Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ILOCOS NORTE

General Biology 2
Quarter III – Module1:
Genetic Engineering

MELC: Outline the processes involved in genetic

engineering. (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-6)

Discuss the applications of recombinant DNA.

(STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-7)

Prepared by:

ANDY A. DALIDA
Davila National High School
Science SHS – General Biology 2
Share-A-Resource-Program
Quarter 3 – Module 1: Genetic Engineering
First Edition, 2020

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 11
General Biology 2
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Genetic Engineering
Introductory Message
This Contextualized Learning Module (CLM) is prepared so that you, our
dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to
understand each lesson with ease.
This CLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-test is provided to measure your prior knowledge on the lesson. This will
show you if you need to proceed in completing this module or if you need to ask
your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson.
At the end of this module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for all activities and tests. We trust that you
will be honest in using them.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher is also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you in your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this CLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. Likewise, read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any question in using this CLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Genetic Engineering
 Lesson 2- Applications of Recombinant DNA

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. compare classical breeding with modern genetic engineering techniques;
2. describe some methods to introduce DNA into cells;
3. explain the selection and screening of transformants / genetically modified
organisms (GMOs)
4. give examples of products from recombinant DNA technology;
5. illustrate the use of databases to search genes for desired traits;
6. describe steps in PCR to amplify and detect a gene of interest;
7. identify the parts of an expression vector;
8. explain how genes may be cloned and expressed

1
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which of the following best describes genetic engineering?

a. It is the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination

of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism
or population of organisms.

b. It is the manipulation of living organisms or their components to

produce useful usually commercial products

c. Is the use of transgenic organisms to produce materials for human

consumption.

d. It is the use of DNA plasmid to recombine two DNAs together.

2. In recombinant DNA, what causes the plasmid to open?

a. Gene therapy c. Ligase

b. Restriction Enzymes d. Sticky ends

3. What is recombinant DNA?

a. Adding DNA from one organism to the DNA or another

b. DNA which has been changed over generations by natural

c. DNA that causes genetic disorders

d. DNA that has been sequenced

4. What enzyme is use to combine DNA fragments?

a. Gene therapy c. DNA Ligase

b. Restriction Enzymes d. Sticky ends

5. Which of the following is not an argument in favour of GMOs?

a. Reduced biodiversity

b. Disease resistant crops

c. Food with extra nutrients

d. Controlled production of insulin

2
6-10: True or False

_______6. Cloning humans is legally accepted practice in the Philippines.

_______7. E. Coli is one of the bacteria usually used in genetic engineering.

_______8. Insulin is not a product of genetic engineering.

_______9. The first cloned pig is called Dewey.

_______10. Pharmaceutical world belongs to the red biotechnology.

Lesson
Genetic Engineering
1

What’s In

This century brought about great advances in science. Genetic engineering is

one of the most controversial advances in this age because of some bioethical
issues that stick with it. Gene splicing, cloning, and test tube babies are just some
of the products of research in genetic engineering.

As part our review, lets us define the terms and let’s see how much
knowledge have you learned in your previous subjects.

Genetic Engineering Plasmid

Transgenic Organism DNA Ligase

Restriction Enzymes Polymerase Chain Reaction

Chromosome Cloning

3
 Note the Teachers
The teacher must consider the prerequisite skills needed in
the development of this competency including the schema or
background knowledge which may reinforce learning. This
module will help the learners bridge the gap of learning to attain
mastery of the lesson in its spiral progression.

What is New

Many scientific discoveries and advancements led to the development

of genetic engineering. Human-directed genetic manipulation began with
the domestication of plants and animals through artificial selection. Various
techniques were developed to aid in breeding and selection.

PRE-ACTIVITY
1. How organisms may be modified?
2. What are the different modifying techniques in genetic engineering?
3. Enumerate some plants and animals that have desirable or enhanced traits
and how each of the traits was introduced or developed. Modifying
Technique ex. Classical Breeding, Recombinant DNA Technology.

PLANT/ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS MODIFYING

TECHNIQUE
Ex. Flavr-Savr Delayed Ripening Tomatoes Recombinant DNA
Technology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

4
 What is It

Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering is the alteration of an organism’s genotype using

recombinant DNA technology to modify an organism’s DNA to achieve desirable
traits. The addition of foreign DNA in the form of recombinant DNA vectors
generated by molecular cloning is the most common method of genetic engineering.
The organism that receives the recombinant DNA is called a genetically modified
organism (GMO). If the foreign DNA that is introduced comes from a different
species, the host organism is called transgenic. Bacteria, plants, and animals have
been genetically modified since the early 1970s for academic, medical, agricultural,
and industrial purposes. (https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-
nmbiology1/chapter/reading-genetic-engineering/)

The term genetic engineering initially referred to various techniques used for
the modification or manipulation of organisms through the processes
of heredity and reproduction. As such, the term embraced both artificial selection
and all the interventions of biomedical techniques, among them artificial
insemination, in vitro fertilization (e.g., “test-tube” babies), cloning,
and gene manipulation. It was first introduced in our language in the 1970s to
describe the emerging field of recombinant DNA technology and some of the things
that were going on.

Classical plant breeding uses deliberate interbreeding or crossing technique

of closely or distant related individuals to produce new crop varieties or lines with
enhanced or desirable qualities. Plants are crossbred to introduce traits/genes
from one variety or line into a new genetic background.

Genetic engineering involves the use of molecular techniques to modify the

traits of a target organism. The modification of traits may involve:

1. introduction of new traits into an organism

5
 2. enhancement of a present trait by increasing the expression of the
desired gene
3. enhancement of a present trait by disrupting the inhibition of the desired
genes’ expression

5 Steps of Genetic Engineering Used in rDNA technology

Genetic engineering is the process of transfer of the desired gene from an

organism of interest to an organism of choice to obtain the desired product by
applying the principle of biotechnology. The process occurs in basic steps as

1. Isolation of the desired gene (gene cloning technology)

2. Selection of vector and insertion of a gene
3. Transfer of rDNA vector into host cells.
4. Identification, isolation of recombinant gene cells
5. Expression of cloned genes

The procedure followed is called rDNA technology. In short, the desired

substance like insulin for diabetic people is produced by the transfer of the
desired gene (DNA) from a parent organism (here human) to a different organism
(E-coli a bacteria).

6
 In most cases, the desired organism is human or other organisms of human
interest. While the organism of choice is mostly bacteria or yeast.

But why only bacteria and yeast? Because they can be quickly grown and
also their life cycle completes in a few hours to days. Due to this, we get the desired
product formed in a short time. Because of such a short lifespan, they express the
transferred gene to the fullest and we obtain the product very fast.

Steps of Genetic Engineering

To isolate the desired gene, the entire gene or DNA from the organism of
interest has to be extracted. This can be done by homogenization of tissue
(breaking the cells) or by the use of surfactants to break up the cell membrane of
the cell of choice. Once the homogenate is obtained, the entire gene is separated by
differential centrifugation (density-based). This whole-genome is now taken up to
isolate the desired gene.

1. Isolation of the desired gene

Here the DNA coding for the desired protein is isolated. This is a critical task
and can be done by any of the following four methods like

1. Mechanical shearing.
2. Chemical synthesis.
3. By the use of restriction endonucleases.
4. Complimentary DNA method.

Mechanical shearing

Here the required gene is cut off from the whole gene by use of mechanical
force. This can be done by methods like the sonication, nebulization, point shink
shearing, needle shear, etc. This method leads to the formation of random DNA
fragments.

7
Chemical synthesis

As the name indicates, here the desired gene is synthesized by the use of
free nucleotides. For this, the target protein is isolated and from it, the required
nucleotide sequence is deduced.

Using restriction endonuclease enzymes

In this method, the whole genome is taken and subjected to the enzyme
restriction endonucleases. This enzyme cuts the DNA at specific points like the
scissors. The gene obtained by this is quite perfect and hence widely used.

Complimentary DNA method

Here the desired DNA sequence is synthesized from the messenger RNA
which codes of the specific protein of choice. For this, the enzyme reverse
transcriptase is used to synthesize the double-stranded DNA sequence.

2. Selection of vector
A vector is a vehicle to carry the desired gene into the genome of another
organism. This helps us to see that the gene is not destroyed during transfer. Also,
the gene will be operational inside the new organism due to vector. These vectors
have some specific properties like

3. It should be capable of independent multiplication. This is possible if

the gene has “Ori gene”
4. It should have a restriction site i.e. a site where the isolated gene can
be fixed using restriction endonuclease. This is also called multiple
cloning sites.
5. The vector should have a gene promoter sequence like a β-
galactosidase gene.
6. Should have a Marker gene which helps to identify transgenic cells.

There are many types of vectors like

a) Plasmids: These are naturally occurring proteins from bacteria.

b) Cosmids:

c) Phasmid

d) Transposons

8
 e) Bacteriophage (virus)

f) Yeast
g) Shuttle vectors:

These vectors are large pieces of DNA molecules mostly. The plasmid is a
circular, single-stranded, and self-replicable DNA molecule present inside bacteria.
They help in the sexual reproduction of bacteria by transfer of genetic matter from
one to another. Here we use them to transfer the desired gene.

A bacteriophage is a virus that attacks bacteria and inserts its gene into the
bacterial cell for multiplication. Cosmid is similar to plasmid DNA but can
accommodate large DNA pieces.

Transposons: These are movable genes or jumping genes which move from
one cell to another or plasmid to the nucleus. The size is very small like 1kb to 2kb
(1kb =1000nucleotide). This transposon has no “marker gene” and “ori gene.”

Yeast cloning vector: These are used to transfer the desired gene into fungi.
This is a similar plasmid with little modification.

Shuttle vector: These vectors have ori-gene, promoter gene for both bacteria
and fungi. So it is two in one type of process.

3.Transfer of r-DNA

The isolated gene is now transferred into the vector in this step. a is done by
any of the four techniques viz.

Cohesive technique: Here cohesive ends are formed for joining with the
vector. Restriction endonuclease enzyme is used to cut the desired gene and also
plasmid. By this cohesive ends are formed. These cohesive ends in both plasmid
and the desired genes are easily attachable.

Homopolymer chain: Here polymers are formed at the ends of the gene to fix
with the vector.

Blunt end joining. Here the genes with blunt ends are joined to vector by use
of DNA ligase enzyme.

Use of Cos sites. Cos site is one that has 12 nucleotide chains. The vector with the
gene is transferred into a bacteriophage. As we know, the bacteriophage is

9
a virus that attacks bacteria and multiplies. So bacteriophages transfer the desired
gene loaded vectors.

4.Transformation of rDNA

Here the vector with the tagged desired gene is transferred into the organism
of interest, i.e., bacteria or fungi in most cases. This is done by creating holes in
the bacterial cell wall. For this, we use two methods

By use of CaCl2: Here bacteria and calcium chloride are taken in a Petri dish
and cooled to 0-4 degrees. Then rDNA is added and the temperature is suddenly
raised to 42degree. When cooled the bacterial wall shrinks and when heated
instantly, it expands abnormally creating pores in the wall. The loaded vector
enters the cell through these pores.

For those bacteria which do not tolerate this temperature, this method is not
used.

By use of lysosomal enzymes: This lysosomal enzyme destroys bacterial cell

walls. So this catalytic enzyme is taken in low concentration along with plasmids
(vector) and added to the bacterial culture. The cell wall cracks and plasmids enter.
Then the enzyme is removed by centrifugation and supernatant discarding.

By Transduction: Here the desired gene is loaded into cosmid and inserted
into an empty capsule of the virus. The transformed virus is introduced into a
beaker of E-coli. The modified virus enters into E-coli by transduction methods.

5. Identification, isolation & culture of transgenic bacteria:

Once the transformation is done, now we need to identify and isolate those
bacteria from culture media which have the vector within.

For these few methods are followed like

Antibiotic sensitivity technique: This is based on the replica plating method.

Here the bacteria with the desired gene are isolated on to another media. For this,
the solution of bacteria is taken and added with antibiotic ampicillin. Those with
ampicillin resistance genes multiply. While all those without vector do not grow and
are inhibited. The remaining ones grow into visible colonies.

A cylindrical vessel with a flat bottom with muslin cloth wound is pressed
over those colonies. E colonies get fixed to the cloth which is again touched to the

10
surface of fresh media. Thus the bacteria with r-DNA are isolated. These are grown
in culture media in the presence of the promoter genes to get the desired product.

The above method is not suitable for yeast and virus. So other
immunological techniques like nucleic acid hybridization, polymer chain reaction
are used.

Direct phenotypic identification: Here transgenic bacteria are identified

based on the newly developed characters. For example bacteria with β-lactamase
producing gene survive the culture media when added with ampicillin while
remaining die.

After isolation, the bacteria are cultured by the fermentation process to

produce the desired product. The culture broth has all the required nutrients. Also,
it has gene promoters which encourage the transgenic gene in the bacteria to get
activated and produce the product. But why do we need a promoter sequence?

Because all the genes in the genetic material do not activate at all times. So
the transgenic gene needs and external stimuli to produce the mRNA by
transcription. This mRNA which is coded for the desired substance is translated
into the protein.

This is how we manufacture many vaccines like hepatitis-B, vitamins like

B12, hormones like Insulin, etc.

Without this technique, we needed to extract them from animals or by other

means which was insufficient to market demand. Also, the product obtained has
compatibility problems with the human body as it was from another source. But
the product obtained by this method is an exact copy of the one produced in the
body, so it is compatible. (https://www.studyread.com/steps-of-genetic-
engineering/)

There are also ways on how plasmids may be introduced into host
organisms:

1. Biolistics- In this technique, a “gene-gun” is used to fire DNA-coated

pellets of plant tissues. Cells that survive the bombardment, and are able
to take up the expression plasmid coated pellets and acquire the ability to
express the desired protein.
2. Plasmid insertion by Heat Shock Treatment- this is a process used to
transfer plasmid DNA into bacteria. The target cells are pre-treated before

11
 the procedure to increase the pore size of their plasma membranes. The
pre treatment (usually CaCl2) is said to make the cells “competent” for
accepting plasmid DNA. After the cells are made competent, they are
incubated with the desired plasmid at about 4°C for about 30min. The
plasmids concentrate near the cells during this time. Afterwards, a “Heat
Shock” is done on the plasmid-cell solution by incubating it at 42°C for 1
minute then back to 4°C for 2 minutes. The rapid rise and drop of
temperature is believed to increase and decrease the pore sizes in
the membrane. • The plasmid DNA near the membrane surface are
taken into the cells by this process. The cells that took up the
plasmids acquire new traits and are said to be “transformed”.
3. Electroporation- This technique follows a similar methodology as
Heat Shock Treatment, but the expansion of the membrane pores is
done through an electric “shock”. • This method is commonly used
for insertion of genes into mammalian cells.

12
 What’s More

Concept Map ( Genetic Engineering)

Direction: Apply the knowledge you have learned from the lesson by completing
the concept map with word/s to reveal the idea about genetic engineering.

Source: biologycorner.com

What I have Learned

Direction: Determine which technologies are most appropriate for these cell
types.

TECHNOLOGY CELL TYPE

1. Plant Cells
2. Electroporation
3. Biolistics
4. Bacterial Cells
5. Mammalian Cells

13
 What I Can Do

Make a research on the advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering

and complete this table.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

14
Lesson Discuss the Applications of
2 Recombinant DNA

What’s In

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is a promising technology nowadays due to its

uses in the society, from research and biotechnology to the medicines produced
and sold in the pharmacies, and so in agriculture. The ability to manipulate the
creation of DNA with technology has proven to be useful in various applications in
the different fields.

As part our review, lets us define the terms and let’s see how much
knowledge have you learned in your previous subjects.

Clone Plasmids

Biotechnology PCR Amplification

Human Genome Genetically Modified Organism

Modified Trait Insulin

Note the Teachers

The teacher must consider the prerequisite skills needed in
the development of this competency including the schema or
background knowledge which may reinforce learning. This
module will help the learners bridge the gap of learning to attain
mastery of the lesson in its spiral progression.

15
 What is New

PRE-ACTIVITY: Designer Genes Work

1. How does DNA replicate?
2. What are transgenic organisms? What are their roles in genetic engineering?
3. Illustrate your own designer genes based on the following:
a. Identify a special trait
b. Identify the source organism
c. Identify a target organism
d. Identify the modified/added trait

Special Trait Source Target Organism Modified/Added

Trait
Ex. Hot Tomato Chili Tomato Spicy Tomato
Glowing Plant Luciferase from Tobacco Plant Glowing Tobacco
fireflies Plant
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

It was reported last 2019 in cnet.com that scientist have created the first
spicy tomato using CRISPR gene editing techniques. Tomatoes are known to have
capsaicinoids ( the chemical that gives chillies their heat) but they are dormant.
Crispr could be used to make them active and it is beneficial in different industries.

Moreover, the glowing tobacco plant also contains the gene for luciferase
from fireflies, which allows the plant to glow. Created at UCSD in 1986, the overall
purpose was to determine the usefulness of using the gene for luciferase as a
reporter for expression of other genes.

16
 What is It

Recombinant DNA technology is a popular genetic engineering process of

cutting and recombining DNA fragments. DNA that contains genes for a particular
protein are used and then recombined with the circular bacterial DNA(plasmid) and
then inserted into a bacterial cell through the process called transformation. If
scientist can alter DNA, they can then insert desired genes into other organism.
They can modify the genes of bacteria to cause them to produce more desired yield.

APPLICATIONS OF RECOMBINANT DNA

Food Industry

The process to manufacture cheese usually relies on an enzyme called

rennet, which contains chymosin. Traditionally, this substance is taken from the
stomach milk-fed cows to manufacture cheese. However, recombinant DNA of
chymosin has been in use since 1990, and is genetically and structurally identical
to the original enzyme, but can be produced in larger quantities and a lower cost.

A specific variety of rice, golden rice, is genetically engineered with

recombinant DNA to express enzymes that promote B-carotene biosynthesis. At
present this is still in the process of passing regulations, but has the potential to
reduce prevalence of vitamin A deficiency worldwide.

Pharmaceutical Industry

Diabetic patients often require injections of human insulin to help control

levels of glucose, as they have lost the ability to regulate blood glucose effectively.
Using rDNA to create human insulin rather than obtain it form animal sources
allows their widespread use across the pharmaceutical industry.

Recombinant human growth hormone is used to support normal growth and

development for patients with malfunctions in the pituitary gland. This offers a
noticeable benefit, particularly when contrasted to previously used methods of
obtaining the hormone from cadavers, which could pose serious negative health
effects.

Blood clotting factors play an essential role in the management of patients

that suffer from hemophilia, a bleeding disorder involving lack of ability to produce
enough blood clotting factor VIII for blood coagulation to function as normal. The
ability to manufacture recombinant blood clotting factor VIII allows larger
quantities to be used in practice and reduces the need for blood donation to obtain
the factor naturally.

17
 Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver that can be prevented with the
hepatitis B vaccine. Recombinant DNA of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen is
produced in yeast cells to be included in the vaccine. This is beneficial as the
hepatitis virus does not proliferate in vitro and recombinant DNA provides a
method to create the DNA needed to control hepatitis B.

Medical Research

Recombinant DNA has been used in the development of the most common
diagnostic techniques for HIV.

 The antibody test uses a recombinant HIV protein to measure antibodies in

the body that proliferate when there is a HIV infection.
 The DNA test uses reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
to detect presence of HIV genetic material. This technique was developed
using rDNA of molecules and analyzing the genome sequences.

Agricultural Industry

Some commercial crops, such as soy, maize, sorghum, canola, alfalfa and
cotton, are grown with recombinant DNA that increases resistance to herbicides
used in the agricultural process. Glyphosate is the herbicide known commonly as
Roundup is widely used among farmers to help with weed control and recombinant
genes in the agricultural crops allow them to grow without being affected by the
herbicide.

Additionally, recent developments have enabled plants to express a

recombinant form of Bt toxin protein usually produced by Bacillus thuringeiensis
bacteria. This is naturally able to control insects threatening agricultural crops and
has become a common practice in both gardening and farming. The long-term
health and environmental effect of the recombinant gene is still undetermined and
is a controversial issue. (https://www.news-medical.net/life-
sciences/Recombinant-DNA-Applications.aspx)

PCR Amplification

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a relatively simple technique that

amplifies a DNA template to produce specific DNA fragments in vitro. Traditional
methods of cloning a DNA sequence into a vector and replicating it in a living cell
often require days or weeks of work, but amplification of DNA sequences by PCR
requires only hours. While most biochemical analyses, including nucleic acid
detection with radioisotopes, require the input of significant amounts of biological
material, the PCR process requires very little. Thus, PCR can achieve more sensitive
detection and higher levels of amplification of specific sequences in less time than
previously used methods. These features make the technique extremely useful, not
only in basic research, but also in commercial uses, including genetic identity
testing, forensics, industrial quality control and in vitro diagnostics. Basic PCR is
commonplace in many molecular biology labs where it is used to amplify DNA
fragments and detect DNA or RNA sequences within a cell or environment.

18
 What’s More

ACTIVITY

Give some products of Recombinant DNA Technology in the given fields.

Food Industry Pharmaceutical Medical Research Agricultural
Industry Industry
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What I have Learned

Answer the following questions.

1. Discuss how PCR may be used in detecting virus like COVID-19?

19
2. Discuss why recombinant DNA is one of the promising technologies
nowadays?

What I Can Do

Challenge!
Surf from the internet one product of Recombinant DNA that
contributes a lot in the society which could be food, hormone, or
vegetable. Describe the chosen product and give its features and
its importance. Submit the soft copy of your work to your teacher.

20
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. An application of using DNA technology to help environmental scientist

would be ____________.

a. Use PCR to analyze DNA at a crime scene

b. Create a tobacco plant that glows in the dark

c. Clone the gene for human growth hormone to treat dwarfism

d. Make transgenic bacteria that can be used to clean up oil spills more
quickly than natural bacteria

2. Which technique would most likely be used by forensic scientist?

a. Cloning c. Gene Therapy

b. DNA Fingerprinting d. Karyotyping

3. Which of the following best describes genetic engineering?

a. It is the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination

of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism
or population of organisms.

b. It is the manipulation of living organisms or their components to

produce useful usually commercial products

c. Is the use of transgenic organisms to produce materials for human

consumption.

d. It is the use of DNA plasmid to recombine two DNAs together.

4. The process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism is

called___________.

a. Selective Breeding

b. Inbreeding

c. Genetic Engineering

d. Hybridization

21
5. In recombinant DNA, what causes the plasmid to open?

a. Gene therapy c. Ligase

b. Restriction Enzymes d. Sticky ends

6. What is recombinant DNA?

a. Adding DNA from one organism to the DNA or another

b. DNA which has been changed over generations by natural

c. DNA that causes genetic disorders

d. DNA that has been sequenced

7. What is the ultimate source of genetic variation?

a. Inbreeding c. Hybridization

b. Mutations d. Radiation

8. What enzyme is use to combine DNA fragments?

a. Gene therapy c. DNA Ligase

b. Restriction Enzymes d. Sticky ends

9. It is technique that amplifies a DNA template to produce specific DNA

fragments in vitro.

a. Cloning c. Radiation

b. Polymerase Chain Reaction d. Gel Electrophoresis

10. Which of the following is not an argument in favour of GMOs?

a. Reduced biodiversity

b. Disease resistant crops

c. Food with extra nutrients

d. Controlled production of insulin

22
 Additional Activities
Answer the following questions in the link.

1. https://tinyurl.com/gen-engineering

2. https://tinyurl.com/gen-engineering2

23
 Answer Key

What I Know What’s More What I have Learned

1. A 1. Clones 1. Biolistics
2. B 2. Defects 2. Mammalian Cells
3. A 3. Poodles 3. Plant Cells
4. C 4. Increase Variation 4. Heat Shock
5. A 5. DNA Extraction Treatment
6. FALSE 6. Separating of DNA 5. Electroporation
7. TRUE 7. Restriction
8. FALSE Enzymes
9. FALSE 8. Hybrids
10. TRUE 9. DNA
10. Bacteria
11. Transgenic

Assessment
1. D
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. B
10. A

24
References
"K To 12 Curriculum Guide In General Biology 2". 2016. Deped.Gov.Ph.
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2019/01/General
Biology 2-CG.pdf.

Department of Education. "K To 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies With

Corresponding CG Codes". Pasig City: Department of Education Central
Office, 2020.
Claveria, Florencia G., et.al., 2016.General Biology 2. Quezon City. Commission on Higher
Education.

Belardo, Gisselle M., 2016. Biology . Quezon City. Vibal Publishing House.

Pagunasan, Manuela P., et. al., 2007. Biology. Quezon City. SalesianaBOOKs Publishing
House Inc.

www.biologycorner.com

https://worldwide.promega.com/resources/guides/nucleic-acid-analysis/pcr-amplification/

https://www.britannica.com/science/genetic-engineering

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For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division of Ilocos Norte – Curriculum Implementation Division

Learning Resource Management Section (SDOIN-CID LRMS)

Office Address: Brgy. 7B, Giron Street, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Telefax: (077) 771-0960
Telephone No.: (077) 770-5963, (077) 600-2605
E-mail Address: ilocosnorte@deped.gov.ph

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph

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