Name: MISLANG, John Carlos Date: October 7, 2021

NACES, Leidi
NADAL, Grazelle
QUE, Arl Dominic
TUGAHAN, Russdale Van
Course/Year: BS ECE 2-1 Professor: Sir Antonio C. Tee Jr.
Schedule: Wed/Thurs 5:30pm-7:00pm Rating:

Experiment No. 3

OHM’S LAW

I. OBJECTIVES

1. To study how Ohm’s Law is applied to electrical circuits.

2. To become familiar with the sign conventions of voltage and current.

II. DISCUSSION

The current in most material under fixed environmental conditions, is directly proportional
to the potential difference across it. The resistance of the material is the proportionality constant.
The relationship is known as Ohm’s Law.

I = V/R

In dealing with simple circuits or with parts of a more complex circuit Ohm’s Law could
be applied. The resistance used in the circuit could be that of a single resistor or the equivalent
resistance of a group of resistors.

We could easily establish current direction by using an ammeter. A conventional ammeter

will have an uphill deflection if the current enters its positive terminal and leaves its negative
terminal. Current IAB is positive if it is directed from A to point B. Also, it could easily be
established that a potential difference VAB is positive if point A is at a higher potential than point B
by using a voltmeter. A voltmeter will have an uphill deflection if its positive terminal is
maintained at a higher potential.

III. INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS

QTY UNIT ITEM SPECS

One (1) Pc. DC power Supply 12Vdc
One (1) Set Resistor 500ohm to 10k
One (1) Pc IC 7812
One (1) Set Connecting wires
One (1) Pc VOM
One (1) Pc Extension Cord(optional)
One (1) Pc. DC Ammeter 0-1A

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IV. PROCEDURES

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 3-1. Refer to Appendix for DC Supply set up (optional)
2. Measure and record the voltage E and current IT.
3. Compute the equivalent resistance between point A and E using the formula Edc/IT. This will
serve as the computed value.
4. Disconnect the supply voltage and measure the resistance equivalent resistance using VOM.
5. Reconnect the supply. Measure and record I1, I2, Vbc, Vbe, Vcd.

V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

R2 = 10K Ω

R3 = 4.7 K Ω
5V R5 = 5.1K Ω

VI. DATA AND RESULTS

Edc IT Rae
Measured 5.04V 0.890mA 5.55KΩ
Computed 5V 0.886mA 5.64KΩ
% Difference 0.008% 0.004% 0.18%
Table 3-1

I1 I2 Vbc Vbe Vcd

Measured 0.617mA 0.275mA 2.7V 4.12V 1.4V
Computed 0.613mA 0.273mA 2.73V 4.11V 1.39V
% Difference 0.006% 0.007% 0.01% 0.002% 0.007%
Table 3-2

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VII. COMPUTATION

Combine R2 and R5
R2&5 = 15.1K Ω

Combine R3 and R4
R3&4 = 6.7K Ω
Combine R3&4 and R2&5
1 505850
R2-5 = 1 1 = ≈ 4640 Ω
+ 109
15100 6700

Rae= 505850
109
+ 1000 = 5640 Ω
Find voltage across R1
1000 10900
VR1= 505850 (5) = V
1000+ 12297
109

OL to get IT
10900
12297
IT= = 0.886mA
1000
KVL loop a-b-e-f-a
10900
-5V + V + Vbe = 0
12297
Vbe = 4.11 V
OL to get I1
4.11 V
I1= = 0.613mA
6700
KCL at node B
I2 = IT – I1 =0.886𝑚𝐴 − 0.613 𝑚𝐴
I2 = 0.273 mA
OL to get Vbc
Vbc = 0.273 mA (10,000) = 2.73V
OL to get Vcd
Vcd = 0.273 mA (5,100) = 1.39V

% DIFFERENCE:

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VIII. OBSERVATION

In the experiment, two types of values were compared to each other. The values obtained
from performing the actual experiment and the values obtained from the calculation. This
experiment shows that the use of Kirchhoff’s law and Ohm’s law can determine the value of
current and voltage that the specified nodes in the circuit have. It showed that the value from the
actual experiment and the value computed were really close to each other. This shows that both
laws were properly applied to the calculation. Furthermore, to get the total resistance throughout
the circuit, R2 and R5 can be added together, and the same goes for R3 and R4 because they are
in series. After adding the resistors together, they are now parallel to each other, which makes the
resistance of the two loops smaller compared to the resistance when they are in series. Finally, the
remaining resistance can be added to the value got because they are once again in series. In line
with the previous experiment, the total resistance of the resistors that are in series increases. This
makes the current in the circuit small and it makes the voltage smaller in other nodes. Even though
the current was smaller due to the higher resistance, the voltage output would all equate to the
voltage input of the circuit.

IX. CONCLUSION

The direction of the current of a circuit can be determined by the direction of the deflection
of the multimeter, where the deflection of the multimeter will be positive if the flow of the current
flows from the positive probe to the negative probe. It is similar to the voltage, where there will
be a positive deflection in the multimeter when the higher potential is at the positive probe, and
the lower potential to the negative probe. The resistances of resistors that are connected in series
can be combined simply by adding their resistances, which will be the resistance of that particular
section of the circuit. The resistances of resistors connected in parallel can be found by finding the
reciprocal of the sums of the reciprocals of their respective resistances. The Ohm’s Law can be
used bit by bit in parts of the circuit to determine the electrical values of resistance, voltage, and
current.

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X. PICTURES

Edc IT

Rae I1

I2 Vbc

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 Vbe Vcd

Grading (Experiment 3)

MISLANG, John Carlos - 100%

NACES, Leidi - 100%
NADAL, Grazelle - 100%
QUE, Arl Dominic - 100%
TUGAHAN, Russdale Van - 100%

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