Thesis Finalist

Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez
Institute of Science and Technology

College of Criminal Justice Education
Crime rates of Juvenile During Pandemic versus Before Pandemic:
The Comparative Study of Juvenile Delinquent and
it’s factors in Tondo, Manila
An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty
of the College of Criminology
EARIST- MANILA
In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of
Science in Criminology
By:
Geradela, Arod F.
Nahil, Jhasmin R.
Padua, Justine A.
Pilapil, Angelica V.
2021
Chapter 1
The Problem and It’s Background
Juvenile Delinquency is a term used to describe illegal actions of a minor, this term
include everything from minor violations like skipping school to more severe crimes such as
burglary and violent actions. In Philippines there are list of crime that committed by the
juvenile this are motor vehicle theft, vandalism, larceny, robbery, homicide, simple assault,
aggravated assault, kidnapping and sex offenses. According to Walter Reckless (1957) the
term Juvenile Delinquency applies to the violation of criminal code and pursuit in certain
pattern of behaviour.
According to Durkheim (2002) juvenile delinquency is caused by the malfunction of
one social organization which in this case is a family organization. From some of the
definitions, above it can be deduced that juvenile delinquency is the act of some teenagers
which is contrary to law, religion, and community norms so consequently can harm others,
and disrupt general peace and also self-destructive.
Risk of factors in juvenile delinquency has a four (4) category; (1) individual (2) family (3)
peer (4) school and family. Based on the statistics crime committed by juvenile is hard to
assemble, classify and obtain, and mostly unreported. The Council for the Welfare of
Children (CWC) reported that more than 52,000 Filipino children from 1995-2000 were in
“conflict with the law”. The Data from Social welfare said that form 2001 to 2010 close to
64,000 offenders were detained by the government. Ma. Raquel Tubale of Manila Department
of Social Welfare (MDSW) said that the rate of crimes involving children mostly from a poor
families in the Manila district.
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The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 is one of the most significant world-wide events in
recent history, it has an impact in culture, government operations, crime, economics, politics,
and social interactions for the future. One unique aspect of this crisis is the governmental
response of issuing legal stay-at-home orders to slow the spread of the virus. While these
orders varied, both in degree and timing, between countries and states, they generally began
with strong encouragement for persons to isolate themselves voluntarily. Practically overnight
the entire country significantly reduced day-to-day travels, eliminating commutes from home
to work, as well as leisure activities. The stay at home mandates brought about the most wide-
reaching, significant and sudden alteration of the lives of billions of people. In United States
and around the world, a positive byproduct of these unprecedented events is a dramatic drop
in crime rate (Fattah 2020).The COVID-19 pandemic radically changed the nature of social
interaction and economic activity in all regions across the world. On April 2020, more than
half of the global population was under on a lockdown. In the following months, the countries
was enforced a broad spectrum of restrictions. These ongoing changes affecting all aspects of
life, with crime being no exception.
Young people are particularly vulnerable to the disruptions the COVID-19 pandemic has
caused, with many at risk of being left behind in education, economic opportunities, and
health and well being during a crucial stage of their life development. Many affected by
school closures, and poverty and unemployment rates due to COVID-19 have increased
dramatically.
In Criminological Theory suggest that lockdown measures could activate causal mechanisms
for both reduction and an increase in crime, in particular violent and property crime, with
some types of crime more likely to increase and others to decrease.
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The aim of this study is to compare the crime rates done by the juvenile before the COVID-19
pandemic and during pandemic, it is to identify the crime rates done by juvenile in Tondo,
Manila.
Setting of the Study
The setting of the study was focused on the Crime rates of Juvenile During Pandemic
versus Before the Pandemic in Tondo, Manila. Tondo has the highest crime rates in the
country, most common crime commited in Tondo is related to drugs and a murder in a week.
Tondo, Manila.
The Figure shows the map of Tondo, Manila where the study was conducted.
Figure 1. Map of Tondo, Manila
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Theoretical framework
This study was anchored on the Differential Opportunity Theory by Richard Cloward
and Lloyd Ohin and Containment Theory by Walter Reckless, Strain Theory by Siegel, and
Sub-culture theory by Cohens.
Differential Opportunity Theory developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohin in 1960,
they believes that opportunity plays a role in juvenile delinquency, this theory combines
learning, subculture, anomie and social disorganization theories and expand them to include
the recognition for criminal behaviour.
Containment Theory, introduced by Walter Reckless he stated that the inner and outer
containment help prevent juvenile offending. The inner containment include of positive self-
concept, tolerance for frustration and an ability to set realistic goals. Outer Containment
include institutions such as family( Barkan 2006). Containment mean the forces within and
outside the individual that has the power to influence his action, such as whether to commit or
not to commit crime. Strain theory, refers to the individual frustration, anger, and resentment.
These negative feelings are brought about by their inability to have, possess and achieve their
desires in life, whether material or non material things. The poor by reason of their poverty,
are deprived of even the most basic needs and wants in life. This deprivation is the source of
the strain, because of this they are pushed into doing illegal activities, such as the crime of
robbery, theft, drug pushing and other similar crimes for the purpose of earning money.
According to Cohen, the formation of subcultures among young people is the outcome of its
members' adjustment and status issues, which are produced by the existing class society's
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disparity. These delinquent subcultures, according to Cohen, are defined by their deviant ideals
and morals, which allow their members to earn respect and recognition.
Cohen's sub-cultural theory emphasizes the fact that, in their opinion, criminals do not act
illegally at all. They are subject to various behavioral standards as members of subcultures,
which are founded on values and norms that differ from those of mainstream society. The
actor's behavior is conforming to the subculture, and hence to the actor's subculture.
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Conceptual Paradigm
Input Process Output
1. The demographic profile of 1. Dissemination Reduce the crime

juvenile of questionnaire committed by the
juvenile and
 Age 2. Interview
strengthen the
 Gender preference 3. Collecting of law provided to
data the juveniles.
 Highest educational attainment
4. Statistical
2. Factors affecting juvenile in treatment of data
crimes
5. Presentation of
 Financial problem data
 Family problem 6. Analyzes and
 Peer pressure interpretation of
data
 Education
3. Significant of crime rates before

pandemic and during pandemic
4. Categories of crime committed by

the juvenile.
5. Proposed action for juvenile

delinquency prevention.
Feedback
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Statement of the Problem
In a wider perspective, this research seeks to compare the Crime Rates of Juvenile before
Pandemic versus During Pandemic and It’s Factors in Tondo, Manila.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What are the demographic profile of juvenile that most commonly engage in crime in terms
of the following variables:
1.1 age
1.2 gender preference
1.3 highest educational attainment
2. What are the factors that the juvenile was engage in commission of crimes in terms of the
following variables:
1.1 Financial problem
1.2 Family Problem
1.3 Peer Pressure
1.4 Education
3. Is there is any significant between crime rates in Tondo Manila before and during
pandemic?
4. What are the categories of crime committed by juvenile delinquent before pandemic
versus during pandemic in Tondo, Manila?
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5. What is the proposed action for juvenile delinquency prevention?
Hypothesis
The Researcher hypothesized that there is a different on crime rates committed by the juvenile
before and during pandemic. The crime rates during pandemic was get higher compare before
pandemic.
Significance of the Study
The information that was gathered in this study was deemed beneficial to the following;
Department of Social Workers and Development - This topic may use by the organization
to refine then develop platforms, reforms and program dealing with current issue.
Local Police Offices- Data from the study is statistically computed and treated so it is ready
to serve as a basis for studies and evaluation of the juvenile delinquency situation in Tondo,
Manila
Department of Education and Teachers- Educators may use the findings of this study to
create intervention and program that will serve as an awareness and correction to students so
they would avoid delinquency and crime in the future
Citizen- the citizen will be knowledgeable about the statistics of juvenile delinquency in
Tondo, Manila and would be motivated to create action and programs that may help lessen
juvenile delinquency rates.
Youth- the youth would benefit in this study so that they would also have the knowledge
about juvenile delinquency.
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Future Researchers- This study is one of the ample good references for the future research
about the crime rates of juvenile before and during pandemic.
Government- This research is beneficial for the authorities for better project a good action
concerning the same issue.
Local Government Officials- This study also implores the importance of coordination
between LGU’s and local police in attaining goals such as crime-free environment.
Parents/ Family- the output produce of this research will help the parents, most especially to
the family to be more attach to their children.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The subject of this study is to determine if there was any changes regarding to crime rates of
past and present days particularly before and during pandemic of COVID 19. This topic
anchored to sought answer of what are the effects of following variables and why the child
came to be delinquent because of this variables : family problems, peer pressure, financial
unstable, and poor education that was perceived in a 50 juvenile, DSWD officials and
juvenile age bracket 12 to 18 years old from Tondo, Manila in year 2016 to 2021 a
comparative study.
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Definition of Terms
Juvenile - defined as persons under the age of 18 and above the age of 10
Juvenile delinquent - young person whose conduct is characterized by antisocial behaviour
that is beyond parental control and subject to legal action.
Pandemic- an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region, for
instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of people.
Differential Opportunity theory - the idea that people from low socioeconomic
backgrounds who have few opportunities for success, will use any means at their disposal to
achieve success.
Strain theory - the social structure within society may pressure citizens to commit crime.
Containment theory - form of control theory, contends the series of external social factors
and internal qualities effectively insulate certain individuals from criminal involvement.
CICL - A “Child in conflict with the law” , refers to a child who is alleged as, accused of, or
adjudged as, having committed an offense.
Subculture theory- crime is a consequence of the union of young people into so-called
subcultures in which deviant values and moral concepts dominate.
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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Study
This chapter present the collected review of related literature and related study which
presume related and possess significant to present study.
Foreign Literature
According to Baysinger et al., (2018)Delinquency is as individual as the juvenile
themselves, and the cause of juvenile delinquency often is differ from person to person. While
some life issue can directly be connected to the type of crimes a juvenile commits. Many
issue can lead to have one or more issues in their background. This issues was lead
contributors to commit crime. In Sociology Study, it is found that the more contributing
factors in a background, the more dangerous or violent the actions of the child may be when
committing a crime. The following contributing factors to juvenile delinquency are: violence
in the home, financial issues, drug or alcohol abuse, poor school work, lack of school
attendance, peer pressure, boredom. Many of the reason that minors commit crimes are
because of outside influences. Eliminating these factors from the lives of the minors is the
best way to allow them to grow into law abiding adults.The COVID-19 outbreak reached
pandemic on March 11, 2020 it was a deemed a “rapidly evolving situation” (CDC 2020).
Around mid-March timeframe, responses began rolling out coast-to-coast, first a crawling
pace that soon felt like a sprint; the “social distancing” a specific protolocols, stay at home,
and closures of entire economic and social sectors.
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According to Feld (2017) As many states begin phased reopening strategies and lift stay
at home restrictions, speculation surrounding the effects of such changes on juvenile
delinquency is increasing. The restrictions to individual movements have a widespread
consequences for youths and their potential engagement on delinquency, the theoretical
arguments integrate components and findings based in opportunity theories and changes to
youth’s routine activities and time use, as well as aspects of youths’ peer association and
informal control agents.
According to Hockenberry (2018) the state-based juvenile justice systems are reflected in
decreasing official estimates, which show system-wide reductions in the number of juveniles
at all stages of the system. Law enforcement, as the gatekeepers of an interconnected system,
has the discretion to help shape youths’ future and avoid further entrenchment in the juvenile
system. As a last resort, law enforcement officers arrest youths and refer them to juvenile
courts, there are opportunities for informal warnings or for diversion into community-based
services.Many children grow up in a single parent family, meaning children who grow up ina
a one biological parent present. The percentage of single parent families has been consistently
high over the past decades in western countries. In European Union and the United States, 15
and 27% of the children grow up in a single parent family (Eurostat 2016). it appears that the
rate of single parenthood will not decrease, it is important to consider the consequences of
growing up in a single parent family. Growing up in a single parent family has a negative
effects in children’s emotional well-being, cognitive development and school performance.
Juvenile Delinquency is unlawful behavior by a minor. Juvenile crimes include public order
offenses; drug law violations, property offenses, such as burglary and theft; and person
offenses, including assault, robbery, rape and homicide. According to the Juvenile Court
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Statistics report (2018) by the National Center for Juvenile Justice (NCJJ), the categories of
offenses most commonly handed by juvenile courts include simple assault, drug law
violations, larceny, obstruction of justice, and disorderly conduct.
According to Dahbia (2018) teen pressure is a complicated area. There are different types
of peer pressure for this age group. It help the children to develop the coping skills necessary
for adulthood. It can lead them in bad directions. Teens may feel they have grown up, their
brains not finished developing and one of the immature functions is judgement. Peer pressure
might encourage teens to become more active athletics or to avoid risky behaviors, or it could
lead them to try alcohol or drugs, skip school or engage in other negative behaviors. “Teens
have extra unconnected synapses in the area where risk-assessment occurs and this gets in the
way of judgement. In addition, the prefrontal cortex is underdeveloped, which makes teens
more sensitive to peer pressure and risky, impulsive behavior”. said Dr. Dabhia “ As
challenging as it is to watch your child grow up and become independent, it is essential to
their well-being that parents respect their independence” .
Foreign Studies
According to Sneha Mittal et al (2021) Juvenile Delinquency has become a major disease
in the society, and it shows such characteristics as low age, adult means, group crime and
diversified types of crime, which have seriously affected the school order and social stability.
As the main place for minors’ education, schools must carry out moral education and
psychological counselling so as to reduce and prevent minors’ crimes, maintain school order
and build a harmonious socialist society.
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With the further development of network technology, computer and Internet cafes have
completely walked into the lives of juveniles. Most of the juvenile began to be infatuated with
Internet cafes, and even skipped classes. Although the relevant departments have formulated
corresponding regulatory systems and adopted regulatory control techniques, there are still
certain murders, pornography, yellow bets, and so on. Under the influence of long-term, minors
can easily imitate the phenomenon in the video and gradually move toward the path of crime.
As the main place of juvenile life, the family plays a vital role in the growth process. However,
in family education, the phenomenon of malformed family often makes the minor appear
detached, introverted and extreme characters, and then gradually move toward the abyss of
crime; Minors are at a special stage of growth and development. Their psychology and
physiology are in a semi-naive and semi-mature stage. They do not establish correct moral
values, and lack sufficient cognitive abilities for social phenomena. Therefore, when they
encounter things, they are prone to irritable phenomena and gradually become criminal abyss ;
Schools are important places for minors to implement education. However, some schools are
influenced by the traditional teaching mode in the process of implementing education. Not only
are the teaching methods unscientific, but they often even take the form of disguised corporal
punishment. Even some teachers have certain discrimination in education. Under such
circumstances, it is very easy for students to become tired of learning and truancy, and they are
used by the bad guys in the society and gradually move toward illegal crimes. It can be seen
that juvenile crime is the result of a combination of social factors,family factors, self-factors
and school factors etc. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “We must attach great
importance to the ideological and political work of the younger generation, improve the
ideological and political work system, continuously innovate the content and form of
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ideological and political work, and educate and guide the broad masses of young people to form
a correct world outlook, outlook on life, values, and enhance the socialist road of Chinese
characteristics, theory, system, and cultural self-confidence ,ensure that the younger generation
becomes a socialist builder and successor. “ Education is the primary task of social progress,
and schools are an important place to implement education. School education plays a vital role
in personal growth, social development and national progress.
According to Corbett (2019) boys and girls under age 16 and 18 who are liable towards
judiciary due to committing a crime are juvenile delinquent. The rate of juvenile cases is rising
every year with the involvement of boys more than girls. Crimes that committed by juvenile are
heinous crimes like rape, murder, attempt to murder, sexual harassment, assault, cheating,
robbery, stalking, kidnapping and abduction riots, human trafficking, illegal trespass are not
negligible by juveniles.
According to Priolo- Filho et al (2019) based on their study on ‘Child Abuse as a Predictor
of Alcohol Consumption Among Brazilian University Students’, it was found out that
considering the strong association between alcohol consumption and previous child
maltreatment, we may speculate that the prevalence of child abuse may be higher in Brazil, than
in the United States. Although most young people cope with these negative emotions in
prosocial and non-criminal ways, some may respond to these emotions by engaging in
delinquency. The latter cite Agnew who argues for the study of many different types of strains
that can lead to delinquency including experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strains. Trauma‐
related distress increases risk for physical aggression, physical aggression increases risk for
experiencing trauma‐related distress, or whether both are related to other factors. The latter
further conclude that engagement in aggressive behaviour could thus lead to further
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victimization that, in turn, increases one's risk for trauma‐related distress.. Strained adolescents
engage in delinquent behaviour in an attempt to prevent, release, or manage the strain and
negative emotions they feel. Delinquency thus represents a maladaptive and unhealthy response
to or coping strategy for strain. Politically it is tremendously important to understand which
variables are capable of promoting desistence from crime in youths with juvenile justice
involvement. Due to the high prevalence of traumatic exposure and trauma symptoms among
juvenile offenders as well as the need to address the goals of juvenile delinquency, psycho
social trauma and organizational interventions are emerging.
According to Lakhdir et al., (2019) that child physical maltreatment is increasingly
becoming a more acceptable strategy to discipline the children. There are many factors
associated with physical child maltreatment that are concealed within our societies. Those
juvenile delinquents that are caught in acts that are against the prescribed law of the land, in
most cases exhibit failure for copying with stress and will have a historical specificity linked to
their childhood emotional abuse and sometimes neglect. It is important to note that evidence
suggests that psychological distress, including depression and anxiety, has been associated with
increased risk for re-victimization in youth who have experienced child abuse. Juvenile
delinquency is highly dependent on child abuse history with intermediate variable such child
abuse, trauma, sexual abuse, neglect, poor parenting, emotional abuse. Psychological Distress-
anxieties, stress, education, copying style. Juvenile delinquency- alcohol abuse, truancy, rape as
psychological anomalies being vital. Qualifies the preceding assertion when she argues that
delinquent behaviour is the result of perceived opportunities to participate in the antisocial
order, opportunities for antisocial involvement, and the reinforcement that occurs as the result
of these behaviour .
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According to Nagawa ( 2021 ) child abuse can subject a child to psychological distress
which in turn may induce anti-social behaviour leading to juvenile delinquency. The family has
an important role in determining whether a child might engage in delinquency or antisocial acts.
In the absence of the family’s role in proper up bringing of a child tantamount to child abuse.
Owing to the centrality of families in children’s lives, they pay a crucial role in developing
children’s values, skills and sense of self. The development of children thus greatly influences
their future character and the likelihood of them engaging in delinquent acts. It is important to
encourage the formation of parents and to promote public policies against child abuse and those
that support the family as a qualitative space for communication and affective relationships,
with all that there is urgent need of relevant strategies on child protection, with specific focus
on preventing child abuse, negligence among others which in some cases has extended to gang
recruitment and access to smaller arms hence juvenile delinquency. Juveniles spend more time
with peers and less with families during their transition into adulthood; peers have the most
important influence on their day-to-day behaviors. Both parents and peers, however, have been
found to contribute to adolescent development but in different ways. Predominant peer’s effects
actually reflect earlier processes in childhood, and stress the importance of processes linking to
different social organizations across time.
According to Birckhead (2019) inability to afford certain basic commodities such as food
and clothing, has significantly contributed to juvenile delinquency. Areas with high rates of
poverty have correspondingly high rates of juvenile delinquency. Registered juvenile
delinquents are concentrated in urban areas that coincide with low poverty indices, while they
are thinly scattered in better residential areas. High concentrations of juvenile delinquents can
thus be found in the slums of large cities, associated with extreme levels of poverty, bad
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housing, overcrowding and a severe lack of recreational facilities.The family has an important
role in determining whether a child might engage in delinquency or antisocial acts. Owing to
the centrality of families in children’s lives, they play a crucial role in developing children’s
values, skills and sense of self. The development of children thus greatly influences their
future character and the likelihood of them engaging in delinquent acts. Last and not least, it
is very important to encourage the formation of parents and to promote public policies that
support the family as a qualitative space for communication and affective relationships, with
all that, there is urgent need of relevant strategies on child protection with specific focus on
preventing child abuse, negligence among others which in some cases has extended to gang
recruitment and access to small arms, hence juvenile delinquency.
Local Literature
According to Abella (2016) this study was conducted at People Recovery
Empowerment Authority (PREDA) a non-government agency which care for children in
conflict with the law. Study found out that external factors which include the environment
outside home, peer pressure, and community rule all has been found to a great extent of
influence. Mental health professionals describe delinquency as a pattern of bad or disruptive
behavior. Bad juvenile behavior can have far-reaching ramifications, such as serious bodily
injury, arrest or death. Biological influences specific to the individual child are often factors
leading to bad juvenile behavior. Poverty and living in a dangerous neighborhood can lead
children to engage in criminal activities. If your child has easy access to drugs, alcohol,
cigarettes or weapons, he may turn to risky behavior.
Main respondents of the study were the children in conflict with the law who are
currently under the supervision of Peoples Recovery Empowerment Development of Authority
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(PREDA) The key informants were identified to provide the necessary information pertaining
to the Juvenile Delinquent. This sampling technique is useful in documenting that a particular
quality of a substance or phenomenon occurs within a given sample. All statistical tests were
run using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). From the total respondents of 27
there were twenty or 74.07 percent on the age bracket of 15-17 year old. Majority of the
respondents' family sized were composed of 4 members reaching up to 7 and more. Educational
attainment of the respondent showed that fifteen out of 27 or 56% were on elementary level
while 9 or 33% of them were in high school level.
According to Lachica (2019) to deal with youth offenders, some lawmakers are hoping
to make children as young as nine criminally liable. The programmed Get Real investigates
what is driving this proposal. During night patrol in village, where minors loitering in the
evening are known to fall into crime, the village council chairman Ernan Perez and his team
busted a drug and sex den. Most of its operators were 12 or 13, even 10-year-olds. They also
had kitchen knives and sharp tools that could be used as weapons. Gang riots used to be
frequent, with minors throwing bottles at each other. “We’re getting more scared of children
than adults. They have weapons. They carry guns. They aren’t afraid because we can’t file
charges against them,” he said. Offenders aged below 15 are spared trial and jail in the
Philippines. Some say this leniency of the law is making some minors bolder than ever. The
government has a new target for its war on crime: To detain offenders as young as nine and
make them criminally liable.
According to the study of Conde (2019) a bill that would bring down the time of
criminal duty from 15 to 9. The law's effect would be reformatory: youngsters from 14 to 9 who
perpetrate genuine wrongdoings. Unicef refered to neuroscientific research that shows that the
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mind is as yet forming into the mid-20s. The proposed law won't just defame kids much more –
it transforms them into substitutes in the public authority's harmful enemy of wrongdoing
effort, writes Agnes de Varela. The bill was approved by a legislative board on Monday, and
will be voted on by the Senate later this week. The public Commission on Human Rights
censured the bill, saying that "rebuffing kids for the wrongdoing and maltreatment of syndicates
and others is against the state's duty to care for the interests and government assistance of kids"
in the Philippines. DeVarela: Youngsters have effectively been exposed to the limit brutality of
the Philippines' "drug battle" . “ There are still a lot of misconceptions of the Juvenile Justice
and Welfare Act- that the child always gets away with whatever crime he or she does but it’s
not true.” says Juvenile Justice and Welfare Council policy and research officer Jackielou
Bagadiong. According to Jackielou Bagadiong, the full and implementationof the Juvenile
Justice and Welfare Act, not the lowering the age of criminal responsibility, will help children
at risk and in conflict with the law from committing crimes. Lawmakers proposed to lower the
criminal age of responsibility, saying adult criminals purposely make use of youth to commit
heinous crimes, knowing they cannot be held criminally liable. She said “ the child still has this
liability but we don’t detain them because given the current state of our jails, it wouldn’t be
possible, it would harm our future generation if we do that. It wouldn't be possible, it would
harm our future generation if we do that,” she said. Republic Act 9344 or the Juvenile Justice
Law of 2006 sets the minimum age of criminal liability at 15 years old. This means that those
between 15 to 18 years old may be detained in youth centers and go through rehabilitation
programs. Those under 15 years old are exempted from criminal liability and undergo
intervention. “Our jails in the Philippine setting (are) what we can call school(s) of crime. If a
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child enters jail, one can be assured that when he or she comes out, she will have had a network
of criminals that can assist him or her later on,” ( Rappler.com 2018)
According to Philippine National Police’s Women and Children Protection Center (WCPC)
(2019) some minors surrendered to local police offices in the Philippines within two months
since President Duterte was become a President in 2016. Cebu City Police Office revealed the
data of the of the juvenile delinquents based on their data the juvenile delinquents increased in
2018, it has a 92 compared to the data on 2017 that has a 82 percent. Children were mostly
involved in thefts with 39 incidents recorded, cases involving illegal drugs decreased from 33 to
24; acts of lasciviousness increased from 0 to 4; attempted murder from 0 to 3; illegal
possession of deadly weapon from 0 to 1; frustrated homicide from 1 to 2; frustrated murder
from 1 to 0; cattle-rustling from 1 to 2; selling or using volatile substances from 5 to 1;
qualified theft from 0 to 2; illegal possession of firearms from 3 to 2; and those arrested for
special laws reached 14.
House Bill 8858 proposes lowering the minimum age of criminal responsibility from 15 to
12 years old. The modification includes a clause that children aged 12 and up but under the age
of 18 are excluded from all liability. CICL aged 12 to 18 years old who have been found to
have acted with discernment will be subjected to appropriate intervention and diversion
measures. These juvenile offender should be enrolled in a community-based intervention
program overseen by a local social welfare and development officer. Cebu Archbishop Jose
Palma, Like other Catholic prelates, disapproves of the proposal, saying a simple solution will
not work for complex ideologies. “Perhaps the solution is in addressing the issue from other
perspectives rather than just giving a simplistic answer as if when you lower the age,
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automatically all the children will try to be good,”. “In general, we the Catholic bishops don’t
agree with it. Personally, I don’t agree with it,”. “It’s a way of survival doing illegal. Kapag
umiyak ang anak, ‘Mama, pagkain,’ gagawan mo talaga ng paraan or else the child will find a
way, even if it means selling drugs,” She suggested that parents, as first teacher, should lead by
example. She said children are most absorbent in their cognitive stages and tend to imitate the
actions of the adults in their immediate environment. “We always look at the issue of security,
‘walang pulis kaya may nagnanakaw’ but we have to go back sa basic. Why in Japan? Kahit
walang pulis walang nagnanakaw? Because of values. Wala sa pulis ang krimen. It is based on
values, and how you are brougt up,” she said, adding that environment comes next as reason
why children resort to crimes. According to Dr. Anna Kathrina Oaminal - Watin, a clinical
psychologist, said she is in favor of the measure for as long as the amendments like the
mandatory rehabilitation of these young offenders will be strictly implemented to the fullest
extent.One of the objectives of the Community Scouts is to rehabilitate the CICLs. ( Rappler
2018)
Local Studies
According to Abella ( 2016 ) biological influences the individual child are factors that
lead to become a bad juvenile behavior. Anti-social behavior, defined as actions that show a
lack of consideration for others. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder commonly referred to
as ADHA, can cause children to act out on a consistent basis. Child’s environment is often a
catalyst for bad behavior, failure to make friends in school or poor academic can often be
cause of juvenile delinquency, also poverty and living in a dangerous neighborhood will lead
to criminal activities. In a study made by Abella ( 2016 ) that the strong relationship between
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the home and the outside environment of the children in conflict with the law. The gender are
also becoming younger and younger. And home is an important factor that we should
consider to address the increasing number of younger generation committing crimes.
According to Gahar (2020) , “youth” is the basic time period in an individual’s growth and
improvement from the start of pre-adul thood to the pinnacle of adulthood, particularly the
development of independent and conscious adulthood from the age of fifteen (15) to thirty (30)
years. The investigations shows that there are three(3) common roots for high rates of youth
gangs and delinquency in metro manila, these are: Drug and alcohol addiction, Association with
deviant peers for protection ans company and having an alcoholic ans drug addict parents. The
City Social Workers established that youth joints gangs and delinquency because of Antisocial
behavior, Inadequate moral Development, Inconsistent Parenting, Lack of Communication with
Parents, School Adjustment Problems, Low IQ and Low Self-Esteem. According to the study of
Gahar the profile of youth gang members in Metro Manila which includes male ranging from
14-17 years old, they are drop out with elementary school, the parents are low earning workers
or unemployed, lack of education or low educational attainment, and those that are maltreated,
abused and neglected.
According to Thompson ( 2018) Juvenile Delinquents are minors, typically characterized
as being between the ages of 10 and 18, who have conferred some demonstration that damages
the law. These demonstration aren’t called “wrongdoings” as they would be for grown-ups. Or
maybe, violation conferred by minors are called “reprobate acts”. instead of a preliminary, the
adolescent procedures contrast from grown-up procedures in various ways. According to the
study of Baguio et, al. (2018), that the juvenile delinquency of Lapu-Lapu City in the year
2011-2018 mostly are male. Theft is the most common crime committed by juvenile
23
delinquents followed by drug related crimes, robbery, rape and sexual abuse. And the most
common reasons of crime commission by the juvenile delinquents include poverty, condition of
the family, lack of education, and the surrounding community. Despite the most common age
bracket, the study shows that most juvenile delinquents have the highest educational attainment
of elementary undergraduate. The Social Worker administer the intervention and diversion
program for the treatment of the juvenile delinquents. The program aim to bring the juvenile
delinquents into the community as safe and developed individuals.
According to Papaioannou (2017) people describe poverty as the main root why there are
numerous street crimes committed around the world. There are four (4) reasons why teenagers
become juvenile delinquents; first is broken family, where bad family relationship can cause
child to become violent and make him/her seek attention from other people, Second, lack of
communication can make the child to lose its trust and understanding that will cause him/her to
have a lower self-esteem and self-confidence. Third, is lack of finances where they may start to
commit crimes such as shoplifting and consuming drugs. Last is lack of social and moral
training can lead to poor interaction with other people and can make them selfish and arrogant
without knowing how to respect others and laws of the state.
According to Korman et al., (2020) possibly three million students went missing from
enrollment once COVID-19 hit, with students from a low socioeconomic status possibly the
hardest hit. In addition Students reentering school will probably be further behind and have
greater variation in academic skills. Schooling, as presented as a policy recommendation to
inculcate a community of learners, recognizes the problems pointed out by Vegas and Winthrop
(2020), who stated educators and interactions should be the drivers of successful distant
24
learning, not technology or gadgets. The schema of one teacher, one classroom, nevertheless
persists and continues to marginalize and harm students by failing to build the capacity and
agency of meaningful social and personal connections, with poor physical health a looming
challenge. In the entire debate, learning as a policy must become an end goal which moves
beyond lessons and curricula to center on the full range of the schooling experience which
nurtures the whole child.
25
Chapter 3
Methodology and Research Design
This chapter is a presentation of the methodology of research and research design, as well as
sampling of the respondents, tools for the data collection procedure, instrument/ tools of
measurement and statistical treatment of data.
Methodology of Research
The study employed the mixed method of research in determining the comparison of crime
rates of juvenile delinquents before and during pandemic in Tondo, Manila. An Assessment,
this study will assess the comparison of crime rates of juvenile delinquents before and during
pandemic in Tondo, Manila.
Mixed methods refers to an emergent methodology of research that advances the
systematic integration, or “mixing,” of quantitative and qualitative data within a single
investigation or sustained program of inquiry.
Population and Sampling Scheme
Philippines today has the largest generation of young people in history. 30 million
young people between the ages of 10-24 account for 28%of the Philippine population. This
study was conducted on Tondo, Manila because they are has the highest criminal rates that is
related to drug and murder.
26
The researcher used the Purposive sampling, in which researcher relies on his or her own
judgement when choosing members of population to participate in the study. Saunders, M.,
Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2012) A Purposive Sampling is a non-probability sampling method
and it occurs when elements selected for the same are chosen by the judgement of the
researcher. As to the definition the respondents of this study was limited into one hundred (100)
juvenile age from 12 to 18 from Tondo, Manila that has a population of 631,363. thus, this
study targeted respondents are juvenile delinquents and DSWD, to determine the criminal rates
before pandemic and during pandemic.
Research Instrument
In order to gather information’s needed for the study, a Pen and Paper was constructed for the
target participants. This instrument was treated for its validity and reliability prior to the
conduct of the survey, interview and library research.
The Paper questionnaire was a milestone in market research. Where previously high personnel
and time costs had to be invested in conducting face-to-face, the paper-pencil method offered
significantly higher efficiency. The answer option could be standardized and thus made
comparable and processing effort was completely transferred to the respondent, at least for the
time requires to complete the form. The researcher utilized semi-structured interviews,
interviewer prepares a set of questions to be answered by all interviewees. At the same time,
additional questions might be asked during interviews to clarify and/or further expand certain
issues. Afterwards, the gathered data will be organized before being analyzed, and the data shall
be interpreted by the researcher.
27
Part I. Profile of the Respondents
This was a researcher self-made instrument to gather data for the description of the
respondents of the study to be presented. They would described as to their gender, age, socio-
economic status and highest educational attainment.
Part II. Factors in juvenile delinquency
This instruments was a researcher made questionnaire to identify the factors of juvenile
delinquency.
Part III. Significant of the Crime Rates before pandemic and during Pandemic
This instrument was a researcher made questionnaire to be used as a interview
question to identify the criminal rates of juvenile delinquents before pandemic versus during
pandemic
Part IV. Categories of crime committed by the juvenile
This is a researcher made questionnaire to be used as an interview question, it identify the top
ten category of crime committed by the juvenile, to identify their categories.
Part V. Proposed action
This is a researcher made interview questionnaire, to identifies the proposed action given to
the juvenile who are do an illegal actions.
28
Validation of instrument
The instrument for this research study was validated through survey questionnaire was first
submitted to the thesis professor for corrections, comments and suggestions in the appropriate
of the language used, clarification, and right constructions.
Data Gathering Procedure
The following procedures have undertaken in gathering data after the validation of the
instrument:
1. Submitted a letter of request to the Dean of College of Criminal Justice Education for the
conduct of this study.
2. Interviewed the DSWD
3. Dissemination of validated survey
4. Analyzation and tally of responses.
5. Tabular of analyzation responses
6. Presentation of gathered data.
29
Statistical Treatment of Data
To make the Result of this study understandable to everyone, the gathered data was
recorded, established and interpreted through the use of the following statistical procedures to
attain an in-depth analysis of data:
1. Percentage. To provide meaningful description of profiles and attributes of the respondents,
and aid in the comprehension of these data, percentage distribution was obtained using this
formula:
% = ————————— x 100
Where: % - Percentage
F - Frequency of respondents
100 - Constant Factor
N - Total number of respondents
2. Weighted mean - this was used for the quantitative measurement of the responses on the
items selected from the scale of 5 to 1, going higher points for the most degree and lesser points
for the least degree. The weighted mean is composed of the accumulated responses to
determine the local weight, which is typical of the respondents response using the formula:
∑WX
Xw = ———————
30
Where: Xw = is the weight mean
WX = the sum of the product of the weighted frequencies
N = is the total frequencies, or total number of respondents
∑ = summation
Scoring of Responses
Part 2: The data were interpreted in terms of the criteria based on the following scales;
Option Scale Ranges Verbal Interpretation
5 21-5.00 always
4 3.41-4.20 often
3 2.61-3.40 sometimes
2 1.81-2.60 rarely
1 1.00-1.80 never
31
Survey Questionnaire
Part 1
Demographic Profile
Name (optional):
Gender:
Age:
Highest Educational Attainment
_undergraduate Elementary
_Elementary
_ undergraduate High School
_High School
Part 2: Financial Problem
Direction: Answer the following question and put check [✓] on the choices that correspond
to your answer.
Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. Does your
parent or guardian
32
has a worked?
2. Did you feel the
shortage in
money?
3. Have you eat 3
time a day?
4. Does your
parents or
guardian provide
your basic needs?
5. Does your
parents or
guardian support
you at your study?
Family Problem
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. Do you
witness your
parent having
33
hard
disagreement?
2. Do your
parents giving
you enough
supervision?
3. Do your
family
establish good
bonding?
4. Having
broken family
has a negative
impact on
your well-
being?
5. Do you still
live with your
parent?
Recommendation: the parents or guardian must supervised their children and keep the
good communication and bond
34
Peer Pressure
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. Do you
spend much
time to your
peer group?
2. Do you
belong to the
peer group?
3. Does your
peer group
affect your
decision
making?
4. Do your
peer group
push you to
do anything
bad?
35
5. Did you
find that when
you use or
abused drugs
you are
engage in
illegal
activities?
Recommendation: the Friends or peers must be a good influence to individual and must
know the consequences to their act.
Education
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. Does your
parent support
your education?
2. Does your
parent push you
to study?
3. Does your
friends push you
36
to study?
4. Do you cut in
School how
often?
5. Did you
spend your
whole time in
School?
Recommendation: the parents must support their child in school enable for the child to
understand the things clearly.
Part 3 INTERVIEW
1. Is there a difference of crime committed before pandemic and during pandemic?
37
2. What crime does the juvenile most committed? Give top ten (10)
3. Which area has the most crime committed by the juvenile in Tondo?
4. What are the common reason in juvenile in committing crime?
5. When they are caught by authority does their parents search them?
6. How many juvenile delinquents are engage in fraternity?
7. Is Enhance Community Quarantine (ECQ) help to reduce the crime committed by the
juvenile?
8. Does the Implemented Protocol given by the IATF is helpful to lessen the crime
committed by the juvenile?
9. What are the program does juvenile delinquents undergo?
10. What Patterns in the rehabilitation of a juvenile delinquents?
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Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez

Institute of Science and Technology

Crime rates of Juvenile During Pandemic versus Before Pandemic:

The Comparative Study of Juvenile Delinquent and

it’s factors in Tondo, Manila

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty

of the College of Criminology

In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

The Problem and It’s Background

According to Durkheim (2002) juvenile delinquency is caused by the malfunction of

and disrupt general peace and also self-destructive.

families in the Manila district.

life, with crime being no exception.

some types of crime more likely to increase and others to decrease.

Setting of the Study

Figure 1. Map of Tondo, Manila

Sub-culture theory by Cohens.

the recognition for criminal behaviour.

Input Process Output

1. The demographic profile of 1. Dissemination Reduce the crime

3. Significant of crime rates before

4. Categories of crime committed by

5. Proposed action for juvenile

Statement of the Problem

Pandemic versus During Pandemic and It’s Factors in Tondo, Manila.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

of the following variables:

1.2 gender preference

1.3 highest educational attainment

1.1 Financial problem

1.2 Family Problem

1.3 Peer Pressure

versus during pandemic in Tondo, Manila?

5. What is the proposed action for juvenile delinquency prevention?

Significance of the Study

they would avoid delinquency and crime in the future

juvenile delinquency rates.

about juvenile delinquency.

about the crime rates of juvenile before and during pandemic.

concerning the same issue.

the family to be more attach to their children.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

Juvenile - defined as persons under the age of 18 and above the age of 10

Juvenile delinquent - young person whose conduct is characterized by antisocial behaviour

that is beyond parental control and subject to legal action.

instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of people.

adjudged as, having committed an offense.

subcultures in which deviant values and moral concepts dominate.

Review of Related Literature and Study

presume related and possess significant to present study.

According to Baysinger et al., (2018)Delinquency is as individual as the juvenile

and closures of entire economic and social sectors.

at home restrictions, speculation surrounding the effects of such changes on juvenile

delinquency is increasing. The restrictions to individual movements have a widespread

informal control agents.

effects in children’s emotional well-being, cognitive development and school performance.

violations, larceny, obstruction of justice, and disorderly conduct.

challenging as it is to watch your child grow up and become independent, it is essential to

their well-being that parents respect their independence” .