. The
refractive index of material of prism will be
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d)
Solution : (d) By using .
Hence ray will emerge out normally so by using the formula
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Human Eye.
So
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(iii) Far point comes closer. (iii) Near point moves away
(iv) Reasons : (iv) Reasons :
(a) Focal length or radii of curvature of lens reduced or (a) Focal length or radii of curvature of lens increases or
power of lens increases. power of lens decreases.
(b) Distance between eye lens and retina increases. (b) Distance between eye lens and retina decreases.
(v) Removal : By using a concave lens of suitable focal (v) Removal : By using a convex lens.
length.
(vi) Focal length : (vi) Focal length :
(a) A person can see upto distance → x (a) A person cannot see before distance → d
wants to see → ∞, so wants to see the object place at distance → D
so
Presbyopia : In this defect both near and far objects are not clearly visible. It is an old age disease and
it is due to the loosing power of accommodation. It can be removed by using bifocal lens.
Astigmatism : In this defect eye cannot see horizontal and vertical lines clearly, simultaneously. It is
due to imperfect spherical nature of eye lens. This defect can be removed by using cylindrical lens (Torric
lenses).
Microscope.
It is an optical instrument used to see very small objects. It’s magnifying power is given by
(i.e. and )
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and
Note : ❑
(ii) and
objective, Distance of from eye lens, ve = Distance of final image from eye lens, f0 = Focal
length of objective, fe = Focal length of eye lens.
Magnification :
Note : ❑
❑ For maximum magnification both and must be less.
❑
❑ If objective and eye lens are interchanged, practically there is no change in magnification.
(3) Resolving limit and resolving power : In reference to a microscope, the minimum distance
between two lines at which they are just distinct is called Resolving limit (RL) and it’s reciprocal is called
Resolving power (RP)
and
λ = Wavelength of light used to illuminate the object,
μ = Refractive index of the medium between object and objective,
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θ = Half angle of the cone of light from the point object, = Numerical aperture.
Note : ❑ Electron microscope : electron beam is used in it so it’s R.P. is approx
(ii) and .
(iii) Intermediate image is real, inverted and small.
(iv) Final image is virtual, inverted and small.
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If two telescopes are mounted parallel to each other so that an object can be seen by both the eyes
simultaneously, the arrangement is called 'binocular'. In a binocular, the length
of each tube is reduced by using a set of totally reflecting prisms which
provided intense, erect image free from lateral inversion. Through a binocular
we get two images of the same object from different angles at same time. Their
superposition gives the perception of depth also along with length and breadth,
i.e., binocular vision gives proper three-dimensional (3D) image.
Concepts
☞ As magnifying power is negative, the image seen in astronomical telescope is truly inverted, i.e., left is turned right with upside
down simultaneously. However, as most of the astronomical objects are symmetrical this inversion does not affect the
observations.
☞ Objective and eye lens of a telescope are interchanged, it will not behave as a microscope but object appears very small.
☞ In a telescope, if field and eye lenses are interchanged magnification will change from (f o / fe) to (fe / fo), i.e., it will change from
m to (1/m), i.e., will become (1/m2) times of its initial value.
☞ As magnification for normal setting as (f o / fe), so to have large magnification, f o must be as large as practically possible and f e
small. This is why in a telescope, objective is of large focal length while eye piece of small.
☞ In a telescope, aperture of the field lens is made as large as practically possible to increase its resolving power as resolving
power of a telescope ∝ (D/λ)*. Large aperture of objective also helps in improving the brightness of image by gathering more
light from distant object. However, it increases aberrations particularly spherical.
☞ For a telescope with increase in length of the tube, magnification decreases.
☞ In case of a telescope if object and final image are at infinity then :
☞ If we are given four convex lenses having focal lengths . For making a good telescope and microscope. We
choose the following lenses respectively. Telescope Microscope
☞ If a parrot is sitting on the objective of a large telescope and we look towards (or take a photograph)of distant astronomical
object (say moon) through it, the parrot will not be seen but the intensity of the image will be slightly reduced as the parrot will
act as obstruction to light and will reduce the aperture of the objective.
Example: 1 A man can see the objects upto a distance of one metre from his eyes. For correcting his eye sight so
that he can see an object at infinity, he requires a lens whose power is
or
A man can see upto 100 cm of the distant object. The power of the lens required to see far objects
will be
[MP PMT 1993, 2003]
(a) +0.5 D (b) +1.0 D (c) +2.0 D (d) –1.0 D
Solution: (d) f = –(defected far point) = – 100 cm. So power of the lens
Example: 2 A man can see clearly up to 3 metres. Prescribe a lens for his spectacles so that he can see clearly up
to 12 metres
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[DPMT 2002]
(a) – 3/4 D (b) 3 D (c) – 1/4 D (d) – 4 D
Example: 4 The resolution limit of eye is 1 minute. At a distance of r from the eye, two persons stand with a
lateral separation of 3 metre. For the two persons to be just resolved by the naked eye, r should be
(a) 10 km (b) 15 km (c) 20 km (d) 30 km
⇒ ⇒ r = 10 km
Example: 5 Two points separated by a distance of 0.1 mm can just be resolved in a microscope when a light of
wavelength 6000 Å is used. If the light of wavelength 4800 Å is used this limit of resolution becomes
[UPSEAT 2002]
(a) 0.08 mm (b) 0.10 mm (c) 0.12 mm (d) 0.06 mm
⇒ .
Example: 7 The focal lengths of the objective and the eye-piece of a compound microscope are 2.0 cm and 3.0
cm respectively. The distance between the objective and the eye-piece is 15.0 cm. The final image
formed by the eye-piece is at infinity. The two lenses are thin. The distances in cm of the object and
the image produced by the objective measured from the objective lens are respectively
[IIT-JEE 1995]
(a) 2.4 and 12.0 (b) 2.4 and 15.0 (c) 2.3 and 12.0 (d) 2.3 and 3.0
Solution: (a) Given that , ,
By using ⇒ ⇒ . Also ⇒ ⇒
.
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Example: 8 The focal lengths of the objective and eye-lens of a microscope are 1 cm and 5 cm respectively. If the
magnifying power for the relaxed eye is 45, then the length of the tube is [CPMT 1979]
(a) 30 cm (b) 25 cm (c) 15 cm (d) 12 cm
Solution: (c) Given that , ,
By using ⇒ ⇒
Example: 9 If the focal lengths of objective and eye lens of a microscope are 1.2 cm and 3 cm respectively and
the object is put 1.25 cm away from the objective lens and the final image is formed at infinity, then
magnifying power of the microscope is
[CBSE PMT 1999]
(a) 150 (b) 200 (c) 250 (d) 400
Solution: (b) Given that , ,
By using ⇒ .
Example: 10 The magnifying power of an astronomical telescope is 8 and the distance between the two lenses is
54cm. The focal length of eye lens and objective lens will be respectively [MP PMT 1991; CPMT 1991;
Pb. PMT 2001]
(a) 6 cm and 48 cm (b) 48 cm and 6 cm (c) 8 cm and 64 cm (d) 64 cm and
8 cm
Solution: (a) Given that and
Solution: (b) The angle subtended by the moon on the objective of telescope rad
Also ⇒ ⇒ ⇒
Example: 14 A telescope has an objective lens of 10 cm diameter and is situated at a distance one kilometre from
two objects. The minimum distance between these two objects, which can be resolved by the
telescope, when the mean wavelength of light is 5000 Å, is of the order of
[CBSE PMT 2004]
(a) 0.5 m (b) 5 m (c) 5 mm (d) 5cm
Solution: (b) Suppose minimum distance between objects is x and their distance from telescope is r
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So Resolving limit ⇒
where mo = ? and ⇒ ⇒ .
Tricky Example 1 : A man is looking at a small object placed at his least distance of distinct vision. Without changing his
position and that of the object he puts a simple microscope of magnifying power 10 X and just sees the clear image again. The
angular magnification obtained is
(a) 2.5 (b) 10.0 (c) 5.0 (d) 1.0
Since image and object are at the same position, ⇒ Angular magnification = 1
Tricky Example 2: A compound microscope is used to enlarge an object kept at a distance 0.03m from it’s objective which
consists of several convex lenses in contact and has focal length 0.02m. If a lens of focal length 0.1m is removed from the
objective, then by what distance the eye-piece of the microscope must be moved to refocus the image
(a) 2.5 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 15 cm (d) 9 cm
Solution : (d) If initially the objective (focal length Fo) forms the image at distance vo then
This lens will form the image of same object at a distance such that
So to refocus the image, eye-piece must be moved by the same distance through which the image formed by
the objective has shifted i.e. 15 – 6 = 9 cm.
Assignment
80. Near and far points of human eye are [EAMCET (Med.) 1995; MP PET 2001; Bihar CECE 2004]
(a) 25 cm and infinite (b) 50 cm and 100 cm (c) 25 cm and 50 cm (d) 0 cm and 25
cm
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81. A defective eye cannot see close objects clearly because their image is formed [MP PET 2003]
(a) On the eye lens (b) Between eye lens and retina
(c) On the retina (d) Beyond retina
82. Retina of eye acts like ….. of camera [AFMC 2003]
(a) Shutter (b) Film (c) Lens (d) None of
these
83. A person who can see things most clearly at a distance of 10 cm. Requires spectacles to enable him to see clearly things at a
distance of 30 cm. What should be the focal length of the spectacles [BHU 2003]
(a) 15 cm (concave) (b) 15 cm (convex) (c) 10 cm (d) 0
84. An astronaut is looking down on earth's surface from a space shuttle at an altitude of Assuming that
the astronaut's pupil diameter is and the wavelength of visible light is The astronaut will be
able to resolve linear object of the size of about [AIIMS 2003]
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98. A person is suffering from the defect astigmatism. Its main reason is [MP PMT 1997]
(a) Distance of the eye lens from retina is increased (b) Distance of the eye lens from retina is
decreased
(c) The cornea is not spherical (d) Power of accommodation of the eye is
decreased
99. Myopia is due to [AFMC 1996]
(a) Elongation of eye ball (b) Irregular change in focal length
(c) Shortening of eye ball (d) Older age
100. Human eye is most sensitive to visible light of the wavelength [CPMT 1996]
(a) 6050 Å (b) 5500 Å (c) 4500 Å (d) 7500 Å
101. Match the List I with the List II from the combinations shown [ISM Dhanbad 1994]
(I) Presbiopia (A) Sphero-cylindrical lens
(II) Hypermetropia (B) Convex lens of proper power may be used close to the eye
(III) Astigmatism (C) Concave lens of suitable focal length
(IV) Myopia (D) Convex spectacle lens of suitable focal length
(a) I-A; II-C; III-B; IV-D (b) I-B; II-D; III-C; IV-A (c) I-D; II-B; III-A; IV-C (d) I-D; II-A;
III-C; IV-B
102. The human eye has a lens which has a [MP PET 1994]
(a) Soft portion at its centre (b) Hard surface
(c) Varying refractive index (d) Constant refractive index
103. A man with defective eyes cannot see distinctly object at the distance more than 60 cm from his eyes. The power of the lens
to be used will be [MP PMT 1994]
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114. One can take pictures of objects which are completely invisible to the eye using camera film which are invisible to [MNR
1985]
(a) Ultra-violet rays (b) Sodium light (c) Visible light (d) Infra-red
rays
115. In human eye the focussing is done by [CPMT 1983]
(a) To and fro movement of eye lens (b) To and fro movement of the retina
(c) Change in the convexity of the lens surface (d) Change in the refractive index of the eye fluids
116. The minimum light intensity that can be perceived by the eye is about . The number of photons of
wavelength metre that must enter per second the pupil of area for vision, is approximately equal to
[NCERT 1982]
123. A man, wearing glasses of power +2D can read clearly a book placed at a distance of 40 cm from the eye. The power of the
lens required so that he can read at 25 cm from the eye is
(a) +4.5 D (b) +4.0 D (c) +3.5 D (d) +3.0 D
124. A person can see clearly between 1 m and 2m. His corrective lenses should be
(a) Bifocals with power –0.5D and additional +3.5D (b) Bifocals with power –1.0D and additional +3.0
D
(c) Concave with power 1.0 D (d) Convex with power 0.5 D
125. While reading the book a man keeps the page at a distance of 2.5 cm from his eye. He wants to read the book by holding the
page at 25 cm. What is the nature of spectacles one should advice him to use to completely cure his eye sight
(a) Convex lens of focal length 25 cm (b) Concave lens of focal length 25 cm
(c) Convex lens of focal length 2.5 cm(d) Concave lens of focal length 2.5 cm
126. The blades of a rotating fan can not be distinguished from each other due to
(a) Parallex (b) Power of accommodation (c) Persistence of vision (d) Binocular
vision
127. Aperture of the human eye is 2 mm. Assuming the mean wavelength of light to be 5000 Å, the angular resolution limit of the
eye is nearly
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(a) 2 minutes (b) 1 minute (c) 0.5 minute (d) 1.5 minutes
128. If there had been one eye of the man, then
(a) Image of the object would have been inverted (b) Visible region would have decreased
(c) Image would have not been seen three dimensional (d) (b) and (c) both
129. A man can see the object between 15cm and 30cm. He uses the lens to see the far objects. Then due to the lens used, the near
point will be at
136. In a compound microscope the object of fo and eyepiece of fe are placed at distance L such that L equals [Kerala PMT 2004]
(a) (b)
(c) Much greater than fo or fe (d) Need not depend either value of focal lengths
137. In a simple microscope, if the final image is located at infinity then its magnifying power is [CPMT 1985; MP PMT 2004]
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142. Wavelength of light used in an optical instrument are and , then ratio of their respective resolving
power (corresponding to and ) is [AIEEE 2002]
(a) 16 : 25 (b) 9 : 1 (c) 4 : 5 (d) 5 : 4
143. The angular magnification of a simple microscope can be increased by increasing [Orissa JEE 2002]
(a) Focal length of lens (b) Size of object (c) Aperture of lens (d) Power of
lens
144. The magnification produced by the objective lens and the eye lens of a compound microscope are 25 and 6 respectively. The
magnifying power of this microscope is [Manipal MEE 1995; DPMT 2002]
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(c) Greater than the focal length of eye piece (d) Any of the above three
158. To produce magnified erect image of a far object, we will be required along with a convex lens, is
[MNR 1983; MP PAT 1996]
(a) Another convex lens (b) Concave lens (c) A plane mirror (d) A concave
mirror
159. An object placed 10 cm in front of a lens has an image 20 cm behind the lens. What is the power of the lens (in dioptres)
[MP PMT 1995]
(a) 1.5 (b) 3.0 (c) – 15.0 (d) +15.0
160. Resolving power of a microscope depends upon [MP PET 1995]
(a) The focal length and aperture of the eye lens (b) The focal lengths of the objective and the eye
lens
(c) The apertures of the objective and the eye lens (d) The wavelength of light illuminating the object
161. If the focal length of the objective lens is increased then [MP PMT 1994]
(a) Magnifying power of microscope will increase but that of telescope will decrease
(b) Magnifying power of microscope and telescope both will increase
(c) Magnifying power of microscope and telescope both will decrease
(d) Magnifying power of microscope will decrease but that of telescope will increase
162. If in compound microscope and be the linear magnification of the objective lens and eye lens respectively, then
magnifying power of the compound microscope will be [CPMT 1985; KCET 1994]
171. The focal length of the objective of a compound microscope is and its distance from the eyepiece is L. The object is
placed at a distance u from the objective. For proper working of the instrument
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172. Find the maximum magnifying power of a compound microscope having a 25 diopter lens as the objective, a 5 diopter lens
as the eyepiece and the separation 30 cm between the two lenses. The least distance for clear vision is 25 cm
(a) 8.4 (b) 7.4 (c) 9.4 (d) 10.4
173. The focal length of the objective and the eye-piece of a microscope are 2 cm and 5 cm respectively and the distance between
them is 30 cm. If the image seen by the eye is 25 cm from the eye-piece, the distance of the object from the objective is
(a) 0.8 cm (b) 2.3 cm (c) 0.4 cm (d) 1.2 cm
174. The focal length of objective and eye-piece of a microscope are 1 cm and 5 cm respectively. If the magnifying power for
relaxed eye is 45, then length of the tube is
(a) 6 cm (b) 9 cm (c) 12 cm (d) 15 cm
175. A microscope has an objective of focal length 1.5 cm and an eye-piece of focal length 2.5 cm. If the distance between
objective and eye-piece is 25 cm. What is the approximate value of magnification produced for relaxed eye is
(a) 75 (b) 110 (c) 140 (d) 25
176. The magnifying power of a microscope is generally marked as 10X, 100 X, etc. These markings are for a normal relaxed eye.
A microscope marked 10X is used by an old man having his near point at 40 cm. The magnifying power of the microscope
for the old man with his eyes completely relaxed is
(a) 10 (b) 18 (c) 12 (d) 16
177. If the focal length of objective and eye lens are 1.2 cm and 3 cm respectively and the object is put 1.25 cm away from the
objective lens and the final image is formed at infinity. The magnifying power of the microscope is
(a) 150 (b) 200 (c) 250 (d) 400
178. A compound microscope is adjusted for viewing the distant image of an object, the distance of the object from the object
glass is now slightly increased, what re-adjustment of the instrument would be necessary for obtaining a distant image again
(a) Objective should be moved away from the eye-piece (b) Eye-piece should be moved towards the
objective
(c) Both should be moved towards each other (d) Both should be moved away from each other
179. When the object is self-luminous, the resolving power of a microscope is given by the expression
182. The focal length of the objective and eyepiece of an astronomical telescope for normal adjustments are 50 cm and 5 cm. The
length of the telescope should be [MP PMT 2004]
(a) 50 cm (b) 55 cm (c) 60 cm (d) 45 cm
183. The resolving power of an astronomical telescope is 0.2 seconds. If the central half portion of the objective lens is covered,
the resolving power will be [MP PMT 2004]
(a) 0.1 sec (b) 0.2 sec (c) 1.0 sec (d) 0.6 sec
184. If and are the focal length of the objective and eye-piece respectively of a telescope, then its magnifying power will
be
[CPMT 1977, 82, 97, 99, 2003; SCRA 1994; KCET (Engg./Med.) 1999; Pb. PMT 2000; BHU 2001; BCECE 2003, 2004]
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185. The length of an astronomical telescope for normal vision (relaxed eye) (fo = focal length of objective lens and fe = focal
length of eye lens) is [EAMCET (Med.) 1995; MP PAT 1996; CPMT 1999; BVP 2003]
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199. The diameter of the objective of a telescope is a, the magnifying power is m and wavelength of light is λ. The resolving
power of the telescope is [MP PMT 2000]
(a) (1.22λ)/a (b) (1.22a)/λ (c) λm/(1.22a) (d) a/(1.22λm)
200. An astronomical telescope has an angular magnification of magnitude 5 for distant objects. The separation between the
objective and the eyepiece is 36 cm and final image is formed at infinity. The focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece are
respectively
[IIT-JEE 1989; MP PET 1995; JIPMER 2000]
(a) 20 cm, 16 cm (b) 50 cm, 10 cm (c) 30 cm, 6 cm (d) 45 cm, –9
cm
201. A photograph of the moon was taken with telescope. Later on, it was found that a housefly was sitting on the objective lens
of the telescope. In photograph [NCERT 1970; MP PET 1999]
(a) The image of housefly will be reduced (b) There is a reduction in the intensity of the
image
(c) There is an increase in the intensity of the image (d) The image of the housefly will be enlarged
202. The magnifying power of a telescope is M. If the focal length of eye piece is doubled, then the magnifying power will
become
[Haryana CEET 1998]
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(b) The image formed by the astronomical telescope is always erect because the effect of the combination of the two lenses
its divergent
(c) The magnification of an astronomical telescope can be increased by decreasing the focal length of the eye-piece
(d) The magnifying power of the refracting type of astronomical telescope is the ratio of the focal length of the objective to
that of the eye-piece
214. The length of a telescope is 36 cm. The focal length of its lenses can be [Bihar MEE 1995]
(a) 30 cm, 6 cm (b) – 30 cm, – 6 cm (c) – 30 cm, – 6 cm (d) – 30 cm, 6
cm
215. The diameter of the objective lens of telescope is 5.0 m and wavelength of light is 6000 Å. The limit of resolution of this
telescope will be [MP PMT 1994]
(a) 0.03 sec (b) 3.03 sec (c) 0.06 sec (d) 0.15 sec
216. If tube length of astronomical telescope is 105 cm and magnifying power is 20 for normal setting, calculate the focal length
of objective [AFMC 1994]
(a) 100 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 20 cm (d) 25 cm
217. Radio telescope is used to see [AFMC 1994]
(a) Distant start and planets (b) Sun and to measure its temperature
(c) Stars and to measures diameters (d) None of these
218. Four lenses with focal lens ± 15 cm and ± 150 cm are being placed for used as a telescopic objective. The focal length of the
lens which produces the largest magnification with a given eye-piece is [CBSE PMT 1994]
(a) –15 cm (b) +150 cm (c) –150 cm (d) +15 cm
219. The image of a star (effectively a point source) is made by convergent lens of focal length 50 cm and diameter of aperture 5.0
cm. If the lens is ideal, and the effective wavelength in image formation is taken as , the diameter of the image
formed will be nearest to [NSEP 1994]
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228. The focal length of objective and eye lens of a astronomical telescope are respectively 2 m and 5 cm. Final image is formed at
(i) least distance of distinct vision (ii) infinity. The magnifying power in both cases will be [MP PMT/PET 1988]
(a) – 48, – 40 (b) – 40, – 48 (c) – 40, 48 (d) – 48, 40
229. An optical device that enables an observer to see over or around opaque objects, is called [CPMT 1986]
(a) Microscope (b) Telescope (c) Periscope (d) Hydrometer
230. The magnifying power of a telescope can be increased by [CPMT 1979]
(a) Increasing focal length of the system (b) Fitting eye piece of high power
(c) Fitting eye piece of low power (d) Increasing the distance of objects
231. An achromatic telescope objective is to be made by combining the lenses of flint and crown glasses. This proper choice is
[CPMT 1977]
(a) Convergent of crown and divergent of flint (b) Divergent of crown and convergent of flint
(c) Both divergent (d) Both convergent
232. An observer looks at a tree of height 15 m with a telescope of magnifying power 10. To him, the tree appears [CPMT 1975]
(a) 10 times taller (b) 15 times taller (c) 10 times nearer (d) 15 times
nearer
233. The magnification produced by an astronomical telescope for normal adjustment is 10 and the length of the telescope is 1.1
m. The magnification when the image is formed at least distance of distinct vision (D = 25 cm) is
(a) 14 (b) 6 (c) 16 (d) 18
234. The objective of a telescope has a focal length of 1.2 m. it is used to view a 10.0 m tall tower 2 km away. What is the height
of the image of the tower formed by the objective
(a) 2 mm (b) 4 mm (c) 6 mm (d) 8 mm
235. A giant telescope in an observatory has an objective of focal length 19 m and an eye-piece of focal length 1.0 cm. In normal
adjustment, the telescope is used to view the moon. What is the diameter of the image of the moon formed by the objective?
The diameter of the moon is m and the radius of the lunar orbit round the earth is m
(a) 10 cm (b) 12.5 cm (c) 15 cm (d) 17.5 cm
236. The aperture of the largest telescope in the world is ≈ 5 metre. If the separation between the moon and the earth is
km and the wavelength of the visible light is , then the minimum separation between the objects on the surface of
the moon which can be just resolved is
(a) 1 metre approximately (b) 10 metre approximately (c) 50 metre approximately (d) 200 metre
approximately
237. In Galileo’s telescope, magnifying power for normal vision is 20 and power of eye-piece is –20 D. Distance between the
objective and eye-piece should be
(a) 90 cm (b) 95 cm (c) 100 cm (d) 105 cm
238. The least resolve angle by a telescope using objective of aperture 5 m and light of wavelength = 4000 A.U. is nearly
A collection by Pradeep Kshetrapal for Physics students at genius, Maxwell and Gupta classes Only
genius PHYSICS
79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
a d b a c a b b c a b b d b a d d a c a
99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
b c c c b b c b c a b b c b d c c a a b
119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138
a d a c a d c b d b c c b a d a c a b d
139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158
c b d d c a a b c b d a d d d a c b b d
159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178
d d d c b c a a b c c b,d a b d c d b b a
179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198
b b b c c c c b a a b c d a c c a, c d b d
199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218
c b b b b a b a c b b d b b a a a a b d
219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238
a a d a d b a a a c b a c a c d c b b a
239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247
b b a a c d a b b, c
A collection by Pradeep Kshetrapal for Physics students at genius, Maxwell and Gupta classes Only