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    Unit 26 Mechanical Fasteners 1

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    Osvaldo Luis Charles Chidula
    Bolts are common mechanical fasteners that have threads on their shaft that allow a nut to be screwed onto them. As bolts are tightened, tension in the shaft increases and applies a pressing force called preload between components. Preload prevents sliding that could cause bolts to break. Torque wrenches help ensure bolts are tightened enough but not over-tightened. Washers spread load from bolt heads and nuts across component surfaces. Spring washers change shape under tightening to allow preload adjustment or component movement absorption in situations with shocks.

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    Unit 26 Mechanical Fasteners 1

    Uploaded by

    Osvaldo Luis Charles Chidula
    240 views13 pages
    Bolts are common mechanical fasteners that have threads on their shaft that allow a nut to be screwed onto them. As bolts are tightened, tension in the shaft increases and applies a pressing force called preload between components. Preload prevents sliding that could cause bolts to break. Torque wrenches help ensure bolts are tightened enough but not over-tightened. Washers spread load from bolt heads and nuts across component surfaces. Spring washers change shape under tightening to allow preload adjustment or component movement absorption in situations with shocks.

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    Unit 26 Mechanical Fasteners 1 (1)

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    Bolts are common mechanical fasteners that have threads on their shaft that allow a nut to be screwed onto them. As bolts are tightened, tension in the shaft increases and applies a pressing force called preload between components. Preload prevents sliding that could cause bolts to break. Torque wrenches help ensure bolts are tightened enough but not over-tightened. Washers spread load from bolt heads and nuts across component surfaces. Spring washers change shape under tightening to allow preload adjustment or component movement absorption in situations with shocks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    240 views13 pages

    Unit 26 Mechanical Fasteners 1

    Uploaded by

    Osvaldo Luis Charles Chidula
    Bolts are common mechanical fasteners that have threads on their shaft that allow a nut to be screwed onto them. As bolts are tightened, tension in the shaft increases and applies a pressing force called preload between components. Preload prevents sliding that could cause bolts to break. Torque wrenches help ensure bolts are tightened enough but not over-tightened. Washers spread load from bolt heads and nuts across component surfaces. Spring washers change shape under tightening to allow preload adjustment or component movement absorption in situations with shocks.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 13

    Chapter 26: Mechanical fasteners 1

    Dr. Bassam Tayeh


    Engineering Technical English
    Islamic University of Gaza
    March 2017
    Outlines
    A. Bolts
    B. Preload in bolted joints
    C. Washers

    2
    A. Bolts
    The photo below shows a common fastener ‫( ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺑﻁ‬or
    fixing): a bolt, with a nut. Bolts have threads ‫ ﻣﺳﻧﻥ‬grooves
    ‫ﺃﺧﺩﻭﺩ‬on the outside of the bolt's shaft (or shank), which run
    around the shaft in a helical pattern ‫ﺷﻛﻝ ﺣﻠﺯﻭﻧﻲ‬. The threaded
    shaft allows a nut, which has a thread inside it, to be screwed
    onto the bolt (by a turning motion). Nuts usually have a right-
    hand thread - they are screwed on by turning them clockwise
    (in the direction of clock hands) and unscrewed by turning
    them anticlockwise. However, in some situations, left-hand
    threads are used.
    3
    BrE: anticlockwise; ArnE: counterclockwise
    BrE: spanner; ArnE: wrench

    4
    Most bolts have heads with hexagonal ‫ ﺳﺩﺍﺳﻲ‬perimeters
    (hexagonal heads or hex heads). These allow a spanner
    ‫ ﻣﻔﺗﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻏﻲ‬to turn them. Heads can also have a hexagonal
    hole in their top, called a socket head. This allows a hex
    key (or Allen key) to fit into them.
    Note: A nut is screwed onto a bolt; a bolt can be screwed
    into a threaded hole.

    5
    B. Preload in bolted joints
    Turning force, called torque, is applied to bolts to tighten them-
    that is, to make them grip ‫ ﺃﻣﺳﻙ‬tightly ‫ ﺑﺎﺣﻛﺎﻡ‬،‫ﻣﺷﺩﻭﺩ‬. As a bolt is
    tightened, the tension (stretching force) in its shaft increases,
    and the components being bolted together are pressed tightly
    together. This pressing force is called preload (or clamp ‫ﺷﺩ ﺑﺈﺣﻛﺎﻡ‬
    load). If enough preload is applied, friction between the
    components will prevent them sliding in different directions.
    This is an advantage, as sliding subjects the sides of bolts to
    shear force (scissoring force ‫)ﻗﻭﻯ ﻗﺹ‬, which can cause them to
    break. In steel structures, bolts that apply high preloads to
    prevent sliding are called high strength friction grip (HSFG)
    bolts. 6
    The amount of torque applied to bolts can be adjusted using a torque
    wrench, a tool which can tighten and loosen bolts, and which
    indicates how much torque is applied. This helps to ensure that bolts
    are tightened enough, but not over-tightened. Torque wrenches are
    also useful for checking that bolted joints do not work loose - that is,
    that they do not become loose over time.

    Note: See Unit 31 for more on torque, tension, shear and other
    forces.

    7
    C. Washers
    Washers are metal discs which fit
    between the head of a bolt or a nut and
    the components being bolted together.
    Ordinary washers- called flat washers or
    plain washers- have a larger outside
    diameter than the bolt head or nut. Their
    wider area is intended to spread the load
    (distribute pressure) over the surface of
    the component as the bolt is tightened.

    8
    Spring washers are designed to be compressed, to allow the
    amount of preload to be adjusted as the bolt is tightened.
    In some situations, spring washers are used to allow a bolt to
    move slightly, in order to absorb shocks. Common types of
    spring washer are helical spring washers and conical spring
    washers.

    9
    Exercises
    26.1 Change one word in each of the sentences below to make them
    correct. Look at A opposite to help you..
    1 Wrenches are well-known examples of fasteners.
    2 In most cases, nuts are screwed onto bolts by turning them
    anticlockwise.
    3 The threaded part of a bolt is the head.
    4 Threads are cut to form a hexagonal pattern.
    5 Allen keys are designed to fit around the heads of bolts.

    10
    26.2 Use the words in the box to complete the text about bolted joints, taken from
    a bolt supplier's website. Look at B opposite to help you.

    11
    26.3 Decide whether the sentences below are true or false, and correct the false
    sentences. Look at C opposite to help you.
    1 The purpose of all washers is to spread the load from the bolt
    across the surfaces of the components being bolted together.
    2 Plain washers are flat.
    3 Spring washers change shape as a bolt is tightened.
    4 Spring washers ensure that, no matter how much a bolt is
    tightened, the amount of preload remains the same.
    5 In situations where components are subjected to shocks, spring
    washers ensure that no movement occurs between the bolt and the
    component.
    12
    End of
    Chapter 26

    13

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