INTER-RELATION BETWEEN SOYBEAN YIELD AND SOIL COMPACTION UNDER DEGRADED...

1579

INTER-RELATION BETWEEN SOYBEAN YIELD

AND SOIL COMPACTION UNDER DEGRADED
PASTURE IN BRAZILIAN SAVANNAH(1)

Rienni de Paula Queiroz(2), Edson Lazarini(3), Marcio Lustosa

Santos(4), Morel de Passos e Carvalho(5) & Cristiano Santos(6)

SUMMARY

The Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah) plays an important economic and financial

role in the nation, since the pastures of this biome feed cattle for half of the domestic
bovine meat productivity, and its agricultural fields produce a third of the country’s
grain. The variability and spatial dependence between the soil physical attributes
and soybean yield were evaluated in a crop rotation planted on a degraded
brachiaria pasture, on a dystroferric Red Latosol of an experimental farm of the
State University of São Paulo (UNESP), in the 2005/2006 growing season. The
linear and spatial correlations between these attributes were also studied, to
determine conditions that would allow increased agricultural productivity. In the
above pasture area, a grid was installed with 124 plots, spaced 10.0 x 10.0 m and
5.0 x 5.0 m apart, in a total area of 7,500 m2. From the linear and spatial point of
view, the high grain yield can be explained by the number of grains per plant and
soil macroporosity. The high variability observed for most soil properties indicated
that the crop - livestock integration system results in environmental heterogeneity
of the soil.

Index terms: soil conservation, crop rotation, pasture management, Glycine max
(L.) Merrill, spatial variability.

(1)
Trabalho extraído da Tese de Doutorado. Received for publication in August 18, 2010 and approved in March 17, 2011.
(2)
Professora do Ensino Básico, Técnico e Tecnológico. Coordenação de Agropecuária. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e
Tecnologia de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus de Nova Andradina, Rodovia MS 473, km 23 Fazenda Santa Bárbara, Caixa
Postal 144, CEP 79750-000 Nova Andradina (MS). E-mail: rienni.queiroz@ifms.edu.br
(3)
Professor Universitário, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Tecnologia de Alimentos e Socioeconomia, Faculdade de Engenharia,
Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Ilha Solteira, Avenida Brasil, 56, Cx. Postal 31, 15385-000, Centro, Ilha Solteira,
São Paulo, Brasil. e-mail: lazarini@agr.feis.unesp.br
(4)
Professor do Ensino Básico, Técnico e Tecnológico. Direção de Ensino e Pós-Graduação. Instituto Federal de Educação,
Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso do Sul. E-mail: marcio.santos@ifms.edu.br
(5)
Professor Universitário, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Engenharia Rural e Solos, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade
Estadual Paulista – USP. Campus de Ilha Solteira, Av. Brasil 56, Caixa Postal 31, CEP 15385-000 Ilha Solteira (SP). E-mail:
mpcarva53@yahoo.com.br
(6)
Acadêmico do curso de Agronomia da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Tangará da Serra MT, e-mail:
docris@gmail.com.

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1580 Rienni de Paula Queiroz et al.

RESUMO: INTER-RELAÇÃO ENTRE A PRODUTIVIDADE DA SOJA E A

COMPACTAÇÃO DO SOLO SOB PASTAGEM DEGRADADA DO
CERRADO BRASILEIRO

As pastagens cultivadas do Cerrado brasileiro são responsáveis pela metade da

produtividade da carne bovina destinada à alimentação da população, enquanto as culturas
agrícolas o são pela terça parte de sua produtividade de grãos, desempenhando importante
papel econômico-financeiro para o país. Dessa forma, no ano agrícola 2005/2006, na Fazenda
de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira – FEIS/UNESP, foram
estudadas a variabilidade e a dependência espacial entre atributos físicos do solo e a
produtividade da soja, quando rotacionados após a pastagem degradada com Brachiaria,
sobre um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. Também foram estudadas correlações lineares e
espaciais entre esses atributos, apurando condições que proporcionassem aumento da
produtividade agrícola. Para isso, na área com a referida pastagem instalou-se uma malha
contendo 124 pontos amostrais, com espaçamentos de 10,0 x 10,0 e de 5,0 x 5,0 m entre eles,
numa área total de 7.500 m2. Dos pontos de vista linear e espacial, a elevada produtividade de
grãos de soja pode ser explicada em razão do número de grãos por planta e da macroporosidade
do solo. A alta variabilidade obtida na maioria dos atributos do solo denotou que a integração
lavoura-pecuária é um sistema que proporciona heterogeneidade do ambiente físico do solo.

Termos de indexação: conservação do solo, rotação de culturas, manejo da pastagem, Glycine

max (L.) Merrill, variabilidade especial.

INTRODUCTION total porosity and macroporosity were reduced, mostly

by adoption of no tillage systems (Andreola et al., 2000).
Crop-livestock integration is a good option to The differences, however, are usually more evident
improve and diversify agricultural production, to in the layers near the surface, decreasing with soil
increase the profits of both agriculture and animal depth (Douglas et al., 1980). The soil physical
husbandry and complement mineral fertilization in properties related to crop yield can be divided into two
the system, by the use of animal manure as well as categories: The first is related to properties directly
crop residues (Pitol, 1996). In this system, pasture involved with plant development, e.g., water, oxygen,
quality is improved by applying soybean residues, root penetration resistance, and temperature, which
while at the same time pasture desiccation results in affect several physiological processes, such as
straw formation with a high C:N ratio, which is photosynthesis and leaf and root growth. The second
essential for soybean under no-tillage (Broch et category comprises indirectly involved properties, such
al.,1997). as soil texture, aggregation, porosity and density,
which affect crop yield by the influence on soil water
According to Machado & Weismann (2007), the retention, aeration, temperature, and root penetration
Crop - Livestock Integration system can be used with resistance (Silva & Nogueira Junior, 2001).
a view to the recovery of pastures and of the physical
properties of soils in agricultural areas. A widely used It has been demonstrated that the type of
practice in integrated systems is forage intercropping agricultural exploration influences some soil physical
with annual crops. properties (Albuquerque et al., 1995; Andreola et al.,
2000). Crops under rotation and no-tillage system,
In general, the physical properties of a soil in including species with an aggressive root system and
natural state, under native vegetation, are good, with different quantities of phytomass, can modify the soil
adequate soil permeability, structure, density and physical and chemical properties, leading to
porosity for a normal plant growth and development. improvements in crop yield (Santos & Tomm, 1999;
Under these conditions, the soil volume explored by Albuquerque et al., 2001).
the roots is relatively great. When the soil is subjected
Dampney & Moore (1999) had suggested taking
to agricultural use, the physical properties are altered,
the historical analysis of the crop growth and
generally deteriorating its quality for plant
development into account to characterize the spatial
development (Andreola et al., 2000).
variability of an area. In this context, yield mapping,
Studies of Baeumer & Bakermans (1973) and underlying precision agriculture (PA), is highlighted
Douglas et al. (1980) demonstrated that the no-tillage as a modern option to manage the spatial and temporal
system increased soil density and microporosity in variability of commercial crops, to guide management
the surface layers of the soil profile. The values of practices (Molin, 1997; Milani et al., 2006).

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 INTER-RELATION BETWEEN SOYBEAN YIELD AND SOIL COMPACTION UNDER DEGRADED... 1581

Few studies have investigated the relations between moderate hypo-dystrophic alic, kaolinitic ferric, very
soil spatial variability and crop productivity. Some deep and moderately acid.
results are even contradictory, possibly because the The experimental area had been used for at least
aspects involved in this interaction require further 20 years as pasture of Brachiaria decumbens (Staft.).
research (Souza, 1992). Therefore, aiming to characterize it initially, that is,
Crop-livestock integration, associated with the no- before preparing the soil and installing the
tillage system, changes the soil structure, interfering experimental grid, the soil compaction and fertility
with the physical characteristics of the surface layer state were determined. Soil compaction was evaluated
and affecting crop yields. The effects of this system using a Tension Table and fertility with a screw auger,
on soybean and pasture yield are highly dependent of by which the composite samples were stratified in
the local or seasonal conditions, with controversial three layers (0–0.10; 0.10–0.20 and 0.20–0.30 m).
results. In this situation, in a soil management system Regarding soil tillage, the soil was decompacted
of precision agriculture, the limitations of crop with a subsoiler and limed. Subsoiling was performed
productivity and environmental protection can be in April 2005 and liming in August 2005. Soybean,
identified, characterized and managed adequately in cultivar BRS 133 with semi-early cycle, was sown in
time and space. The characterization of spatial November 2005, after brachiaria desiccation by the
variability of the soil physical and chemical properties, herbicide glyphosate, at a dosage of 1.8 kg ha-1 of active
associated to other statistical methods of decision- ingredient. Cultural treatments were applied
taking, can contribute to an economic and ecologically according to recommendations for the main cash crops
sustainable agriculture. of São Paulo State (Fahl et al., 1998), and the crop
This study was performed on a dystroferric Red harvested around mid-March 2006. The spacing
Latosol under degraded pasture of the Brazilian between rows was 0.45m, with a final density of 20
Savannah, with the purpose of analyzing the plants per meter. In addition, according to the same
variability and characterizing the spatial dependence recommendations of Embrapa (2001) for soybean, the
of soybean yield on the soil physical properties, as well seeds were treated with Dorosal fungicide (1 mL kg-1
as to study the linear and spatial correlations among of seed) and inoculated with Bradyrhizobium
these properties, with a view to increase the japonicum, and 250 kg ha-1 of NPK (08-28-16) was
agricultural productivity. applied as fertilizer.
The directions x and y of the Cartesian coordinate
system of a set of soybean crops established on two
agricultural terraces were defined. For this purpose,
MATERIAL AND METHODS a common optical level was used, performing a global
staking of the experimental grid after acidity
The study was conducted in an irrigated area correction, fertilization and pasture desiccation.
(central pivot), on an experimental farm of the The experimental grid was composed of five
Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (FEIS) of transections (length 110.0 m), spaced 10.0 m apart,
the Universidade Estadual Paulista /UNESP on the containing 55 sampling points (10.0 x 10.0 m).
Campus Ilha Solteira, in Selvíria, state of Mato Grosso However, the large grid was over-layered with smaller
do Sul, (latitudes 20°18’05" S and 20°18’28" S, spaces (1.67 x 5.0 m; 5.0 x 5.0 m and 5.0 x 10.0 m),
longitudes 52°39’02" W and 52°40’28" W, 335 of to detail the study of spatial dependence data in
altitude). The average annual rainfall is 1300 mm, smaller spacing. Therefore, the total number of plots
average temperature 23.7°C, climate type Aw was 124, in a total area of 7500 m2.
(Koeppen), characterized as humid tropical, with rainy
summers and dry winters. The soil, where the Soil and plant properties were evaluated, all
experimental grid was installed, classified by Demattê separately collected at each sampling point of the
(1980) and reclassified according to the Brazilian Soil experimental grid. The soil properties were
Classification System (Embrapa, 1999), is a typical macroporosity (MA) and microporosity (MI) and the
dystroferric Red Latosol with argillaceous texture A plants properties average plant height (PH), mean

Table 1. Soil chemical analysis of the layers 0–0.10; 0.10–0.20 and 0.20–0.30 m at soybean sowing in the
experimental area (average of 30 subsamples)

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1582 Rienni de Paula Queiroz et al.

Table 2. Soil bulk density (BD), macroporosity Each evaluated property was analyzed by
(Macro), microporosity (Micro) and total geostatistical methods, with semivariogram
porosity (TP) of the layers 0–0.10 m; 0.10–0.20 m; calculation based on hypothetical intrinsic stationarity
0.20–0.30 m before soybean sowing in the assumptions to assess the spatial variability and
experimental area (average of 30 subsamples) dependence, using Gamma Design Software (GS+,
2004). A simple semivariogram was adjusted to all
evaluated properties of the plants (GY, FP, PH, NP,
NG, GW) and soils (MA1, MA2, MA3, MI1, MI2, MI3).
Afterwards, cross-semivariograms were adjusted
between the properties: a) plant x plant, b) plant x
soil and c) soil x soil, aiming to define the pairs with
better representativeness, to know which property,
known as secondary variable, showed better
explanatory spatial correlation to the property known
as primary variable. The simple and cross-
insertion height of the first pod (FP), average number semivariograms were adjusted according to the models,
of pods per plant (NP), average number of grains per by an initial selection of: a) the lowest sum of squared
plant (NG), 1000 grain weight (GW), and grain yield deviations (RSS); b) the highest spatial coefficient of
(GY). determination (r2) and c) the best indicator of spatial
dependence (ISD). The model that represented the
The soil properties were calculated from samples
best adjustment was chosen based on cross-validation,
collected around the marks that indicate the sampling
as well as the neighborhood size definition that
points in the field. These soil samples with
provided the best kriging and/or co-kriging grid. To
undisturbed structure were taken for MA and MI
each property, the nugget (Co), range (Ro) and level
analysis. Three soil layers were sampled, namely: a)
(Co+C) (GS+, 2004) effect was related. According to
0–0.10, 0.10–0.20 and 0.20–0.30 m. The soil macroporosity
Robertson (1998), spatial dependence was considered:
and microporosity were obtained by the Tension
a) weak for ISD ≤ 25 %; b) medium for 25 % < ISD ≤
Table Method (Embrapa, 1979, 1997).
75 %, and c) strong for ISD > 75 %.
The plant properties were also obtained and
Cross-validation is a tool destined to evaluate
calculated from samples collected around the sampling
alternative models of simple and cross
points. The samples were originated from harvesting
semivariograms, for kriging and co-kriging,
all plants; all plots consisted of four 1.60 m-rows. Since
respectively. For this purpose, with the ideal number
plot length and width were the same, the evaluated
of neighbors, kriging and co-kriging maps were
area of each plot was 2.56 m2. The average plant
obtained by interpolation for the analysis of spatial
height and insertion height of the first pod in the plant
dependence and interdependence among the evaluated
were evaluated. The average number of pods per plant
properties.
and of grains per plant had no specific measure. The
1000 grain weight and the grain yield were obtained.
For each evaluated property, an initial descriptive
data analysis was applied by classical statistics, using RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
SAS (Schlotzhauer & Littell, 1997) to calculate means,
standard deviation, variance, variation coefficient,
A descriptive analysis of the evaluated properties
kurtosis and asymmetry. Then the frequency
on a Dystroferric Red Latosol in Selvíria (MS) was
distribution of the properties was analyzed. For this
performed, where the variation coefficient of soybean
purpose, to test the hypothesis of normality or
GY was particularly high (30.4 %) (Table 3) These data
lognormality of the data, the Shapiro & Wilk (1965)
were higher than found by Johann et al., (2004) and
test was used at 1 %.
Amado et al., (2007) with medium and high variability
A correlation matrix was calculated for linear (23 and 24 %), respectively. On the other hand, the
regressions for all possible combinations, by taking variability of the other plant properties wasw low for
all evaluated properties in pairs (soil and plant), in PH and GW (6.9 and 6.2 %), medium for FP and NP
an attempt to select the properties with highest linear (11.6 and 19.1 %) and high for NG (20.8 %). The
correlation, trying to identify those for which cross- variability of MA was especially high, varying from
semivariograms and consequent co-kriging could be 51.7 to 55.6 % in the different layers (MA1, MA2,
used. Also, for all evaluated soil layers together, MA3). These data agreed with results of Carvalho et
multiple linear regression was performed for the al., (2002) and Souza et al., (2004), who studied a
dependent plant variations and independent soil dystrophic and dystroferric Red Latosol, and found
variations, aiming to select those, in each case, with values of 39 % and 31 %, respectively. However, they
the best relations between cause and effect, based on differ from findings of Souza (2001), Mesquita et al.
the increase in the determination coefficient. For this (2003) and Secco et al. (2005), who studied a dystrophic
purpose, Microsoft Excel and SAS were used. Red Latosol and Red-Yellow Latosol, and reported 16,

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 INTER-RELATION BETWEEN SOYBEAN YIELD AND SOIL COMPACTION UNDER DEGRADED... 1583

Table 3. Initial descriptive analysis of some attributes of soybean yield and soil (dystroferric Red Latosol)

(1)
GY: soybean grain yield; PH: plant height; FP: insertion height of the first pod ; NP: number of pods per plant; NG: number of
grains per plant; GW: 1000 grain weight; MA, MI, from 1 to 3, are macroporosity and microporosity , respectively, of the sampled
soil layers. (2) FD: data frequency distribution of NO, LN and UN are, respectively, normal, lognormal and uncertain type.

20 and 25 %, respectively (Table 3). For MI, The median of the GY was 3,097.00 kg ha-1
variability was low, with a variation coefficient of 8.6- (Table 3), lower than reported by Secco et al., (2004),
9.4 %, confirming results of Carvalho et al. (2002), who found 3,373.0 kg ha-1. The soybean yield was
Mesquita et al. (2003), Johann et al. (2004), Secco et 10 % above the national average, which was
al. (2005), and Santos et al. (2006). 2809 kg ha -1 in the 2006/2007 growing season
Of the evaluated plant properties, the frequency (Embrapa, 2006). On the other hand, the average
distribution of all variables (PH, FP, NP, NG, and values of the other plant properties were below the
GW), except for GY, which was a lognormal type, was national average. The average values of MA (MA1 of
normal, i.e., the respective measures of main tendency 0.056 m3 m -3, MA2 of 0.054 m3 m -3 and MA3 of
will represent average values. The coefficients of 0.061 m3 m-3) and MI (MI1 of 0.370 m3 m-3, MI2 of
positive asymmetry were between 0.056 and 0.251, 0.372 m3 m-3 and MI3 of 0.384 m3 m-3) were very
as well as the negative between -0.245 and -0.125. similar in the three soil layers. (Table 3). It was
The positive kurtosis coefficients were between 0.420 concluded that the evaluated layers were compacted,
and 0.630, and the negative between -0.030 and -0.519. representing a limiting factor to obtain maximum
Of the soil properties, the frequency distribution of soybean yields, impaired by deficient root growth as
MI3 was normal and of the other soil variables (MA1, well as by the consequent nutrient uptake deficiency.
MA2, MA3, MI1, and MI2) uncertain. The positive The reason was that the MA and MI values were
asymmetry coefficients were between 0.032 and 0.525 beyond those considered ideal for a soil, from the
and the negative between -0.091 and -0.333. The agronomical point of view. The reference values
positive kurtosis coefficients were between 0.143 and proposed by Kiehl (1979) for macroporosity, whose
0.676 and the negative between -0.200 and -1.107. function is soil aeration, would be 0.17 m3 m-3 and for
However, regardless of these coefficients, all were microporosity, responsible for water storage,
significant at 5 % probability by the normality test of 0.33 m3 m-3.
Shapiro & Wilk (1965), once the respective probability In the range of correlation properties of the plant
varied between 0.066 and 0.609 (Table 3). (Table 4), the regression equation of GY= f(NP) was
For this purpose, the normal frequency adjusted to the potential model, with a high
distribution, obtained for most properties of this study, determination coefficient (0.792**). The variability
was, classified according to the property by the in GY can be explained by 7.92 % of the data
following authors: a) GY (Santos et al., 2005; Marins, variability of the NG. For [GY= f(FP) and GY= f(NG)],
2006; Carvalho et al., 2006; Freddi et al., 2006; Santos GY varied linearly with FP (r = -0.337**) as well as
et al., 2006), b) MA (Mesquita et al., 2003; Souza et with NG (r = 0.812**). Regarding the soil properties
al., 2004) and c) MI (Carvalho et al., 2002, 2003, (MA and MI), a significant linear correlation was
Mesquita et al., 2003, Souza et al., 2004). verified between GY x MA1 (r = 0.295**), GY x MA3

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1584 Rienni de Paula Queiroz et al.

(r = 0.262**) and MI1 (r = -0.204). Direct correlations in MI (0.370 m3 m-3) will decrease the soybean GY,
were found in the first and second pairs, indicating probably because of the lower root respiration caused
that with increasing soil macroporosity, soybean yields by soil compaction.
tend to increase. This fact was presented in a Regarding the parameters of the simple
theoretically coherent form in table 3, based on the semivariograms adjusted to the soybean yield and some
average value of MA1 of 0.056 m3 m-3 and MA3 of physical properties (Table 5), spatial dependence was
0.061, near the critical limit of 0.100 m3 m-3 indicated confirmed for all properties except FP and PH, with a
by Khiel (1979). This way, an increase in pure nugget effect. Therefore, regarding MA in the
macroporosity in the evaluated soil layers may result distinct layers (MA1 and MA3), the coefficients of
in better aeration of the root system, leading to yield spatial determination were the highest, considering
increase. On the other hand, for GY x MI the the best semivariographic adjustments, in agreement
correlation was inverse, indicating that an increase with Beutler et al. (2006) and Souza et al. (2001). The

Table 4. Equations and regression coefficients for attributes of soybean yield and soil (dystroferric Red
Latosol)

(1)
GY: soybean grain yield; FP: insertion height of the first pod; NP: number of pods per plant; NG: number of grains per plant;
MA and MI, from 1 to 3, are respectively macroporosity, microporosity in the evaluated layers. (2) **: significant at 1%, *
significant at 5%; r: linear correlation coefficient.

Table 5. Parameters of the simple semivariograms adjusted to some properties of soybean yield and soil
(dystroferric Red Latosol)

(1)
GY: soybean grain yield, FP: mean insertion height of the first pod, PH: plant height, NP: number of pods per plant, NG:
number of grains per plant, GW: 1000 grain weight; MA and MI, from 1 to 3, are respectively the macroporosity and microporosity
of the soil collected in the valuated layers. (2) sph: spherical, exp: exponential, gau: gaussian, and epp: pure nugget effect; number
in brackets after the semivariographic model refers to the pairs in the first lag. (3) RSS: residual sum of square s. (4) ISD: indicator
of spatial dependence; r2: spatial correlation coefficient.

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 INTER-RELATION BETWEEN SOYBEAN YIELD AND SOIL COMPACTION UNDER DEGRADED... 1585

MA in the different layers was adjusted to the coefficients varied between 0.796 and 0.567. For most
Gaussian (MA1) and spherical models (MA2 and MA3), properties, the magnitude of coefficient b was around
ranging between 27.8 and 34.8 m, exceeding the 1, considered ideal according to GS+ (2004).
values between 16.2 and 27.2 m found by Souza et al. In the kriging maps of soybean and soil attributes
(2001). (Figure 1), GY had the highest values (3,279-
For GY, the r2 value found was 0.752, in agreement 4,279 kg ha-1), mostly in the southwest, southeast and
with Freddi et al. (2006), who reported values from north regions. In the northeast region, yield varied
0.598 to 0.798, and in contrast to Santos et al. (2005); from 1,944 to 2,945 kg ha-1. For NG, similarity was
Santos et al. (2006) and Reichert et al.(2008), reporting noticed in the spatial behavior, with highest values
highest values of 0.868, 0.958 and 0.99, and Carvalho between 39.7–43.7 (southwest, southeast and north)
et al. (2006) and Reichert et al. (2008), who had found and 78.2–86.6 (northeast), respectively. Regarding
a r2 value of 0.89 for PH and range of 11.38 m, adjusted the soil attributes, an inverse and high similarity with
to the exponential model, differing from the pure the spatial behavior of MA was observed for MI in the
nugget effect found in this study. different layers, with the following highest values:
The other plant attributes adjusted to the spherical MI1 (0.408-0.370 m3 m-3), MI2 (0.419–0.385 m3 m-3)
model (NP, GW and NG) with ranges varying from and MI3 (0.410–0.380 m3 m-3). At the sites where MI
24.0 to 46.8 m. Regarding the ISD, the highest value was lower, between 0.320 and 0.363 m3 m-3 (dark
found for GY (7.65 %) agreed with Santos et al. (2005) halos), MA values were high (0.070–0.108 m3 m-3)
with a value of 50.1 %, and disagreed with Santos et (Figure 1 c,d,e,f,g,h).
al. (2006), Carvalho et al. (2006) and Freddi et al. In terms of the performance of cross-semivariograms
(2006), who reported 73.1, 80.0 and 82.1 %, (Figure 2), the highest value of the spatial
respectively. The five best cross-validations were determination coefficient was obtained for the
established for MA and MI , whose correlation attributes MA2=f(MI2), evidencing that 89.9 % of the

Figure 1. Kriging maps of soybean yield attributes macroporosity and microporosity of a dystroferric Red
Latosol. GY: soybean grain yield; NG: number of grains per plant; MA and MI, from 1 to 3, respectively,
are the macroporosity and microporosity of the evaluated soil layers.

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1586 Rienni de Paula Queiroz et al.

spatial variability of the MA data could be explained coefficient from 0.55 to 0.72, respectively. According
by the spatial variability of MI. On the other hand, to Milani et al. (2006) and Amado et al. (2007), the
for the second [GY=f(MA1)], 71.9 % of the spatial spatial variability of soybean yield had marked spatial
variability of the GY data could be explained by MA. dependence classified as weak to moderate, with
In agriculture, this co-kriging is highly important, values between 17.3 and 60.4 %, as reported by
once it can estimate the spatial variability of the GY Cambardella et al. (1994).
from MA and MI with high statistical significance
and this way, locate homogeneous zones for soybean From the edaphic point of view, co-kriging was
management. This means that in the future, e.g., best for the property MA2=f(MI2), which evidenced
the spatial variability of soybean GY, for a same that 89.9 % of the spatial variability of MA could be
experimental location, can be estimated from the explained in relation to MI, with an inverse correlation,
determination of the respective MA. that is, as MA increased MI decreased in the soil.
Also in this case, it may be concluded that from the
The range is important for the interpretation of MA data, the soybean grain yield (GY) can be
semivariograms, indicating the distance up to where estimated and zones can be defined for the crop grown
the plots are correlated to each other, in other words, in the experimental area.
points located in an area whose ray is the range, are
more similar to each other than points separated by It was verified that where lower MI values were
larger distances (Vieira et al., 1983; Carvalho et al., mapped the MA values were higher, consequently
2002). The values for the range of the spatial increasing the GY values, justifying the use of yield
dependence in the cross semivariograms were between maps as tool to decision taking, referring to local
25.8 m GY=f(NG) and 71.0 m GY=f(MI1). The management. Conservation practices can be
correlation values were satisfactory. Regarding the recommended for zones where the MA3 values were
GY, the models fit well to the field data with correlation higher, aiming to increase the grain yield.

Figure 2. Co-kriging maps of the soybean yield attributes, macroporosity and microporosity of a dystroferric
Red Latosol. GY: soybean grain yield; NG: number of grains per plant; MA and MI, from 1 to 3, respectively,
are the macroporosity and microporosity of the evaluated soil layers.

R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 35:1579-1588, 2011

 INTER-RELATION BETWEEN SOYBEAN YIELD AND SOIL COMPACTION UNDER DEGRADED... 1587

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