Statistics and

Probability
Quarter 4 – Module 6:
Computing Test Statistic on
Population Mean

CO_Q4_Statistics and Probability SHS

Module 6
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 6: Computing Test Statistic on Population Mean
First Edition, 2020

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 Statistics and
Probability
Module 6:
Computing of Test Statistic on
Population Mean
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

In this module, you will learn how to compute the test statistic on a population mean
particularly the t-test and z-test. It is a skill that you need to develop to be able to
determine whether you reject the null hypothesis or otherwise (to be discussed in
the next module). Perform each activity independently. If you find any difficulty in
answering the exercises, you may ask the assistance of your teacher or you may
consult your peers.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. determine the appropriate test statistic to be used in the given
problem/situation; and
2. compute for the test statistic value (population mean).

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 What I Know

Choose the best answer to the given questions or statements. Write the letter of your
choice on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It refers to a value calculated from sample data which is needed in deciding
whether the null hypothesis is rejected or not.
a. test statistics c. null hypothesis
b. critical region d. alternative hypothesis

2. What test statistic will be used if the sample size is above 30?
a. t-test c. population mean
b. z-test d. standard deviation

3. What test statistic can be used when the population standard deviation is
known?
a. t-test c. population mean
b. z-test d. standard deviation

4. What test statistic can be used when the population standard deviation is
unknown?
a. t – test c. population mean
b. z – test d. standard deviation

5. When finding the z-computed value, which formula should be used for
hypothesis testing?
𝑥̅ −𝜇 𝑥̅ −𝜇 𝜇− 𝑥̅ 𝜇− 𝑥̅
a. 𝑧 = 𝜎 b. 𝑧 = 𝑠 c. 𝑧 = 𝑠 d. 𝑧 = 𝜎
√𝑛 √𝑛 √𝑛 √𝑛

6. When should you use the t-test?

I. When you are testing for a population mean
II. When the sample standard deviation is given
III. When the population standard deviation is given
IV. When you are testing a proportion/percentage of a population

a. I and II b. II and III c. I and III d. II and IV

For nos. 7-8, refer to the problem below:

Given: 𝐻𝑜 : μ = 8.6 𝐻𝑎 : μ > 8.6
The study has a sample mean of 9.1 and a standard deviation of 2.1 conducted
among 25 respondents. Use 𝛼 = 0. 05.
7. What test statistic should be used?
a. t-test c. population mean

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 b. z-test d. standard deviation
8. What is the computed value?
a. -1. 190 b. – 0. 567 c. 0. 567 d. 1.190

9. How many samples are best when dealing with z-test?

a. cannot be determined c. smaller than 30

b. exactly 30 d. equal or larger than 30

For nos. 10 – 12, refer to the given problem below:

The Choco Toppings, Inc. is one of the manufacturers of chocolate toppings which
uses a machine to dispense liquid ingredients into bottles that move along a filling
line. The owner claims that the machine can dispense at an average of 50 grams with
a standard deviation of 0.7 grams. A sample of 35 bottles was selected and it was
found out that the average amount dispensed in the sample is 49.3 grams. Test the
claims of the owner of the company at 5% level of significance.
10. Which of the following information is correct?
a. 𝛼 = 0.5 b. 𝜎 = 0.7 c. 𝑥̅ = 35 d. 𝜇 = 49.3

11. What test statistic will be used?

a. t-test c. population mean
b. z-test d. standard deviation

12. Find the computed value.

a.-5.916 b. -4.950 c. 4.950 d. 5.916

13. Which test statistic will be used if the sample size is 15?
a. t-test c. cannot be determined
b. z-test d. neither t-test nor z-test

14. Which statistical method can you use when you have a normal distribution of
data?
a.t–test only c. either t–test or z–test

b.z–test only d. neither t–test nor z–test

15. A tire manufacturer claims that its tires have a mean life of 40,000 km. A
random sample of 46 of these tires is tested and the sample mean is 38,000
km. Assume that the population’s standard deviation is 2,000 km and the
lives of the tires are approximately normally distributed. Determine the
computed value at 5% level of significance.
a.-6.782 b. -3.033 c. 3.033 d. 6.782

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 How do you find this pre-test? Did you encounter both familiar and unfamiliar
terms? Kindly compare your answer in the Answer Key on the last part of this module

If you obtain 100% or a perfect score, skip the module and immediately move
to the next module. But if you missed a point, please proceed with the module as it
will enrich your knowledge in computing the test statistic.

Lesson
Computing Test Statistic on
1 Population Mean
One of the steps in hypothesis testing is the computation of test statistic. Remember
that it is the value calculated from a sample data which is needed whether you reject
the null hypothesis or not.

Do you still remember when to use t-test? How about z-test? Answer the activity that
follows for a short review on t-test and z-test.

What’s In

Is It T or Z?
Directions: Identify the appropriate test statistic to be used based on the given
information. Write T if it is t-test and Z if it is z-test.
1. The sample mean is 345 and the sample size is 46. The population is normally
distributed with a standard deviation of 11. Test the hypothesis at 0.05 level
of significance. Consider the hypotheses below:
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 342 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 342

2. Test at 𝛼 = 0.05 the null hypothesis 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 2. 19 against the alternative

hypothesis 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 2. 19 with 𝑛 = 18, 𝑥̅ = 1.36, and 𝑠 = 0.14. Assume that the
population is approximately normal.

3. The sample size is less than 18 and the standard deviation is 3. 67.

4. 𝑥̅ = 125.3 𝑠=5 𝜇 = 124 𝑛 = 24 𝛼 = 0.05

5. 𝑥̅ = 25.4 𝜇 = 22.6 𝜎 = 15 𝑛 = 118 𝛼 = 0.01

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 Were you able to answer all the questions correctly? If yes, the next activity
will be easy for you. If not, go back your notes about the test concerning means.

What’s New

t-Test vs z-Test
Complete the diagram below.

Do you know the standard deviation (σ)?

YES NO

1.Use: Is the sample

size above
__________
30?
YES NO

2. Use: 3. Use:

__________ __________

I think you are very much ready for this topic. Read, analyze, and study the given
examples carefully.

What is It

There are two specific test statistics used for hypothesis testing concerning means:
z-test and t-test.

If the sample size is large, where 𝑛 ≥ 30 and the population standard deviation (𝜎)
is known, use z-test.

In finding the z-value, use the formula below:

𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛

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 where: 𝑥̅ = sample mean 𝜇 = population mean
𝑛 = sample size 𝜎 = population standard deviation
On the other hand, t- test is used when 𝑛 < 30, the population is normal or nearly
normal, and sample standard deviation (𝑠) is unknown.
The formula for the t- value is:

𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛
where: 𝑥̅ = sample mean 𝜇 = population mean
𝑛 = sample 𝑠 = sample standard deviation
The degrees of freedom is 𝑛 − 1 or 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1.

Study the following examples.

Example 1: Compute the z-value given the following information. Use one-tailed test
and 0. 05 level of significance.
𝑥̅ = 71.5 𝜇 = 70 𝜎=8 𝑛 = 100
Solution: Since σ is known and n ≥ 30, we will use z-test. Thus, we have:

𝑥̅ − 𝜇 Use the formula for z-test.

𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
71. 5 − 70
𝑧= Substitute the given value to the formula.
8
√100
1.5
𝑧= 8 Simplify.
10

1.5
𝑧=
0.8
𝐳 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟓
Therefore, the computed z-value is 1.875.

Example 2: In the first semester of the school year, a random sample of 200 students
got a mean score of 81.72 with a population standard deviation of 15 in Statistics
and Probability test. The population mean is 79.83. Use 0.05 level of significance.

Solution: To answer the problem, let us first identify the given. We have:
𝑥̅ = 81.72 𝜇 = 79.83 𝜎 = 15 𝑛 = 200

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Since σ is known and n ≥ 30, we will use z-test.

𝑥̅ − 𝜇 Use the formula for z-test.

𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
81.72 − 79. 83
𝑧= Substitute the given value to the formula.
15
√200
1. 89
𝑧= Simplify.
15
14. 14
1. 89
𝑧=
1.06
Therefore, the computed z-value is
𝐳 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟑 1.783.

In Central Limit Theorem, the sample standard deviation (𝑠) may be used as an
estimate of the population standard deviation (𝜎) when the value of 𝜎 is unknown.

Consider the given examples below:

Example 3: In the past, the average length of an outgoing call from a business office
has been 140 seconds. A manager wishes to check whether that average has decrease
after the introduction of policy changes. A sample of 150 telephone calls produced a
mean of 135 seconds, with a standard deviation of 30 seconds. Perform the relevant
test at 1% level of significance.

Solution: Let us first identify the given. We have:

𝑥̅ = 135 𝜇 = 140 𝑠 = 30 𝑛 = 150

Since n ≥ 30, we will use z-test by replacing 𝝈 with its estimate s.

𝑥̅ − 𝜇 Use the formula for z-test.
𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
135 − 140
𝑧= Substitute the given value to the formula.
30
√150
−5
𝑧= Simplify.
30
12.25
−5
𝑧=
2.45 Therefore, the computed z – value is -
2.041.
𝐳 = − 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒𝟏 CO_Q4_Statistics and Probability SHS
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Example 4: Compute the t-value given the following information:
𝑥̅ = 129.5 𝜇 = 127
𝑠=5 𝑛 = 12

Solution: Since σ is unknown and n < 30, we will use t-test. Thus, we have:

𝑥̅ − 𝜇 Use the formula for t-test.

𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛
129. 5 − 127
𝑡= Substitute the given value to the formula.
5
√12
2. 5
𝑡= Simplify.
5
3.46
2.5
𝑡=
1.44 Therefore, the computed t – value is
𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟔 1. 736.

Example 5: The government claims that the monthly expenses of a Filipino family
with four members is P10,000. A sample of 26 family’s expenses has a mean of
P10,900 and a standard deviation of P1,250. Is there enough evidence to reject the
government’s claim at 𝛼 = 0. 01?

Solution: Let us first identify the given, so we have:

𝑥̅ = P10,900 𝜇 = P10,000 𝑠 = P1,250 𝑛 = 26

𝑥̅ − 𝜇 Use the formula for t-test.
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛
10 900 − 10 000
𝑡= Substitute the given value to the formula.
1 250
√26
900
𝑡=
1 250 Simplify.
5.10
900
𝑡=
245. 10
Therefore, the computed t-value is
𝐭 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟕𝟏 3.671.

Now, it’s your turn to answer the following exercises.

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 What’s More

Activity 1: Find My z-Value!

Find the computed z-value of the following. Write your answer to the nearest
thousandths. Show your solutions.

1. 𝑥̅ = 21. 75 2. 𝑥̅ = 11. 23 3. 𝑥̅ = 891.75

𝜇 = 20. 83 𝜇 = 12. 01 𝜇 = 890. 25
𝜎 = 2.75 𝜎 = 3.0 𝜎 = 11.75
𝑛 = 38 𝑛 = 44 𝑛 = 90

4. 𝑥̅ = 45 000 5. 𝑥̅ = 1.72
𝜇 = 46 100 𝜇 = 1.83
𝜎 = 1 795 𝜎 = 1.05
𝑛 = 50 𝑛 = 36

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Activity 2: Find My t-Value!
Compute the t-value of the following. Write your answer to the nearest thousandths.
Show your solutions.

1. 𝑥̅ = 16.4 2. 𝑥̅ = 246 3. 𝑥̅ = 9.5

𝜇 = 15.86 𝜇 = 245. 85 𝜇 = 8.25
𝑠 = 1.25 𝑠 = 3.25 𝑠 = 1.45
𝑛 = 21 𝑛 = 29 𝑛 = 16

4. 𝑥̅ = 1.83 5. 𝑥̅ = 30. 18
𝜇 = 1. 27 𝜇 = 31. 23
𝑠 = 2.15 𝑠 = 3.15
𝑛 = 10 𝑛 = 23

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Activity 3: Compute Me!
Solve the following. Write your answer to the nearest thousandths.

1. 𝑥̅ = 7.7 2. 𝑥̅ = 19.8 3. 𝑥̅ = 12.5

𝜇 = 8.1 𝑠=4 𝑠=3
𝜎 =5 𝜇 = 18.3 𝜇 = 10.75
𝑛 = 135 𝑛 = 11 𝑛 = 18

4. 𝑥̅ = 125.3 5. 𝑥̅ = 25.4 6. 𝑥̅ = 18.1

𝑠=5 𝜇 = 22.6 𝑠=3
𝜇 = 124 𝜎 = 15 𝜇 = 19.2
𝑛 = 24 𝑛 = 118 𝑛 = 15

7. 𝑥̅ = 98.7 8. 𝑥̅ = 129.1 9. 𝑥̅ = 17.2

𝜇 = 4.6 𝑠=7 𝜇 = 3.1
𝜎 = 99.1 𝜇 = 128.3 𝜎 = 16.9
𝑛 = 105 𝑛 = 23 𝑛 = 100

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Activity 4: Find My Value!
Determine the test statistic used. Then, find the value of the following based on the
given information.

1. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 85 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 85
The sample mean is 83, the sample size is 39, and the standard deviation
is 5. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

2. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 7. 5 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 7. 5
The sample mean is 8.3 and the sample size is 52. The population follows a
normal distribution with a standard deviation 3.17. Use 𝛼 = 0.01.

3. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 15 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 15
The sample mean is 10, the sample standard deviation is 6.1, and the
sample size is 9. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

4. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 116.12 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 116.12

The population follows a normal distribution with a standard deviation of
7.18, sample mean of 118.7, and sample size of 21.
Use 𝛼 = 0.10.

5. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 215 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 215
The population is approximately normal. The sample mean is 219.3, the
sample standard deviation is 13.12, and the sample size is 22. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

6. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 15 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 15
The population is approximately normal. The sample mean is 15.3, the
sample standard deviation is 2.5, and the sample size is 12. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

7. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 65 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 65
The sample mean is 63, the sample size is 43, and the standard deviation
is 4. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

8. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 25 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 25
The sample mean is 23.75, the sample standard deviation is 4.5, and the
sample size is 12. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

9. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 106.22 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 106.22

The population follows a normal distribution with a standard deviation of
4.08, sample mean of 108.5 and sample size of 17. Use 𝛼 = 0.10.

10. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 25. 5 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 25. 5

The sample mean is 23.8 and the sample size is 42. The population follows
a normal distribution with standard deviation 2.27. Use 𝛼 = 0.01.

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 What I Have Learned

What new realizations did you have about the computation of test statistic? To answer
the question, complete the sentences below.

1. The __________ is used if the sample size is large, 𝑛 ≥ ___, and the population
standard deviation (𝜎) is __________.
2. The formula of the z-test is __________.
3. The __________ is used when 𝑛 < 30, the population is normal or nearly
normal, and sample standard deviation (𝑠) is __________.
4. The formula of the t-test is __________.
5. The formula for degree of freedom is __________.

What I Can Do

The Corona!
Determine the test statistic to be used, then find its computed vale.

The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a

new strain of coronavirus. The World Health Organization (WHO) claims that the
incubation period of the virus in the infected person has a mean of 5.1 days. The
doctors in the Philippines conducted a research and they found out that
incubation period of the virus in human body is 6.03 days with a standard
deviation of 3.32. The samples were 46 COVID patients. Is there enough evidence
to conclude that the incubation period of the virus is 5.1 days as stated, at 𝛼 =
0. 01?

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 Assessment

Choose the best answer to the given questions or statements. Write the letter of your
choice on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What test statistic will be used if the sample size is below 30?
a. t-test c. population mean
b. z-test d. standard deviation

2. In using t-test for a population mean, we assume that the sample is selected
randomly. The given statement is:
a. always true c. sometimes true
b. always false d. sometimes false

3. If the population standard deviation is unknown, what test statistic is to be

used?
a. t-test c. population mean
b. z-test d. standard deviation

4. In finding the t-computed value, which formula should be used?

𝜇− 𝑥̅ 𝜇− 𝑥̅ 𝑥̅ −𝜇 𝑥̅ −𝜇
a. 𝑡 = 𝜎 b. 𝑡 = 𝑠 c. 𝑡 = 𝑠 d. 𝑡 = 𝜎
√𝑛 √𝑛 √𝑛 √𝑛

5. When should you use the z-test?

I. When you are testing for a population mean
II. When the population standard deviation is given
III. When the sample standard deviation ONLY is given
IV. When you are testing with small sample sizes, n < 30.

a. I and II c. II and IV
b. II and III d. I and III

For nos. 6-8, refer to the problem below:

Milky Milk is sold in packets with an advertised mean weight of 0.5kgs. The
standard deviation is known to be 0.11 kilograms. A consumer group wishes to check
the accuracy of the advertised mean and takes a sample of 36 packets finding an
average weight of 0.47kgs.

6. What test statistic should be used?

a. t-test c. population mean
b. z-test d. standard deviation

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 7. What is the sample size?
a. 0. 15 b. 0. 48 c. 0. 5 d. 36

8. What is the computed value?

a. – 1. 636 b. -1.488 c. 0. 833 d. 5. 551

For nos. 9-10, refer to the problem below:

Given: 𝐻𝑜 : μ = 7.25 𝐻𝑎 : μ < 7.25
The study has a sample mean of 8.1 and a standard deviation of 1.18 conducted
among 15 respondents. Use 𝛼 = 0.01.
9. What test statistic should be used?
a. t-test c. population mean
b. z-test d. standard deviation

10. What is the computed value?

a. – 2.790 b. -2.368 c. 2.368 d. 2.790

11. How many samples are best when dealing with t-test?
a. cannot be determined c. smaller than 30
b. exactly 30 d. equal or larger than 30

12. Which test statistic will be used if the sample is 37?

a. t-test c. population mean
b. z-test d. standard deviation

13. Which statistical method can you use when you have a normal distribution of
data?
a. t-test only c. either t-test or z-test
b. z-test only d. neither t-test nor z-test

For nos. 14-15, refer to the problem below:

A tire manufacturer claims that its tires have a mean life of 40,000 kms. A random
sample of 46 of these tires is tested and the sample mean is 38,000 kms. Assume
that the population’s standard deviation is 2,000 kms and the lives of tires are
approximately normally distributed.

14. What test statistic should be used?

a. t-test c. population mean
b. z-test d. standard deviation

15. What is the computed value at 5% level of significance?

a. 6.782 b. 3.033 c. -6.782 d. -3.033

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 Additional Activities

Directions: Answer the following:

1. Assume that the cholesterol levels in a certain population have mean µ = 150
and standard deviation σ = 12. The cholesterol levels for a random sample of
n = 40 individuals are measured and the sample mean x is determined. What
is the computed value at 𝛼 = 0. 01 if 𝑥̅ = 147?

2. The maximum heart rate of a person at the age of 20 is 200 beats per minute.
Conduct a survey with your neighbors whose age is between 15-20. Collect a
data of 10 samples, then compute its value for 𝛼 = 0. 01?

16 CO_Q4_Statistics and Probability SHS

Module 6
 Module 6
CO_Q4_Statistics and Probability SHS 17
What I Know What's In What's New
1. A 9. D (Is It T or Z?) (t-Test vs z-Test)
2. B 10. B
1. Z 1. z-test
3. B 11. B
4. A 12. A 2. T 2. z-test
5. A 13. A 3. T 3. t-test
6. A 14. C 4. T
7. A 15. A 5. Z
8. D
What's More What's More What's More
Activity 1: Find My Activity 2: Find My Activity 3: Compute
z-Value! t-Value! Me
1. 2.063 1. 1.980 1. -0.930
2. -1.725 2. 0.249 2. 1.244
3. 1.211 3. 3.448 3. 2.475
4. -4.333 4. 0.824 4. 1.275
5. -0.629 5. -1.599 5. 2.028
6. -1. 420
7. -0.891
What's More What I Can Do 8. 0.548
Activity 4: Find My The Corona 9. 0.968
Value!
z-test; 1.900
1. z-test; -2.498
2. z-test; 1.820
3. t-test; -2.459
4. t-test; 1.647
5. t-test; 1.537
6. t – test; 0.416
7. z – test; -3.279
8. t – test; -0.962
9. t – test; 2.304
10. z – test; -4.853
Answer Key
 Module 6
CO_Q4_Statistics and Probability SHS 18
What I Have
Learned
1. z-test; 30; known
𝑥̅ −𝜇
Assessment Additional
2. 𝑧 = 𝜎 1. A 9. A
√𝑛
Activities
3. t-test; unknown 2. A 10. D 1. z = -1.581
𝑥̅ −𝜇 3. A 11. C 2. Answers may vary.
4. 𝑡 = 𝑠 4. C 12. B
√𝑛
5. df = n-1 5. A 13. C
6. B 14. B
7. D 15. C
8. A
References
Textbooks

Albacea, Zita VJ., Mark John V. Ayaay, Isidoro P. David, and Imelda E. De Mesa.
Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Statistics and Probability. Quezon City:
Commision on Higher Education, 2016.

Caraan, Avelino Jr S. Introduction to Statistics & Probability: Modular Approach.

Mandaluyong City: Jose Rizal University Press, 2011.
De Guzman, Danilo. Statistics and Probability. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc.,
2017.
Punzalan, Joyce Raymond B. Senior High School Statistics and Probability. Malaysia:
Oxford Publishing, 2018.
Sirug, Winston S. Statistics and Probability for Senior High School CORE Subject A
Comprehensive Approach K to 12 Curriculum Compliant. Manila: Mindshapers
Co., Inc., 2017.

Online Resources

Lauer, Stephen A., Kyra H. Grantz, Qifang Bi, Forrest K. Jones, Qulu Zheng, Hannah
R. Meredith, Andrew S. Azman, Nicolas G. Reich, and Justin Lessler. “The
Incubation Period of Coronavirus. Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly
Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application,” Annals of Internal
Medicine 172, no. 9 (2020); 577-582. Accessed May 21, 2020
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-0504

19 CO_Q4_Statistics and Probability SHS

Module 6
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