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    Darwin Theory

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    Jon Lenn
    Here are the key points about the Copernican theory: 1. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the Sun is stationary at the center of the universe, and that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun in circular orbits. This contradicted the geocentric model that was popular at the time. 2. Copernicus' theory was published just before his death in 1543 in his book "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres". However, it did not gain widespread acceptance until later. 3. Galileo Galilei made observations with his telescope that supported the Copernican model, such as the phases of Venus. This helped validate the heliocentric model. 4. Johannes Kepler analyzed

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    Darwin Theory

    Uploaded by

    Jon Lenn
    144 views30 pages
    Here are the key points about the Copernican theory: 1. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the Sun is stationary at the center of the universe, and that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun in circular orbits. This contradicted the geocentric model that was popular at the time. 2. Copernicus' theory was published just before his death in 1543 in his book "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres". However, it did not gain widespread acceptance until later. 3. Galileo Galilei made observations with his telescope that supported the Copernican model, such as the phases of Venus. This helped validate the heliocentric model. 4. Johannes Kepler analyzed

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    Here are the key points about the Copernican theory: 1. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the Sun is stationary at the center of the universe, and that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun in circular orbits. This contradicted the geocentric model that was popular at the time. 2. Copernicus' theory was published just before his death in 1543 in his book "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres". However, it did not gain widespread acceptance until later. 3. Galileo Galilei made observations with his telescope that supported the Copernican model, such as the phases of Venus. This helped validate the heliocentric model. 4. Johannes Kepler analyzed

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    144 views30 pages

    Darwin Theory

    Uploaded by

    Jon Lenn
    Here are the key points about the Copernican theory: 1. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the Sun is stationary at the center of the universe, and that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun in circular orbits. This contradicted the geocentric model that was popular at the time. 2. Copernicus' theory was published just before his death in 1543 in his book "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres". However, it did not gain widespread acceptance until later. 3. Galileo Galilei made observations with his telescope that supported the Copernican model, such as the phases of Venus. This helped validate the heliocentric model. 4. Johannes Kepler analyzed

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 30

    Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

    Introduction

     Evolution,or change over time, is


    the process by which modern
    organisms have descended from
    ancient organisms.

    A scientific theory is a well-


    supported testable explanation of
    phenomena that have occurred in the
    natural world.
    How do you think Darwin
    come up with his theory?
    Voyage of Beagle
     Year: 1831 - 1836
     Captain: Charles Darwin
     Ship: H.M.S. Beagle
     Destination: Voyage around the world.
     Findings: evidence to propose a
    revolutionary hypothesis about how life
    changes over time
    Patterns of Diversity

     Darwin visited Argentina and Australia which had similar


    grassland ecosystems.
     those grasslands were inhabited by very different
    animals.
     neither Argentina nor Australia was home to the sorts
    of animals that lived in European grasslands.
     Darwin posed challenging questions.
     Why were there no rabbits in Australia, despite the
    presence of habitats that seemed perfect for them?
     Why were there no kangaroos in England?
    Living Organisms and Fossils
     Darwin collected the preserved remains of ancient
    organisms, called fossils.
     Some of those fossils resembled organisms that were still
    alive today.
     Others looked completely unlike any creature he had
    ever seen.
     As Darwin studied fossils, new questions arose.
     Why had so many of these species disappeared?
     How were they related to living species?
    The Galapagos Island – UNESCO World
    Heritage

     Hood Island - the smallest, lowest


    islands were hot, dry, and nearly
    barren sparse vegetation

     IsabelaIsland - the higher islands had


    greater rainfall and a different
    assortment of plants and animals had
    rich vegetation.
    Animals found in
    the Galapagos

     Land Tortoises

     Darwin Finches

     Blue-Footed Booby

     Marine Iguanas
    The Galapagos Island

     Darwin noted that each finch species was well-


    suited for its environment and role. For
    instance, species that ate large seeds tended to
    have large, tough beaks, while those that ate
    insects had thin, sharp beaks.
    The Galapagos Island

     Darwin was fascinated in particular by the land


    tortoises and marine iguanas in the Galápagos.

     Giant tortoises varied in predictable ways from


    one island to another.

     The shape of a tortoise's shell could be used to


    identify which island a particular tortoise
    inhabited.
    The Journey Home

     Darwin Observed that characteristics


    of many plants and animals vary
    greatly among the islands

     Hypothesis: Separate species may


    have arose from an original ancestor
    Ideas that shaped Darwin’s
    Thinking
     James Hutton:
     1795 Theory of Geological
    change

     Forces change
    earth’s surface
    shape
     Changes are slow
     Earth much older
    than thousands of
    years
    Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s
    Thinking
     Charles Lyell
     Book: Principles of
    Geography
     Geographical features
    can be built up or torn
    down
     Darwin thought if earth
    changed over time,
    what about life?
    Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s Thinking

    John-Baptise Lamarck’s Theory of


    Evolution

     Tendency toward
    Perfection(Giraffe necks)
    -Lamarck thought that if an animal
    acquired a characteristic during its
    lifetime, it could pass it onto its
    offspring.
     Hence giraffes got their long
    necks through generations of
    straining to reach high branches.

     Inheritance of Acquired Traits


    Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
    Population Growth

    Thomas Malthus-19th
    century English economist
    - If population grew
    (more Babies born than
    die)
     Insufficient living
    space
     Food runs out
     Darwin applied this
    theory to animals
    Publication of Origin of
    Species

     Russel Wallace wrote an


    essay summarizing
    evolutionary change from
    his field work in Malaysia

     Gave Darwin the drive to


    publish his findings
    Natural Selection & Artificial
    Selection
     Natural variation--differences among
    individuals of a species.

     Artificial selection- nature provides the


    variation among different organisms, and
    humans select those variations they find
    useful.
    Evolution through Natural Selection in
    3 Principles:

    The Principle of Selection

    A. The Struggle for Existence-members of each species have


    to compete for food, shelter, other life necessities.

    B. Survival of the Fittest-Some individuals better suited for


    the environment.

    C. Descent with Modification - Descent with Modification-


    Each living organism has descended, with changes from other
    species over time.
    Natural Selection

     Over time, natural


    selection results in
    changes in inherited
    characteristics of a
    population. These
    changes increase a
    species fitness in its
    environment
    Principle of Variation: Descent
     Common Descent- were derived from common
    ancestors.
     Among individuals with any population, there is
    variation in Morphology, Physiology, and Behavior.
    Evidence of Evolution
     The Fossil Record  Homologous Structures-structures
    that have different mature forms in
    different organisms, but develop from the
    same embryonic tissue

     Geographic Distribution of
    Living Things (similar
    environments have similar types of
    organisms)
     Similarities in Early Development
    Pangaea - Supercontinent

    Map showing fossils of the same species are found on


    different continents
    The Tree of Life
     Darwin proposed that species
    can change over time, that new
    species come from pre-existing
    species, and that all species
    share a common ancestor. In
    this model, each species has its
    own unique set of heritable
    (genetic) differences from the
    common ancestor, which have
    accumulated gradually over
    very long time periods.
    Repeated branching events, in
    which new species split off
    from a common ancestor,
    produce a multi-level "tree"
    that links all living organisms.
    The Tree of Life
    • All living things share a
    common ancestor.

    • We can draw a Tree of


    Life to show how every
    species is related.

    • Evolution is the process


    by which one species
    gives rise to another and
    the Tree of Life grows

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Phylogenetic_tree.svg
    Summary of Darwin’s Theory
     Individuals in nature differ from one another
     Organisms in nature produce more offspring than can survive,
    and many of those who do not survive do not reproduce.
     Because more organisms are produce than can survive, each
    species must struggle for resources
     Each organism is unique, each has advantages and
    disadvantages in the struggle for existence
     Individuals best suited for the environment survive and
    reproduce most successful
     Species change over time
     Species alive today descended with modification from species
    that lived in the past
     All organisms on earth are united into a single family tree of life
    by common descent
    Darwinism Zeitgeist (spirit of the time)
    1. Darwinism rejects all super natural phenomena and causations.
    * Eliminates God from Science.

    2. Refutes typology or essentialism


    * Number of each class were thought to be identical, constant and
    separated from the members of others.

    3. Natural Selection
    * Natural Selection – adoptedness and diversity of the world solely
    materialistically.

    4. Do away with determinism


    * belief that all events are determined completely by previous existing
    causes.
    Theory of Evolution:

    1. Inconsistency of Species.
    2. Notion of Branching Evolution – common descent
    of all species on earth from a single unique
    origin.
    3. Evolution is gradual – no breaks or discontinuity.
    4. Natural Selection.
    ACTIVITY NO. 3.2 (Darwinian Theory)

    1. Discuss the key points of Darwin’s


    Theory of Evolution.
    2. Why does Darwinian Theory became
    controversial?
    3. How does Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
    transform the societies?
    References:
    https://www.ahschools.us/cms/lib/MN01909485/.../d
    arwin%20evolution%20ppt.pptx

    www.earth4567.com/talks/evolution/evolution.ppt

    www.carlwozniak.com
    Copernican Theory
    1. He suggested that all heavenly bodies including the sun, moon and planets are
    revolving around the earth.
    2. This

    1-4. Enumerate the key persons who contributed to the success of Copernican
    Theory.
    5. Approximately, how many years had taken by the Copernican theory to be
    completed?
    6.

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