Political correctness

"Politically correct" and "Politically incorrect" redirect here. For other uses, see Politically Correct
(disambiguation) and Politically Incorrect (disambiguation).
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Political correctness (adjectivally: politically correct; commonly abbreviated PC) is a term used to describe
language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular
groups in society.[1][2][3][4][5] In public discourse and the media, the term is generally used as a pejorative with an
implication that these policies are excessive or unwarranted.[6][3][7][8][9][10] Since the late 1980s, the term has been
used to describe a preference for inclusive language and avoidance of language or behavior that can be seen as
excluding, marginalizing, or insulting to groups of people disadvantaged or discriminated against, particularly
groups defined by ethnicity, sex, gender, or sexual orientation.

Early usage of the term politically correct by leftists in the 1970s and 1980s was as self-critical satire; usage
was ironic, rather than a name for a serious political movement.[7][11][12][13] It was considered an in-joke among
leftists used to satirise those who were too rigid in their adherence to political orthodoxy.[14]

The modern pejorative usage of the term emerged from conservative criticism of the New Left in the late 20th
century. Commentators on the political left in the United States contend that conservatives use the concept of
political correctness to downplay and divert attention from substantively discriminatory behavior against
disadvantaged groups.[15][16][17] They also argue that the political right enforces its own forms of political
correctness to suppress criticism of its favored constituencies and ideologies.[18][19][20] In the United States, the
term has played a major role in the "culture war" between liberals and conservatives.[21]

Contents
 1 History
o 1.1 Early-to-mid 20th century
o 1.2 1970s
o 1.3 1980s and 1990s
 2 Usage
 o 2.1 Education
o 2.2 As a conspiracy theory
o 2.3 Media
o 2.4 Satirical use
o 2.5 Science
 3 Right-wing political correctness
 4 See also
 5 References
 6 Further reading
 7 External links

History
William Safire states that the first recorded use of the term politically correct in the typical modern sense is by
Toni Cade Bambara in the 1970 anthology The Black Woman.[22] The term probably entered modern use in the
United Kingdom around 1975.[10][clarification needed]

Early-to-mid 20th century

In the early-to-mid 20th century, the phrase politically correct was used to describe strict adherence to a range
of ideological orthodoxies within politics. In 1934, The New York Times reported that Nazi Germany was
granting reporting permits "only to pure 'Aryans' whose opinions are politically correct".[2]

As Marxist–Leninist movements gained political power, the phrase came to be associated with accusations of
dogmatic application of doctrine in debates between American Communists and American Socialists. This
usage referred to the Communist party line which, in the eyes of the Socialists, provided "correct" positions on
all political matters. According to American educator Herbert Kohl, writing about debates in New York in the
late 1940s and early 1950s,

The term "politically correct" was used disparagingly, to refer to someone whose loyalty to the CP line overrode
compassion, and led to bad politics. It was used by Socialists against Communists, and was meant to separate
out Socialists who believed in egalitarian moral ideas from dogmatic Communists who would advocate and
defend party positions regardless of their moral substance.

— "Uncommon Differences", The Lion and the Unicorn[3]

1970s

In the 1970s, the American New Left began using the term politically correct.[11] In the essay The Black
Woman: An Anthology (1970), Toni Cade Bambara said that "a man cannot be politically correct and a [male]
chauvinist, too." Thereafter, the term was often used as self-critical satire. Debra L. Shultz said that "throughout
the 1970s and 1980s, the New Left, feminists, and progressives... used their term 'politically correct' ironically,
as a guard against their own orthodoxy in social change efforts."[7][11][12] PC is used in the comic book Merton of
the Movement, by Bobby London, which was followed by the term ideologically sound, in the comic strips of
Bart Dickon.[11][23] In her essay "Toward a feminist Revolution" (1992) Ellen Willis said: "In the early eighties,
when feminists used the term 'political correctness', it was used to refer sarcastically to the anti-pornography
movement's efforts to define a 'feminist sexuality'."[13]

Stuart Hall suggests one way in which the original use of the term may have developed into the modern one:
According to one version, political correctness actually began as an in-joke on the left: radical students on
American campuses acting out an ironic replay of the Bad Old Days BS (Before the Sixties) when every
revolutionary groupuscule had a party line about everything. They would address some glaring examples of
sexist or racist behaviour by their fellow students in imitation of the tone of voice of the Red Guards or Cultural
Revolution Commissar: "Not very 'politically correct', Comrade!"[14]

1980s and 1990s

Allan Bloom's 1987 book The Closing of the American Mind[24] heralded a debate about "political correctness"
in American higher education in the 1980s and 1990s.[7][25][26] Professor of English literary and cultural studies at
CMU Jeffrey J. Williams wrote that the "assault on ... political correctness that simmered through the Reagan
years, gained bestsellerdom with Bloom's Closing of the American Mind."[27] According to Z.F. Gamson,
Bloom's book "attacked the faculty for 'political correctness'".[28] Prof. of Social Work at CSU Tony Platt says
the "campaign against 'political correctness'" was launched by Bloom's book in 1987.[29]

An October 1990 New York Times article by Richard Bernstein is credited with popularizing the term.[30][31][32][33]
[34]
At this time, the term was mainly being used within academia: "Across the country the term p.c., as it is
commonly abbreviated, is being heard more and more in debates over what should be taught at the universities".
[35]
Nexis citations in "arcnews/curnews" reveal only seventy total citations in articles to "political correctness"
for 1990; but one year later, Nexis records 1,532 citations, with a steady increase to more than 7,000 citations
by 1994.[33][36] In May 1991, The New York Times had a follow-up article, according to which the term was
increasingly being used in a wider public arena:

What has come to be called "political correctness," a term that began to gain currency at the start of the
academic year last fall, has spread in recent months and has become the focus of an angry national debate,
mainly on campuses, but also in the larger arenas of American life.

— Robert D. McFadden, "Political Correctness: New Bias Test?", 1991.[37]

The previously obscure far-left term became common currency in the lexicon of the conservative social and
political challenges against progressive teaching methods and curriculum changes in the secondary schools and
universities of the U.S.[8][38][39][40][41][42] Policies, behavior, and speech codes that the speaker or the writer
regarded as being the imposition of a liberal orthodoxy, were described and criticized as "politically correct". [15]
In May 1991, at a commencement ceremony for a graduating class of the University of Michigan, then U.S.
President George H. W. Bush used the term in his speech: "The notion of political correctness has ignited
controversy across the land. And although the movement arises from the laudable desire to sweep away the
debris of racism and sexism and hatred, it replaces old prejudice with new ones. It declares certain topics off-
limits, certain expression off-limits, even certain gestures off-limits."[43]

After 1991, its use as a pejorative phrase became widespread amongst conservatives in the US.[8] It became a
key term encapsulating conservative concerns about the left in cultural and political debates extending beyond
academia. Two articles on the topic in late 1990 in Forbes and Newsweek both used the term "thought police" in
their headlines, exemplifying the tone of the new usage, but it was Dinesh D'Souza's Illiberal Education: The
Politics of Race and Sex on Campus (1991) which "captured the press's imagination".[8] Similar critical
terminology was used by D'Souza for a range of policies in academia around victimization, supporting
multiculturalism through affirmative action, sanctions against anti-minority hate speech, and revising curricula
(sometimes referred to as "canon busting").[8][44][failed verification] These trends were at least in part a response to
multiculturalism and the rise of identity politics, with movements such as feminism, gay rights movements and
ethnic minority movements. That response received funding from conservative foundations and think tanks such
as the John M. Olin Foundation, which funded several books such as D'Souza's.[7][15]
Herbert Kohl, in 1992, commented that a number of neoconservatives who promoted the use of the term
"politically correct" in the early 1990s were former Communist Party members, and, as a result, familiar with
the Marxist use of the phrase. He argued that in doing so, they intended "to insinuate that egalitarian democratic
ideas are actually authoritarian, orthodox, and Communist-influenced, when they oppose the right of people to
be racist, sexist, and homophobic".[3]

During the 1990s, conservative and right-wing politicians, think-tanks, and speakers adopted the phrase as a
pejorative descriptor of their ideological enemies – especially in the context of the Culture Wars about language
and the content of public-school curricula. Roger Kimball, in Tenured Radicals, endorsed Frederick Crews's
view that PC is best described as "Left Eclecticism", a term defined by Kimball as "any of a wide variety of
anti-establishment modes of thought from structuralism and poststructuralism, deconstruction, and Lacanian
analyst to feminist, homosexual, black, and other patently political forms of criticism".[45][27]

Liberal commentators have argued that the conservatives and reactionaries who used the term did so in effort to
divert political discussion away from the substantive matters of resolving societal discrimination – such as
racial, social class, gender, and legal inequality – against people whom conservatives do not consider part of the
social mainstream.[7][16][46] Jan Narveson wrote that "that phrase was born to live between scare-quotes: it
suggests that the operative considerations in the area so called are merely political, steamrolling the genuine
reasons of principle for which we ought to be acting..."[6] Commenting in 2001, one such British journalist,[47][48]
Polly Toynbee, said "the phrase is an empty, right-wing smear, designed only to elevate its user", and, in 2010,
"the phrase 'political correctness' was born as a coded cover for all who still want to say Paki, spastic, or queer".
[49]
Another British journalist, Will Hutton,[50] wrote in 2001:

Political correctness is one of the brilliant tools that the American Right developed in the mid–1980s, as part of
its demolition of American liberalism.... What the sharpest thinkers on the American Right saw quickly was that
by declaring war on the cultural manifestations of liberalism – by levelling the charge of "political correctness"
against its exponents – they could discredit the whole political project.

— Will Hutton, "Words Really are Important, Mr Blunkett", 2001.

Glenn Loury wrote in 1994 that to address the subject of "political correctness" when power and authority
within the academic community is being contested by parties on either side of that issue, is to invite scrutiny of
one's arguments by would-be "friends" and "enemies". Combatants from the left and the right will try to assess
whether a writer is "for them" or "against them".[51]

Geoffrey Hughes suggested that debate over political correctness concerns whether changing language actually
solves political and social problems, with critics viewing it less about solving problems than imposing
censorship, intellectual intimidation and demonstrating the moral purity of those who practice it. Hughes also
argues that political correctness tends to be pushed by a minority rather than an organic form of language
change.[52]

Usage
The modern pejorative usage of the term emerged from conservative criticism of the New Left in the late 20th
century. This usage was popularized by a number of articles in The New York Times and other media throughout
the 1990s,[35][37][30][53][31][32] and was widely used in the debate surrounding Allan Bloom's 1987 book The Closing
of the American Mind.[7][24][25] The term gained further currency in response to Roger Kimball's Tenured
Radicals (1990),[7][15][45] and conservative author Dinesh D'Souza's 1991 book Illiberal Education.[7][8][15][54]
Supporters of politically correct language have been pejoratively referred to as the "language police".[citation needed]

Education
Modern debate on the term was sparked by conservative critiques of perceived liberal bias in academia and
education,[7] and conservatives have since used it as a major line of attack.[8] University of Pennsylvania
professor Alan Charles Kors and lawyer Harvey A. Silverglate connect speech codes in US universities to
Frankfurt School philosopher Herbert Marcuse. They claim that speech codes create a "climate of repression",
arguing that they are based on "Marcusean logic". The speech codes, "mandate a redefined notion of "freedom",
based on the belief that the imposition of a moral agenda on a community is justified", a view which, "requires
less emphasis on individual rights and more on assuring "historically oppressed" persons the means of achieving
equal rights".[55][non-primary source needed] Kors and Silverglate later established the Foundation for Individual Rights in
Education (FIRE), which campaigns against infringement of rights of due process, in particular "speech codes".
[56][unreliable source?]

Similarly, a common conservative criticism of higher education in the United States is that the political views of
teaching staff are more liberal than those of the general population, and that this contributes to an atmosphere of
political correctness.[57][non-primary source needed] William Deresiewicz defines political correctness as an attempt to
silence "unwelcome beliefs and ideas", arguing that it is largely the result of for-profit education, as campus
faculty and staff are wary of angering students upon whose fees they depend.[58][non-primary source needed]

Preliminary research published in 2020 indicated that students at a large U.S. public university generally felt
instructors were open-minded and encouraged free expression of diverse viewpoints; nonetheless, most students
worried about the consequences of voicing their political opinions, with "[a]nxieties about expressing political
views and self-censorship ... more prevalent among students who identify as conservative".[59][60]

As a conspiracy theory

Main article: Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory

Some conservative commentators in the West argue that "political correctness" and multiculturalism are part of
a conspiracy with the ultimate goal of undermining Judeo-Christian values. This theory, which holds that
political correctness originates from the critical theory of the Frankfurt School as part of a conspiracy that its
proponents call "Cultural Marxism".[61] The theory originated with Michael Minnicino's 1992 essay "New Dark
Age: Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'", published in a Lyndon LaRouche movement journal.[62] In
2001, conservative commentator Patrick Buchanan wrote in The Death of the West that "political correctness is
cultural Marxism", and that "its trademark is intolerance".[63]

Media

See also: Media bias

In the US, the term has been widely used in books and journals, but in Britain, usage has been confined mainly
to the popular press.[64] Many such authors and popular-media figures, particularly on the right, have used the
term to criticize what they see as bias in the media.[6][15] William McGowan argues that journalists get stories
wrong or ignore stories worthy of coverage, because of what McGowan perceives to be their liberal ideologies
and their fear of offending minority groups.[65] Robert Novak, in his essay "Political Correctness Has No Place
in the Newsroom", used the term to blame newspapers for adopting language use policies that he thinks tend to
excessively avoid the appearance of bias. He argued that political correctness in language not only destroys
meaning but also demeans the people who are meant to be protected.[66]

Authors David Sloan and Emily Hoff claim that in the US, journalists shrug off concerns about political
correctness in the newsroom, equating the political correctness criticisms with the old "liberal media bias" label.
[67]
According to author John Wilson, left-wing forces of "political correctness" have been blamed for unrelated
censorship, with Time citing campaigns against violence on network television in the US as contributing to a
"mainstream culture [that] has become cautious, sanitized, scared of its own shadow" because of "the watchful
eye of the p.c. police", protests and advertiser boycotts targeting TV shows are generally organized by right-
wing religious groups campaigning against violence, sex, and depictions of homosexuality on television.[68]

Satirical use

Political correctness is often satirized, for example in The PC Manifesto (1992) by Saul Jerushalmy and Rens
Zbignieuw X,[69] and Politically Correct Bedtime Stories (1994) by James Finn Garner, which presents fairy
tales re-written from an exaggerated politically correct perspective. In 1994, the comedy film PCU took a look
at political correctness on a college campus.

Other examples include the television program Politically Incorrect, George Carlin's "Euphemisms" routine,
[citation needed]
and The Politically Correct Scrapbook.[70] The popularity of the South Park cartoon program led to
the creation of the term "South Park Republican" by Andrew Sullivan, and later the book South Park
Conservatives by Brian C. Anderson.[71] In its Season 19 (2015), South Park introduced the character PC
Principal, who embodies the principle, to poke fun at the principle of political correctness.[72]

The Colbert Report's host Stephen Colbert often talked, satirically, about the "PC Police".[73]

Science

See also: Politicization of science

Groups who oppose certain generally accepted scientific views about evolution, second-hand tobacco smoke,
AIDS, global warming, race and other politically contentious scientific matters have used the term "political
correctness" to describe what they view as unwarranted rejection of their perspective on these issues by a
scientific community that they believe has been corrupted by liberal politics.[74]

Right-wing political correctness

"Political correctness" is a label typically used to describe liberal terms and actions, but rarely used for
analogous attempts to mold language and behavior on the right.[75] Economist Paul Krugman, in 2012, wrote
that "the big threat to our discourse is right-wing political correctness, which – unlike the liberal version – has
lots of power and money behind it. And the goal is very much the kind of thing Orwell tried to convey with his
notion of "Newspeak": to make it impossible to talk, and possibly even think, about ideas that challenge the
established order."[20][76] Alex Nowrasteh of the Cato Institute referred to the right's own version of political
correctness as "patriotic correctness".[77]

See also

 Language portal
 Politics portal

 Agenda-setting theory
 Anti-bias curriculum
 Binnen-I
 Campaign Against Political Correctness
 Cancel culture
 Cultural Bolshevism
  Distancing language
 Framing (social sciences)
 Groupthink
 Gutmensch (German expression for "do-gooder")
 Kotobagari (Japanese political correctness)
 Linguistic relativity
 Logocracy
 Microaggression theory
 Newspeak
 Pensée unique
 People-first language
 Politics and the English Language (1946 essay by George Orwell)
 Red-baiting
 Reverse discrimination
 Snowflake (slang)
 Social justice warrior
 Speech code
 Sprachregelung
 Trigger warnings

References
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 "'politically correct' definition". Cambridge English Dictionary. Retrieved 14 March 2016.

 "Definition of political correctness in English". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
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  Cho, Sumi (1997). "Essential Politics". Harvard Law Review. 433.
  McFadden, Robert D. (5 May 1991). "Political Correctness: New Bias Test?". The New York Times.
  D'Souza 1991
  Berman 1992
  Schultz 1993
  Messer Davidow 1993, 1994
  Scatamburlo 1998
  See:

 U.S. President George H. W. Bush, at the University of Michigan (4 May 1991), Remarks at the
University of Michigan Commencement Ceremony in Ann Arbor, 4 May 1991. George Bush
Presidential Library.
 Meaghan, Morris (2013). New Keywords a Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Hoboken:
Wiley. ISBN 978-1118725412. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015.
 edited; Aufderheide, with an introduction by Patricia (1992). Beyond PC  : toward a politics of
understanding. Saint Paul, Minn.: Graywolf Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-1555971649.

  In The New York Times newspaper article "The Rising Hegemony of the Politically Correct", the reporter
Richard Bernstein said that:

The term "politically correct", with its suggestion of Stalinist orthodoxy, is spoken more with irony and
disapproval than with reverence. But, across the country the term "P.C.", as it is commonly abbreviated, is being
heard more and more in debates over what should be taught at the universities.

— The Rising Hegemony of the Politically Correct, NYT (28 October 1990) Bernstein, Richard (28 October
1990). "Ideas & Trends: The Rising Hegemony of the Politically Correct". The New York Times. Retrieved 22
May 2010.
Bernstein also reported about a meeting of the Western Humanities Conference in Berkeley, California, on the
subject of "Political Correctness" and Cultural Studies that examined "what effect the pressure to conform to
currently fashionable ideas is having on scholarship". Western Humanities Conference Archived 15 December
2012 at archive.today
  Kimball, Roger (1990). Tenured radicals : how politics has corrupted our higher education (1st ed.).
New York: Harper & Row – Originally The University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0060161903.
  For commentary see:

 Lauter, Paul (1993). "'Political Correctness' and the Attack on American Colleges".
 Stimpson, Catharine R. (29 May 1991). "New 'Politically Correct' Metaphors Insult History and Our
Campuses".
 James, Axtell (1998). The Pleasures of Academe: A Celebration & Defense of Higher Education.
 Scatamburlo, Valerie L. (1998). Soldiers of Misfortune: The New Right's Culture War and the Politics
of Political Correctness. ISBN  9780820430126.
 Glassner, Barry (5 January 2010). The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong
Things: Crime, Drugs, Minorities, Teen Moms, Killer Kids, Mutant Microbes, Plane Crashes, Road
Rage, & So Much More.

  Tomlinson, Sally (2008). Race and education  : policy and politics in Britain ([Online-Ausg.].  ed.).
Maidenhead [u.a]: Open University Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0335223077.
  Dekker, Teun J. (2013). Paying Our High Public Officials: Evaluating the Political Justifications of Top
Wages in the Public Sector. Research in Public Administration and Public Policy. Routledge. p. 119.
ISBN 978-1135131265.
  For Polly Toynbee see:
  Toynbee, Polly. "Religion Must be Removed from all Functions of State", The Guardian, 12 December
2001 – Accessed 6 February 2007.
 Toynbee, Polly (28 April 2009). "This Bold Equality Push is just what We Needed. In 1997". The
Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010.

  Regarding Will Hutton see:

 Hutton, Will (2015). How Good We Can Be: Ending the Mercenary Society and Building a Great
Country. Hachette UK. p. 80. ISBN 978-1408705322.
 Albrow, Martin (1997). The global age state and society beyond modernity (1st ed.). Stanford, Calif.:
Stanford University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0804728706.
 "The Economist: Will Hutton, p. 81". The Economist. Economist Newspaper Limited. 2002.
 Gyuris, Ferenc (2014). The Political Discourse of Spatial Disparities Geographical Inequalities
Between Science and Propaganda. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 978-
3319015088.
 Hutton, Will. "Words really are important, Mr Blunkett" The Observer, Sunday 16 December 2001 –
Accessed 6 February 2007.

  Loury, G. C. (1 October 1994). "Self-Censorship in Public Discourse: A Theory of "Political

Correctness" and Related Phenomena" (PDF). Rationality and Society. 6 (4): 428–61.
doi:10.1177/1043463194006004002. S2CID 143057168. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November
2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  Hughes, Geoffrey. An encyclopedia of swearing: The social history of oaths, profanity, foul language,
and ethnic slurs in the English-speaking world. Routledge, 2015, pp.348-349
  Heteren, Annette Gomis van (1997). Political correctness in context  : the PC controversy in America.
Almería: Universidad de Almería, Servicio de Publicaciones. p. 148. ISBN 978-8482400839.
  D'Souza, Dinesh (1991). Illiberal education  : the politics of race and sex on campus. New York: Free
Press. ISBN  978-0684863849. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  Kors, A. C.; Silverglate, H (November 1998). "Codes of silence – who's silencing free speech on campus
– and why". Reason Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  Leo, John (Winter 2007). "Free Inquiry? Not on Campus". City Journal. Manhattan Institute for Policy
Research. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  Hess, Frederick M.; Maranto, Robert; Redding, Richard E. (2009). The politically correct university :
problems, scope, and reforms. Washington, D.C.: AEI Press. ISBN 978-0844743172.
  Deresiewicz, William On Political Correctness, The American Scholar, 06/03/17, accessed 24/03/19
  Larson, Jennifer, Mark McNeilly, and Timothy J. Ryan. "Free Expression and Constructive Dialogue at
the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill." Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina (5 February
2020).
  Friedersdorf, Conor (16 February 2020). "Evidence That Conservative Students Really Do Self-Censor".
The Atlantic. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  See:

 Richardson, John E. (2015). "'Cultural-Marxism' and the British National Party: a transnational
discourse". In Copsey, Nigel; Richardson, John E. (eds.). Cultures of Post-War British Fascism.
ISBN 9781317539360.
 Jamin, Jérôme (2014). "Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right". In Shekhovtsov, A.; Jackson, P.
(eds.). The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan. pp.  84–103. doi:10.1057/9781137396211.0009. ISBN 978-1137396198.

  Jay, Martin (2010), "Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the
Lunatic Fringe". Salmagundi (Fall 2010–Winter 2011, 168–69): 30–40.
  Buchanan, Patrick. The Death of the West, p. 89.
  Lea, John (2010). Political Correctness and Higher Education: British and American Perspectives.
Routledge. ISBN  978-1135895884. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  McGowan, William (2003). Coloring the news : how political correctness has corrupted American
journalism ([New postscript].  ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Encounter Books. ISBN  978-1893554603.
  See:

 Gorham, Joan (1996). Mass Media. Dushkin Publishing Group, Indiana University.
ISBN 9780697316110. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
 Novak, Robert (March 1995). "Political Correctness Has No Place in the Newsroom". USA Today.
Retrieved 28 October 2015.
 Sloan, David; Mackay, Jenn (2007). Media Bias. McFarland & Company. p.  112. ISBN  978-
0786455058.

  Sloan, David; Hoff, Emily (1998). Contemporary media issues. Northport: Vision Press, Indiana
University. p.  63. ISBN  978-1885219107. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  Wilson, John. 1995. The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on High Education.
Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 7 ISBN 978-0822317135.
  "TidBits: The PC Manifesto". Fiction.net. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
  "Book – Buy Now". Capc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
  Anderson, Brian C. (Autumn 2003). "We're Not Losing the Culture Wars Anymore". City Journal.
Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
  For South Park's usage see:

 Caffrey, Dan. "PC Principal rides the line between hero and villain on the season finale of South Park".
The A.V. Club. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
 Bell, Crystal. "'South Park' Perfectly Showed How To Do A Caitlyn Jenner Joke Right". mtv.com. MTV.
Retrieved 29 January 2016.

  For Colbert's usage see:

 Steinberg, Dan (27 March 2014). "Colbert Report on Redskins' new foundation". The Washington Post.
Retrieved 3 December 2015.
 D'addario, Daniel (April 2014). "Stephen Colbert jokes about #CancelColbert: "The system worked!"".
Salon. Retrieved 3 December 2015.

  Bethell, Tom (2005). The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science. Washington, D.C: Regnery Publishing.
ISBN 978-0895260314.
  Adams, Joshua (12 June 2017). "Time for equal media treatment of 'political correctness'". Columbia
Journalism Review. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  Aly, Waleed; Simpson, Robert Mark (2018). "Political Correctness Gone Viral". In Fox, Carl; Saunders,
Joe (eds.). Media Ethics, Free Speech, and the Requirements of Democracy. New York: Routledge.
ISBN 9781138571921.

77.  Nowrasteh, Alex (7 December 2016). "The right has its own version of political correctness. It's just
as stifling". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 19
December 2016.

Further reading

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Political correctness

  Bernstein, David E. (2003). You Can't Say That! The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from
Antidiscrimination Laws. Cato Institute, 180 pages. ISBN 1930865538.
 Hentoff, Nat (1992). Free Speech for Me – But Not for Thee. Harper Collins. ISBN 006019006X.
 Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. (1998). The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society.
W.W. Norton, revised edition. ISBN 0393318540.
 Debra L. Schultz (1993). To Reclaim a Legacy of Diversity: Analyzing the "Political Correctness"
Debates in Higher Education. New York: National Council for Research on Women. ISBN 978-
1880547137.
 John Wilson (1995). The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on High Education.
Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1713-5.

External links
Look up political correctness, patriotic correctness, politically incorrect, or politically correct in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

 Media related to Political correctness at Wikimedia Commons

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