EUROPA TECHNICAL BOOK SERIES

for the electrotechnical, electronic and

information technology trades

Electrical Engineering
Textbook
1st edition

Prepared and revised by teachers at vocational colleges and by engineers

(see next page)

VERLAG EUROPA-LEHRMITTEL · Nourney, Vollmer GmbH & Co. KG

Düsselberger Strasse 23 · 42781 Haan-Gruiten · Germany

Europa-No.: 32409
Original title:
Fachkunde Elektrotechnik, 29th edition 2014, 2nd batch

Authors:
Bumiller, Horst Freudenstadt
Burgmaier, Monika Durbach
Eichler, Walter Kaiserslautern
Feustel, Bernd Kirchheim-Teck
Käppel, Thomas Münchberg
Klee, Werner Mehlingen
Manderla, Jürgen Berlin
Reichmann, Olaf Altlandsberg
Schwarz, Jürgen Tettnang
Tkotz, Klaus Kronach
Winter, Ulrich Kaiserslautern
Ziegler, Klaus Nordhausen

Head of the working group: Klaus Tkotz

Photos: Authors and companies (list of companies on page 650)

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1st English edition 2017, unchanged reprint 2020

Batch 5 4 3 2
All printed versions of this edition may be used concurrently since they are unchanged, except for corrections
to typographical errors.

ISBN 978-3-8085-3240-9

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● General Chapter number
and symbols

Guide to the Electrical Engineering Textbook

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
Table of Contents (in detail) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5 –10
Notes on subject areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–14
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from page 651
1
● Electrical engineering
Table of Contents (short) 2
 1 Occupational safety and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
 2 Basic concepts of electrical engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
 3 Basic circuits of electrical engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3
 4 Electric field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
 5 Magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
 6 Circuit engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4
 7 AC and three-phase current technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
 8 Measurement technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
 9 Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
5
10 Electrical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
11 Protective measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 6
12 Building engineering systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
13 Electric machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
14 Information technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 7
15 Automation technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
16 Materials, manufacturing, environment, energy saving . 585
8
● Profession and workplace  606

● Information pages 9
• Circuit symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   632
• Electrical and general symbols, test signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   638 10
• Resistors and capacitors (identification) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   640
• Overcurrent protection equipment (trip characteristics) . . . .   641
• Lines and cables (installation types, minimum cross-sections) .   642 11
• Lines (current carrying capacity, conversion factors) . . . . . . . . . .   643
• Three-phase motors (operating data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   644
• Diodes, transistors, thyristor, triacs (characteristics) . . . . . . .   645
12
• Important abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   648
• List of companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   650 13
● Practical Tips (selection)
• RMS-value measurement of non-sinusoidal quantities . . . . 178 14
• Measurement with the oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
• Installation, commissioning of a frequency converter . . . . . 273
• Design, dimensioning of a photovoltaic system . . . . . . . . . . 283
15
• Color coding of conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
• Installation of power lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
• Example of a power line calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   322
16
• Testing of electrical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   366
• Multimedia cabling, networked house . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   416, 430 17
• Selection, connection of an electric motor . . . . . . . . . . .   480, 482
• Establish a WLAN connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   531
• Starting up a business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
 4
1st edition

Dear Reader,

The Electrical Engineering Textbook is intended for use in initial and continuing training in the
Preface

profession of electrical engineering. This first English edition is based on the 29th German edition of
the established and reliable textbook “Fachkunde Elektrotechnik.” It is used for the teaching of basic
and technical knowledge, in particular in the field of energy technology. It is aimed at everyone who
is active in this profession.
Target groups (examples)
 lectronics engineers for energy technology and building technology, automation technology,
E
machine and drive technology, industrial engineering, equipment and systems
Industrial electricians
Electric systems technicians
Electrical engineers
Students

Structure and use of the book

 he book was created by an experienced team of authors made up of teachers, master electricians
T
and engineers.
It has 17 chapters and is structured systematically according to subjects.
The book is useful for skills-oriented and practical training.
It can also be used as a reference work.
Numerous multi-colored images, tables and charts help with the explanations.
You will find explanations and uniform representations of important formulas of electrical
engineering.
Formulas and legends form a unit and are highlighted in color inside a frame.
In the information section, you will find information on electro-technical symbols, characteristics
and laying instructions for cables and lines.
T
 he “Review” pages consolidate and deepen the knowledge you have acquired.
T
 he results of the calculation tasks from the “Review” can be found on page 631.
Practical tip pages will be of great support in professional activities.

Note on the standards

The book is based on European and German standards such as DIN, DIN EN, DIN EN ISO and DIN
VDE. It is important to note that in some countries other standards, laws and regulations are valid
that must be observed.

Auxiliary tool supplementing the Electrical Engineering Textbook

As supplementary technical literature, we recommend for the deepening
and completion of your knowledge the book entitled
“Electrical Engineering Tables, Standards, Formulas,”
also published by Europa-Lehrmittel.

What can we make even better for you? Drop us a line at: info@europa-lehrmittel.de
The team of authors and the publishing house Europa-Lehrmittel Winter 2016
Table of contents 5

1 4

Table of contents
Occupational safety and health . . . . . . . .  15 Electric field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
1.1 Safety and health protection in the workplace .  15 4.1 Characteristics of the electric field . . . . . . . . . .  71
1.2 Product Safety Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15 4.2 Basic concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
1.3 Ordinance on Hazardous Substances . . . . . . .  16 4.2.1 Electric field strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
1.4 Safety symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17 4.2.2 Electric induction and polarization . . . . . . . . . .  72
4.2.3 Electric fields in practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
1.5 First aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
4.3 Capacitors in a DC circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
Practical tip: Assessment of risk . . . . . . . . . . . .  19 4.3.1 Behavior of a capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
Review the lesson for chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . .   20 4.3.2 Capacitance of a capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
Calculation of the capacitance of capacitors . .  75
4.3.3 Charging and discharging of capacitors . . . . .  76
2 Basic concepts of electrical engineering .  21 4.3.4 Energy of the charged capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
4.4 Connections of capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78
2.1 How to deal with physical quantities . . . . . . . .  21 4.4.1 Parallel connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78
Mass and force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21 4.4.2 Series connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78
Mechanical work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22 4.5 Characteristics and types of capacitors . . . . . .  79
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22 4.5.1 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
Mechanical power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22 4.5.2 Construction types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
2.2 Types of electrical circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23 Review the lesson for chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
Electric direct current circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
Circuit symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
2.3 Electric charge (quantity of electricity) . . . . . .  26
5 Magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
Structure of atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27 5.1 Characteristics of magnets and
2.4 Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28 display representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
2.4.1 Voltage sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28 5.2 Electromagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  84
2.4.2 Potential and voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28 5.2.1 Current-carrying conductor and magnetic field .  84
2.4.3 Types of voltage generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29 5.2.2 Current-carrying coil and magnetic field . . . . . . .  85
2.4.4 Measurement of voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30 5.3 Magnetic values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
2.5 Electric current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31 5.3.1 Magnetic flux Φ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
2.5.1 Electric current in metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32 5.3.2 Current linkage Θ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
2.5.2 Measurement of electric currents . . . . . . . . . . .  32 5.3.3 Magnetic field strength H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
2.5.3 Effects of the electric current . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33 5.3.4 Magnetic flux density B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
2.5.4 Types of current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34 5.4 Iron in the magnetic field of a coil . . . . . . . . . .  88
2.5.5 Current density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35 5.5 Current and magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  91
2.6 Electrical resistance and conductance . . . . . . .  36 5.5.1 Current-carrying conductor in the magnetic field .  91
2.7 Ohm's law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37 5.5.2 Current-carrying coil in the magnetic field . . . . . .  93
2.8 Conductor resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38 5.5.3 Current-carrying parallel conductors . . . . . . . . . .  93
2.9 Temperature dependency of the 5.6 Voltage generation through induction . . . . . . .  94
resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39 5.6.1 Generator principle (induction through motion) . .  94
2.10 Design types of resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40 5.6.2 Lenz’s rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  95
2.11 Electric energy and work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42 5.6.3 Transformer principle (stationary induction) . .  96
2.11.1 Generation of electric energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42 5.6.4 Self-induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  98
2.11.2 Electric work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43 5.6.5 Eddy currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  99
2.12 Electric power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44 Review the lesson for chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . .  100
2.13 Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
2.14 Electric heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47 6 Circuit engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  101
Review the lesson for chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
6.1 Circuit documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  101
Practical tip: Installation of a
two-way circuit with socket . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  103
3 Basic circuits in electrical engineering .  49 6.2 Circuit installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  104
6.2.1 Lamp circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  104
3.1 Series connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
6.2.2 Circuits with indicator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  106
3.1.1 Rules of series connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49 6.2.3 Circuit with a latching relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  107
3.1.2 Series resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51 6.2.4 Infrared motion sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  107
3.1.3 Voltage drop on lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52 6.2.5 Circuit with stairway timer switch . . . . . . . . . .  108
3.2 Parallel connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53 6.2.6 Paging systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  108
3.3 Hybrid circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55 6.2.7 Intercoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  109
3.3.1 Voltage dividers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55 6.3 Electromagnetic switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  111
3.3.2 Bridge circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57 6.3.1 Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  112
3.3.2.1 Balanced bridge circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57 6.3.2 Contactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  114
3.3.2.2 Unbalanced bridge circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58 6.3.3 Contactor circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  115
3.3.3 Resistance determination by means of Jog mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  115
current and voltage measurement . . . . . . . . .  59 Self-holding circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  115
3.4 Voltage source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60 Sequential circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  116
3.4.1 Loads of a voltage source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60 6.3.3.1 Applications of contactor circuits . . . . . . . . . .  116
3.4.2 Equivalent circuit of a voltage source . . . . . . .  61 Reversing contactor circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  116
3.4.3 Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61 Star-delta contactor circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  117
3.4.4 Connections of voltage sources . . . . . . . . . . .  63 Automatic star-delta contactor circuit . . . . . .  119
3.5 Galvanic elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64 Dahlander circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  120
3.5.1 Conversion of chemical energy into 6.4 Terminal diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  121
electric energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64 6.5 Electrical design of machines . . . . . . . . . . . . .  122
3.5.2 Primary elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65 Practical tip: Requirements for control circuits . . 124
3.5.3 Secondary elements (batteries) . . . . . . . . . . . .  67 Review the lesson for chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . .  125
Review the lesson for chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . .  70
 6 Table of contents

7 8
Table of contents
AC and three-phase current technology .  126 Measurement technology . . . . . . . . . . .  167
7.1 Characteristics of AC technology . . . . . . . . . .  126 8.1 Electrical measurement instruments . . . . . . .  167
7.1.1 Period and peak value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  126 8.1.1 Basic concepts of measurement instruments  167
7.1.2 Frequency and period duration . . . . . . . . . . . .  126 8.1.2 Display types of measuring instruments . . . .  168
7.1.3 Frequency and wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  127 8.1.3 Analog measurement instruments . . . . . . . . .  168
8.1.3.1 Measurement errors of analog measurement
7.2 Sinusoidally alternating quantities . . . . . . . .  128
instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  169
7.2.1 Vector representation of sinusoidal values . .  128 8.1.3.2 Electrical measurement elements . . . . . . . . . . 170
7.2.2 Angular frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  129 8.1.4 Digital measurement instruments . . . . . . . . .  171
7.2.3 Generation of sinusoidal voltages . . . . . . . . .  129 8.1.5 Electricity meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  173
7.2.4 Peak value and RMS value of sinusoidally 8.1.5.1 Induction meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  173
alternating quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  130 8.1.5.2 Electronic electricity meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  174
7.2.5 Behavior of alternating quantities . . . . . . . . .  131 8.2 Practical measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  175
7.2.6 Non-sinusoidal voltages and currents . . . . . . . 132 8.2.1 Measurement of powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  175
7.2.7 Frequency and number of pole pairs . . . . . . .  133 8.2.2 Measurement of resistances . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  175
8.2.3 Measurement with current measuring
7.2.8 Phase shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  134
calipers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  176
7.2.9 Active resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  134 8.2.4 Measurement categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  176
7.2.10 Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  134 8.2.5 Performing a practical measurement . . . . . .  177
7.3 Coil in an AC circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  135 Practical tip: RMS-value measurement of
7.3.1 Inductive reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  135 non‑sinusoidal quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  178
7.3.2 Series connection of active resistance and 8.3 Oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  179
inductive reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  136 8.3.1 Analog oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  179
7.3.3 Voltage triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  137 8.3.1.1 Structure of an analog oscilloscope . . . . . . .  179
7.3.4 Resistance triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  138 8.3.1.2 Two-channel oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  181
8.3.1.3 Measurements with the oscilloscope . . . . . . . 181 
7.3.5 Parallel connection of active resistance and
8.3.2 Digital storage oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  182
inductive reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  139 Practical tip: Measurements using the
7.3.6 Current triangle and conductance triangle . .  139 oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  183
7.4 Powers in an AC circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  140 8.4 Measurement of non-electric values using
7.4.1 Active power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  140 sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  184
7.4.2 Apparent power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  140 8.4.1 Active and passive sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  184
7.4.3 Reactive power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  141 8.4.2 Sensor applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  185
7.4.4 Power triangle with inductive load . . . . . . . . .  141 8.4.2.1 Sensors for displacement and
7.4.5 Power factor, effective factor and reactive factor  142 angle measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  185
8.4.2.2 Sensors for the measurement of elongation,
7.4.6 Power dissipation in real coils . . . . . . . . . . . .  142
power, pressure and torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  187
7.5 Capacitor in the AC circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  143 8.4.2.3 Sensors for the measurement of temperatures  188
7.5.1 Capacitive reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  143 8.4.3 Proximity switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  189
7.5.2 Series connection of active resistance and 8.4.3.1 Optical proximity switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  189
capacitive reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  144 8.4.3.2 Inductive proximity switches . . . . . . . . . . . . .  189
RC high pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  145 8.4.3.3 Capacitive proximity switches . . . . . . . . . . . .  190
RC low pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  145 8.4.3.4 Design of proximity switches . . . . . . . . . . . . .  190
7.5.3 Parallel connection of active resistance and Review the lesson for chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . .  191
capacitive reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  146
7.5.4 Power dissipation in real capacitors . . . . . . . .  147 9 Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  192
7.6 Circuit of coil, capacitor and
active resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  148 9.1 Semiconductor materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  192
7.6.1 Series connection of active resistance, 9.2 Semiconductor resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  194
9.2.1 Voltage-dependent resistors (varistors) . . . . .  194
inductive and capacitive reactance . . . . . . . . .  148
9.2.2 Thermistors (NTC resistors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  195
7.6.2 Parallel connection of active resistance, 9.2.3 Varistors (PTC resistors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  196
inductive and capacitive reactance . . . . . . . . .  149 9.2.4 Field plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  198
7.7 Oscillating circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  150 9.3 Hall generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  198
7.7.1 Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  151 9.4 Semiconductor diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  199
7.7.2 Series oscillating circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  151 9.4.1 Mode of operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  199
7.7.3 Parallel oscillating circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  152 9.4.2 Power diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  199
7.8 Three-phase alternating current 9.4.3 Z-diodes (limiter diodes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  200
(three-phase current) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  154 9.4.4 Semiconductor identification . . . . . . . . . . . . .  201
9.4.5 Cooling of semiconductor components . . . .  202
7.8.1 Generation of three-phase alternating voltage .  154
9.5 Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  203
7.8.2 Concatenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  154 9.5.1 Bipolar transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  203
7.8.3 Star connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  156 9.5.1.1 Transistors in practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  205
7.8.4 Delta connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  158 9.5.1.2 Setting the operating point . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  206
7.8.5 Conductor faults in three-phase current systems  159 9.5.1.3 Stabilization of the operating point . . . . . . . .  207
7.8.6 Power in three-phase current systems . . . . . .  160 9.5.1.4 Transistor as switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  208
7.8.7 Power measurement in three-phase current 9.5.1.5 Multivibrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  210
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  161 Bistable multivibrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  210
7.9 Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  162 Timer module NE 555 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  210
Monostable multivibrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  211
7.9.1 Types of compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  163
Astable multivibrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  211
7.9.2 Dimensioning of power-factor correction Threshold switch (Schmitt trigger) . . . . . . . .  211
capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  164 9.5.1.6 Amplifier circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  212
7.9.3 Audio frequency trap circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . .  164 Basic concepts of amplification technology .  212
7.9.4 Compensation of non-sinusoidal currents . .  165 Basic circuits of the bipolar transistor . . . . . .  212
Review the lesson for chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . .  166 Single-stage bipolar transistor amplifier
Table of contents 7
in an emitter circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  213 Fully-controlled three-phase rectifier . . . . . .  257

Table of contents
9.5.2 Field effect transistors (FET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  214 9.9.4 Inverter operation of externally commutated
Basic amplifier circuits using field effect converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  258
transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  216 9.9.5 AC converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  259
9.6 Optoelectronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  217 9.9.5.1 Bi-directional connection W1C . . . . . . . . . . . .  259
9.6.1 Optoelectronic transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  217 Leading-edge phase control . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  259
Light-emitting diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  217 Trailing-edge phase control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  259
Laser diodes   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Disadvantages of leading-edge phase control . .  260
9.6.2 Optoelectronic receivers (detectors) . . . . . . .  219 9.9.5.2 Multicycle control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  260
Photo diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  219 9.9.6 DC converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  261
Photo resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  219 9.9.6.1 Forward converters and flyback converters . .  262
Photo elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  219 9.9.6.2 Types of controls for DC choppers . . . . . . . . .  262
Solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  219 9.9.7 Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  263
Photo transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  220 9.9.8 Power supply units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  264
Circuit examples of optoelectronic receivers 9.9.8.1 Controlled power supply units . . . . . . . . . . . .  264
with photo transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  220 9.9.8.2 Voltage controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  265
9.6.3 Liquid crystal displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  221 9.9.8.3 Switching power supply units . . . . . . . . . . . . .  265
9.6.4 Optocouplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  221 9.9.9 Operating modes of electric drives . . . . . . . .  266
9.7 Operational amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  222 9.9.10 DC drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  267
9.7.1 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  222 9.9.10.1 DC motor on thyristor converter . . . . . . . . . .  267
9.7.2 Analog circuits with operational amplifiers . .  224 9.9.10.2 DC motor on six-pulse bridge circuit B6C . . .  268
9.7.3 Digital circuits with operational amplifiers . .  226 9.9.10.3 DC motor with four-quadrant drive
9.8 Digital technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  228 (4-Q drive) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  268
9.8.1 Signal types in control technology . . . . . . . . . .  228 9.9.10.4 Speed control with transistor DC chopper . . . . .  269
9.8.2 Basic logic operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  228 9.9.11 Frequency converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  270
9.8.2.1 AND operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  228 9.9.11.1 Three-phase asynchronous motor on
9.8.2.2 OR operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  229 frequency converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  271
9.8.2.3 NOT operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  229 9.9.11.2 Selecting a three-phase drive with frequency
9.8.3 Basic logic operations with output or input converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  272
negation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  230 Practical tip: Installation and commissioning
9.8.3.1 Logic operations with output negation . . . . .  230 of a frequency converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  273
9.8.3.2 Logic operations with input negation . . . . . . .  230 Review the lesson for chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . .  274
9.8.3.3 Input connection of logic operations . . . . . . .  231
9.8.3.4 Application of the basic logic operations . . .  231
9.8.4 Circuit families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  232 10 Electrical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  275
9.8.4.1 TTL circuit family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  232 10.1 Energy generation and power transmission .  275
9.8.4.2 CMOS circuit family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  232 10.1.1 Power stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  275
9.8.5 Switching algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  233 10.1.1.1 Thermal power stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  276
9.8.6 Non-equivalence and equivalence operation  234 10.1.1.2 Environmental protection at thermal power
9.8.7 Flip-flops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  235 stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  277
9.8.7.1 Status-triggered flip-flops and clocked 10.1.1.3 CHP (combined heat and power) stations . . .  278
flip-flops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  235 10.1.1.4 Hydro-electric power stations . . . . . . . . . . . . .  279
9.8.7.2 JK flip-flop with double-edge triggering . . . .  236 10.1.1.5 Renewable energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  280
9.8.7.3 Circuits with flip-flops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  237 Photovoltaic systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  280
Binary number system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  237 Modes of operation of photovoltaic systems  280
Meter circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  237 Practical tip: Design and dimensioning of a
Shift registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  239 photovoltaic system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  283
9.8.8 Analog-to-digital converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  240 Wind power plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  284
9.8.9 Digital-to-analog converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  242 Landfill gas and biogas plants . . . . . . . . . . . .  284
9.9 Power electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  243 10.1.1.6 Energy management in smart grids . . . . . . . .  285
9.9.1 Components of power electronics . . . . . . . . .  243 10.1.2 Transformer stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  286
9.9.1.1 Thyristor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  243 10.1.2.1 Voltage levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  286
9.9.1.2 GTO thyristor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  246 10.1.2.2 Substations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  286
9.9.1.3 Triac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  246 10.1.2.3 High-voltage switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  287
9.9.1.4 Diac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  247 10.1.3 Transmission and distribution networks . . . .  289
9.9.1.5 IGBT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  248 10.1.3.1 Maximum, high, medium, and low voltage
9.9.2 Terms in power electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  249 networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  289
9.9.3 Rectifier circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  250 10.1.3.2 Types of networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  290
9.9.3.1 Uncontrolled rectifier circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . .  250 10.1.4 Low-voltage systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  291
Rectifier circuits for AC one-pulse 10.1.4.1 Network configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  291
one-way circuit E1U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 10.1.4.2 House connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  292
Two-pulse bridge circuit B2U . . . . . . . . . . . . .  251 10.1.4.3 Grounding systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  294
Uncontrolled rectifier circuits for 10.1.4.4 Protective potential equalization via the main
three-phase current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  252 grounding rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  295
Three-pulse center-tap circuit M3U . . . . . . . .  252 10.1.4.5 Main power supply systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  296
Six-pulse bridge circuit B6U . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  252 Practical tip: Meter cabinet with circuit
Ripple in rectifier circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  253 distribution and multimedia distribution . . . .  298
Rated transformer power in rectifier circuits  253 Practical tip: Equipment of electrical systems
Smoothing of pulsating direct voltages . . . .  254 in residential buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  300
9.9.3.2 Controlled rectifier circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  255 10.1.5 Electromagnetic compatibility and TN system  301
Fully controlled one-pulse 10.2 Insulated lines, cables and overhead lines . . .  304
one-way circuit E1C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  255 10.2.1 Insulated lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  304
Effect of different loads on controlled Practical tip: Color coding of conductors . . . .  307
rectifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  255 10.2.2 Cables for medium and low voltage systems .  308
Fully controlled two-pulse bridge circuit B2C . .  256 10.2.3 Overhead lines for high and medium voltage
Triggering of thyristors (valves) . . . . . . . . . . .  256 systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  308
Control characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  256 10.2.4 Data lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  309
 8 Table of contents

Practical tip: Installation of lines . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 11.12.5 Measuring the insulation resistance of
Table of contents
10.3 Protection of electric lines and loads . . . . . . .  311 floors and walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  360
10.4 Protection switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  314 11.12.6 Testing the protective measure: Automatic
10.4.1 Thermal trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  314 shut‑off of the power supply in the TN, TT and
10.4.2 Electromagnetic trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  314 IT systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  361
10.4.3 Circuits breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 11.12.6.1 Testing in the TN system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  361
10.4.4 Selective main line circuit breaker . . . . . . . . .  315 Measurement of the loop impedance . . . . . .  361
10.4.5 Power switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  316 11.12.6.2 Testing in the TT system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  362
10.4.6 Motor protection devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Measurement of the grounding resistance . .  362
10.5 Dimensioning of permanently installed cables 11.12.6.3 Testing in the IT system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  363
and lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  319 11.12.6.4 Testing of the residual current
10.5.1 Voltage drop on lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  320 protective device (RCD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  363
10.5.2 Arrangement of overcurrent protection devices  321 11.12.6.5 Testing of the rotating field direction . . . . . . .  363
Practical tip: Example of a line calculation . . .  322 11.12.7 Recurrent testing of electrical systems and
10.6 Special types of rooms and systems . . . . . . .  323 stationary equipment as per DIN VDE 0105 . . .  364
10.6.1 Electrical installation in rooms with bath or 11.12.8 E-check as a seal of quality for the electrical
shower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  323 system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  365
10.6.2 Saunas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Practical tip: Testing of electrical systems . . .  366
10.6.3 Construction sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  325 Practical tip: Example: Fault current protection
10.6.4 Agricultural and horticultural establishments  326 system (RCD) has tripped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  368
10.6.5 Establishments exposed to the risk of fire . .  327 11.13 Protection against electrostatic charge . . . . .  369
10.6.6 Explosion hazard areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  329 Review the lesson for chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . .  370
10.6.7 Areas used for medical purposes . . . . . . . . .  330
10.6.8 Overview of types of rooms and operating
premises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  331 12 Building engineering systems . . . . . . .  371
10.7 Fire-fighting in electrical systems . . . . . . . . . .  332 12.1 Lighting systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
10.7.1 Response to fire in electrical systems . . . . . .  332 12.1.1 Color spectrum and color reproduction . . . .  372
10.7.2 Extinguishing agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  332 12.1.2 Photometric quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Review the lesson for chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . .  333 12.1.3 Criteria for good lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  375
12.1.4 Energy efficiency requirements . . . . . . . . . . .  376
11 Protective measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  334 12.1.5 Overview of lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  377
12.1.6 Halogen lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  378
11.1 Hazards involved when working with electric 12.1.7 Fluorescent lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  380
current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  334 12.1.8 Ballasts for fluorescent lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . .  381
11.1.1 Effects of electric current on the human body  334 12.1.9 High-pressure discharge lamps . . . . . . . . . . .  382
11.1.2 Direct and indirect contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 12.1.10 Low-pressure sodium-vapor pressure lamps  382
11.1.3 Technical terms for protective measures . . . .  336 12.1.11 LED lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  382
11.2 Safety regulations for low voltage systems .  337  Practical tip: Halogen lighting is replaced by
11.2.1 Protection classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  337 LED lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  383
11.2.2 IP protection types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  338 Practical tip: Example for determining the
11.2.3 Measures when working on electrical systems  339 number of lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  384
11.2.4 Fault types in electrical systems . . . . . . . . . . .  340 12.1.12 Light calculation software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  385
11.2.5 Voltage levels in the event of a fault . . . . . . . . . 340  12.1.13 Distribution of the luminous intensity of
11.3 Network systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  341 light fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  385
11.4 Protection against electric shock . . . . . . . . . .  342 12.1.14 Light management systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  386
11.5 Automatic cut-off of the power supply . . . . .  343 12.2 Electrical appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  387
11.5.1 Requirements for basic protection 12.2.1 General information on electrical appliances  387
(protection against direct contact) . . . . . . . . .  343 12.2.2 Electric water heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  388
11.5.2 Requirements of fault protection 12.2.3 Electric room heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  390
(protection against indirect contact) . . . . . . . .  344 12.2.4 Electrical appliances for the storage and
11.5.3 Protection in the TN system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  345 preparation of food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  394
11.5.4 Protection in the TT system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  346 12.2.5 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of
11.5.5 Protection in the IT system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  347 electrical appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  398
11.6 Double or reinforced insulation . . . . . . . . . . .  348 12.2.6 Testing of electrical appliances after repair
11.7 Protective separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  348 and modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  400
11.8 Protection by using low voltage 12.2.7 Recurrent testing of electrical devices . . . . . .  402
(by means of SELV or PELV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  349 12.3 Antenna and distribution systems . . . . . . . . .  403
11.9 Residual current devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 12.3.1 Mode of operation of antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
11.9.1 Structure and function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  350 12.3.2 Receiving antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  404
11.9.2 Applications of RCDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  351 12.3.3 Amplification factor, attenuation factor
11.9.3 Characteristics of RCDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  352 and level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  406
11.9.4 Selection and use of RCDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  352 12.3.4 Structure of antenna systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .  407
11.9.5 RCD as fire protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  354 12.3.5 Satellite television reception equipment . . . .  408
11.10 Residual current monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  354 Practical tip: Modules for digital satellite
11.11 Protective measures for systems that are reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  411
operated and monitored solely by qualified 12.3.6 DVB-T television receiving systems . . . . . . . .  412
electricians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  355 12.3.7 Broadband communication systems . . . . . . .  412
11.12 Checking the protective measures . . . . . . . .  356 12.3.8 Calculation of a receiving antenna system . .  413
11.12.1 Initial testing of stationary electrical systems 12.3.9 Installation of receiving antenna systems . .  414
and equipment according to DIN VDE 0100, Practical tip: Multimedia cabling in residential
part 600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  357 surroundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  416
11.12.2 Checking the protective conductors and 12.4 Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  417
protective potential equalization conductors .  359 12.4.1 Data transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  417
11.12.3 Measurement of the insulation resistances in 12.4.2 Analog telecommunications system . . . . . . .  417
electrical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  359 12.4.3 Digital communication system . . . . . . . . . . . .  418
11.12.4 Testing the SELV and PELV protective 12.5 Building services automation . . . . . . . . . . . . .  422
measures and protective separation . . . . . . .  360 12.5.1 Building services management . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Table of contents 9
12.5.2 Building systems engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 13.2.4 Stepper motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  491

Table of contents
Practical tip: Programming a KNX project . . .  427 13.2.5 Synchronous generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  494
12.5.3 Building services automation with 13.2.6 Commutator machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  496
visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  429 13.2.6.1 Mode of operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  496
Practical tip: The networked house . . . . . . . . .  430 13.2.6.2 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  497
12.6 Hazard warning systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  432 13.2.6.3 Armature quadrative-axis field and armature
12.6.1 Burglar alarm systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  432 reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  498
12.6.2 Fire alarm systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  436 13.2.6.4 Connection designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  499
Practical tip: Example of a burglar alarm 13.2.6.5 Types of DC motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  500
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  438 13.2.6.6 Starting DC motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  502
Practical tip: Installation of smoke detectors .  439 13.2.6.7 Rotational speed control of DC motors . . . . .  503
12.7 Lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  440 13.2.6.8 Universal motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  504
12.7.1 Development of a thunderstorm cell . . . . . . .  440 13.2.7 Servo motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  505
12.7.2 Effects of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  440 13.2.7.1 DC servo motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  506
12.7.3 Lightning protection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .  441 13.2.7.2 Three-phase servo motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  506
12.7.3.1 External lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 13.2.8 Maintenance and testing of electric machines . .  509
12.7.3.2 Internal lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  445 Review the lesson for chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . .  510
12.7.3.3 Separation distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  446
Review the lesson for chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . .  448
14 Information technology . . . . . . . . . . . . .  511

13 Electric machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  449 14.1

14.2
Areas of information technology . . . . . . . . . .  511
Computers, programs, and peripherals . . . . . 512
13.1 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  450 14.2.1 Components and functioning of a computer  512
13.1.1 Single-phase transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  450 14.2.2 Hardware, software, and firmware . . . . . . . . .  513
13.1.1.1 Structure and mode of operation . . . . . . . . . .  450 14.2.3 Computer system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  513
13.1.1.2 No-load voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  450 14.3 Microcomputer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  514
13.1.1.3 Transfer ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  451 14.4 Personal computer (PC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  515
13.1.1.4 Operating behavior with no-load . . . . . . . . . .  452 14.4.1 Components of a PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  515
13.1.1.5 Operating behavior under load . . . . . . . . . . . .  452 14.4.2 Microprocessor (CPU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  516
13.1.1.6 Operating behavior with short circuit . . . . . . .  453 14.4.3 Semiconductor memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  517
13.1.1.7 Short circuit current and starting current . . .  454 14.4.4 Bus communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  518
13.1.1.8 Efficiency of transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  455 14.4.5 Input/output unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  518
13.1.2 Small transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  456 14.5 Devices for input, output, and storage . . . . .  519
13.1.2.1 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  456 14.5.1 Devices for input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  519
13.1.2.2 Types of small transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  457 14.5.2 Devices for output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  519
13.1.2.3 Test voltages with small transformers . . . . . .  458 14.5.2.1 Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  519
13.1.3 Special transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  459 14.5.2.2 Color monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  520
13.1.3.1 Auto-transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  459 14.5.3 Peripheral devices for data storage . . . . . . . .  521
13.1.3.2 Stray field transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  460 Practical tip: Service task on the PC . . . . . . . .  522
13.1.4 Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  460 14.6 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  523
13.1.4.1 Voltage converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  460 14.6.1 System programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  523
13.1.4.2 Current converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  461 14.6.2 Application programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  524
13.1.5 Three-phase transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  462 14.6.3 Software development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
13.1.5.1 Structure and principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  462 14.7 Networking of computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  526
13.1.5.2 Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  463 14.7.1 Services in computer networks . . . . . . . . . . . .  526
13.1.5.3 Asymmetric load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  465 14.7.2 Network topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  526
13.1.5.4 Common vector groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  466 14.7.3 Components of a star topology local area
13.1.6 Connecting transformers in parallel . . . . . . .  467 network (LAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  527
13.2 Rotating electrical machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  468 14.7.4 Network protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  528
13.2.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  468 14.7.5 Global network: the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
13.2.1.1 Power and torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  468 Practical tip: Connect two PCs via a network .  530
13.2.1.2 Structure of rotating machines . . . . . . . . . . . .  469 Practical tip: Establish a WLAN connection
13.2.1.3 Rating plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  469 to a network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   531 
13.2.1.4 Direction of rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  469 14.8 Data security, data protection and copyright. .  532
13.2.1.5 Operating modes of electric machines . . . . . .  470 14.9 Harmful programs (malware) . . . . . . . . . . . . .  532
13.2.1.6 Cooling of electrical machines . . . . . . . . . . . .  471 Review the lesson for chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . .  533
13.2.1.7 Structural shapes and installation sizes of
rotating electrical machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  472
13.2.1.8 Electric insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  472 15 Automation technology . . . . . . . . . . . . .  534
13.2.2 Three-phase asynchronous motors . . . . . . . .  473
13.2.2.1 Development of a rotating field . . . . . . . . . . .  473 15.1 Control technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  534
13.2.2.2 Cage motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  474 15.1.1 Controlling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  534
13.2.2.3 Starting of cage motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  477 15.1.1.1 Technical terms of control technology . . . . . .  534
13.2.2.4 Slip-ring motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  479 15.1.1.2 Types of controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  535
Practical tip: Connect a three-phase motor . .  480 15.2 Miniature control units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  537
Compact overview for the 15.3 Programmable logic controller (PLC) . . . . . .  539
three-phase asynchronous motor . . . . . . . . .  481 15.3.1 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  539
Practical tip: Selection of an electric motor . .  482 15.3.2 Programming languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  540
13.2.2.5 Pole-switchable motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  484 15.3.3 How a PLC works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  540
13.2.2.6 Braking operation of three-phase 15.3.4 Modular structure in STEP 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . .  542
asynchronous motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  485 15.3.5 Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  543
13.2.2.7 Three-phase motor on alternating voltage 15.3.5.1 Basic logic operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  543
(Steinmetz circuit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  486 15.3.5.2 Normally-closed contacts and normally-open
13.2.2.8 AC asynchronous motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  487 contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  544
13.2.2.9 Shaded-pole motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  488 15.3.5.3 Memory functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  546
13.2.2.10 Three-phase linear motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  489 15.3.5.4 Time functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  548
13.2.3 Synchronous motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  490 15.3.5.5 Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  549
 10 Table of contents

17.3.1 Tasks during projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  615

Table of contents
15.3.5.6 Comparators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  551
15.3.6 Sequential controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  552 17.3.2 Project phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  616
15.3.6.1 Types of sequential controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  552 17.4 Customer order and customer service . . . . .  617
15.3.6.2 Operating modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  552 17.4.1 Customer expectations and dealing
15.3.6.3 Sequence flow (structure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  553 with the customer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  617
15.3.6.4 Branched sequence flows (sequence selection) .  554 17.4.2 Stages of a customer order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  618
15.3.6.5 Programming a sequence flow using PLC . . .  555 17.4.3 Customer service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  620
15.3.7 Library-compatible modules . . . . . . . . . . . . .  556 17.5 Calculation and bid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  621
Practical tip: Creating a S7 project . . . . . . . . .  559 17.5.1 Calculation in an industrial operation . . . . . .  622
15.3.8 Machine safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  561 17.5.2 Calculation of services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  623
15.3.8.1 Safety categories (performance levels) . . . . .  561 17.5.3 Cost calculation for a craft business . . . . . . . .  624
15.3.8.2 Safety-relevant parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  561 17.5.4 Invoicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  625
15.3.8.3 Actions in an emergency 17.6 Quality management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  626
(EMERGENCY STOP, EMERGENCY OFF) . . . .  562 17.6.1 Objectives of quality management . . . . . . . .  626
15.3.9 Bus systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  563 17.6.2 The DIN EN ISO 9000:2008 series of standards .  626
15.3.9.1 Field buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  563 17.6.3 TQM (total quality management) method . .  627
15.4 Process visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  567 17.6.4 Quality tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  628
15.5 Automatic control engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Practical tip: Starting up a business . . . . . . . .  629
15.5.1 Tasks and concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  569 Review the lesson for chapter 17 . . . . . . . . . .  630
15.5.2 Control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  570 Review the lessons (calculation results) . . . .  631
15.5.2.1 Steady-state response of controlled systems .  570
15.5.2.2 Dynamic response of controlled systems . . .  571
15.5.3 Automatic controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  574 Information section
15.5.3.1 Discontinuous controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  574 Circuit symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  632
15.5.3.2 Continuous controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  576 Important symbols in electrical engineering . . . . . . . . . .  638
15.5.4 Control loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  580 Important certification marks, symbols, and logos . . . .  639
15.5.4.1 Oscillatory characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  580 Identification of resistors and capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . .  640
15.5.4.2 Controller selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  580 Trip characteristics of overcurrent protection equipment . .  641
15.5.4.3 Controller setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  581 Installation types of cables and insulated lines,
15.5.5 Universal controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  582 minimum cross sections of electric conductors . . . . . . .  642
Practical tip: Design of an automatic control Current carrying capacity, conversion factors of cables
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  583 and insulated lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  643
Review the lesson for chapter 15 . . . . . . . . . .  584 Operating data of three-phase squirrel cage motors . .  644
Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  645
16 Materials, manufacturing processes, environ- NPN transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  646
Thyristor, triac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  647
mental protection and energy saving . . . .  585
Important abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  648
16.1 Materials in electrical engineering . . . . . . . . .  585 List of companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  650
16.1.1 Conductor and contact materials . . . . . . . . . .  586
16.1.1.1 Conductor materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  586
16.1.1.2 Contact materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  587
16.1.2 Insulating materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  588
16.1.2.1 Electrical properties of insulators . . . . . . . . . .  588
16.1.2.2 Inorganic and organic insulating materials . .  589
16.1.2.3 Liquid and gaseous insulators . . . . . . . . . . . .  590
16.2 Manufacturing processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  591
16.2.1 Connections (joining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  591
16.2.1.1 Detachable connections in electrical
engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  591
16.2.1.2 Permanent connections
in electrical engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  591
16.2.2 Printed circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  594
16.2.3 SMD technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  596
16.3 Environmental protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  597
16.3.1 Environmental protection regulations at the
field of electrical engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . .  597
16.3.2 Environmental protection at the workplace .  598
16.3.3 Recycling and disposal of waste materials . .  599
16.4 Energy saving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  601
16.4.1 Rational use of energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  601
16.4.2 Stand-by operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  603
16.4.3 Tips for saving energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  604
Review the lesson for chapter 16 . . . . . . . . . .  605

17 Profession and workplace . . . . . . . . . . .  606

17.1 Professional skills and abilities . . . . . . . . . . . .  606
17.1.1 Teamwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  607
17.1.2 Working methods and time management . . .  608
17.1.3 Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  609
17.1.4 Creativity techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  610
17.1.5 Collection of information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  611
17.2 Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  612
17.2.1 Purposes and preparation of a presentation .  612
17.2.2 Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  613
17.2.3 Giving a presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  614
17.3 Project management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  615
Subject guide 11

Subject areas for the first training year in

Notes on subject areas

the occupational area of electrical engineering
The following selection of subject areas serves as stimuli and suggestions.
The subject areas may vary in different countries or regions.

Subject areas 1: Analyzing electrical systems and testing functions Page

• Operational structures, work organization, teamwork.....................................................  606, 609
• Information acquisition.............................................................................................................. 611
• Circuit diagrams, circuit symbols................................................................................  25, 101, 632
• Basic parameters of electrical engineering ..............................................................   21, 28, 31, 42
• Dangers of electric current......................................................................................................... 334
• Occupational safety, accident prevention, safety regulations ..........................................  15, 339
• Measurement techniques, oscilloscope............................................................................  167, 179
• Electronic components...............................................................................................  192, 640, 645

Subject areas 2: Planning and performing electrical installations

• Job planning ............................................................................................................................... 617
• Circuit installations..................................................................................................................... 104
• Paging systems, intercoms........................................................................................................ 109
• Selecting cables, lines and overcurrent protection equipment ..............   304, 309, 319, 322, 642
• Line dimensioning......................................................................................................  319, 322, 642
• Safety regulations and rules, safety signs.................................................................................. 15
• Environmental protection, energy saving.........................................................................  597, 601
• Preparing a quotation, cost calculation, invoicing ..........................................................  621, 625

Subject areas 3: Analyzing and adjusting controls

• Technical terms, EVA principle, control types..................................................................  534, 535
• Sensors ....................................................................................................................................... 184
• Digital technology, basic logic operations................................................................................ 228
• Storage function, multivibrators................................................................................................ 236
• Relays and contactors................................................................................................................. 111

Subject areas 4: Providing information technology systems

• Functional specification, performance specifications ............................................................. 615
• Hardware..................................................................................................................................... 513
• Operating systems...................................................................................................................... 523
• Software components, applications, Internet ..........................................................  523, 524, 529
• Networks...................................................................................................................................... 526
• Presentation techniques............................................................................................................. 612
• Data safety, data protection....................................................................................................... 532
 12 Subject areas: Specialization level
Notes on subject areas: Specialization level
Subject Professions *
Content of subject area Book pages (examples)
area DS MD BI IE EB AT
 
5 x x x x x • Supply of electric energy and safety of equipment • Safety in the workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   15
• Implementing the supply of electric energy for appliances and • Dangers of electric current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  334
x systems, and ensuring their safety • Protective measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  334
• Grid systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  341
 
6 x x • Analyzing systems and testing their safety • Building engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  371
x • Analyzing and testing devices and assemblies • Checking the protective measures . . . . . . . . . .  356
x • Inspecting and testing building services systems • Repetitive testing, E check . . . . . . . . . . . . .   364, 365
x • Manufacturing and testing electric machinery • Electric machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  449
x • Designing, manufacturing, and testing of electronic components • Measurement technology . . . . . . . . . . . . .   167, 178
• Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  192
• Printed circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  594
 
7 x x x • Programming and implementing control systems for equipment • Sensors, actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  184
x • Implementing building services systems to the customer's • Control technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  534
x requirements • Miniature control units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  537
x • Analyzing the operating behavior of electric machinery • Programmable logic control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  539
• Configuring components in terms of hardware and software • Building services automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  422
• KNX project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  425
• Operating modes of electric machinery . . . .   470
 
8 x x x • Selecting and integrating drive systems • Selection of an electric motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  482
x • Augmenting building services systems economically • Start-up of electric machinery . . . . . . . . . . . .   477
• Integrating electric machinery and mechanical components • Structure of electric machinery . . . . . . . . . . .   469
x • Manufacturing and testing of devices • Electric machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  449
• Testing devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  400
x • Repetitive testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   364, 402
9 x • Integrating control and communication systems • Lines and cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  304
x • Planning and implementing communication systems in residential • Line dimensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   319, 322
and functional buildings • Building engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  371
x • Executing and commissioning building technology systems • Telecommunications systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  507
x • Integrating systems and awarding third-party services • Paging systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  108
x • Repairing electric machinery • Building services management . . . . . . . . . . . .  422
x • Service, inspection and maintenance of devices and systems • Aerial systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  403
• Hazard warning systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  432
• Maintenance and testing of electric machinery .   509
10 x • Commissioning and handover of automation systems • Electrical systems engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . .  275
x • Commissioning and maintenance of building services systems • Network systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   289, 341
• Building and maintaining energy systems • Power electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  243
x • Operating building and infrastructure systems according to • Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  450
x customer wishes • Automation technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  534
• Selecting and customizing controls and automatic control systems • Electrical appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
x for electric machinery • Light and lighting technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  371
• Setting up manufacturing systems • Photovoltaic systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  280
x • Automatic control engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
• Lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
11 x • Maintenance and optimization of automation systems • Electrical systems engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . .  275
x • Building, commissioning, and maintaining energy systems • Grid systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  341
• Startup and maintenance of automated systems • Network types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  290
x • Maintenance of building and infrastructure systems, • Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  450
x  and awarding repair jobs • Automation technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  534
• Integrating electric machinery into technical systems • Customer order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  615
x • Setting up and using test systems • Building engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  371
x • Electric machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  468
12 x • Planning automation systems • Electrical systems engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . .  275
x • Planning and implementing energy systems and building services • Line calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  322
x systems • KNX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  427
x • Planning and implementing electrotechnical systems • Energy saving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  601
• Planning the changes of use in building and infrastructure systems • Automation technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  534
x • Maintenance of drive systems • Field buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  563
x • Planning and implementing appliances and systems • Machinery safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  561
• Maintenance and testing of electric machinery .   509
13 x • Implementing automation systems • Protective measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  334
x • Maintenance and changing of energy and building services systems • Checking the protective measures . . . . . . . . . .  356
• Maintenance and changing of electrotechnical systems • Selection of an electric motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  482
x • Optimization of building and infrastructure systems • Automation technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  534
x • Adjusting and optimizing drive systems • Sequence controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  552
x • Maintenance of manufacturing and testing systems • Manufacturing processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  591
x • Special types of rooms and systems . . . . . . .   323

* Electronics engineer for AT: Automation technology, EB: Energy and building technology, IE: Industrial engineering, BI: Building and infrastructure systems,
MD: Machinery and drive technology, DS: Devices and systems, as well as systems electronics engineer (craftsman)
 13

Project handling
A new project is starting!
A systematic approach is necessary in order to complete projects or orders professionally, e.g. the
creation of a circuit installation (next page). The Overview below shows steps in the processing of a
project or an order. They can be translated to any application you wish. Not all project steps are always
required. It depends on the job.

Work order

Construction
1. Project
drawings, circuit
analysis
diagrams

Rooms

Assignment
Team building by Communication
of roles and Group work
the project manager rules
tasks

Specialist books,
catalogs, corpo-
Information rate documents,
acquisition PC programs,
colleagues,
Internet

Rules, regulations,
laws

2. Project Planning,
planning dimensioning

Quotation and cost

accounts
Project
Timeframe

Materials
scheduling

Cost efficiency

3. Project
Execution of Circuit diagrams, functional
implementa- Documentation
project planning descriptions, operating manual
tion

Checking the
Functional Handover
Visual inspection protective
4. Project testing certificate
measures
monitoring/
evaluation
Invoicing Post-calculation

5. Project Presentation,
Documentation
documentation handover

6. Project Documentation, Own

evaluation designs, solutions assessment
 14
Project handling

1
Supplement customer file
Post-calculation, if needed
Create invoice
Determine working hours Customer wishes/
requirements
Determine travel times,
travel costs Technical
Do on-site measuring options
Customer meeting Rules

4
Order for planning
Clarify analysis Room lighting
maintenance
Energy saving
work
Customer Job flow
Hand over training
operation
instructions
Explain
function(s)
On-off circuit
Documentation Order Series
Commis- evaluation circuit
sioning
Function O.K. Two-way
Connection circuit
Right rotating
field type Impulse
Trigger time circuit
RCD Stairway
Grounding timer switch
resistance Check by
measuring Sheathed
and testing cable
Loop
impedance Flat-webbed
Stages of a Cable cable
Insulation type
customer order: Wire cable
resistance
Creating an Plastic
Protective
conductor electrical installation cable
resistance connection
Color codes Melting
Testing fuse
Covers via visual Safe-
Protective inspection guarding Line
conductor protection
connections switch
Installation
Line selection

3
planning
Surface-
Assignment mounted
of protection Flush-mounted
devices Types of
installation In plaster
Clean construction Order
site In tube
planning
Dispose of line, Disposal DIN VDE regulations
cable residues
Fluorescent lamps Order Preparing a quotation
to hazardous waste
imple- Circuit
mentation symbols

2
DIN VDE regulations
Plan preparation Installation
Safety rules
Comply with diagram
Accident Prevention regulations
Circuit diagram
Regulations
Parts lists
Occupational safety

Perform
installation Scheduling
Tools, material
Construction Installation Organization
site meeting Network operator
Provide materials,
tools
Occupational safety 15

1 Occupational safety and health protection 1)

1.1 Safety and health protection in the workplace
Electrical accidents can be largely ascribed to tech-
nical defects, e.g. missing protective barriers or Overview: Laws and regulations (examples)
incorrect insulation. In addition, organizational • DIN VDE regulations
shortcomings, e.g. missing or inadequate work • Ordinance on Industrial Safety and Health
instructions, as well as human errors, e.g. faulty • Occupational Safety and Health Act
actions, can lead to accidents. The personal pro- • Accident Prevention Regulations
tective equipment at the workplace is of great im- • Rules and regulations of the Social Accident
portance for protection against injury and illness. Insurance
e.g. – Regulation 1 Principles of Prevention
Personal protective equipment refers to all items – Regulation 2 Occupational Physicians
(e.g. protective clothing and hardhat) that protect and Specialists for
the body against health-endangering effects. Occupational Safety
– Regulation 3 Electrical Systems and
Safeguards and information signs must not be Equipment
removed, e.g. the sign relating to safety in the – Regulation 7 Occupational Medical
Precautions
workplace (Figure) . • Technical Rules for Operational Safety
• Product Safety Act
The Ordinance on Industrial Safety and Health • Ordinance on Hazardous Substances
(see Overview) has established directions for the
provision and use of work equipment.
Occupational Safety and Health Act. This law has Safety in the workplace
been designed to ensure and improve the safety Work safely and carefully.
and health of employees at their workplace, Apply passive safety.
through measures of occupational safety. Wear personal protective equipment.
The employer is responsible for safety and health Look Warning Mandatory Prohibitory
for: symbols symbols symbols
protection in the workplace. By law, he is required
to conduct a risk analysis (page 19) in order to
record and assess the specific risks of the work
equipment and systems, of the working conditions
Emergency symbols Fire protection symbols
for the employees, and of the risks to the environ-
ment.
Accident Prevention Regulations oblige employ-
ers to take measures for the prevention of work
Comply with prohibitions, e.g. no drinking,
accidents, occupational illnesses, and work- no smoking, no unauthorized entry.
related health hazards as well as for effective first Report or eliminate safety deficiencies or states
aid. The accident prevention regulations issued by of danger immediately.
trade associations and the public accident insurers Do not use operating equipment, working
devices, or work equipment without authorization.
are called the Trade Associations’ Regulations for Maintain tidiness in the workplace.
safety and health at work.
Through active involvement, keep yourself and

1.2 Product Safety Act colleagues safe from accidents and damage to health.

The Product Safety Act regulates the require- Figure:  Sign relating to safety in the workplace
ments for the safety of products as well as their
inspection and labeling (e. g. CE label). It applies i Definitions of terms from the Product Safety Act
when products are made available, presented, or • Products are goods, materials and compounds
used on the market for the first time within the produced by a manufacturing process.
scope of business operations. Products include, •  Presenting means the offering, displaying, or
demonstrating of products for purposes of advertis-
for instance, machines, home improvement equip-
ing or provision on the market.
ment and household appliances, tools, leisure and
•  Provision on the market is any paid or free-of-charge
sports equipment, all textiles, furniture, toys and provision of a product for distribution, consumption
personal protective equipment. or use on the market of the European Union (EU) in
1
 The laws referred to in this chapter show the implementation
the course of a commercial operation.
of European Directives in Germany.
 16 Equipment and Product Safety Act, Directive on Hazardous Substances

Products reaching the market within the European Union must com-
ply with the safety requirements of the EC Directives. As a sign of
compliance, such products bear the CE1 label (Figure a). The manu-
facturer thereby declares the compliance (conformity) of the product geprüfte

with the essential safety requirements, and affixes the CE label to the a) b) Sicherheit

product at his own responsibility.

Figure: CE label and GS symbol
By affixing the CE label, the manufacturer confirms that the prod-
uct meets the requirements of EU legislation. i Labeling system according to
the CLP (GHS) regulation
In addition to the CE label, products may also bear the GS symbol 
•  Hazard pictogram, e.g.
(Figure b), meaning that it has been tested for safety. The GS symbol
is based on the Product Safety Act. Manufacturers may have their
products voluntarily tested at testing centers, e.g. TÜV2 and VDE3. •  Health hazards with hazard
categories, e.g. acute toxicity,
Products with the GS symbol ensure that the safety and health of chemical burns, irritation to the
the user is not at risk. Affixing this symbol is allowed only subse- skin, gases under pressure.
quent to a test by the GS test centers. • Signal words
"Caution" or "Hazard"

1.3 Ordinance on Hazardous Substances •  Hazard statements,

(H statements) describe the
The Ordinance on Hazardous Substances (GefStoffV) applies to the nature and, if necessary, the
severity of the hazard arising
marketing of substances, mixtures, and products, as well as to the
from hazardous substances or
protection of employees and other persons from risks to their health mixtures (Figure 1, page 17).
and safety from hazardous substances, and to the protection of the
•  Precautionary statements,
environment from damage caused by substances. Hazardous (P-statements) describe the
substances and mixtures, in particular, have to be correctly packaged recommended actions to limit
4
and labeled. On the basis of a globally harmonized system (GHS ), or avoid the damaging effects
chemical substances are classified and labeled according to identical resulting from exposure to a
criteria throughout the world.The GHS system was introduced in the hazardous substance or
mixture (Figure 1, page 17).
EU in tandem with the CLP5 regulation, i.e. the Regulation on Classi-
fication, Labeling and Packaging of substances and mixtures. The CLP regulation has been binding for
substances since Dec. 1, 2010; for mix-
Most notable is the change in the labeling symbols. Instead of the tures, it will be binding as of June 1, 2015
danger symbols, nine hazard pictograms – a red-edged rhombus
(diamond) with a black symbol on a white background (Table) – are now used. Three pictograms have
been added: the gas cylinder, the exclamation point, and the body symbol (human torso and star). For
further labeling, the signal words "Caution" and "Hazard" were introduced.
•  Caution: Signal word indicating less severe hazard categories.
• 
Hazard: Signal word indicating severe hazard categories.

Table: Identification of hazards

Physico-chemical hazards Health hazards Environmental
hazards

Old

E F O C T Xi Xn N
F+ T+

New

Explosive Flammable Oxidizing Corrosive, Toxic Irritant Harmful to Harmful to the

irritant health, CMR environment
substances

Compressed gases Corrosive substances

1
  CE, abbreviation for: Communauté Européenne (French) = European Community
2
 TÜV, abbreviation for "Technischer Überwachungsverein" (Technical Inspection Authority)
3
  VDE, abbreviation for "Verband der Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik e.V."
(Association for Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Information Technologies)
4
  GHS, abbreviation for: Globally Harmonized System
5
  CLP, abbreviation for Classification, Labeling and Packaging
Safety symbols 17
A substance that has been classified and packaged as dangerous has to bear an identification label
(Figure 1) with the following elements.

Chemical Methanol
name of the (Index No. 603-001-00-X)
substance
Highly flammable liquid and vapour.
Name and Hazard
Toxic if swallowed.
index statements
Toxic in contact with skin.
number H statements
Toxic when inhaled.
Damages the eyes, risk of blindness.
Hazard Keep away from heat/sparks/open flame/
pictograms hot surfaces.
(Table, page 16) No smoking.
Store in a well-ventilated location.
Keep containers tightly closed. Precautionary
Nominal Wear protective gloves/protective clothing. statements
quantity Upon contact with skin: P statements
Signal word 5L
Hazard Wash with copious amounts of water and soap.
If swallowed:
Full address of the Call Poison Center or a doctor immediately.
manufacturer, Store under lock and key.
distributor or
importer Max Meier KG, Schellingerstr. 20 Munich, tel. 089...

Figure 1:  Example of the marking of a dangerous substance

1.4 Safety symbols Table: Shape, color, and meaning of safety

symbols
Technical guidelines of the Workplace Ordinance Geometrical Meaning Safety color Application
describes the require­ments for safety and hazard shape example
protection marking in workplaces. Safety symbols
are used for safety and health protection marking.
They warn against risks, provide guidance in RED
dangerous situations, and give handling Prohibition
Circle with No smoking
instructions. This also includes the identification diagonal bar
of prohibitions. Each symbol has the purpose of
calling attention quickly and without ambiguity to
objects and situations that can cause hazards.
Mandatory BLUE
action
The combination of shape and safety color alone Circle Use head
protection
indicates immediately whether a symbol is related
to information on prohibitory, mandatory action,
warning, emergency or fire protection (Table).
In addition, safety symbols have a corresponding YELLOW
Equilateral Warning Warning of
icon.
triangle with flammable
rounded substances
•  Prohibitory symbols prohibit any kind of corners
behavior that might cause a hazard, e.g. Do not
switch (Figure 2).
•  Mandatory action symbols prescribe a specific Safeness GREEN
behavior, e.g. Use Hardhat. Emergency
Square telephone
•  Warning symbols warn against risks or hazards,
e.g. warning against a laser beam.
•  Emergency symbols mark escape routes or Fire RED
emergency exits or the route to a first aid facility. protection Fire
Square extinguisher
•  Fire protection symbols identify the locations of
fire detection or fire extinguishing facilities. Prohibitory Work in progress!
symbols Location: Date:
•  Additional symbols (Figure 2) may be used only Additional Sign to be removed
in combination with a safety symbol. They pro- only by:
symbols
vide additional information by words or texts.
Figure 2: Prohibitory symbols with additional symbols
 18 First aid

1.5 First aid i Emergency call 1121

• Where did the accident happen?
First aid refers to assistance on the spot, before the injured or sick •  What happened?
person is cared for by a doctor. •  How many are injured?
•  What injuries?
The life of a wounded person often depends on first aid (Figure 2) •  Wait to answer any questions
being administered as quickly as possible directly at the scene of the from the rescue coordination
accident. The employer (contractor) is responsible for effective first center. Never end the call
aid. He must take the required measures. This includes, in particular, yourself.
the appointment of a sufficient number of first aiders, ensuring ap-
propriate training, and the provision of suitable first aid equipment.
In the event of an accident caused by electric current, self-protection
must be borne in mind. The current flowing through the victim must
be interrupted.
With regard to low voltage systems (usual household and industrial
voltage, from 230/400 V to a maximum of 1000 V), the interruption
of the circuit is performed, for instance, by switching off, pulling out
the plug, or removing the fuse. If the circuit cannot be interrupted,
the victim must be separated from the live parts by means of a
non-conducting object, e.g. an insulated rod. Figure 1: Warning of dangerous
With high voltage systems (1000 V and more, systems marked by voltage
the lightning arrow symbol, Figure 1), the emergency doctor has to
be called immediately, and qualified personnel must be notified. Rescue from high voltage systems is
performed solely by qualified personnel. Therefore only competent staff in possession of a switching
authorization are allowed to switch off the circuit.
If the voltage is not known, as with high voltage systems, a safety distance of at least 5 m has to be
maintained. The same measures have to be taken as in the case of high voltage.

Procedure when finding a person

General rules of conduct

Keep calm, secure the accident site, self-protection must be borne in mind, get person out of danger area

Check that the person is conscious

Speak to the person, touch him, shake him by the shoulders

Conscious Unconscious

Give help according to necessity, To call for help, initiate an emergency call
support/positioning, bandages...

If needed, call the Emergency Check breathing

Medical Services • Check respiratory system and, if necessary, loosen clothing
• Raise the head and chin
• Check breathing by listening, seeing, feeling

Breathes normally Not breathing normally Emergency call1

112

Stable side position Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Constant monitoring Heart massage: Artificial respiration 30:2
of breathing Start with the cardiac massage!
If AED* is available, follow instructions.
Emergency call 1121 No interruption until the arrival of the Emergency
Services or until normal breathing!
* AED, abbreviation for: Automated External Defibrillator

Figure 2:  First-aid measures

1
 The European emergency call number is valid in all EU countries, as well as in Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland
Assessment of risk 19

Instructions for conducting a risk assessment

Every activity involves accident risks and health hazards. In order to keep the risks to a minimum, a risk
assessment has to be performed in workplaces, as per the Occupational Safety and Health Act together
with the Ordinance on Industrial Safety and Health. A technical rule for industrial safety describes the
basic process of identification and assessment of hazards, and the derivation of appropriate measures.

Understanding the company organization

Structuring the company into understandable areas Understanding the safety organization of the company
of work, e.g. administration, workshop, warehouse, e.g. organization of first aid, handling
and activities hazardous materials, safety officers ...
What activities are performed?

(Next practical tip: page 103)

Understanding and identifying possible hazards and exposures
Hazards, or exposures, can be divided into, e.g.
•  Mechanical hazards, e.g. stumbling, slipping, falling...
•  Electrical hazards, e.g. electric current running through the body due to defective devices
•  Hazards due to hazardous substances, e.g. inhaling or swallowing toxic substances
•  Biological hazards, e g. risk of infection with micro-organisms
•  Physical hazards, e.g. the impact of noise, vibrations, radiation
•  Hazards due to physical stress, e.g. heavy physical work
• Hazards caused by deficiencies in the safety organization, e.g. deficient provision of first aid, marking of escape
routes, personal protective equipment, instructions, operating manuals.
What can cause a hazard?

Assessment of the hazards Determination and implementation of measures

Assessment of how the identified hazards can affect Measures must be determined in accordance with the

Practical tip: Assessment of risk

employee health. general principles of the Occupational Safety and Health
Act .
Are the safety and health of employees at risk?
This results in the ranking of the technical, organizational,
and personal (TOP) protective measures which have to be
defined.
• 
Technical protective measures, e.g. exhaust systems,
position switches.
• 
Organizational protective measures, e.g. organization
no of first aid, training, occupational medicine, hygiene.
Are the existing measures • 
Personal protective measures, e.g. personal
adequate? protective equipment (safety goggles, gloves), are
employed only if the technical measures do not suffice
to protect employees.
Who does what, and when?
yes

Review the measures

taken for effectiveness Measures not
effective

Measures
effective

Documentation
The documentation must include:
•  The result of the risk assessment.
•  The defined occupational safety measures.
•  The outcome of their review.
• Accidents in the workplace, as a result of which an employee is killed, or else injured so badly that he dies,
or is completely or partially unable to work for more than three days.
 20 Occupational Safety
Review – apply – deepen: Occupational Safety

 1. a) Which defects or faults usually cause electri- 13. What are the two characteristics that distin-
cal accidents? Name examples. b) What are guish safety symbols?
the requirements regarding technical equip-
ment which can be inferred? 14. Name safety colors a) to d) for the safety
symbols specified in the Table.
 2. a) What is personal protective equipment?
b) What is the purpose of personal protective
Table: Shape and safety colors of safety symbols
equipment? c) Give examples of personal
protective equipment.
Safety
color
a) b) c) d)
 3. a) What is the purpose of conducting a risk Shape
assessment? b) List the steps to take for the
Mandatory
practical implementation of a risk assessment. Prohibition action

 4. Which obligations arise for the employer from Warning

the Accident Prevention Regulations ?
Fire Safeness
protection
 5. What is the meaning of the following abbrevi-
ations: a) CLP, b) GHS?

 6. What do the a) CE label and b) GS symbol on 15. a) Which safety symbols can be distin-
products mean? guished, and b) which information can be
learned from the respective symbols?
 7. Which regulation is designed to protect work-
ers against risks to their health from hazardous 16. 
Name the safety symbols depicted in
substances? Figure 2, and describe their meaning.

 8. Name the designations for the hazard picto-

grams shown in Figure 1 from a) to g).

a) b) c) d)
a) b) c) d) e) f) g)
Figure 2: Safety symbols
Figure 1: Hazard pictograms

17. Why are additional symbols frequently used

 9. Which information has to be present on the together with safety symbols?
packaging of hazardous substances?
18. What information is it imperative to provide
10. What is the assessment called by means of in an emergency call?
which accident and health risks in workplaces
are kept as low as possible? 19. What is first aid?

11. What are the obligations arising for companies 20. What are the immediate measures to be
from the Accident Prevention Regulation taken in the event of accidents caused by
"Safety and Health Protection Labeling at the electric current?
Workplace"?
21. How can you help someone who has suffered
12. What are the prerequisites for allowing prod- an accident caused by electric current if the
ucts to be brought onto the market, and by circuit cannot be interrupted?
means of which symbol is this indicated?
22. Describe the first aid measures when you
come upon an injured person who is
a) responsive or b) non-responsive.