What Is The Difference Between The Physical and Logical Topologies?
What Is The Difference Between The Physical and Logical Topologies?
What Is The Difference Between The Physical and Logical Topologies?
(2)
LOGICAL TOPOLOGY:
It is defined by the specific network technology.
PHYSICL TOPOLOGY:
It depends on the wiring scheme.
STATIC ROUTING:
It is done at boot time. It is simple and has low network overhead. It is inflexible.
DYNAMIC ROUTING:
It allows automatic updates by a programmer. It can work around network failures
Automatically.
When a bridge first boots the address lists are empty (start up state). The bridge
forwards frames to the other segment if it can not find its destination address in its
lists. After some time when the bridge has received at least one frame from every
computer, it has the lists built (steady state) it forwards frames as far it is necessary
The concept of a weighted graph is extremely useful. The weights can be thought
of, for example, as the cost of sending a message down a particular arc. (Not
necessarily a monetary cost but some combination of time and distance for
example). Weighted graphs can be used to formulate the shortest path problem
for routing packets.
Define SMDS
Switched Multi megabit Data Service (SMDS) is also a Telco service. It is a
Connection less service. Any SMDS station can send information to any station on
the same SMDS cloud. It is typically ranges from 1.5Mbps to 1000Mbps
Bridge connectiong 2 buildings
ATM CELLS:
To meet its goals, ATM uses small, fixed sized packets called cells. Each cell has
53 octets. VPI/VCI fields identify the cells destination.
PRIO tell if cell can be discarded CRC checks the header bits only. ATM header
is about the 10% of the cell. Ethernet can have overhead of only 1%. Engineers
sometimes call the ATM overhead the cell tax. An ATM is shown below.
Explain bridge?
BRIDGES:
A bridge is a hardware device also used to connect two LAN segments to extend a
LAN. Unlike a repeater, a bridge uses two NICs to connect two segments. It listens
to all traffic and recognizes frame format. It also forwards only correct complete
frames and discards the collided and error frames.
A typical bridge has two NICs, a CPU a memory and a ROM. It only runs the
code stored in its ROM.
Most networks offer dynamic connections, which last for a relatively short time.
To handle this, ATM can dynamically establish a switched virtual circuit (SVC),
allow it
last as long as necessary and then terminate it.
The terminology comes from the Telco’s where switching system normally refers
to all switching.
Cells are not variable length and memory management for them is simpler.
Handling variable length packets leads to memory fragmentation.
• Variable length packets require hardware to accommodate the largest possible
packet, and thus to detect the end of the packet. With cells bits can just be counted
as they arrive.
• The length of time required to send a variable length packet is variable and
requires complicated interrupt scheme to detect completion of transmission. QoS
can’t be guaranteed with variable length packets as easily as it can with fixed
length cells.
The term Jitter is used for variance in transmission delays. Jitter is significance for voice,
video and data. Jitter can occur when a packet is delayed because the network is busy.
Q.What are the main goals for Telecom companies to use ATM technologies? (5)
To choose appropriate VPI/VCI for each step in the path and configures each adjacent pair of switches.
Routing table entries can collapse with a default route. If destination doesn’t have in explicit routing table
entry and then it use a default route. It is shown in the below table.
Destination Next hop Destination Next hop Destination Next Destination Next
hop hop
1 - 2 - 1 3,1 2 4,2
* 1,3 4 2,4 2 3,2 4 -
* 2,3 3 - * 4,3
4 3,4
Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4