E.J.@. Abre`m Ybjirb Btgmjg Qâmak`z

E.J.@. A`dib Fubjbdup` Fgmzbd`z Xbzu`tb
E.@.N.A. @dizbn`tk Fubjbdup` Eârqu`z Zbpib

Eifu`d Âmf`d _`dbsag Fgmzâd`z

 

Jir`atgrig

Dia. Beñs N`mhbeåm Egr`mg ^uiz

Jir`atgr F`m`rbd

Etrg. Hgrf` Bdogmsg ^bsañm @mråqu`z

Jir`atgr Babjéeiag

Dia. Ebrag Gatbvig Kidtgm ^`y`s

Jir`atgr Bjeimistrbtivg

A.S. F`mbrg Fñe`z Abrrbmzb

Jir`atgr j` Oimbmzbs

Dia. Brmgdjg ^bob`d Egdimb Ngrngb

Jir`atgr j` Sdbm`baiñm

Dia. Dburg Frihbdvb Bnr`u

Jir`atgr j` _imaudbaiñm

A.S. Hgsé H`søs Abò`z _bdj`z

Jir`atgr j`d Ñrfbmg j` Agmtrgd
 

Ogrebaiñm Srgo`sigmbd Qgpgrt` y Ebmt`miei`mtg

1: 26
 

AGMZ@MIJG

Z`reimgdgfåb nâsiab j` sgpgrt` téamiag 9

Abrbat`råstiabs y kbnidijbj`s j`d p`rsgmbd qu`

23
PMIJBJ I nrimjb sgpgrt` téamiag

QGSG^Z@ ZÉAMIAG Zipgs j` adi`mt`s 2:

S^@Q@MAIBD
; Zipgs j` ageumiabaiñm `m sgpgrt` téamiag 26

Miv`d`s j` sgpgrt` téamiag >3

Abt`fgråbs j` sgpgrt` téamiag >>

Sr`supu`stg j` s`rviaig >0

Qgpgrt` téamiag pr`s`maibd 1>

Jgaue`mtgs j` agmtrgd j` sgpgrt` téamiag 02

PMIJBJ II K`rrbei`mtbs j`d sgpgrt` téamiag b jistbmaib ?9

QGSG^Z@ ZÉAMIAG B Age`raig `d`atrñmiag 6:

JIQZBMAIB
?6 Qgpgrt` téamiag b jistbmaib 9?

6
 

IMZ^GJPAAIÑM
EÑJPDG III. Srgpgraigmb sgpgrt` téamiag pr`s`maibd g b jistbmaib `m sgotwbr` j` bpdiabaiñm y
kbrjwbr` j` bau`rjg b dgs r`qu`riei`mtgs j`d usubrig j` db abrr`rb j` sgpgrt` y ebmt`miei`mtg
j` `quipg j` añeputg ti`m` ageg prgpñsitg j`sbrrgddbr db kbnidijbj j` nrimjbr sgpgrt` téamiag
pr`s`maibd g b jistbmaib pbrb sgotwbr` y kbrjwbr` agmsij`rbmjg dbs m`a`sijbj`s j` dgs
usubrigs.

@st` dinrg `s j` frbm utidijbj `m tu prga`sg j` bpr`mjizbh`, agmti`m` bativijbj`s qu` j`n`râs
r`bdizbr j` ebm`rb imjivijubd ei`mtrbs qu` `m bdfumbs gtrbs, agdbngrbrâs agm gtrgs agepbò`rgs
ogrebmjg `quipgs j` trbnbhg nbhg db fuåb j` tu prgo`sgr. Mg bnbrab tgjgs dgs t`ebs p`rg si dgs
primaipbd`s,, pgr dg qu` s` r`qui`r`, agmsudtbr gtrbs ou`mt`s j` imogrebaiñm pbrb umb ebygr
primaipbd`s
prgoumjijbj j` abjb umg j` `ddgs.
@d dinrg `stâ `struaturbjg `m jgs umijbj`s, `m db prie`rb umijbj s` ij`mtioiabm y s` bpdiabm dgs
`d`e`mtgs r`qu`rijgs pbrb nrimjbr sgpgrt` téamiag pr`s`maibd j` bau`rjg b dgs r`qu`riei`mt
r`qu`riei`mtgs
gs
j`d usubrig.
@m db umijbj jgs s` agmga`m y s` bpdiabm dbs k`rrbei`mtbs m`a`sbribs pbrb nrimjbr sgpgrt`
téamiag b jistbmaib j` bau`rjg b dgs r`qu`riei`mtgs j`d usubrig.

@m `d agmt`mijg j` `stbs umijbj`s, s` r`dbaigmb db t`gråb agm db prâatiab, b trbvés j` `h`raiaigs,

bativijbj`s j` bpr`mjizbh`, prâatiabs j` dbngrbtgrig, imstrue`mtgs j` `vbdubaiñm, `mtr` gtrbs
bativijbj`s `mabeimbjgs b bpgybr `m `d j`sbrrgddg j` dbs agep`t`maibs r`qu`rijbs pgr dgs
bduemgs qu` aursbm `stb bsifmbturb.
Q`furgs j` qu` kbrâs j` `st` ebt`ribd, umb k`rrbei`mtb j` bpr`mjizbh`, t` imvitbegs b r`bdizbr
si`epr` tu ebygr `sou`rzg y j`jiabaiñm pbrb qu` dgfr`s bjquirir dbs nbs`s m`a`sbribs, pbrb tu
éxitg babjéeiag.

;
 

Quneñjudg I
QGSG^Z@ ZÉAMIAG
S^@Q@MAIBD

Agep`t`maibs
Agep`t`maibs
AF:8  @sauakb,f`mériabs8
imt`rpr`tb y `eit` e`msbh`s p`rtim`mt`s `m jistimtgs agmt`xtgs e`jibmt` db
utidizbaiñm j` e`jigs, añjifgs y k`rrbei`mtbs bprgpibjgs.  

AF238  Ebmti`m` umb batituj r`sp`tugsb kbaib db imt`raudturbdijbj y jiv`rsijbj j` ar``maibs,

vbdgr`s, ij`bs y prâatiabs sgaibd`s

Agep`t`
Agep`t`maibs
maibs jisa ipd
ipdimbr`
imbr`ss 8
AJ18  Sdbmt`b supu`stgs sgnr` dgs o`mñe`mgs j` su `mtgrmg, agm nbs` `m db agmsudtb j` jiv`rsbs
ou`mt`s.

AJ:8   Gnti`m`, r`fistrb y sist`ebtizb db imogrebaiñm pbrb r`spgmj`r b pr`fumtbs j` ai`mtåoiag,

AJ:8
agmsudtbmjg ou`mt`s r`d`vbmt`s y r`bdizbmjg `xp`rie`mtgs p`rtim`mt`s.

9
 

  Agmga` db t`reimgdgfåb nâsiab j` sgpgrt` téamiag pbrb nrimjbr um s`rviaig j` abdijbj

  Ij`mtioiab dbs abrbat`råsti
abrbat`råstiabs
abs y kbnidijbj`s j`d p`rsgmbd qu` nrimjb sgpgrt` téamiag pbrb
um s`rviaig j` abdijbj.
  Ptidizb
sgpgrt`dgs tipgspr`s`maibd
téamiag j` ageumiabaiñm y j` s`rviaig pbrb nrimjbr j` ebm`rb `oiai`mt` `d
j` abdijbj.
  Ij`mtioiab dgs tipgs j` adi`mt`s b r`ainir sgpgrt` téamiag pr`s`maibd pbrb prgpgraigmbr
s`rviaig j` abdijbj.
  Imt`rpr`tb dgs miv`d`s j` sgpgrt` téamiag pr`s`maibd pbrb nrimjbr j` ebm`rb `oiai`mt`
s`rviaig j` abdijbj.
  Adbsioiab dbs Abt`fgråbs j` sgpgrt` téamiag pr`s`maibd pbrb nrimjbr um s`rviaig j`
abdijbj.
  @dbngrb um pr`supu`stg j` s`rviaig pbrb nrimjbr j` ebm`rb `oiai`mt` `d sgpgrt` téamiag
pr`s`maibd.
  Nrimjb sgpgrt` téamiag pr`s`maibd j` bau`rjg b dgs r`qu`riei`mt
r`qu`riei`mtgs
gs j`d usubrig pbrb
prgpgraigmbr um s`rviaig j` abdijbj
  Ij`mtioiab dgs tipgs j` nitâagrb pbrb nrimjbr sgpgrt` téamiag j` ebm`rb pr`s`maibd.
  J`t`reimb dgs r`quisitgs j` umb nitâagrb j` agmtrgd pbrb n nrimjbr
rimjbr sgpgrt` téamiag j`
ebm`rb pr`s`maibd j` abdijbj.
  Adbsioiab dgs tipgs j` jgaue`mtgs j` agmtrgd pbrb pbrb nrimjbr sgpgrt` téamiag j`
ebm`rb pr`s`maibd j` abdijbj
  @dbngrb db jgaue`mtbaiñm j` agmtrgd j` sgpgrt` j` bau`rjg b dgs r`qu`riei`mt
r`qu`riei`mtgs
gs j`d
usubrig pbrb nrimjbr sgpgrt` téamiag j` ebm`rb pr`s`maibd.

23
 

 B agmtimuba
agmtimubaiñm
iñm s` pr`s`m
pr`s`mtbm
tbm umb s`ri` j` pr`fum
pr`fumtbs
tbs j` gpaiñm eødtipd` sgnr` sgpgrt` téamiag
pr`s`maibd g b jistbmaib, sunrbyb db r`spu`stb qu` agmsij`r`s agrr`atb.

2.- @s um rbmfg
ageputbjgrb, j` s`rviaigs
g bdføm qu` prgpgraigmbm
gtrg jispgsitivg `d`atrñmiagbsist`maib agm `d kbrjwbr` g sgotwbr` j` umb
g e`aâmiag.
b) Qgpgrt` téamiag n) Qgpgrt` e`aâmiag a) Qgpgrt` pr`v`mtivg j) Qgpgrt` agrr`ativg

>.- Zi`m` db oumaiñm j` byujbr bd usubrig b r`sgdv`r um j`t`reimbjg prgnd`eb agm bdføm
prgjuatg `m v`z j` `mtr`mbr g p`rsgmbdizbr8
b) Q`rviaigs j` n) Gnh`tivgs j` a) Abrbat`råstiabs j` j) Adbs`s j` Qgpgrt`
Qgpgrt` téamiag Qgpgrt` téamiag Qgpgrt` téamiag téamiag

1.- @m `st` pbsg j`d prga`jiei`mtg j` sgpgrt` téamiag s` jgaue`mtb j`tbddbjbe`mt` `d ai`rr`
j`d s`rviaig pbrb qu` `mriqu`zab db nbs` j`d agmgaiei`mtg j` db `epr`sb y pu`jb s`r utidizbjb
ageg umb sgduaiñm suf`rijb pbrb um prñxieg s`rviaig.
b) Ai`rr` `xitgsg j`d n) Ij`mtioiabaiñm y  a) Sr`pbrbaiñm j` db j) Jgaue`mtbaiñm
imaij`mt` sgduaiñm j` sgduaiñm j`d imaij`mt`
prgnd`ebs
:.-@d sgpgrt` téamiag s` pu`j` jbr pgr jistimtgs tipgs j` e`jig y `st` `s `d eâs ageøm8
b) Z`déogmg n) Agrr`g `d`atrñmiag a) Akbt j) Zéamiag
0.-@st` j`n` pgs``r `xa`d`mt`s kbnidijbj`s imt`rp`rsgmbd`s y bptituj`s ageumiabtivbs `oiaba`s
tbmtg grbd`s ageg `saritbs8
b) @d téamiag j` n) @d j`sbrrgddbjgr  j` a) @d usubrig j) @d bmbdistb
Qgpgrt` sgotwbr`

?.-· Q` trbtb j` umb fuåb qu` byujb b `mt`mj`r `d oumaigmbei`mtg j` bdfg8

b) Ebmubd j` n) Ebmubd j` a) Ebmubd j` usubrig j) Ebmubd j`
pgdåtiabs kbrjwbr` fbrbmtåb

6.- ·@s db p`rsgmb qu` utidizb g trbnbhb agm bdføm gnh`tg g qu` `s j`stimbtbrib j` bdføm s`rviaig
pøndiag, privbjg g `epr`sbribd7
b) Zéamiag n) Bjeimistrbjgr a) Psubrig j) Q`rvijgr

;.- @st` `s `d miv`d nâsiag j` sgpgrt` téamiag, dgs agmgaiei`mtgs agm dgs qu` au`mtb `d
prgo`sigmbd sgm8 Ogrebt`g j` ageputbjgrbs, imstbdbaiñm j` pbqu`t`råb y abenigs j` pi`zbs j`
ageputbjgrbs.
b) Miv`d/Zi`r 2(Z2/D2) n) Miv`d/Zi`r >(Z>/D>) a) Miv`d/Zi`r 1(Z1/D1) j) Miv`d/Zi`r :(Z:/D:)

6
 

9.-@st` usubrig au`mtb agm dgs agmgaiei`mtgs nâsiags ageg j`sorbfe`mtbaigm`s, `sabm`gs j`
bmtivirus, batubdizbaigm`s j` sist`eb gp`rbtivg, `ta.
b) Jge`stiag n) @epr`sbribd a) @juabtivg j) Bvbmzbjg

23.- @s um agmhumtg j` gp`rbaigm`s imogreâtiabs, imj`p`mji`mt`s `mtr` så, oåsiabs g dñfiabs, qu`
p`reit`m r`stbnd`a`r um jisag jurg b su `stbjg grifimbd8

b) J`sorbfe`mtbai
J`sorbfe`mtbaiñm
ñm n) Ogrebt`br a) ^`stburbr j) Sbrtiaigmbr
22.- @st` s`rviaig s` `o`atøb `m jisags jurgs qu` kbm p`rjijg db imogrebaiñm pgr jiv`rsbs
abusbs8 Ogrebt`g, jbòg oåsiag j`d jisag, ngrrbjg baaij`mtbd y gtrbs.
b) ^`aup`rbaiñm j` n) Agmoifurbaiñm j` a) Imstbdbaiñm j` j) Ebmt`miei`mtg b
imogrebaiñm ngrrbjb r`j agmtrgdbjgr`s Qgotwbr`
2>.- B db ageputbjgrb j` Nr`mjb s` d` j`sagepusg `d jisag jurg y d` fustbråb r`pbrbrdb p`rg
m`a`sitb t`m`r umb mgaiñm j`d agstg y ti`epg qu` tbrjbråb db r`pbrbaiñm ·Añeg s` d` agmga` b
`st` prga`jiei`mtg7
 B) Ebmt`miei`mtg
Ebmt`miei`mtg N) @epr`sb A) Sr`supu`stg J) Ebmt`miei`mtg
pr`v`mtivg prgv``jgrb j` agrr`ativg
s`rviaig

;
 

Z@^EIMGDGFÅB NÂQIAB J@ QGSG^Z@ ZÉAMIAG 

ZÉAMIAG 
Qgpgrt` s` utidizb pbrb mgenrbr b bdfg qu` nrimjb um r`spbdjg,
Qgpgrt` s`
qu` pu`j` s`r oåsiag g sienñdiag. Dg téamiag
téamiag,, pgr gtrb pbrt`, s`
bsgaib b bqu`ddg qu` s` bpdiab `m db ai`maib g umb jisaipdimb
brtåstiab.
@d sgpgrt` téamiag,
téamiag, s` pu`j` j`oimir ageg um s`rviaig qu`
nrimjbm dbs `epr`sbs pbrb qu` sus adi`mt`s pu`jbm utidizbr j`
ogreb `oiai`mt` sus prgjuatgs g s`rviaigs. Db oimbdijbj j`d sgpgrt`
téamiag `s byujbr b dgs usubrigs pbrb qu` pu`jbm r`sgdv`r
bdfumgs prgnd`ebs agm r`sp`atg b um prgjuatg g s`rviaig.  
 Bj`eâs s` agmsij`rb ageg um obatgr iepgrtbmt
iepgrtbmt`
` qu` p`reit` `xt`mj`
`xt`mj`rr db vijb j`d eiseg
`quipg, pr`v`mir obddbs `m db Sa, y fbrbmtizbr qu` `stâ gnt`mi`mjg `d eâxieg r`mjiei`mtg yb qu`
agm `d usg y `d ti`epg, `d `quipg suor` um j`t`rigrg j` sgotwbr` y pgsind`s jbògs bd kbrjwbr`
gabsigmbjgs pgr db t`ep`rbturb g baueudbaiñm j` pgdvg prgvgabmjg qu` db ageputbjgrb s`b
d`mtb g imadusg p`rjijb j` jbtgs.
Zbeniém s` pu`j` j`oimir bd sgpgrt` téamiag ageg um rbmfg j` s`rviaigs qu` prgpgraigmbm
bsist`maib agm `d kbrjwbr` g sgotwbr` j` umb ageputbjgrb, g bdføm gtrg jispgsitivg `d`atrñmiag
g e`aâmiag. @m f`m`rbd dgs s`rviaigs j` sgpgrt` téamiag trbtbm j` byujbr bd usubrig b r`sgdv`r
j`t`reimbjgs prgnd`ebs agm bdføm prgjuatg `m v`z j` `mtr`mbr g p`rsgmbdizbr.

Db ebygråb
sgotwbr` j` dbs
gor`a`m agepbòåbs
sgpgrt` qu`ebm`rb
téamiag j` v`mj`m kbrjwbr`
t`d`oñmiab g `mg
dåm`b. Dbs imstituaigm`s y agepbòåbs pgr dg f`m`rbd ti`m`m
sus prgpigs `epd`bjgs j` sgpgrt` téamiag. @xist`m b su v`z
eødtipd`s dufbr`s dinr`s `m db w`n r`sp`atg b sgpgrt`
téamiag, `m dgs aubd`s dgs usubrigs eâs `xp`rie`mtbjgs
byujbm b dgs mgvbtgs.
@d sgpgrt` téamiag s` pu`j` nrimjbr j` jistimtbs ogrebs, imaduy`mjg `d agrr`g `d`atrñmiag, akbt,
sgotwbr` j` bpdiabaiñm, obx`s, y téamiags, `ta. adbsioiaâmjgs` `m jgs tipgs8
  Qgpgrt` téamiag pr`s`maibd8 @s bqu`ddb bsist`maib qu` s` prgpgraigmb b aubdqui`r usubrig


qu` pr`s`mt` um j`sp`ro`atg, bmgebdåb, jbòg g prgnd`eb `m su ageputbjgrb. Q`

prgpgraigmb bd kbrjwbr` y sgotwbr` `m `d dufbr jgmj` s` `mau`mtr` `d `quipg j` añeputg.
Agmsist` `m qu` kbyb agmtbatg `mtr` `d téamiag y db ageputbjgrb b r`pbrbr.  

  Qgpgrt` téamiag b jistbmaib8 Agmsist`m `m umb bsist`maib qu` s` prgpgraigmb b aubdqui`r



usubrig pbrb su `quipg j` añeputg b dbrfbs jistbmaibs b trbvés j` dåm`b t`d`oñmiab, imt`rm`t
g aubdqui`r gtrg tipg j` agmtbatg, pgr dg qu` pgj`egs ij`mtioiabr bdfumgs tipgs8
  Bér`g8 `s `d qu` t` p`reit` mbv`fbr pgr tgjg db ageputbjgrb j` um usubrig utidizbmjg
bdføm prgfrbeb `m nusab j`d prgnd`eb j`t`atbjg.
  Buxidibr8 `s `d qu` jb pgr e`jig j` bdfumb p`rsgmb qu` s` pr`stb b
jbr sgpgrt` p`rg j`n`s j` `stbr agmsai`mt` j` qu` `d `quipg
pu`j` qu` mg qu`j` ni`m pgrqu` mg `s um téamiag prgo`sigmbd.
  ^`egtg8 s` pu`j` `h`autbr `m bdfumgs Q.G. qu` yb dg trb`
imstbdbjgs g dg pu`j`s j`sabrfbr pbrb qu` um téamiag pu`jb t`m`r
baa`sg b db pbmtbddb j` tu ageputbjgrb pbrb r`pbrbr `d prgnd`eb.
  @m dåm`b8 `s `d qu` s` jb b trbvés j` agrr`gs `d`atrñmia
`d`atrñmiags,
gs, akbt,
pâfimbs w`n, `ta. pbrb byujbr b um usubrig b r`sgdv`r sus prgnd`ebs jiaiémjgd` ageg dg
j`n` j` kba`r pbsg pgr pbsg pbrb qu` `d prgnd`eb s` r`su`dvb agrr`atbe`mt`.
 

  Bsist`maib t`d`oñmiab8 `st` `s `d eâs ageøm, `s `d qu` ebygre`mt` pgm`m `m prâatiab dbs
`epr`sbs, `st` s` pu`j` kba`r `m `d miv`d 2 y >. Yb qu` `d miv`d 1 sgdg s` pu`j` jbr pgr
e`jig j` um téamiag j` ebm`rb pr`s`maibd.
  _ij`g ddbebjbs8 `st` su`d` s`r eâs øtid qu` tgjgs dgs j`eâs b `xa`paiñm j`d r`egtg, yb
qu` pu`j`s t`m`r um agmtbatg euy visind` y oâaid j` dg qu` `d téamiag t` `xpdiab y pgj`r
kba`r y ebm`hbr dbs agsbs agm euakb eâs `xbatituj, pgr `h`epdg s` pu`j` usbr `d
Qlyp`.
  Ndgf. @s umb pâfimb w`n `m db qu` s` pundiabm r`fudbre`mt` brtåaudgs agrtgs agm
agmt`mijg batubdizbjg y mgv`jgsg sgnr` t`ebs `sp`aåoiags g dinr`s. Dgs brtåaudgs j` um
ndgf su`d`m `stbr bagepbòbjgs j` ogtgfrboåbs, vij`gs, sgmijgs y kbstb j` bmiebaigm`s y
frâoiabs qu` idustrbm euakg e`hgr `d t`eb trbtbjg. @m pgabs pbdbnrbs, um ndgf `s um
`spbaig `m imt`rm`t qu` pu`j`s usbr pbrb `xpr`sbr tus ij`bs, imt`r`s`s, `xp`ri`maibs y
gpimigm`s.
  ^`j`s Qgaibd`s. @stbs sgm ageumijbj`s virtubd`s jgmj` sus usubrigs
usubrigs imt`rbatøbm agm
p`rsgmbs j` tgjg `d eumjg agm qui`m`s `mau`mtrbm fustgs g imt`r`s`s `m ageøm.
Oumaigmbm ageg umb pdbtbogreb j` ageumiabaigm`s qu` p`reit` agm`atbr f`mt` qu` s`
agmga` g qu` j`s`b agmga`rs`, y qu` d`s p`reit` a`mtrbdizbr r`aursgs, ageg ogtgs y
våj`gs, `m um dufbr oâaid j` baa`j`r y bjeimistrbjg pgr dgs usubrigs eisegs.

J`spués j` r`bdizbr db d`aturb j`d t`xtg bmt`rigr age`mtb agm tu prgo`sgr y agepbò`rgs dgs
agma`ptgs j` sgpgrt`, téamiag y sgpgrt` téamiag, bså ageg dgs tipgs j` sgpgrt`. @ms`fuijb
`dbngrb um ebpb e`mtbd `m tu aubj`rmg pbrb ij`mtioiabr dgs agma`ptgs j` sgpgrt` téamiag, `stb
bativijbj j`n` s`r `vbdubjb agm umb ebtriz j` vbdgrbaiñm.

AB^BAZ@^ÅQZIABQ
AB^BAZ@^ÅQZIABQ Y KBNIDIJBJ@Q J@D S@^QGMB
S@^QGMBD
D RP@ N^IMJB QGSG^Z@ ZÉAMIA
ZÉAMIAG
G

Aubdijbj`s qu` j`n` t`m`r bdfui`m qu` trbnbhb `m sgpgrt`

téamiag8
Pmb p`rsgmb qu` trbnbhb jbmjg s`rviaig j` sgpgrt` téamiag `m umb
`epr`sb `s r`spgmsbnd` j` agrr`fir prgnd`ebs j` prgfrbebs,
kbrjwbr` y r`j`s. Sbrb s`r um nu`m téamiag j` sgpgrt` téamiag j`n`s
sbn`r trbnbhbr ni`m agm gtrgs, imaduy`mjg b dgs adi`mt`s. Sgr gtrb pbrt`,
s` ti`m` db gpgrtumijbj j` byujbr b dgs qu` dg r`qui`rbm y agm `ddg
bpr`mj`m eâs ba`rab j` db t`amgdgfåb j` db auâd ti`m`m qu` prgv``r
db byujb. 
@m db ebygråb j` dbs `epr`sbs, sim iepgrtbr su mbturbd`zb, tbebòg g `sp`aibdizbaiñm s` vbm b
agmsij`rbr `d`e`mtgs sieidbr`s `m r`dbaiñm b dbs abrbat`råstiabs qu` j`n`m t`m`r dgs
trbnbhbjgr`s qu` bti`mj`m b dgs adi`mt`s.
 B agmtimubai
agmtimubaiñm
ñm s` j`sarin`m bdfumbs j` dbs aubdijbj
aubdijbj`s
`s qu` umb p`rsgmb qu` trbnbhb ageg
téamiag `m sgpgrt` j`n` t`m`r8

23
 

Agmga`jgr8 Pmb j` dbs primaipbd`s aubdijbj`s qu` j`n` t`m`r um `epd`bjg j` sgpgrt`
téamiag `s um agmgaiei`mtg bepdig j` prgfrbebs, sist`ebs gp`rbtivgs, ageputbjgrbs,
iepr`sgrbs y gtrgs baa`sgrigs qu` db `epr`sb jispgmfb pbrb trbnbhbr. Sbrb pgj`r
r`spgmj`r b pr`fumtbs y jbr sgduaiñm b prgnd`ebs j` umb ebm`rb râpijb, dgs `mabrfbjgs
j` `stb âr`b j`n`m agmga`r dgs prgnd`ebs, ageum`s y mg tbm ageum`s, b dgs qu` dgs
adi`mt`s s` `xpgm`m jibribe`mt`, pgr `h`epdg db pérjijb j` brakivgs, imo`aaigm`s pgr virus,
prgnd`ebs j` agm`xiñm b db r`j y prgnd`ebs j` agepbtinidijbj agm dgs sist`ebs gp`rbtivgs.
Grfbmizbjg8  Dgs trbnbhbjgr`s j` sgpgrt` téamiag j`n`m s`r grfbmizbjgs. Db ebygråb j`
Grfbmizbjg8 
dgs téamiags j`n`m dd`vbr um r`fistrg jibrig j` tgjbs dbs ddbebjbs y j` tgjgs dgs adi`mt`s qu`
r`aini`rgm. Zbeniém j`n`m t`m`r grfbmizbjbs tgjbs dbs pbrt`s j` r`pbrbaiñm y jisags j`
prgfrbebs pbrb qu` tgjgs dgs `epd`bjgs dbs pu`jbm `magmtrbr oâaide`mt`. Qi mg `xist`
grfbmizbaiñm, db eudtitbr`b mg pu`j` s`r dd`vbjb b abng. Bj`eâs j` t`m`r grfbmizbjg `d
`quipg y dgs r`fistrgs tbeniém ti`m`m qu` `d`fir sus prigrijbj`s pbrb kba`r su trbnbhg j` db
e`hgr ebm`rb pgsind`.
Kbnidijbj`s j` ageumiabaiñm8 
ageumiabaiñm8  Db ageumiabaiñm `s vitbd yb qu` j`n`m ageumiabrs` j`
umb ebm`rb adbrb y `o`ativb, dg qu` sifmioiab qu` ti`m`m qu` `sauakbr dgs prgnd`ebs y kba`r
pr`fumtbs pbrb badbrbr dbs jujbs. Zbm iepgrtbmt` `s db ageumiabaiñm `saritb, ageg dg `s db
v`rnbd yb qu` db kbnidijbj j` ageumiabaiñm `saritb `s m`a`sbrib pbrb dd`vbr dgs r`fistrgs,
imusubd`s.  
ebmjbr agrr`gs `d`atrñmiags y ar`br um jibrig j` imaij`mt`s imusubd`s. 
Kbnidijbj j` rbzgmbei`mtg8 Gtrb iepgrtbmt` aubdijbj pbrb um bs`sgr j` sgpgrt` téamiag
`s t`m`r kbnidijbj`s j` rbzgmbei`mtg ni`m j`sbrrgddbjbs, pgrqu` j`n`m r`sgdv`r
prgnd`ebs, j`t`reimbr umb sgduaiñm agm r`dbaiñm `mtr` agstg y `o`ativijbj, y r`agmga`r
prgnd`ebs pgt`maibd`s j` dgs yb `xist`mt`s. Db kbnidijbj j` rbzgmbei`mtg byujb b dgs
téamiags b `magmtrbr db e`hgr sgduaiñm b aubdqui`r prgnd`eb agm obaidijbj.
Ogrebaiñm agmtimub8 
agmtimub8  Dgs bs`sgr`s j` sgpgrt` téamiag ti`m`m qu` sbn`r añeg imv`stifbr
prgnd`ebs qu` mg kbybm vistg bmt`s pbrb pgj`r bpr`mj`r db sgduaiñm agrr`atb. Sbrb pgj`r
`stbr bd jåb ti`m`m qu` imv`stifbr ba`rab j` t`amgdgfåb mu`vb, añeg sist`ebs gp`rbtivgs y
prgfrbebs mu`vgs. Su`j` qu` pbrb éstb tbr`b t`mfbm qu` tgebr adbs`s g nusabr imv`stifbr
Imt`rm`t. 
`m dinrgs y `m Imt`rm`t. 
Imstruatgr`s8 Bså
Imstruatgr`s8  Bså ageg db kbnidijb
kbnidijbjj j` rr`sgdv`r
`sgdv`r prgnd`ebs `s euy iepgrtbmt`, tbeniém dg
`s t`m`r db kbnidijbj j` s`r nu`mgs imstruatgr`s pbrb pgj`r `ms`òbr b dgs adi`mt`s auâd ou`
db abusb j`d prgnd`eb y añeg `vitbr qu` pbs` `m `d outurg. @stg p`reitirâ qu` dbs
ageputbjgrbs j` dgs adi`mt`s oumaigm`m euakg e`hgr.2 
 Bj`eâs s` dgs téamiags j` s`rviaigs j` sgpgrt` trbnbhbm `m agdbngrba
agdbngrbaiñm
iñm agm imf`mi`rgs
imogreâtiags y byujbm b dgs adi`mt`s g agepbò`rgs j` trbnbhg b kba`r oumaigmbr dgs `quipgs j`
añeputg, r`bdizbmjg bativijbj`s tbd`s ageg8 imstbdbr, prgnbr, ebmt`m`r y batubdizbr `d kbrjwbr`
y sgotwbr` j` umb SA, yb s` s`b j` ogreb pr`s`maibd g b jistbmaib.
Sgr tbd rbzñm vbegs b `xbeimbr bdfumbs agep`t`maibs gaupbaigmbd`s s`râm m`a`sbribs
agmsij`rbr pbrb `ddgs y agm nbs` `m `ddg pr`j`oimir um p`roid ij`bd j` p`rsgmbs qu` j`n`råbm
gaupbr jiakgs abrfgs.
Sgj`egs j`oimir qu` umb agep`t`maib gaupbaigmbd j`n` p`reitir bsueir `d rgd qu` d`
agrr`spgmj` bd agdbngrbjgr `m dgs e`hgr`s téreimgs, j` tbd su`rt` qu` `d j`s`ep`òg qu` `sté
t`mfb d` p`reitb tgebr dbs j`aisigm`s agrr`spgmji`mt`s sim iepgrtbr `d agmt`xtg `m qu` s`
`mau`mtr` `m `s` ege`mtg. Suji`mjg s`r pgsind` yb qu` dbs agep`t`maibs mg sgdg j`n`m

2 kttp8//www.`kgw`m`spbmgd.age/aubdijbj`s-j`n`-bdfui`m-sgpgrt`-
kttp8//www.`kgw`m`spbmgd.age/aubdijbj`s-j`n`-bdfui`m-sgpgrt`-t`amiag-distbW1?939>/
t`amiag-distbW1?939>/

22
 

bdie`mtbrs` j` bsp`atgs téamiags simg j` vbdgr`s qu` dbs p`rsgmbs bsueiegs j`sj` euy
p`qu`ògs y qu` s` imagrpgrbm `m mu`strg `squ`eb j` vijb. Sgr `ddg `s qu` `m `d absg j`d
p`rsgmbd j` s`rviaig bd adi`mt`, dbs agep`t`maibs ti`m`m umb frbm iepgrtbmaib pbrb su
j`s`ep`òg dbngrbd.
Nbhg `stb p`rsp`ativb s` pgjråbm j`t`reimbr bdfumbs agep`t`maibs   qu` j`n`m t`m`r dgs
téamiags j` s`rviaig bd adi`mt`, pgr dg qu` vbegs distbr bdfumbs j` `ddbs b agmtimubaiñm8 > 
  Zgd`rbmaib8
Zgd`rbmaib8   _begs b `mt`mj`r pgr tgd`rbmaib db abpbaijbj j`d
ebm`hg j` db orustrbaiñm j` pbrt` j`d p`rsgmbd, pgr `ddg s` `sp`rb
j` `ddgs8
g  Ebm`hg `oiai`mt` j` adi`mt`s jioåaid`s.

g  Mg bsueir ageg bdfg p`rsgmbd dg qu` d` sua`j` `m su pu`stg

j` trbnbhg.
g  _isubdizbr b abjb adi`mt` `m ogreb imj`p`mji`mt`, tgjgs dgs

adi`mt`s sgm jio`r`mt`s.

g  Ebmt`m`r db gnh`tivijbj, dbs `egaigm`s y s`mtiei`mtgs nbhg agmtrgd.

g  Z`m`r jgeimig j` db situbaiñm bmt` um adi`mt`.

g  Mg r`spgmj`r agm `mghg, agm fritgs g agm fgdp`s.  

  @epbtåb8  Kbnidijbj j` pgm`rs` `m dgs —zbpbtgs j`d adi`mt`― `stbr j`d —gtrg dbjg― j`d
@epbtåb8 
egstrbjgr y r`agmga`r dbs m`a`sijbj`s y j`s`gs j` `stgs. Sbrb `ddg s` `sp`rb j` dgs
agdbngrbjgr`s8
g  Qbn`r `sauakbr agm bt`maiñm.

g  Imt`rpr`tbr dg qu` `d adi`mt` mgs jia` `m bsp`atgs agmar`tgs y r`dbtivgs b mu`strb dbngr.

g  Agmoirebr agm `d adi`mt` dg qu` mgsgtrgs imt`rpr`tbegs

imt`rpr`tbegs,, pbrb vbdijbr db imogrebaiñm
imogrebaiñm..
g  Nusabr db e`hgr sgduaiñm pbrb `d adi`mt`.

g  Imjiabrd` bd adi`mt` dbs gpaigm`s qu` pgs``egs pbrb byujbrd`.

g  Ebmt`m`r —dåm`b bni`rtb― `m tgjg ege`mtg agm `d adi`mt`.  

  Ageumiabaiñm8 Abpbaijbj j` `stbnd`a`r umb r`dbaiñm r`aiprgab `m `d ebm`hg j` db

Ageumiabaiñm8
imogrebaiñm. @sp`rbegs qu` pgs`b dbs sifui`mt`s abrbat`råstiabs8
g  Ptidizbr um d`mfubh` bagrj` agm `d adi`mt` qu` `st` bt`mji`mjg.

g  S`reitir qu` `d adi`mt` pu`jb kbndbr.

g  Mg r`spgmj`r sim t`m`r adbrb db m`a`sijbj j`d adi`mt`.

g  Kbndbr adbrg y agmar`tg.  

  Abpbaijbj  téamiab8
Abpbaijbj  téamiab8   @s `d agmhumtg j` agmgaiei`mtgs y vbdgr`s `epr`sbribd`s qu` sgm db
rbzñm j` s`r j` db grfbmizbaiñm. Sbrb `ddg s` `sp`rb j` dgs agdbngrbjgr`s j` s`rviaig dg
sifui`mt`8
g  Agmgaiei`mtgs prgoumjgs sgnr` dgs prgjuatgs y s`rviaigs qu`
s` age`raibdizbm.
g  Agmga`r sgnr` dgs prgjuatgs y s`rviaigs j` dbs `epr`sbs
agep`t`maibs.
g  Agmga`r db `struaturb y prga`sgs j` su grfbmizbaiñm.
g  Agmga`r b sus adi`mt`s.

  ^`sudtbjgs8 @s db kbnidijbj `m dgfrbr agm `oiai`maib y `oiabaib dbs m`a`sijbj`s j` mu`strgs

^`sudtbjgs8
adi`mt`s. Sbrb `ddg s` `sp`rb dg sifui`mt`8

> kttp8//www.f`stigpgdis.age/agep`t`maibs-j`d-p`rsgmbd-j`-s`rviaig-bd-
kttp8//www.f`stigpgdis.age/agep`t`maibs-j`d-p`rsgmbd-j`-s`rviaig-bd-adi`mt`/
adi`mt`/

2>
 

g  ^`agmga`r agm adbrijbj dbs m`a`sijbj`s j` dgs adi`mt`s.

g  Nrimjbr db e`hgr sgduaiñm bd adi`mt`, sim qu` b
bo`at`
o`at` dgs imt`r`s`s j` db `epr`sb.
g  ^`spgmj`r mg sgdg agm jidif`maib simg `m um ti`epg p pruj`maibd.
ruj`maibd.
g  Bd tgebr j`aisigm`s nusabr dbs eâs r`mtbnd`s pbrb db grfbmizbaiñm y pbrb `d adi`mt`.
Pm téamiag `m sgpgrt` bj`eâs j` auepdir agm bdfumbs aubdijbj`s y agep`t`maibs tbeniém
j`n` aunrir bdfumbs oumaigm`s g bativijbj`s dbngrbd`s8
Gor`a`m sgpgrt` tbmtg b agepbò`rgs j` db prgpib `epr`sb ageg b adi`mt`s `xt`rmgs.
Jbm agms`hgs sgnr` tgjgs dgs bsp`atgs r`dbaigmbjgs agm db agmoifurbaiñm y `d usg j` dgs
grj`mbjgr`s. Su`j`m prgpgraigmbr bpgyg b trbvés j` umb dåm`b t`d`oñmiab j` byujb,
agmt`stbmjg b pr`fumtbs s`maiddbs y b prgnd`ebs agepd`hgs y j` `d`vbjb `sp`aioiaijbj
téamiab.
Dgs téamiags imogreâtiags j` s`rviaigs j` sgpgrt` tbeniém imstbdbm sgotwbr`.
Q` `mabrfbm j` dgs s`rviaigs j` ebmt`miei`mtg y r`visiñm p`riñjiab j` dgs
`quipbei`mtgs imogreâtiags pbrb eimieizbr dbs bv`råbs y obddgs. @st` trbnbhg agmsist` `m
db r`bdizbaiñm pru`nbs rutimbribs, y db ij`mtioiabaiñm j` bv`råbs, qu` b e`mujg s`
sgduaigmbm e`jibmt` db sustituaiñm j` dbs pi`zbs j`o`atugsbs. Zbeniém s` `mabrfbm j`
batubdizbr `quipbei`mtgs bmtifugs.
Qi `d `quipbei`mtg s` `strgp`b y j`hb j` oumaigmbr, s` pu`j` bvisbr
bd s`rviaig j` bpgyg imogreâtiag pbrb qu` s` gaup` j` jibfmgstiabr
y r`pbrbr `rrgr`s e`mgr`s im situ y bd ege`mtg. Qim `enbrfg, pu`j`
qu` t`mfbm
obnriabmt` j`d qu` agmsudtbr
prgjuatg dgs `rrgr`s eâs agepd`hgs agm `d
imogreâtiag.
Su`j`m trbnbhbr `m gtrgs `quipbei`mtgs r`dbaigmbjgs, ageg
iepr`sgrbs y `saâm`r`s.
 Bsieiseg, s` `mabrfbm j` ij`mtioiabr `d pgt`maib
pgt`maibdd j` j`sbrrgddg j`d sgotwbr` y dbs
gpgrtumijbj`s j` v`mtbs pbrb `d outurg. Su`j`m j`jiabrs` b db imv`stifbaiñm y j`sbrrgddg
j` sist`ebs imogreâtiags y j`n`m ebmt`m`rs` si`epr` bd jåb agm dbs bvbma`s `m dbs
ødtiebs t`amgdgfåbs.
Zbeniém sgm r`spgmsbnd`s j` bs`furbrs` j` qu` dgs grj`mbjgr`s ti`m`m `d sgotwbr`
bmtivirus bativbjg.
Dgs téamiags imogreâtiags j` s`rviaigs j` sgpgrt` j`n`m prgjuair ebt`ribd téamiag
imogreâtiag, ageg dgs ebmubd`s imogreâtiags, bså ageg `xpdiabr b dgs adi`mt`s `d
oumaigmbei`mtg j`d sgotwbr` qu` kbm bjquirijg.
@m gabsigm`s j`n`m visitbr dbs imstbdbaigm`s j`d adi`mt` pbrb sgduaigmbr prgnd`ebs
imogreâtiags

Y pgr ødtieg s`òbdbr`egs dgs pumtgs qu` j`n` aunrir ageg p`roid prgo`sigmbd pgr dg qu` pbrb s`r
téamiag imogreâtiag j` s`rviaigs j` sgpgrt` s` m`a`sitb8
  Pmb ogrebaiñm téamiab sñdijb `m ZIA.


  @stbr ni`m imogrebjg ba`rab j` dgs prgjuatgs g s`rviaigs pr`stbjgs b dgs adi`mt`s, bså


ageg ebmt`m`rs` bd jåb sgnr` dgs mu`vgs bvbma`s `m mu`vbs t`amgdgfåbs.

  Pm agmgaiei`mt
 agmgaiei`mtg g `xt`msg sgnr` kbrjwbr` y sgotwbr`, yb qu` bengs pu`j`m suorir obddgs
j` oumaigmbei`mtg.
  Kbnidijbj`s bmbdåtiabs y j` r`sgduaiñm j` prgnd`ebs.


  Sbai`maib y p`rs`v`rbmai
 p`rs`v`rbmaib b pbrb r`sgdv`r prgnd`ebs.
  Pm `mogqu` dñfiag y e`tñjiag j`d trbnbhg.


  Zbatg y agmsij`rbaiñm pbrb trbnbhbr agm dgs adi`mt`s.

21
 

  Pmb frbm abpbaijbj j` ageumiabai

 ageumiabaiñm,
ñm, sgnr` tgjg aubmjg b db kgrb j` `xpdiabr
imogrebaiñm téamiab b adi`mt`s sim ogrebaiñm téamiab.
  Q`r abpbz j` ebmt`m`r db abdeb nbhg pr`siñm.


  Pm nu`m `stbjg oåsiag, yb qu` pu`j` qu` t`mfb qu` trbsdbjbr `

 `quipbei`mtg
quipbei`mtg j`sj` `d
bdebaém pbrb `mtr`fbrdg bd usubrig.
  Kbnidijbj`s j` f`stiñm j`d ti`epg pbrb sbtisoba`r dbs m`a`sijbj`s j` dgs usubrigs y


sgduaigmbr prgnd`ebs agm `oiabaib.

Y si `d trbnbhg imaduy` j`spdbzbei`mtgs b dbs imstbdbaigm`s j` dgs adi`mt`s s` m`a`sitbrâ um
p`reisg j` agmjuair. Pm agmgaiei`mtg nâsiag j` `d`atrñmiab tbeniém pu`j` r`sudtbr øtid.

D`` `m vgz bdtb `m `d frupg `d t`eb j` aubdijbj`s j` um téamiag `m sgpgrt`, `ms`fuijb

bpgybjgs pgr `d jga`mt` s` r`øm`m `m `quipg j` 0 p`rsgmbs pbrb `dbngrbr um grfbmizbjgr
frboiag jgmj` pdbse`m dgs `d`e`mtgs qu` um téamiag jga`mt` j`n` bsueir pbrb r`bdizbr su
trbnbhg j` ogreb `oiai`mt` y `xpgm`rdg bmt` `d frupg. Jiakb bativijbj j`n` s`r `vbdubjb agm umb
rønriab.

ZISGQ J@ ADI@MZ@Q
Pmb ogreb `o`ativb j` nrimjbr umb nu`mb bt`maiñm y pgj`r
agmar`tbr `d s`rviaig b umb p`rsgmb, `s agmgai`mjg j` bmt`ebmg
`d tipg g adbs` j` adi`mt` agm `d qu` `stbegs trbtbmjg. _`begs b
agmtimubaiñm auâd`s sgm `stgs tipgs j` adi`mt`s, y añeg
j`n`egs trbtbr b abjb umg j` `ddgs8
2. @d adi`mt` jioåaid8
jioåaid8 `s `d adi`mt` `xif`mt`, `s `d adi`mt` qu`
si`epr` `stâ qu`hâmjgs` j` tgjg, qu` si`epr` `mau`mtrb um j`o`atg kbstb `m `d eâs eåmieg
j`tbdd`, qu` mumab qu`jb sbtiso`akg, qu` ar`` t`m`r si`epr` db rbzñm, qu` mg d` fustb qu` dg
agmtrbjifb, y qu` pu`j` kbstb dd`fbr b pgm`rs` pr`pgt`mt` y bfr`sivg.
Dg prie`rg qu` j`n`egs kba`r pbrb trbtbr agm `st` tipg j` adi`mt`, `s t`   m`r pbai`maib y
ebmt`m`r db abdeb, mg ab`r `m sus prgvgabaigm`s, mi jisautir agm éd.
J`n`egs egstrbr um f`muimg imt`rés pgr éd, `sauakbmjg bt`mtbe`mt` sus qu`hbs y
r`sgdviémjgdbs dg eâs mg
bumqu` `m r`bdijbj prgmtg
db pgsind`, ba`ptbmjg `d`fbmt`e`mt`
t`mfb, sbtisobai`mjg `m dg pgsind`sussus
aråtiabs, jâmjgd` db rbzñm
r`adbegs, `ta.  Pmb ogreb `o`ativb j` dijibr agm `st` tipg j` adi`mt`, `s
gor`aiémjgd` um `xa`d`mt` s`rviaig bd adi`mt`, j` tbd ebm`rb qu`
sgnr`pbs` dg qu` éd `sp`rbnb j` mgsgtrgs. 
>. @d adi`mt` beifbnd`8
beifbnd`8 `s `d adi`mt` bebnd`, siepâtiag, agrt`s, `s `d
adi`mt` qu` tgjg m`fgaig si`epr` qui`r` t`m`r, bumqu` `m gabsigm`s
pu`j` dd`fbr b s`r euy kbndbjgr, kbaiémjgmgs p`rj`r ti`epg, pbrb trbtbr
agm `st` tipg j` adi`mt`, j`n`egs s`r bebnd`s y beifbnd`s agm éd,
bumqu` si`epr` prgaurbmjg ebmt`m`r ai`rtb jistbmaib, `s j`air, mg jbrd` j`ebsibjb agmoibmzb.
J`n`egs prgaurbr s`fuirdg `m su agmv`rsbaiñm y `m sus nrgebs, p`rg imt`rruepirdg agrtése`mt`
aubmjg db agmv`rsbaiñm s` kbyb prgdgmfbjg j`ebsibjg.
1. @d adi`mt` tåeijg8 `s
tåeijg8 `s `d adi`mt` imtrgv`rtijg, abddbjg, `m db ebygråb j` dgs absgs, ims`furg `
imj`aisg. @st` tipg j` adi`mt` su`d` t`m`r prgnd`ebs pbrb j`aijir su ageprb, pgr dg qu` j`n`egs

2:
 

prgaurbr jbrd` ti`epg pbrb qu` `dihb `d prgjuatg imjiabjg, sim imt`rruepirdg g pr`sigmbrdg. G, `m
tgjg absg, gor`a`rd` prgjuatgs agmar`tgs y pgabs bdt`rmbtivbs, j` tbd ebm`rb qu` s` obaidit` su
j`aisiñm.
 Bsieiseg, `st` tipg j` adi`mt` su`d` t`m`r prgnd`ebs pbrb ageumiab
ageumiabrr agm adbrijbj dg qu` `stâ
nusabmjg, pgr dg qu` j`n`egs imspirbrd` agmoibmzb y kba`rd` dbs pr`fumtbs imjiabjbs qu` dg
byuj`m b ageumiabrs` e`hgr.
@st` tipg j` adi`mt`, pgr dg f`m`rbd, su`d` s`r oâaid j` agmv`ma`r, p`rg si d` dd`fbegs b v`mj`r um
prgjuatg qu` mg dg sbtisoba`, pu`j` qu` dg dd`fu` b ageprbr, p`rg dg eâs prgnbnd` `s qu` mg
vu`dvb b visitbrmgs eâs. Sgr dg qu` j`n`egs t`m`r auijbjg si`epr` j` v`mj`rd` bqu`ddg qu`
r`bde`mt` `stbnb nusabmjg, y prgaurbr bs`furbrmgs j` qu` kbyb qu`jbjg sbtiso`akg. Mumab
bprgv`akbrmgs j` éd.

:. @d adi`mt` iepbai`mt`8
iepbai`mt`8 `s `d adi`mt` qu` si`epr` ti`m` prisb, `s `d adi`mt`
qu` qui`r` qu` s` bti`mjb dg eâs prgmtg pgsind`. @st` tipg j` adi`mt` `xif`
umb bt`maiñm râpijb, sim iepgrtbr qu` kbyb gtrgs adi`mt`s qu` kbybm sgdiaitbjg
`d s`rviaig bmt`s qu` éd, y, pgr dg f`m`rbd, s` pgm` t`msg aubmjg dg kba`m
`sp`rbr.
Sgr dg qu` aubmjg trbtbegs agm `st` tipg j` adi`mt`, j`n`egs kba`rd` sbn`r
qu` k`egs agepr`mjijg qu` ti`m` prisb, y prgaurbr bt`mj`rdg dg eâs prgmtg pgsind`.
0. @d adi`mt` jisautijgr 8 `s bfr`sivg pgr mbturbd`zb y s`furbe`mt` mg `stbrâm j` bau`rjg pgr
abjb agsb qu` jifbegs, bså qu` j`n`egs sgdiaitbrd` su gpimiñm, kbndbrd` subv` p`rg oire` y
agma`mtrbr db agmv`rsbaiñm `m dgs pumtgs `m qu` s` `stâ j` bau`rjg.
?. @d adi`mt` jgeimbmt`8
jgeimbmt`8 @s j` baaigm`s râpijbs, iepbai`mt`, imt`rruep` y `xif` rbzgm`s, `s
beifg j` jisausigm`s, p`rt`m`a` b db adbs` j` dgs `t`rmgs j`sagmt`mtgs, d` fustb tgebr
j`aisigm`s, dd`fbmjg b s`r `fgåstb y ar``rs` sup`rigr b dgs j`eâs, d` fustb kbndbr ou`rt` y s`
eu`strb nrusag, sbraâstiag ` imadusg bfr`sivg y sus qu`hbs sgm j`sprgpgraigmbjbs agm r`dbaiñm
b `rrgr age`tijg. 
 B `st` tipg j` adi`mt`s j`n`egs bt`mj`
bt`mj`rr sus pgsind`s r`adbegs, `sauakbr agm pbai`maib y
agms`rvbr db abdeb y `d nu`m kuegr, `ms`òbrd` dgs abtâdgfgs j` s`rviaigs qu` s` gor`a`m, db
imogrebaiñm kb j` s`r nr`v` y pr`fumt` pgag, mg d` jisautb, y e`mgs bsumtgs bh`mgs bd s`rviaig
y oimbde`mt` r`bdia` bdfumb suf`r`maib trbtbmjg j` qu` éd db ba`pt` ageg prgpib y db j`oi`mjb
ageg tbd.
6. @d adi`mt` vbmijgsg y sbn`dgtgjg8
sbn`dgtgjg8 @st` pr`sue` sbn`rdg tgjg
y pr`t`mj` jbrd` d`aaigm`s bd eumjg j` aubdqui`r t`eb, trbtb
si`epr` j` j`egstrbr su agep`t`maib, agmtrbjia` g pgm` `m jujb
sus boirebaigm`s.
Q` j`n` trbtbr agm `dgfigs y pgm`rdg `m dbs mun`s, sgnr` tgjg `m
pr`s`maib j` sus beifgs, bagf`r agm imt`rés sus gpimigm`s `
ij`bs, s`b pbai`mt` y bt`mtg, mg s` j`h` imtieijbr, mg dg agmtrbjifb
y mg p`reitb qu` s` `xait`, mi s` j`sagmai`rt`, sgnr` tgjg nrimjbrd` râpijg `d s`rviaig pbrb qu`
s` vbyb dg eâs prgmtg pgsind`. 
;. @d adi`mt` téamiag8
téamiag8 @st` adi`mt` sbn` ifubd g eâs j` mu`strgs s`rviaigs, sbn` y `xif` dg qu`
e`hgr sirvb b sus prgpñsitgs y s` j`ti`m` `m p`qu`ògs j`tbdd`s.

Sgr dg tbmtg
agmt`st` kby qu` ebt`eâtiab
agm pr`aisiñm `vitbr kba`rd`
susr`age`mjbaigm`s,
pr`fumtbs y påjbd`brfue`mt`
su gpimiñm agm `xbatituj
sgnr` y nu`mb o`<
dgs s`rviaigs.

20
 

 Bj`eâs `s iepr`saimji
iepr`saimjind`
nd` qu` bd pr`stbr um s`rviaig téamiag bd adi`mt` t`mfbegs agmgaiei`
agmgaiei`mtg
mtg
1
j` bdfumbs r`fdbs g agms`hgs pbrb nrimjbr umb e`hgr bt`maiñm b jiakbs p`rsgmbs.  

@m `quipg j` : p`rsgmbs j`n`s kba`r um sgaig jrbeb pbrb r`pr`s`mtbr um tipg j` adi`mt`
bsifmbjg pgr tu prgo`sgr y pr`s`mtbrdg `m `d frupg, tgebmjg `m au`mtb dbs r`fdbs g
r`age`mjbaigm`s `stbnd`aijbs `m db bativijbj bmt`rigr. Qi`mjg k`t`rg`vbdubjb `stb bativijbj
agm umb ebtriz j` vbdgrbaiñm.
Agepd`tb db sifui`mt` tbndb `sarini`mjg `m dbs agduembs dg qu` s` sgdiaitb `m abjb umb j` `ddbs
pbrb ij`mtioiabr abjb tipg j` adi`mt` qu` s` pu`j` pr`s`mtbr bd prgpgraigmbr `d s`rviaig téamiag y
ageg bt`mj`rdg.
^`age`mjbaigm`s pbrb
Zipg j` adi`mt` Abrbat`råst
Abrbat`råstiabs
iabs
su bt`maiñm

1 Ebmubd j` bt`maiñm bd adi`mt`, Sgmtioiaib Pmiv`rsijbj Abtñdiab Q`j` `m @se`rbdjbs  ‑ SPA@Q@, Ruitg, bnrid j` 1321.

2?
 

^`bdizb um jgaue`mtg agm dbs r`fdbs g r`age`mjbaigm`s qu` utidizbm bd e`mgs 1 `epr`sbs
qu` pr`stb s`rviaigs j` sgpgrt` téamiag, pbrb jbr um e`hgr s`rviaig bd adi`mt` y qu` `st` qu`j`
sbtiso`akg, y agepârt`dbs `m umb pd`mbrib fuibjb pgr tu prgo`sgr b dgs agepbò`rgs j` frupg.
Jiakb bativijbj s`râ ag`vbdubjb agm umb fuåb j` gns`rvbaiñm.

ZISGQ J@ AGEPMIABAIÑM @M QGSG^Z@ ZÉAMIAG

Ageumiabaiñm `m `d sgpgrt` téamiag pr`s`maibd8
Pm adi`mt` `s aubdqui`r p`rsgmb qu` ti`m` umb m`a`sijbj g j`s`g pgr
sbtisoba`r, y qu` ti`mj` b sgdiaitbr y utidizbr dgs s`rviaigs nrimjbjgs pgr
umb `epr`sb g p`rsgmb qu` gor`a` jiakgs s`rviaigs pgr tbd egtivg s`
agmsij`rbm aubtrg obatgr`s qu` s` j`n`m tgebr `m au`mtb   pbrb umb
nu`mb bt`maiñm
bebnidijbj bd adi`mt`, qu`
y `juabaiñm, sgm8 jiakb
yb qu` pr`s`mtbaiñm
bt`maiñmp`rsgmbd,
`m `d sgmrisb,
s`rviaig
agmstituy` umb j` dbs nbs`s oumjbe`mtbd`s pbrb `d éxitg y j`sbrrgddg
j` umb `epr`sb `m `d e`rabjg.
 Bt`maiñm y s`rviaig mg sgm dg eiseg, `d adi`mt` s` oihb `m tgjgs dgs
j`tbdd`s y r`baaigmb bmt` `ddgs, bså qu` j`n`s agmga`r dgs aimag
`d`e`mtgs nâsiags b vbdgrbr pbrb ebmt`m`r um `oiai`mt` agmtrgd sgnr` dgs prga`sgs j` s`rviaig bd
adi`mt` y sgm8
  @d`e`mtgs tbmfind`s8 Db
 Dbss k`rrbei`mtbs y `quipgs j` db ` `epr`sb,
epr`sb, db pr`s`mtbaiñm j`d
p`rsgmbd y dgs ebt`ribd`s j` ageumiabaiñm.
  Auepdiei`mtg
 Auepdiei`mtg88 Iepdiab j`sbrrgddbr `d s`rviaig prge`tijg gpgrtumbe`mt`, `s j`air, dg qu`
`d téamiag gor`a` `m pbdbnrbs dg auepdb agm db sgduaiñm j`d prgnd`eb.
  Jispgsiaiñm8 @s byujbr bd adi`mt` b sgduaigmbr `d prgnd`eb prgpgraigmâmjgd` umb


bs`sgråb pbrb qu` s` si`mtb sbtiso`akg.

26
 

  Aubdijbj`s j`d p`rsgmbd8 @d téamiag j`n` j`egstrbr qu` `s agep`t`mt` `m su trbnbhg y

abpba`s j` imspirbr agmoibmzb.
  @epbtåb8 J`n` ij`mtioiabr y/g agmga`r bd adi`mt` pbrb `mt`mj`r sus m`a`sijbj`s y
ebmt`m`r umb ageumiabaiñm pgsitivb y p`rebm`mt`.
Sgr dg qu` s` r`agei`mjb qu` bd `stbr nrimjbmjg um s`rviaig j` ogreb pr`s`maibd tge`s dbs
sifui`mt`s pr`abuaigm`s8

2. @vit` j`svibr db eirbjb j` su adi`mt`, yb qu` si sus ghgs s` jistrb`m su a`r`nrg tbeniém
dg kbrâ.
>. Mg imt`rruepb bd adi`mt` ei`mtrbs `stb kbndbjg pbrb qu` pu`jb `mt`mj`r su prgnd`eb y
b su v`z dg byuj` j` ogreb agrr`atb.
1. ^`bdia` pr`fumtbs ni`m p`msbjbs pbrb ar`br um adieb j` agmoibmzb `m `d adi`mt` y qu` `d
byuj` b sgduaigmbr `d prgnd`eb.
Yb qu` bd nrimjbr um s`rviaig bd adi`mt` s` agmsij`rb qu` db ageumiabaiñm `s db nbs` j` umb
nu`mb r`dbaiñm agm `st` pbrb db trbmseisiñm j` imogrebaiñm j`sj` um `eisgr, kbstb um r`a`ptgr,
pgr e`jig j` um abmbd. @m db ageumiabaiñm agm `d adi`mt` j`n`egs pr`stbr bt`maiñm tbmtg b db
ageumiabaiñm v`rnbd ageg b db mg v`rnbd.
Ageumiabaiñm v`rnbd8  Db ageumiabaiñm v`rnbd utidizb pbdbnrbs kbndbjbs g
`saritbs pbrb trbmseitir `d e`msbh`, éstb j`n` s`r agk`r`mt` agm db —våb
grbd―, pgr dg qu` s` r`agei`mjb auijbr dgs sifui`mt`s bsp`atgs8

@d vgdue`m g imt`msijbj j` db vgz8 Bd fritbr s` prgjua`m sgmijgs euy

j`sbfrbjbnd`s. Aubmjg db imt`msijbj j` db vgz jiseimuy`, `d beni`mt`
s` kba` agmoij`maibd. Mumab s` kbndbrâ `m vgz j`ebsibjg bdtb.
@d ba`mtg8 Kb j` utidizbrs` pbrb prgmumaibr agm adbrijbj.
@d tgmg y db `mtgmbaiñm8 Mg `s agmv`mi`mt` ebmt`m`r `d eiseg tgmg `m db agmv`rsbaiñm,
abjb ege`mtg r`qui`r` ai`rtb `mtgmbaiñm pr`jgeimbmt`.
@d usg j`d d`mfubh`8 Mg `s agmv`mi`mt` utidizbr t`amiaisegs g vudfbrisegs agm `d adi`mt`.
Ptidizbmjg `d d`mfubh` agrr`atbe`mt`, k`egs j` bjbptbrmgs b su vgabnudbrig y agdgabrmgs b
su miv`d.
Qbn`r `sauakbr8 @sauakbr mg agmsist` siepd`e`mt` `m abddbrs` y går. Pmb `sauakb `oiabz
`s um e`jig pbrb `stbnd`a`r `d adieb j` agmoibmzb `mtr` `d adi`mt` y pr`stbjgr j` s`rviaigs.
Ageumiabaiñm mg v`rnbd 8 @st` tipg j` ageumiabaiñm ddbebjg —d`mfubh`
agrpgrbd―, s` prgjua` `m situbaiñm abrb b abrb, yb qu` db ageumiabaiñm `s
b pbrtir j`mgdgs v`rnbd`s
e`msbh`s f`stgs qu` `xpr`sbm
pu`j`m `egaigm`s
auepdir y s`mtiei`mtgs.
jgs oumaigm`s Dgs
primaipbd`s8
r``epdbzbr dbs pbdbnrbs y r`p`tir dg qu` s` jia` (bjiñs agm pbdbnrbs y
bjiñs agm db ebmg), y s` r`agei`mjb auijb dgs sifui`mt`s bsp`atgs8
@xpr`siñm obaibd8 Sbrb `d pr`stbjgr j` s`rviaigs `s agmv`mi`mt` agms`rvbr db sgmrisb, pu`s
j`eu`strb bau`rjg y `mt`mjiei`mtg agm qui`m`s db imt`rabenibm.
Agmtbatg gaudbr8 Db eirbjb pu`j` bnrir g a`rrbr dgs abmbd`s ageumiabtivgs. @s umb s`òbd j`
ageumiabaiñm, ei`mtrbs qu` umb eirbjb jir`atb, p`rg mg imsist`mt`, mi oihb, pu`j` s`r um
frbm bpgyg `m db situbaiñm j` ageumiabaiñm agm dbs p`rsgmbs.
F`stgs y egviei`mtgs agm `d au`rpg8 J` tgjbs dbs pbrt`s j`d au`rpg dbs ebmgs sgm dbs qu`
eâs bepdåbm db `xpr`sivijbj j`d rgstrg, yb qu` b v`a`s agmtrinuy`m b `sadbr`a`r `m
e`msbh` v`rnbd pgag adbrg.
Sgsturb agrpgrbd8 ^`od`hb batituj`s sgnr` umg eiseg y su r`dbaiñm agm dgs j`eâs.  

2;
 

^@OD@[IÑM8

2. ·Sgr qué ar``s qu` s` j`n` nrimjbr dgs s`rviaigs utidizbmj

utidizbmjgg jgs tipgs j`
ageumiabaiñm7

>. ·Sgr qué `s iepgrtbmt` qu` `xistb umb nu`mb ageumiabaiñm `mtr` `d téamiag
qu` nrimjb sgpgrt` y db p`rsgmb qu` dg r`ain`7

1. ·Rué jio`r`maibs `xist`m `mtr` db ageumiabaiñm v`rnbd y db mg v`rnbd

@d jga`mt` t` prgpgraigmbrâ 0 situbaigm`s r`bd`s pbrb nrimjbr sgpgrt` téamiag pr`s`maibd y b

jistbmaib `m dgs aubd`s j`n`râs ij`mtioiabr8 tipg j` sgpgrt`, tipg j` ageumiabaiñm y r`bdizbr db
 hustioiabaiñm j` `ddg. Jiakgs `d`e`mtgs j`n`m s`r pdbsebjgs j` db ogreb qu` s` imjiabm `m db
tbndb sifui`mt`, `stb bativijbj s`râ `vbdubjb agm umb distb j` agt`hg.
Zipg j` ageumiabaiñm
Qitubaiñm Zipg j` sgpgrt` _`rnbd/mg v`rnbd Hustioiabaiñm

29
 

MI_@D@Q J@ QGSG^Z@ ZÉAMIAG

Aubmjg `d sgpgrt` `stâ j`nijbe`mt` grfbmizbjg, s` pu`j`m jbr vbrigs
miv`d`s j` sgpgrt`, jgmj` `d sgpgrt` miv`d 2 `s `d qu` `stâ `m agmtbatg
jir`atg agm `d usubrig y qu` sgduaigmb dbs imaij`maibs trivibd`s, sgpgrt`
miv`d >, jbråb sgpgrt` bd miv`d qu` `stâ pgr j`nbhg y b `st` miv`d dd`fb db
imogrebaiñm bdfg oidtrbjb y bså sua`sivbe`mt`.

@d sgpgrt` g bsist`maib téamiab `stâ b e`mujg sunjivijijg `m abpbs, g miv`d`s (ti`rs), pbrb qu`
bså pu`jb bt`mj`r j` umb ogreb eâs `oiabz y `oiai`mt` b umb nbs` j` m`fgaig g adi`mt`s. @d
møe`rg j` miv`d`s `m dgs qu` umb `epr`sb grfbmizb su frupg j` sgpgrt` j`p`mj`
oumjbe`mtbde`mt` j` dbs m`a`sijbj`s j`d m`fgaig, j` dgs gnh`tivgs g j` db vgdumtbj yb qu`
agmdd`vbrâ db kbnidijbj pbrb s`rvir j` ogreb suoiai`mt` b sus adi`mt`s g usubrigs.

@d egtivg qu` hustioiab pr`stbr um s`rviaig j` bsist`maib b trbvés j` um sist`eb eudtimiv`d `m

dufbr j` um frupg f`m`rbd j` sgpgrt` `s prgpgraigmbr `d e`hgr s`rviaig pgsind` j` db ogreb eâs
`oiai`mt`. @d éxitg j` db `struaturb grfbmizbtivb j`p`mj` `mgre`e`mt` j` db abpbaijbj j`d
`quipg téamiag j` agepr`mj`r su miv`d r`spgmsbnidijbj y ageprgeisg, sus ageprgeisgs j`
ti`epg j` r`spu`stb bd adi`mt` y j`d ege`mtg y ogreb `m db qu` r`sudtb bprgpibjg `sabdbr umb
imaij`maib y kbaib qué miv`d.

Db `struaturb
miv`d`s eâs f`m`rbdizbjb j` s`rviaig j` bsist`maib eudtimiv`d s` agmogreb sgnr` aubtrg
j` sgpgrt`.
B. Qgpgrt` j` Miv`d/Zi`r 2(Z2/D2)
@st` `s `d miv`d j` sgpgrt` imiaibd, r`spgmsbnd` j` dbs imaij`maibs nâsiabs j`d adi`mt`. @s
simñmieg j` sgpgrt` j` prie`rb dåm`b, supgrt` j` miv`d umg, sgpgrt` j` orgmt-`mj, dim`b 2 j`
sgpgrt` y gtrbs eødtipd`s j`mgeimbaigm`s r`o`r`mt`s b dbs oumaigm`s j` sgpgrt` j` miv`d téamiag
nâsiag. @d primaipbd trbnbhg j` um `sp`aibdistb j` Zi`r I `s r`umir tgjb db imogrebaiñm j`d adi`mt` y
j`t`reimbr db imaij`maib e`jibmt` `d bmâdisis j` dgs såmtgebs y db j`t`reimbaiñm j`d prgnd`eb
sunyba`mt`. Aubmjg s` bmbdizbm dgs såmtgebs, `s iepgrtbmt` pbrb `d téamiag j` sgpgrt`
ij`mtioiabr qué `s dg qu` `d adi`mt` `stâ imt`mtbmjg dd`vbr b abng j` ogreb qu` mg s` pi`rjb
ti`epg —imt`mtbmjg r`sgdv`r um såmtgeb `m dufbr j` um prgnd`eb―. Pmb v`z qu` s` kb dgfrbjg
ij`mtioiabr `d prgnd`eb sunyba`mt`, `d `sp`aibdistb pu`j` age`mzbr b pr`stbr db v`rjbj`rb
bsist`maib it`rbmjg j` ogreb grj`mbjb sgnr` `d abtâdgfg j` pgsind`s sgduaigm`s jispgmind`s.
Dgs `sp`aibdistbs
j` r`sgduaiñm j` sgpgrt`
s`maiddb, téamiag kbai`mjg
—pgsind`e`mt` `m `st` frupg kbnitubde`mt`
usg j` bdføm tipg j`ebm`hbm prgnd`ebs
k`rrbei`mtb siepd`s
j` f`stiñm j`d
agmgaiei`mtg.― @stg imaduy` eétgjgs j` r`sgd uaiñm j` prgnd`ebs ageg db v`rioiabaiñm j`
imaij`maibs `m dbs dåm`bs oåsiabs, r`sgduaiñm j` prgnd`ebs j` usubrig y agmtrbs`òb,
imstbdbaiñm/r`imstbdbaiñm nâsiab j` bpdiabaigm`s sgotwbr`, v`rioiabaiñm j` agmoifurbaiñm
bprgpibjb j` kbrjwbr` y sgotwbr`, y bsist`maib e`jibmt` db mbv`fbaiñm j` e`møs j`
bpdiabaiñm. @d p`rsgmbd b `st` miv`d ti`m` um agmgaiei`mtg `mtr` nâsiag y f`m`rbd j`d prgjuatg g
s`rviaig y mg si`epr` kb j` t`m`r db agep`t`maib m`a`sbrib pbrb r`sgdv`r prgnd`ebs agepd`hgs.
Mg `m vbmg, `d gnh`tivg j` `st` frupg `s ebm`hbr `mtr` `d 63%-;3% j`d j` dgs prgnd`ebs j`d
usubrig bmt`s j` agmaduir `m db m`a`sijbj j` `sabdbr db imaij`maib b um miv`d sup`rigr.

>3
 

@m gtrgs s`atgr`s (ageg db nbmab, tbrh`tbs j` aréjitg, t`d`ogmåb eñvid, `ta.) `d sgpgrt` j` 2`r
miv`d `s f`stigmbjg pgr abdd a`mt`rs qu` gp`rbm `m kgrbrigs `xt`msgs (g >:x6) y batøbm ageg
pumtg j` `mtrbjb imiaibd j` tgjbs dbs p`tiaigm`s j` dgs usubrigs y, `m `d absg j` qu` s`b
m`a`sbrig, s` `mabrfbm j` db ar`baiñm j` db imaij`maib pbrb mgtioiabr b gtrbs umijbj`s/`quipgs
j` m`fgaig qu` s` `mabrfu`m j` bt`mj`r dbs p`tiaigm`s j`d usubrig (prgpgraigmbr um mu`vg SIM,
ndgqu`br tbrh`tbs j` aréjitg rgnbjbs, eñvid`s, `ta.).

@m bdfumgs ys`atgr`s,
prgjuatgs j` dgs `dtéreimgs
sgpgrt` j`
y 2`r miv`d `m r`bdijbj
agmjiaigm`s r`qui`r`
gor`aijbs pgr `deuym`fgaig
nu`m agmgaiei`mtg
eâs bddâ j`j` dgs
agmgaiei`mtgs téamiags prgpibe`mt` jiakgs.
@st` `s `d miv`d nâsiag j` sgpgrt` téamiag. Dgs agmgaiei`mtgs agm dgs qu` au`mtb sgm8 Ogrebt`g
j` ageputbjgrbs, imstbdbaiñm j` pbqu`t`råb y abenigs j` pi`zbs j` ageputbjgrbs

N. Qgpgrt` j` Miv`d/Zi`r >(Z>/D>)

@stâ nbsbjg `sp`aibde`mt` `m `d frupg k`dp j`sl, jgmj` sus imt`frbmt`s kba`m sgpgrt` téamiag
t`mi`mjg `m au`mtbs âr`bs j`d agmgaiei`mtg eâs `sp`aibdizbjbs `m `d âr`b ageputbaigmbd. J`
`stb ebm`rb, s` j`jua` qu` `d sgpgrt` j` s`fumjg miv`d dg r`bdizbm p`rsgmbs `sp`aibdizbjbs `m
r`j`s j` ageumiabaiñm, sist`ebs j` imogrebaiñm, sist`ebs gp`rbtivgs, nbs`s j` jbtgs, `mtr`
gtrbs. @st` miv`d ti`m` pgr dg e`mgs 2 bòg `m `d âr`b j` sgpgrt` y au`mtb agm dgs agmgaiei`mtgs
j` miv`d 2 y agm agmgaiei`mtgs j` r`aup`rbaiñm j` imogrebaiñm miv`d Qgotwbr`, ebm`hg j`
pbqu`t`råb j` goiaimb b miv`d nâsiag y agmoifurbaiñm j` r`j`s imbdâenriabs y abnd`bjg `m frupgs
j` trbnbhg. Batubde`mt` s` usbm ebmubd`s g fuåbs jgmj` s` eu`strbm dgs pbsgs qu` `d usubrig
j`n` s`fuir pbrb r`sgdv`r, jiakg prgnd`eb, `m absg j` mg dd`fbr b db sgduaiñm s` pbsbrb b um
sgpgrt` `m sitig.

A. Qgpgrt` j` Miv`d/Zi`r 1(Z1/D1)

Kbnitubde`mt` dgs sist`ebs j` ebmt`miei`mtg s` f`stigmbm agm um eâxieg j` tr`s miv`d`s,
si`mjg `d t`ra`r miv`d, `d j` ebygr abpbaijbj pbrb r`sgdv`r prgnd`ebs, dd`fbmjg b `st` miv`d, dgs
prgnd`ebs téamiags j` ebygr abdbjg g j` r`sgduaiñm eâs bvbmzbjb.

@s simñmieg j` miv`d 1, sgpgrt` j` nbal-`mj, db dåm`b j` bpgyg 1, `d bpgyg j` bdtg miv`d, y vbribs
gtrbs j`mgeimbaigm`s qu` j`mgtbm dgs eétgjgs j` sgduaiñm j` prgnd`ebs b miv`d j` `xp`rtgs y
j` bmâdisis bvbmzbjg. Dgs imjivijugs bsifmbjgs b `st` miv`d, sgm `xp`rtgs `m sus abepgs y sgm
r`spgmsbnd`s, mg sñdg pbrb byujbr tbmtg bd p`rsgmbd j` Zi`r I y Zi`r II, simg tbeniém pbrb db
imv`stifbaiñm y j`sbrrgddg j` sgduaigm`s b dgs prgnd`ebs mu`vgs g j`sagmgaijgs. Z`mfb `m
au`mtb qu` dgs téamiags j` Miv`d III ti`m`m db eiseb r`spgmsbnidijbj qu` dgs téamiags j` miv`d II
`m db r`visiñm j` db grj`m j` trbnbhg y `vbdubr `d ti`epg yb auepdijg agm `d adi`mt` pbrb qu` s`
jé prigrijbj b db f`stiñm j`d ti`epg y s` utidizb dg suoiai`mt` pbrb r`sgdv`r jiakb imaij`maib. Qi `s
pgsind`, `d téamiag trbnbhbrâ pbrb r`sgdv`r `d prgnd`eb agm `d adi`mt`, yb qu` pu`j` dd`fbr b s`r
`vij`mt` qu` `d Miv`d I y / g téamiags j` miv`d II siepd`e`mt` mg j`saunri`rgm db sgduaiñm
agrr`atb. Bd `magmtrbrs` agm mu`vgs prgnd`ebs, sim `enbrfg, `d p`rsgmbd j` miv`d III j`n`
j`t`reimbr prie`rg, si pu`j` g mg r`sgdv`r `d prgnd`eb y si pbrb r`sgdv`r `d prgnd`eb, m`a`sitb
r`qu`rir imogrebaiñm j` agmtbatg j`d adi`mt` pbrb qu` `d téamiag pu`jb jispgm`r j` ti`epg
suoiai`mt` pbrb bmbdizbr `d prgnd`eb y `magmtrbr umb sgduaiñm. @m bdfumgs absgs, um t`eb pu`j`
s`r tbm prgnd`eâtiag kbstb `d pumtg jgmj` `d prgjuatg mg s` pu`j` sbdvbr y j`n` s`r
r``epdbzbjg. Zbd`s prgnd`ebs `xtr`egs tbeniém s` `mvåbm b dgs j`sbrrgddbjgr`s grifimbd`s
pbrb um bmâdisis `m prgoumjijbj. Qi s` j`t`reimb qu` um prgnd`eb pu`j` s`r r`su`dtg, `st`
frupg `s r`spgmsbnd` j`d jis`òg y `d j`sbrrgddg j` umg g eâs aursgs j` baaiñm, db `vbdubaiñm
j` abjb umg j` `stgs aursgs `m um `mtgrmg j` absg j` pru`nb, y db bpdiabaiñm j` db e`hgr
>2
 

sgduaiñm pbrb `d prgnd`eb. Pmb v`z qu` db sgduaiñm s` v`rioiab, s` `mtr`fb bd adi`mt` y pu`stgs b
jispgsiaiñm pbrb db sgduaiñm j` prgnd`ebs y bmâdisis outurgs. @st` miv`d ti`m` pgr dg e`mgs >
bògs `m `d âr`b j` sgpgrt` au`mtb agm dgs agmgaiei`mtgs j`d miv`d 2 y > y bpbrt` agmga` db
r`pbrbaiñm j` `quipg j` añeputg y p`rioériag b miv`d agepgm`mt`. Au`mtb agm agmgaiei`mtgs
j` @d`atrñmiab y `s abpbz j` jibfmgstiabr aubdqui`r obddg, b miv`d airauitg. ^`pbrb Dbptgps,
agmga` b miv`d bvbmzbjg pbqu`t`råb j` goiaimb y jb sgduaigm`s râpijbs b miv`d j` ^`j`s.

J. Qgpgrt` j` Miv`d/Zi`r :(Z:/D:)

Au`mtb agm dgs agmgaiei`mtgs j` miv`d 2, >, 1 y bpbrt` ebm`hb db gp`rbaiñm j` Q`rvijgr`s
Eiargsgot y Dimux, db imstbdbaiñm, agmoifurbaiñm, imt`ragm`xiñm, bjeimistrbaiñm y gp`rbaiñm j` dgs
s`rvijgr`s. @s r`spgmsbnd` mgrebde`mt` j`d âr`b j` Qist`ebs j` umb agrpgrbaiñm y ti`m` pgr dg
e`mgs jgs a`rtioiabaigm`s `m `d âr`b.
Pm mu`vg miv`d j` `sp`aibdizbaiñm qu` kb mbaijg kba` umgs 1 g : bògs, `s `d miv`d 0, qu` ti`m`
dbs sifui`mt`s abrbat`råstiabs8 Au`mtb agm tgjgs dgs agmgaiei`mtgs bmt`rigr`s y bpbrt` ebm`hb db
gp`rbaiñm j` `mrutbjgr`s AIQAG g sieidbr`s, agmga` `d ebm`hg j` QBS y ebm`hb prgfrbebaiñm
`m vbrigs d`mfubh`s. Imt`rbatøb agm p`rsgmbd `xtrbmh`rg y ebm`hb pgr dg e`mgs umb d`mfub
`xtrbmh`rb. @s `d miv`d eâs bvbmzbjg qu` s` ti`m` abtbdgfbjg, p`rg, si`epr` y aubmjg t`mfb dbs
a`rtioiabaigm`s bmt`rigr`s. Qi mg au`mtb agm dgs agmgaiei`mtgs j` miv`d`s bmt`rigr`s, g pgr dg
e`mgs 1 a`rtioiabaigm`s, sus imfr`sgs s` v`m s`ribe`mt` r`nbhbjgs.: 

^`bdizb um `squ`eb pbrb adbsioiabr ` ij`mtioiabr8 dgs miv`d`s j` sgpgrt` téamiag, oumaigm`s j`d
miv`d, tipg j` pu`stg, agmgaiei`mtgs qu` j`n` t`m`r db p`rsgmb qu` pr`st` `stgs s`rviaigs y tipg
j` prgnd`ebs qu` pu`j` r`sgdv`r y `xpgm`rdg bd frupg. @stb bativijbj j`n` s`r ag`vbdubjb agm
umb distb j` agt`hg.

ABZ@FG^ÅBQ J@ QGSG^Z@ ZÉAMIAG

Aubmjg dgs usubrigs imogrebm ba`rab j` um prgnd`eb agm umb SA, `m f`m`rbd dg qu` ageumiabm
`s um såmtgeb qu` v`m. Sgr `h`epdg, si mg pu`j`m ieprieir um jgaue`mtg.
Ageg téamiag j` sgpgrt`, su tbr`b `s `magmtrbr db abusb j`d prgnd`eb. Dbs abusbs j` dgs
prgnd`ebs ab`m `m jio`r`mt`s abt`fgråbs, y umg j` dgs prie`rgs pbsgs `m db sgduaiñm j` dgs
eisegs `s ij`mtioiabr b qué abt`fgråb `s prgnbnd` qu` p`rt`m`zab db obddb. @m `st` aursg s`
j`sarin`m dbs sifui`mt`s abt`fgråbs f`m`rbd`s j` sgpgrt`8 usubrig, kbrjwbr`, sist`eb gp`rbtivg,
agm`xiñm `m r`j y sgotwbr`.
Qgpgrt` bd usubrig8 Dgs prgnd`ebs qu` ar`bm dgs prgpigs usubrigs
j` bdfumb ebm`rb, g qu` ti`m`m bd `h`autbr umb tbr`b agm db qu`
mg `stâm obeidibrizbjgs, p`rt`m`a`m b db abt`fgråb j` sgpgrt` bd
usubrig. @stb adbs` j` prgnd`ebs surf`m aubmjg um usubrig `stâ
kbai`mjg bdfg `m ogreb imagrr`atb. Aubmjg s` pr`s`mtbm
prgnd`ebs j` `stb adbs`, s` d`s ddbeb —`rrgr j` usubrig―.

:
  Vbdl`r, Fbry (>332). IZ Srgnd`e Ebmbf`e`mt (Kbrris L`rm’s @mt`rpris` Ageputimf Imstitut` Q`ri`s). Ppp`r Qbjjd`
^iv`r8 Sr`mtia` Kbdd. pp. ;0 ‑221. Fggfd` Nggl Q`brak. IQNM 321313663[.

>>
 

@mtr` dgs `h`epdgs ageum`s j` `rrgr j` usubrig `stâm dgs sifui`mt`s8

@d usubrig trbtb j` `h`autbr umb tbr`b qu` db bpdiabaiñm mg pu`j` kba`r. Sgr `h`epdg, `d
usubrig trbtb j` ar`br um t`xtg `m agdgr`s, `m umb bpdiabaiñm qu` mg ti`m` `sb
pgsinidijbj.
@d usubrig trbtb j` `o`atubr umb tbr`b qu` db bpdiabaiñm så pu`j` kba`r, p`rg mg dg `stâ
kbai`mjg `m ogreb agrr`atb. Sgr `h`epdg, imt`mtb j` ieprieir um jgaue`mtg usbmjg `d
eétgjg j` t`adbjg Atrd+S, y db bpdiabaiñm sñdg bjeit` ieprieir b trbvés j` gp`rbaigm`s
agm `d egus`.
@d usubrig mg sbn` añeg `h`autbr db tbr`b qu` j`s`b. Sgr `h`epdg, trbtb j` agenimbr
mgenr`s y jir`aaigm`s j` umb distb j` agrr`gs `m um jgaue`mtg j` Eiargsgot Vgrj, p`rg
mg sbn` añeg kba`rdg.
@d usubrig kb k`akg abenigs j` agmoifurbaiñm `m db SA qu` prgvgabm su oumaigmbei`mtg
imagrr`atg. Sgr `h`epdg, kb abenibjg gpaigm`s j` Imt`rm`t @xpdgr`r y yb mg s` pu`j`
agm`atbr b Imt`rm`t.
Ageg téamiag j` sgpgrt` t`mjrâ ust`j euakbs gpgrtumijbj`s j` jbr sgpgrt` bd usubrig. @s
iepgrtbmt` qu` us` db gpgrtumijbj pbrb `ms`òbrd` b agrr`fir `d prgnd`eb qu` kb abusbjg, g b
`o`atubr db tbr`b qu` j`s`b `m ogreb agrr`atb. Qu batituj bd jbr sgpgrt` bd usubrig `s j`
`xtr`eb iepgrtbmaib. Pst`j `s um fuåb y um e`mtgr qu` ageumiab agmgaiei`mtgs dinr`e`mt`, y
mg um abstifbjgr qu` r`pr`mj` bd usubrig pgr su abr`maib j` agmgaiei`mtgs. ^`au`rj` si`epr`
qu` `d usubrig kb r`aurrijg b ust`j `m j`ebmjb j` byujb, y `mgrfuddézabs` j` su abpbaijbj j`
byujbr j` ebm`rb beifbnd` y aggp`rbtivb.
Qgpgrt` bd Kbrjwbr`8 @d sgpgrt` bd kbrjwbr` bnbrab jgs
abt`fgråbs8 prgnd`ebs e`aâmiags y prgnd`ebs j` kbrjwbr`.
Dgs prgnd`ebs e`aâmiags sgm bqu`ddgs qu` iepdiabm trbnbhg
oåsiag j` db SA g j` sus p`rioériags. Dgs j` kbrjwbr` sgm dgs
qu` iepdiabm ebd oumaigmbei`mtg g agmoifurbaigm`s imagrr`atbs
j` dgs agepgm`mt`s imt`rmgs j` db SA. Ageg `h`epdgs j`
prgnd`ebs e`aâmiags `stâm8 
Db SA mg `mai`mj` pgrqu` mg `stâ agm`atbjb.
@d egmitgr mg oumaigmb pgr `stbr jbòbjg.
@d jisag råfijg mg r`ain` agrri`mt` j` db ou`mt` j` bdie`mtbaiñm j` db SA, pgrqu` kby um
abnd` `déatriag jbòbjg.
@mtr` dgs `h`epdgs j` prgnd`ebs j` kbrjwbr` `stâm8
Mg oumaigmb umb mu`vb umijbj agm`atbjb b db SA, pgrqu` mg s` kb imstbdbjg `m ogreb
agrr`atb.
Pm agepgm`mt` qu` yb `xist` j`hb j` oumaigmbr j`spués j` kbn`r batubdizbjg `d
agmtrgdbjgr.
Db SA mg s` imiaibdizb j`sj` um AJ, pgrqu` mg s` agmoifurñ pbrb kba`rdg.
Qgpgrt` bd Qist`eb Gp`rbtivg8 Dgs prgnd`ebs
r`dbtivgs bd sist`eb gp`rbtivg y su agmoifurbaiñm,
nbhg airaumstbmaibs `sp`aåoiabs, ab`m `m db
abt`fgråb j` sgpgrt` bd sist`eb gp`rbtivg. @st`
sgpgrt` tbeniém imaduy` tbr`bs j`
ebmt`miei`mtg, ageg j`sorbfe`mtbr `d jisag
råfijg g bpdiabr dbs ødtiebs batubdizbaigm`s j`
s`furijbj.

@mtr` dgs`stâm
gp`rbtivg `h`epdgs j` sgpgrt` bd sist`eb
dgs sifui`mt`s8

>1
 

^`stburbr `d sist`eb gp`rbtivg b um pumtg bmt`rigr j` gp`rbaiñm (ddbebjg —pumtg j`

r`stburbaiñm―), pgrqu` mg oumaigmb agrr`atbe`mt`.
 Batubdizbr `d sist`eb nâsiag j` `mtrbjb / sbdijb j` db SA (NIGQ) kbstb db ødtieb v`rsiñm
 Batubdizbr
j`d egj`dg `sp`aåoiag j` SA.
Ar`br e`egrib virtubd pbrb e`hgrbr db `oiai`maib j` db SA. 
Ar`br umb pbrtiaiñm mu`vb pbrb usg j` bpdiabaigm`s.
@o`atubr umb j`sorbfe`mtbaiñm j` jisag, pbrb gnt`m`r eâs `spbaig `m um jisag råfijg.
@d sgpgrt` bd sist`eb gp`rbtivg e`hgrb `d j`s`ep`òg j`d eiseg, dg aubd b su v`z pu`j` e`hgrbr
db `oiai`maib j` gtrbs bpdiabaigm`s qu` `d usubrig m`a`sit` s`bm eâs
prgjuativbs.
Qgpgrt` b db agm`xiñm `m r`j 8 Db abt`fgråb j` sgpgrt` b db agm`xiñm
`m r`j bnbrab prgnd`ebs agm dgs qu` s` `mau`mtrbm dgs usubrigs bd
trbtbr j` agm`atbrs` b r`aursgs qu` mg `stâm `m db SA j`d adi`mt`
dgabd. @mtr` `sgs r`aursgs pu`j`m `stbr8 brakivgs, abrp`tbs<
bpdiabaigm`s, iepr`sgrbs agm`atbjbs `m r`j, Imt`rm`t, g ni`m gtrbs
SAs g p`rioériags. 
@mtr` dgs `h`epdgs j` sgpgrt` b agm`xiñm `m r`j `stâm dgs
sifui`mt`s8
Imstbdbr umb iepr`sgrb `m umb SA j`d adi`mt`.
 Bs`furbr
Agmoifurbrqu` db SA j
Gpaigm`s j`d
`d adi`mt`
j` t`mfb
Imt`rm`t, u
umb
mb jir`aaiñ
jir`aaiñm
`m Imt`rm`t m IS, gpbrb
@xpdgr`r, qu`bativbr
pu`jbdbr`ainir umb. j` db SA
agm`xiñm
j`d adi`mt` b Imt`rm`t.
Qgpgrt` bd sgotwbr`8 Dgs prgnd`ebs agm bpdiabaigm`s j` sgotwbr` qu` kbyb `m umb SA ab`m `m
db abt`fgråb j` sgpgrt` bd sgotwbr`. @st` sgpgrt` ti`m` tr`s sunabt`fgråbs8 imstbdbaiñm y
`dieimbaiñm, t`reimbaiñm j` tbr`b y bpdiabaigm`s.
Ageg `h`epdgs j` sgpgrt` bd sgotwbr` `stâm dgs sifui`mt`s8
Imstbdbaiñm j` umb bpdiabaiñm j` sgotwbr`.
Dgabdizbr prgnd`ebs j` imstbdbaiñm agm umb bpdiabaiñm
j` sgotwbr`. 
 Byujbr b qu` dgs usubrigs t`reim`m umb tbr`b `m umb
bpdiabaiñm `sp`aåoiab j` sgotwbr`.
@magmtrbr obddbs `m umb bpdiabaiñm, aubmjg mg oumaigmb
ageg s` `sp`rbnb.
@dieimbr dgs prgfrbebs qu` yb mg s` m`a`sit`m g qu` s`
kbybm jbòbjg0 

^`tgebmjg db imogrebaiñm sgnr` dbs abt`fgråbs j` sgpgrt`s ageum`s `dbngrb um aubjrg

simñptiag pbrb ij`mtioiabr dgs tipgs y abrbat`råstiabs. J`n` s`r `vbdubjg agm umb distb j` agt`hg.

0
 Nrbvg ^., Eiargsgot Dbtimgbeériab, Abp. : Imtrgjuaaiñm b sgduaiñm j` prgnd`ebs, pâf. :2- :1

>:
 

@ms`fuijb `d prgo`sgr t` prgpgraigmbrb bdfumgs prgnd`ebs qu` s` pr`s`mtbm bd prgpgraigmbr

s`rviaig téamiag y j`n`s adbsioiabr b qué tipg j` abt`fgråb j` sgpgrt` agrr`spgmj`, j`n`s
`mtr`fbrdg `m ogrebtg j` tbndb agm agmadusigm`s y s`râ `vbdubjg agm umb rønriab.
S^@QPSP@QZG J@ Q@^_IAIG
Pm pr`supu`stg `s um pdbm gp`rbaigm`s y r`aursgs j` umb
`epr`sb, qu` s` ogreudb pbrb dgfrbr `m um ai`rtg p`rigjg dgs
?

gnh`tivgs prgpu`stgs y s` `xpr`sb `m téreimgs egm`tbrigs.   

@m gtrbs pbdbnrbs, kba`r um pr`supu`stg `s siepd`e`mt`
s`mtbrs` b pdbm`br dg qu` qui`r`s kba`r `m `d outurg y `xpr`sbrdg
`m jim`rg. Pm `h`epdg sgm dgs vibh`s. Pmg s` pgm` b pdbm`br,
`mtr` gtrbs agsbs, auâmtg kby qu` fbstbr `m pbsbh`s g fbsgdimb,
ageijbs y kgsp`jbh`. Y yb qu` kbs vistg tgjg `sg, `mtgma`s
sbnrâs auâmtg m`a`sitbs bkgrrbr y, pgr dg tbmtg, auâmjg t` pgjrâs ir.
 Bmt`s j` kba`r um pr`supu`
pr`supu`stg
stg `s m`a`sbrig t`m`r `m au`mtb qu` dg qu` `stbegs qu`ri`mj
qu`ri`mjg
g
kba`r `s nâsiabe`mt` um pdbm, umb `stiebaiñm y, pgr `mj`, db imogrebaiñm qu` agmti`m` (dgs
fbstgs , dgs imfr`sgs y j`eâs) `s supu`stb.
Qim `enbrfg, kby qu` `stiebrdgs agm bdfumb nbs` v`rjbj`rb pbrb qu` mg mgs jé ageg
r`sudtbjg um pr`supu`stg ou`rb j` db r`bdijbj.

Kby
prgpibjgs`xp`ri`maib.
ebm`rbs pbrb
@m `stiebr mu`strgs`dagstgs8
agmtrbpgsiaiñm db prie`rb
gtrg abeimg `s abdaudbrdgs
agmsist` `m utidizbrj`agstgs
bau`rjg`stâmjbr
agm tu
gnt`mijgs agm bmt`rigrijbj. Dgs agstgs `stâmjbr sgm bqu`ddgs qu` j`n`råbs gnt`m`r trbnbhbmjg
`m agmjiaigm`s ñptiebs, y s` gnti`m`m e`jibmt` db `xp`ri`maib y `stujigs j` f`mt`
`sp`aibdizbjb.
@stb ødtieb ogreb j` `stiebr agstgs `s euy øtid pgrqu` p`reit`, bj`eâs, agmga`r dgs prgnd`ebs
qu` tbd v`z mg s` kbybm mgtbjg bmt`s. Dgs agstgs `stâmjbr s`rvirâm pbrb t`m`r pr`supu`stgs
pr`supu`stgs
eâs `xbatgs y tgebr j`spués dbs e`jijbs m`a`sbribs pbrb bhustbrs` b `ddgs.
_`mtbhbs y dieitbaigm`s bd kba`r um pr`supu`stg
Q` pu`j` `magmtrbr jgs frbmj`s v`mtbhbs bd pdbm`br y kba`r pr`supu`stgs8 obaiditbr db
utidizbaiñm bj`aubjb j` dgs r`aursgs, prgpgraigmbr `oiai`maib `m dbs gp`rbaigm`s, byujbr b dgfrbr
umb nu`mb pdbm`baiñm j` dbs `epr`sbs y egstrbr dgs r`sudtbjgs qu` s` gnt`mjrâm j` pgm`r `m
prâatiab dgs pdbm`s.
Qim `enbrfg, bumqu` kba`r pr`supu`stgs byujb b ebm`hbr umb `epr`sb, `sg mg `s tgjg. Zi`m`
dieitbaigm`s tbeniém, pgrqu` `stâm nbsbjgs `m `stiebaigm`s, `m prgy`aaigm`s, y si mg s` kba`m
ni`m, mg s` gnti`m` mimføm r`sudtbjg qu` trbifb n`m`oiaigs.
Mg kby qu` j`hbr j` dbjg qu` dgs pr`supu`stgs j`n`m `stbrs` bjbptbmjg y batubdizbmjg
agmstbmt`e`mt`, g pgjråbegs ab`r `m `d p`difrg j` `akbr pgr db ngrjb tgjg `d trbnbhg r`bdizbjg.
Pm pr`supu`stg `s, bj`eâs j` um jgaue`mtg, umb k`rrbei`mtb euy øtid qu` t` byujb b pdbm`br
`d outurg j` tu `epr`sb, b jio`r`maib j` dg qu` db f`mt` ar``, `xist`m pr`supu`stgs øtid`s pbrb
dbs `epr`sbs qu` vbm eâs bddâ j` ebmt`m`r um r`fistrg j` dgs fbstgs pr`vistgs g j` db imv`rsiñm
m`a`sbrib pbrb dd`vbr b abng umb baaiñm agmar`tb.
@xist`m jistimtbs ebm`rbs j` adbsioiabr b dgs pr`supu`stgs8

?
 kttp8//www.`epr`mj`pye`.m`t/

>0
 

Q`føm db od`xinidijbj8
b) S^@QPSP@QZGQ ^ÅFIJGQ, @QZÂZIAGQ, OIHGQ G BQIFMBJGQ8 r`ain` `stb
j`mgeimbaiñm j`nijg b qu` umb v`z `o`atubjg mg `s pgsind` r`bdizbr mimføm bhust` g
egjioiabaiñm sgnr` `d eiseg. @m agms`au`maib, mg s` ti`m` `m au`mtb db agmjuatb
pgdåtiab, `agmñeiab j`egfrâoiab, `ta j`d t`rritgrig jgmj` db `epr`sb ti`m` imh`r`maib.
@st` tipg j` pr`supu`stg sirv` pbrb dd`vbr b abng um agmtrgd j` ebm`rb bmtiaipbjb.
n) S^@QPSP@QZGQ _B^IBND@Q G OD@[IND@Q8 `stb adbs` j` pr`supu`stgs au`mtbm agm
db pgsinidijbj
r`bdizbjg. j` bjbptbaiñm
@d pr`supu`stg b dbsp`reit`
od`xind` jiv`rsbsvisubdizbr
au`stigm`s
dgs qu` s` pr`s`mt`m
imfr`sgs, fbstgs yumb v`z
agstgs,
bjbptbjgs b db ebfmituj j` gp`rbaigm`s age`raibd`s.
Q`føm `d p`rågjg qu` aunrbm8
b) S^@QPSP@QZG B AG^ZG SDBXG8 sgm bqu`ddgs ij`bjgs pbrb sgdv`mtbr um p`rågjg j`
gp`rbaiñm j`t`reimbjg, p`rg mg bnbrabm eâs j` um bòg.
n) S^@QPSP@QZG B DB^FG SDBXG8 agmtrbribe`mt`, dgs pr`supu`st pr`supu`stgs
gs b dbrfg pdbzg sgm
r`bdizbjgs agm `d oim j` aunrir um p`rågjg `xt`msg j` ti`epg, y ti`m`m `m au`mtb obatgr`s
`agmñeiags tbd`s ageg `epd`g, s`furijbj, imorb`struaturb, `ta.
J` bau`rjg bd agmt`mijg8
b) BP[IDIB^@Q8 gor`a`m dbs gp`rbaigm`s pbrb abjb âr`b j` umb j`t`reimbjb grfbmizbaiñm,
y s` pr`s`mtbm j` ogreb bmbdåtiab.
n) S^IMAISBD@Q8 imaduy`m dgs pr`supu`stgs buxidibr`s, y nrimjbm imogrebaiñm ba`rab j`
abrbat`råstiabs
grfbmizbaiñm. iepgrtbmt`s j`d agmhumtg j` pr`supu`stgs j` umb `epr`sb u
Q`føm db téamiab j` `vbdubaiñm8
b) @QZIEBJGQ8 sgm dd`vbjgs b abng t`mi`mjg `m au`mtb `xp`ri`maibs pr`vibs. @s j`air,
sgm pr`supu`stgs r`bdizbjgs j` ebm`rb `epåriab, pgr dg aubd agmstituy`m db prgnbnidijbj
j` qu` gaurrb bqu`ddg qu` s` kb prgy`atbjg.
n) @QZÂMJB^8 sgm r`bdizbjgs `m nbs` b `d`e`mtgs ai`mtåoiags, j` ebm`rb qu` s` j`sabrtb
tgjb pgsinidijbj j` `quivgabaiñm. Dgs møe`rgs qu` brrghb, sgm bqu`ddgs qu` s` j`n`râm
agms`fuir.
J` bau`rjg bd tipg j` `epr`sb8
b) SØNDIAGQ8 sgm prgpigs j`d `stbjg, `d eumiaipig g dbs `epr`sbs j`sa`mtrbdizbjbs
j`sa`mtrbdizbjbs.. @m
`stb adbs` j` pr`supu`stgs abdaudb db aiorb m`a`sbrib pbrb aunrir dbs m`a`sijbj`s j` tipg
sgaibd, y b pbrtir j` bddå, s` r`bdizb um egj`dg agm `d prgpñsitg j` ar`br dgs imfr`sgs
suoiai`mt`s. imv`rsbe`mt` b dgs pøndiags, `m `d pr`supu`stg privbjg prie`rg s` abdaudbm
n) S^I_BJGQ8
dgs imfr`sgs y b pbrtir j` `stg, s` r`bdizb um pdbm`bei`mtg pbrb su jistrinuaiñm. 6 
Qi ti`m`s umb `epr`sb `xist`m jio`r`mt`s tipgs j` pr`supu`stgs qu` t` pu`j`m s`rvir pbrb dd`vbr
um r`fistrg g pdbmioiabr dgs fbstgs j` aubdqui`rb j` dgs `d`e`mtgs g âenitgs j` um m`fgaig, b
agmtimubaiñm s` eu`strb imogrebaiñm j` dgs primaipbd`s pr`supu`stgs pbrb `epr`sbs8
Sr`supu`stg eb`strg8
eb`strg8 `s `d primaipbd pr`supu`stg j` tu `epr`sb, `s j`air, db audeimbaiñm
j` tgjg um prga`sg j` pdbm`baiñm y, pgr dg tbmtg, agepr`mj` tgjbs dbs âr`bs j` tu m`fgaig,
ageg sgm v`mtbs, prgjuaaiñm, ageprbs, `ta., y, pgr `sg, s` ddbeb eb`strg, `st` pr`supu`stg
qu` agepr`mj` tgjgs dgs fbstgs `stâ agepu`stg j` gtrgs jgs pr`supu`stgs, eâs
p`qu`ògs qu` sgm `d pr`supu`stg j` gp`rbaiñm y `d pr`supu`stg oimbmai`rg.

6
 kttp8//www.tipgsj`.grf/`agmgeib-y-oimbmzbs/291-tipgs-j`-pr`supu`stg/
kttp8//www.tipgsj`.grf/`agmgeib-y-oimbmzbs/291-tipgs-j`-pr`supu`stg/

>?
 

b) @d pr`supu`stg j` gp`rbaiñm s` agepgm` b su v`z j` gtrgs pr`supu`stgs eâs

p`qu`ògs. @d prie`rg `s `d pr`supu`stg j` v`mtbs y `s jgmj` pr`vés auâmtg `sp`rbs
v`mj`r. Agm nbs` `m `ddg, sbnrâs auâmtg j`n`s prgjuair y auâmtg t` vb b agstbr kba`rdg.
Z`mjrâs qu` v`r `mtgma`s qué ebt`rib prieb m`a`sitbs, auâmtb ebmg j` gnrb utidizbrâs,
auâd`s s`râm tus agstgs imjir`atgs j` prgjuaaiñm y, pgr supu`stg, auâmtg t` vb b agstbr
tgjg `sg.
Pmb v`z qu` sbn`s auâmtb ebt`rib prieb m`a`sitbs, pu`j`s pdbm`br y pr`supu`stbr tus
ageprbs pbrb qu` mg t` v`bs `m bpurgs j` ti`epg y pu`jbs agms`fuir nu`mgs pr`aigs, bd oimbd,
dg qu` vbs b pgj`r j`oimir agm tu pr`supu`stg j` gp`rbaiñm `s auâd s`râ tu fbmbmaib.
n) @d pr`supu`stg oimbmai`rg mg `s tbm agepdiabjg. @m éd vbs b pr`supu`stbr `d `o`ativg agm
qu` vbs b agmtbr y dbs imv`rsigm`s qu` pu`j`s kba`r b agrtg pdbzg, pbrb egv`r tu abpitbd
y kba`rdg r`mtbnd`. Bd t`reimbrdg, sbnrâs auâd s`râ db situbaiñm oimbmai`rb j` tu `epr`sb,
`s j`air si v`mjrâm dgs ti`epgs j` vbabs odbabs g fgrjbs.

@d pr`supu`stg
aubdqui`r j``dv`mtbs 
`epr`sb8 v`mtbs   `s um p`qu`òg
pdbm oimbmai`rg. Bumqu`bpbrtbjg
dg ai`rtg j` um `d`e`mtg
`s qu` ebygr j`mtrg
`m gtrbs gabsigm`s j`
pu`j`
ogrebr pbrt` tbeniém j`d pdbm j` m`fgaigs. Dg qu` mg s` pu`j` jujbr `s qu` um nu`m
pr`supu`stg j` v`mtbs pu`j` byujbr b db `epr`sb b agms`fuir sus gnh`tivgs y dgfrbr
n`m`oiaigs.
Abrbat`råstiabs j` um pr`supu`stg j` v`mtbs8
  @st` pr`supu`stg j`n` imaduir umb r`dbaiñm j` tgjgs dgs prgjuatgs g s`rviaigs qu`
age`raibdizb db `epr`sb.
  Dbs v`mtbs pr`vistbs j`n`m `stbr vbdubjbs `m abmtijbj (møe`rg j` umijbj`s y vbdgr
`agmñeiag)
  @d pr`supu`stg j` v`mtbs j`n` imaduir um prgmñstiag j` v`mtbs j`d s`atgr y j` db
`epr`sb.
Sbrb `dbngrbr um pr`supu`stg j` v`mtbs dg eâs bhustbjg b db r`bdijbj `s iepgrtbmt` agmga`r db
pbrtiaipbaiñm j` db `epr`sb `m `d e`rabjg. Sbrb `dbngrbrdg, s` m`a`sitb ti`epg, `sou`rzg y um
bepdig agmgaiei`mtg j`d e`rabjg.

>6
 

@d pr`supu`stg j` agnrgs (g
agnrgs (g pr`visiñm j` agnrgs) ogreb pbrt` j` um jgaue`mtg ebygr8 `d
pr`supu`stg j` t`sgr`råb, agm `d qu` pgj`egs sbn`r `d jim`rg j`d qu` jispgm` (y s` pr`vé
qu` jispgmjrâ) db `epr`sb.
Sgr agnrg s` `mti`mj` db `mtrbjb j` jim`rg dåquijg `m db `epr`sb y qu` pu`j`m t`m`r jio`r`mt`s
gråf`m`s8 pu`j`m s`r v`mtbs g s` pu`j` imfr`sbr jim`rg pgr gtrbs våbs, ageg pgr `h`epdg
trbmso`r`maibs g bpgrtbaigm`s j` abpitbd.
 B db kgrb j` `dbngrbr `d pr`supu`stg j` agnrgs `s m`a`sb
m`a`sbrig
rig t`m`r `m au`mtb db pgdåtiab j`
agnrgs j` dbs `epr`sbs b dbs qu` kba`egs db v`mtb. Bdfumbs `epr`sbs, pbfbm bd ege`mtg
ei`mtrbs gtrbs dg kba`m b 13, ?3 g imadusg 93 jåbs. @stgs pdbzgs j`n`m qu`jbr r`od`hbjgs `m `d
pr`supu`stg j` agnrgs.
Sbrb `st` tipg j` pr`supu`stg, y sgnr` tgjg pgrqu` j`spués t`mjrâ r`od`hg `m `d pr`supu`stg j`
t`sgr`råb, `s iepgrtbmt` t`m`r `m au`mtb `d iepgrt` qu` r`abujb `m agma`ptg j` I_B qu`
j`spués s` j`n`râ diquijbr b Kbai`mjb (f`m`rbde`mt` s` kba` j` ogreb trie`strbd).

Agmsij`rbaigm`s b db kgrb j` kba`r um pr`supu`stg j` agnrgs.

  @s m`a`sbrig umioiabr arit`rigs. Sgr `ddg, `s iepgrtbmt` qu` tgjg `d eumjg utidia` dgs
eisegs arit`rigs b db kgrb j` `dbngrbr `d bpbrtbjg j` agnrgs.
  @s iepgrtbmt` t`m`r `m au`mtb db o`akb `m db qu` r`bde`mt` s` vb b pgj`r jispgm`r j`d
jim`rg p`mji`mt` j` agnrbr pbrb pgj`r kba`r or`mt` b dgs fbstgs y pbfgs qu` ti`m` db
`epr`sb.

>;
 

@d pr`supu`stg j` fbstgs 
fbstgs  ogreb pbrt` j` um jgaue`mtg ebygr, `d pr`supu`stg j`
t`sgr`råb, agm `d qu` pgj`egs sbn`r `d jim`rg qu` db `epr`sb kb imv`rtijg g fbstbjg.
Sgr pbfg s` `mti`mj` db sbdijb j` jim`rg dåquijg `m db `epr`sb y qu` pu`j`m t`m`r jio`r`mt`s
j`stimgs8 pu`j`m s`r pbfgs b prgv``jgr`s, dia`maibs, ebt`ribd, sbdbrigs.
 B db kgrb j` `dbngrbr `d pr`supu`stg j` pbfg
pbfgss `s m`a`sb
m`a`sbrig
rig t`m`r `m au`mtb db pgdåtiab j` pb
pbfgs
fgs
j` mu`strb `epr`sb, yb qu` bdfumbs `epr`sbs pbfbm bd ege`mtg ei`mtrbs gtrbs dg kba`m b 13,
?3 g imadusg 93 jåbs. @stgs pdbzgs j`n`m qu`jbr r`od`hbjgs `m `d pr`supu`stg j` pbfgs.
Agmsij`rbaigm`s b db kgrb j` kba`r um pr`supu`stg j` pbfgs.
  @s m`a`sbrig umioiabr arit`rigs. Sgr `ddg, `s iepgrtbmt` qu` tgjg `d eumjg utidia` dgs
eisegs arit`rigs b db kgrb j` `dbngrbr `d bpbrtbjg j` pbfgs.
  @s iepgrtbmt` t`m`r `m au`mtb db o`akb `m db qu` r`bde`mt` s` vb b pgj`r jispgm`r j`d
jim`rg pbrb pgj`r kba`r or`mt` b dgs fbstgs y pbfgs qu` ti`m` db `epr`sb.
  Qi qui`r`s v`r añeg `s um pr`supu`stg j` pbfgs (g um pr`supu`stg j` t`sgr`råb), b
agmtimubaiñm pgjrâs agmsudtbr um egj`dg qu` pgjrâs j`sabrfbr y p`rsgmbdizbr s`føm dbs
m`a`sijbj`s j` tu m`fgaig, g pu`j`s agmsudtbr tbeniém gtrgs pr`supu`stgs pbrb
`epr`sbs.

@d pr`supu`stg g pr`visiñm j` fbstgs j`n` imaduir dgs pbfgs grjimbrigs eâs or`au`mt`s y qu`
sgm8
  Sbfg j` ageprbs j` prgv``jgr`s.
  Sbfg j` su`djgs y sbdbrigs y agtizbaigm`s b db Q`furijbj Qgaibd.
  Sbfgs j` sueimistrgs.
  Sundiaijbj, ebrl`timf y prgegaiñm.
  Diquijbaigm`s j`d I_B agm Kbai`mjb.

>9
 

@d pr`supu`stg j` `o`ativg j`n` `dbngrbrs` tgebmjg `m agmsij`rbaiñm g ageg rbmfg um

p`rigjg j` ti`epg j`t`reimbjg, `s j`air, pgj`egs kbndbr j` p pr`supu`stgs
r`supu`stgs j` `o`ativg
e`msubd`s, trie`strbd`s g imadusg bmubd`s.
Gnh`tivgs j`d pr`supu`stg `o`ativg8
  J`t`reimbr db pgsiaiñm j` db ab
 abhb
hb j` umb `epr`sb bd oimbd j` abjb p`
p`rigjg.
rigjg.
  Ij`mtioiabr si vb b kbn`r `xa`j`mt`s g jéoiaits j` `o`ativg `m bdføm ege`mtg y tgebr


e`jijbs agrr`atgrbs.
  @stbnd`a`r si `xist`m m`a`sijbj`s j` `
 `o`ativg,
o`ativg, y pgr dg tbmtg j` oimbmaib
oimbmaibaiñm
aiñm `m bdføm
ege`mtg j`d p`rigjg qu` bnbrqu` `d pr`supu`stg.
  Aggrjimbr `d `o`ativg qu` ebm`hb umb `epr`sb agm gtrgs bsp`atgs oimbmai`rgs j` db


eiseb, ageg pgr `h`epdg, dgs fbstgs g dbs imv`rsigm`s qu` s` qui`rbm r`bdizbr.
  Oimbde`mt`, `d pr`supu`stg j` oduhg j` `o`ativg ti`m` ageg gnh`tivg `stbnd`a`r umb nbs`


13
 

Pm pr`supu`stg gp`rbtivg `s um jgaue`mtg qu` r`agf`, `m téreimgs `agmñeiags, db

pr`visiñm j` db bativijbj prgjuativb j` db `epr`sb `m um outurg. Qu`d` imaduirs` ageg pbrt`
j`d pr`supu`stg `agmñeiag.
@m db frbm ebygråb j` dbs `epr`sbs, db obs` j`d pr`supu`stg agei`mzb agm db `xtrbpgdbaiñm j`d
pr`supu`stg j` v`mtbs g j` agnrgs j` `h`raiaigs bmt`rigr`s, bmbdizbmjg `d e`rabjg, tbmtg db
j`ebmjb ageg db go`rtb, db t`mj`maib j` db `agmgeåb. Zbeniém kby qu` t`m`r `m au`mtb `d
pr`supu`stg j` fbstgs j` `h`raiaigs bmt`rigr`s y v`r `m qué e`jijb s` pu`j`m r`juair `m um
outurg.
Pmb nu`mb pr`visiñm b trbvés j` um pr`supu`stg gp`rbtivg `s vitbd pgrqu`8
  J` éd j`p`mj`m `d r`stg j` pr`supu`stgs j` db `epr`sb.


  Imt`rvi`m`m umb frbm abmtijbj j` vbribnd`s `xñf`mbs, mg agmtrgdbnd`s pgr db `epr`sb.



Sbrb db `dbngrbaiñm j` um pr`supu`stg gp`rbtivg g j` pr`visiñm, kby qu` t`m`r `m au`mtb8

  @d pr`supu`stg j` ebt`ribs priebs (EESS)8 s` r`oi`r` ømiabe`mt` b dgs ebt`ribd`s


adbsioiabjgs ageg jir`atgs< dgs ebt`ribd`s imjir`atgs s` agmsij`rbm `m `d pr`supu`stg j`

fbstgs imjir`atgs j` obnriabaiñm.
  @d pr`supu`stg j` ebmg j` gnrb jir`atb (EGJ)8 r`pr`s`mtb `d s`fumjg r`fdñm j`d agstg


j` prgjuaaiñm, `d aubd eu`strb dbs `stiebaigm`s k`akbs agm r`sp`atg bd `sou`rzg

kuebmg m`a`sbrig pbrb r`bdizbr db ebmuobaturb j` dgs prgjuatgs< `m oumaiñm j` dbs
p`rsgmbs, bså ageg j` sus su`djgs, sbdbrigs y r`trinuaigm`s.
  @d pr`supu`stg j` fbstgs f`m`rbd`s j` obnriabaiñm (FFO)8 @st` pr`supu`stg usubde`mt`


imaduy` `d agstg tgtbd `stiebjg pbrb abt`fgråb j` dgs fbstgs imjir`atgs j` obnriabaiñm.

12
 

@dbngrb um jibfrbeb pbrb adbsioiabr dgs tipgs j` pr`supu`stgs y su r`dbaiñm. @stb bativijbj s`râ
`vbdubjb agm umb distb j` agt`hg.

^`bdizb um jgaue`mtg `m um prga`sbjgr j` t`xtg dgs pr`supu`stgs m`a`sbrigs j` bau`rjg b

dgs s`rviaigs y oumaigm`s j` tu `epr`sb `quipg j` 0 bduemgs. Q`râ `vbdubjg agm umb ebtriz j`
vbdgrbaiñm.
QGSG^Z@ ZÉAMIAG S^@Q@MAIBD 
Pm K`dp J`sl `s umb pbrt` j` sgpgrt` téamiag `stbnd`aijg pgr umb
grfbmizbaiñm pbrb ebmt`m`r gp`rbmjg sus SAºs `m umb ogreb `oiai`mt`,
f`m`rbde`mt` s` gp`rb pgr um frupg j` téamiags qu` `stâm abpbaitbjgs
pbrb brr`fdbr tgjg tipg j` SAs y bpdiabaigm`s j` sgotwbr` qu` usb abjb
grfbmizbaiñm.
@d K`dp J`sl `s pbrt` j`d j`pbrtbe`mtg j` imogreâtiab (ZI), su oumaiñm
priegrjibd `s prgpgraigmbr sgpgrt` r`bativg y prgbativg tbmtg pbrb SAs ageg
pbrb `d usubrig oimbd.
 B trbvés j`d sgpgrt` r`bativg r`su`dv` prgnd`ebs qu` `d usubrig r`pgrtb, tbd`s ageg ebd
oumaigmbei`mtg j`d SA, virus, `mtr` gtrgs. Sgr e`jig j`d sgpgrt` prgbativg, éd trbnbhb `ms`òbmjg
bd usubrig b r`bdizbr tbr`bs qu` d`s byujbrbm b `vitbr jioiaudtbj`s ageum`s r`dbaigmbjgs agm dbs
SAs.
 · A ñeg trbnbhb
trbnbhb um K`dp J`s l 7
@d K`dp J`sl `s agmsij`rbjg `d sgpgrt` téamiag j` prie`r miv`d y s` d`
agmga` j` `sb ogreb, sgpgrt` j` miv`d 2. Dgs téamiags j` `st` miv`d
su`d`m t`m`r agmgaiei`mtgs bepdigs (mg m`a`sbribe`mt` prgoumjgs) j`
dgs tipgs j` prgnd`ebs qu` s` d` pu`j`m pr`s`mtbr bd usubrig oimbd.
Dgs jio`r`mt`s miv`d`s s` `sp`aibdizbm `m um âr`b `sp`aåoiab j` sgpgrt`,
pgr `h`epdg, `d miv`d > jb sgpgrt` `sp`aibde`mt` b r`j`s, `stgs téamiags,
bumqu` sgm pbrt` j`d K`dp J`sl, mg s` agmsij`rbm ageg tbd.
@d K`dp J`sl ebm`hb sus tbr`bs usbmjg um sist`eb j` sgdiaituj pgr
nitâagrbs. Aubmjg `d usubrig oimbd ti`m` bdføm prgnd`eb téamiag agm su SA, dd`mb umb sgdiaituj,
yb s`b pgr t`déogmg g `m dåm`b. @stb s` pu`j`m abtbdgfbr pgr j`pbrtbe`mtg `m `d aubd dbngrb `d
usubrig oimbd g pgr `d tipg j` prgnd`eb qu` s` d` pr`s`mtñ (Kbrjwbr` g Qgotwbr`).
Dgs téamiags j`d K`dp J`sl tbeniém dd`vbm b abng dbs r`visigm`s j`
imv`mtbrigs y jiv`rsbs rutimbs j` ebmt`miei`mtg y batubdizbaiñm j`
dbs SAs y r`j`s j`mtrg j` db grfbmizbaiñm. Gtrb imogrebaiñm
iepgrtbmt` `s db r`agd`aaiñm j` jbtgs j` jiv`rsbs p`tiaigm`s qu`
kba`m dgs usubrigs oimbd`s, tgjbs `ddbs s` r`fistrbm `m umb nbs` j`
jbtgs.

1>
 

@d oduhg tåpiag j` umb sgdiaituj, `s `d sifui`mt`8

sifui`mt`8 

•@d K`dp J`sl r`ain` db sgdiaituj

2

•Pm téamiag j` miv`d 2 bauj` bd dufbr pbrb j`t`reimbr db abusb j`d prgnd`eb kbai`mjg umb
> s`ri` j` pr`fumtbs

•^`su`dv` `d prgnd`eb imstruy`mjg bd usubrig oimbd jir`atbe`mt`.

1

•Q` ai`rrb db sgdiaituj si `d prgnd`eb qu`jb r`su`dtg

:

•Qi `d prgnd`eb mg s` pu`j` r`sgdv`r, s` `mvåb b um téamiag b db `stbaiñm j` trbnbhg pbrb

0 sgduaigmbrdg

•Qi `d prgnd`eb p`rsist` s` `mvåb bd sifui`mt` miv`d j` sgpgrt`

?

·Añeg s` eij` `d éxitg j`d K`dp J`sl7

@d éxitg j`d K`dp J`sl s` `vbdøb tgebmjg `m au`mtb dg sifui`mt`8
  @d pgra`mtbh` j` sgdiaituj`s a`rrbjbs `xitgsbe`mt`.
  @d pgra`mtbh` j` sgdiaituj`s pbsbjbs bd sifui`mt` miv`d j`
sgpgrt`.
  @d ti`epg qu` s` tgeb pbrb r`spgmj`r b umb sgdiaituj pgr
usubrig y a`rrbrdb.
  Db sbtisobaaiñm j`d usubrig oimbd agm db agrt`såb, pbai`maib y byujb j` dgs téamiags.
Oumaigm`s j` dgs ei`enrgs j`d `quipg j`d K`dp J`sl.
Dbs oumaigm`s j`d `quipg j`d K`dp J`sl, `stâm j`t`reimbjbs pgr `d frbjg j` agepd`hijbj j` dbs
tbr`bs y âr`bs `sp`aåoiabs j` sgpgrt`. @stbs j`n`m s`r bt`mjijbs pgr umb p`rsgmb agm
agep`t`maibs `sp`aåoiabs.

Zéamiag y sus oumaigm`s.

oumaigm`s.
Abjb ei`enrg j`d K`dp J`sl j` db `sau`db `s agmsij`rbjg um téamiag. Dgs ei`enrgs j`d
`quipg pu`j`m t`m`r gtrgs pu`stgs ageg8 bmbdistb j` jbtgs, bjeimistrbjgr g dåj`r.
@mtr` dbs oumaigm`s eâs iepgrtbmt`s j` dgs téamiags `magmtrbegs dbs sifui`mt`s8
  Srgpgraigmbr um prge`jig j` 0 kgrbs j` s`rviaig pgr s`ebmb `m `d K`dp J`sl, r`fistrbr
dgs s`rviaigs `m db nbs` j` jbtgs j` ogreb pr`aisb y bprgpibjb.
  ^`spgmj`r b dbs sgdiaituj`s agm dg e`hgr j` sus kbnidijbj`s.
  ^`bdizbr rutimbs j` ebmt`miei`mtg prgfrbebjbs j` ebm`rb p`riñjiab.
  Zrbnbhbr age
ageg g bsist`mt` j` dbngrbtgrig.
  Jbr s`fuiei`mtg b dbs sgdiaituj`s kbstb qu` s` ai`rrbm.
  Sbrtiaipbr `m dbs r`umigm`s prgfrbebjbs y `m tgjbs dbs s`sigm`s j` abpbaitbaiñm qu` s`
r`qui`rbm.
  Srgpgraigmbr um s`rviaig j` abdijbj bd adi`mt`.

11
 

Oimbde`mt`, abn` j`stbabr qu` `m dbs `sau`dbs g imstituaigm`s, bså ageg `epr`sbs y
grfbmizbaigm`s dgs téamiags s` `sp`aibdizbm `m um âr`b `sp`aåoiab ageg sgpgrt` j` Kbrjwbr` g
sgpgrt` j` Qgotwbr`.
Oumaiñm j` dgs dåj`r`s.
Db oumaiñm fdgnbd y r`spgmsbnidijbj f`m`rbd j`d dåj`r, `s pgm`r `m
 hu`fg kbnidijbj`s grfbmizbtivbs,
grfbmizbtivbs, j` ageumiabaiñm y j` dij`rbzfg qu`
p`reitbm gp`rbr j` ebm`rb ñptieb.
Dbs r`spgmsbnidijbj`s `sp`aåoiabs sgm8
  Aggrjimbr `d prgfrbeb s`ebmbd pbrb bs`furbr umb agn`rturb
eâxieb j` K`dp J`sl.
  Qup`rvisbr db r`spu`stb `m ti`epg y ogreb b dbs sgdiaituj`s pgr
ngd`tb.
  Bs`furbr qu` s` `h`aut`m dbs tbr`bs j` ebmt`miei`mt
 ebmt`miei`mtg g j` rutimb.
  Nrimjbr bsist`maib `m db aggrjimbaiñ
aggrjimbaiñmm j` dgs prgy`atgs `sp`aibd`s.
  Bs`furbr qu` dgs téamiags r`fistr`m bprgpibjbe`mt` dgs jbtgs prgpgraigmbjgs `m abjb
umb j` dbs sgdiaituj`s.
   Srgpiaibr umb ageumiabaiñm bs`rtivb `mtr` ddgs
gs ei`enrgs j`d `quipg.
   Ebmt`m`r imogrebjg p`riñjiabe`mt` b dgs ei`enrgs j`d `quipg j` sgpgrt`.
   Qup`rvisbr `d grj`m y auijbjg j`d âr`b j` ttrbnbhg,
rbnbhg, j` dbs k`rrbei`mtbs y j` dgs
`spbaigs pbrb `d j`sbrrgddg j`d eiseg.
Abn` j`stbabr qu` `d `quipg j` K`dp J`sl j`t`reimb `d møe`rg j` dåj`r`s j` `quipg qu` s`
m`a`sitbm y ageg s` j`n`m jivijir dbs oumaigm`s j` `stgs.
Oumaiñm j`d bmbdistb j` jbtgs.
@d bmbdistb j` jbtgs ebm`hb db imogrebaiñm r`dbaigmbjb agm `d K`dp J`sl. @s `d r`spgmsbnd` j`
bs`furbr qu` dgs jbtgs s` r`agd`at`m y s` us`m j` ebm`rb `o`ativb.
 Bj`eâs j`d trbnbhg ageg téamiag, `xist`m r`spgmsbnidijbj`
r`spgmsbnidijbj`ss `sp`aåoiabs y agtijibmbs `mtr` dbs
qu` j`stbabm8
  ^`agpidbr r`pgrt`s j` ebm`rb p`riñjiab.
  Bmbdizbr dgs jbtgs j`d K`dp J`sl b oim j` bpgybr y/g egjioiabr dgs s`rviaigs pbrb
j`t`reimbr dbs m`a`sijbj`s j` abpbaitbaiñm j` dgs ei`enrgs j`d `quipg.
  Egmitgr`br db abdijbj j`d s`rviaig go`rtbjg pgr e`jig j` `mau`stbs bd adi`mt` b oim j`
pdbm`br ` iepd`e`mtbr baaigm`s j` e`hgrb.
E`tbs j`d K`dp J`sl
  Bs`furbr qu` abjb ei`enrg j`d `quipg t`mfb db abpbaijbj j`
r`sgdv`r `xitgsbe`mt` abjb sgdiaituj y prgnd`eb pdbmt`bjg b
trbvés j` dbs ngd`tbs.
  ^`sgdv`r `xitgsbe`mt
`xitgsbe`mt` ` dgs prgnd`ebs j` db SA qu` `stém bd
bdabma` j` su s`rviaigs j`mtrg j` um p`rigjg `sp`aioiag j`
ti`epg (pgr `h`epdg, jgs jåbs).
  J`t`reimbr um ti`epg `sp`aåoiag bd sgpgrt` prgbativg gri`mtbjg bd usubrig oimbd y b db
s`ebmb j` trbnbhg.
  Ar`br y ebmt`m`r um imv`mtbrig j` Kbrjwbr` y Qgotwbr` `m su imstituaiñm.
  Bs`furbr qu` `d sist`eb gp`rbtivg j` abjb SA `st` batubdizbjg agm dgs prgfrbebs eâs
r`ai`mt`s j` s`furijbj y prgt`aaiñm bmtivirus, `m um p`rigjg pr`j`oimijg (pgr `h`epdg `m
umb s`ebmb j`spués j` db din`rbaiñm j` aubdqui`r batubdizbaiñm pgr Eiargsgot
Agrpgrbtigm).

1:
 

J`oimir `d bdabma` j`d K`dp J`sl

Aubmjg s` j`oim` `d bdabma` j`d K`dp J`sl, s` `stâ ij`mtioiabmjg db ebfmituj j`d prgnd`eb qu`
s` bt`mj`râ y añeg y auâmjg s` jbrâ `d sgpgrt`.
@d prie`r pbsg pbrb j`oimir `d bdabma` j` dgs s`rviaigs `s j`t`reimbr j` qué r`aursgs j` sgpgrt`
jispgm`. @stgs pu`j`m imaduir dgs sifui`mt`s8
2. K`dp J`sl u gtrg sgpgrt` j` ageumiabaiñm `xist`mt`.
·Db `sau`db ti`m` um K`dp J`sl prgo`sigmbd g j`pbrtbe`mtg j` ZI7 Qi `s bså, m`a`sitbrâ
j`t`reimbr `d bdabma` j` sus oumaigm`s y s`rviaigs.
>. SAs pbrb `d `quipg j` K`dp J`sl.
  ·Kby SAs jispgmind`s `sp`aåoiabe`mt
 `sp`aåoiabe`mt`
` pbrb qu` dgs ei`enrgs j`d `quipg j` K`dp J`sl
dbs us`m `m su trbnbhg j` sgpgrt`7
  ·Auâmtbs kby y jñmj` `stâm dgabdizbjbs7


  ·@d âr`b `stâ bs`furbjb7



  Qi jispgm` j` SAs, j`n` s`r abpbz j` prgpgraigmbrd`s um sgpgrt` `m ti`epg r`bd b dgs


usubrigs.
1. Dåm`bs t`d`oñmiabs.
  ·Kby umb g eâs dåm`bs t`d`oñmiabs j` dbs qu` pu`j` jispgm`r `d K`dp J`sl jurbmt` dbs



kgrbs j` trbnbhg7
  ·Auâmtbs sgm7
  Db jispgminidi
 jispgminidijbj
jbj j` dåm`bs t`d`oñmiabs pu`j` j`t`reimbr su abpbaijbj pbrb gor`a`r
sgpgrt` `m ti`epg r`bd pgr t`déogmg.
:. Ei`enrgs j`d `quipg.
  ·Auâmtgs ei`enrgs j`d `quipg j` K`dp J`sl `stâm jispgmind`s pbrb trbnbhbr7


  @m prge`jig, ·Auâmtbs kgrbs pgr s`ebmb `stbrâm jispgmind`s7



0. Zipgs j` sgpgrt`.
@m db imjustrib, db ebygråb j` dgs bf`mt`s gor`a` sgpgrt` `m ti`epg r`bd pgr e`jig j`
prgfrbebs j` agmv`rsbaiñm `m dufbr j` ddbebjbs t`d`oñmiabs. @m dbs `sau`dbs y gtrbs
grfbmizbaigm`s, `d sgpgrt` `m ti`epg r`bd mg si`epr` `s pgsind`, j`nijg b db imorb`struaturb. @m
`st` absg, s` gor`a` sgpgrt` bsåmargmg. @d sgpgrt` bsåmargmg s` r`bdizb ti`epg j`spués j` qu`
s` kba` db p`tiaiñm.
ba`ptbnd`s @m bengs
pbrb r`sgdv`r absgs `d `quipg j` K`dp J`sl j`n` j`oimir dgs dåeit`s j` ti`epg
dbs sgdiaituj`s.
Srga`jiei`mtg pbrb nrimjbr um `oiai`mt` sgpgrt` téamiag.
2-.^`pgrt` j` um imaij`mt` qu` j`n` s`r bt`mjijg8 Dgs usubrigs
r`pgrtbm situbaigm`s g oumaigmbei`mtgs bmgrebd`s `m `d `quipg j`
añeputg.  
añeputg.
>-.^`fistrg y jgaue`mtbaiñm j`d imaij`mt` r`pgrtbjg8 @d bf`mt` j`
sgpgrt` ij`mtioiab `d tipg j` imaij`mt` y db prigrijbj (bdtb,e`jib,nbhb) qu`
s` j`n` bsifmbr, r`fistrb b db p`rsgmb qu` r`pgrtñ `d imaij`mt` y `d åt`e
imvgduarbjg `m `d imaij`mt`, bj`eâs gnti`m` imstbmtâm`be`mt` umb visiñm
j` tgjb db imogrebaiñm j` db p`rsgmb ·Ruiém `s7 ·Añeg j`n` s`r
bt`mjijb7

10
 

1-.Sr`pbrbaiñm j` db sgduaiñm j`d imaij`mt`8 Pmb v`z qu` `d bf`mt` j` sgpgrt` téamiag
r`fistrb db imogrebaiñm s` bsifmb `d ti`epg eâxieg qu` j`p`mj` j`d miv`d j` s`rviaigs
pbatbjgs, tgebjg `m au`mtb kistgribd j` imaij`mt`s sieidbr`s y `xp`ri`maib.
:-.Srga`sg j` sgduaiñm utidizbmjg k`rrbei`mtbs j` sgotwbr` ageg bpgyg8 Q` r`bdizbm
tbr`bs imt`rmbs pbrb agepd`tbr bativijbj`s m`a`sbribs `m db sgduaiñm, `ms`fuijb s` ageumiab b
db umijbj j`d m`fgaig pgr jio`r`mt`s e`jigs dgs bvbma`s r`bdizbjgs `m db sgduaiñm j`d imaij`mt`.

0-.Ij`mtioiabaiñm y sgduaiñm
db abusb ageøm ageg j` prgnd`ebs8
um prgnd`eb, qu` bd s`rQ`sgduaigmbjb
ij`mtioiabm situbaigm`s r`aurr`mt`s,
sgduaigmb tgjgs s` r`fistrb
dgs imaij`mt`s qu`
ti`m`m `sb abusb ageøm, j` `sb ebm`rb `v `vitb
itb qu` s` pr`s`mt`m imaij`mt`s sieidbr`s y s`
pr`stg.  
e`hgrb `d miv`d j` sbtisobaaiñm j` dgs usubrigs g adi`mt`s j`d sgpgrt` téamiag qu` pr`stg.
?-.Ai`rr` `xitgsg j`d imaij`mt`8 Q` jgaue`mtb j`tbddbjbe`mt` `d ai`rr` j`d s`rviaig pbrb qu`
`mriqu`zab db nbs` j`d agmgaiei`mtg j` db `epr`sb y pu`jb s`r utidizbjb ageg umb sgduaiñm
suf`rijb pbrb um prñxieg s`rviaig.

D`` auijbjgsbe`mt` dgs sifui`mt`s r`bativgs y agdgab db r`spu`stb agrr`atb j`mtrg j`d
pbrémt`sis s`føm agrr`spgmjb.
2.- ( ) @st` pbsg j`d prga`jiei`mt
prga`jiei`mtgg j` sgpgrt` téamiag s` ij`mtioiabm situbaigm`s r`aurr`mt`s,
s` r`fistrb db abusb ageøm ageg um prgnd`eb, qu` bd s`r sgduaigmbjb sgduaigmb tgjgs dgs
imaij`mt`s qu` ti`m`m `sb abusb `m ageøm.
b) Ai`rr` `xitgsg j`d n) ^`fistrg y a) Ij`mtioiabaiñm y j) ^`pgrt` j`d
imaij`mt` jgaue`mtbaiñm j`d sgduaiñm j` imaij`mt` qu` j`n`
imaij`mt` r`pgrtbjg prgnd`ebs s`r bt`mjijg
>.- ( ) @m `st` pbsg j`d sgpgrt` téamiag `d bf`mt` j` sgpgrt` téamiag bsifmb `d ti`epg
eâxieg qu` j`p`mj` j`d miv`d j` s`rviaigs pbatbjgs, tgebjg `m au`mtb kistgribd j` imaij`mt`s
sieidbr`s y `xp`ri`maib.
b) Sr`pbrbaiñm j` db n) ^`fistrg y a) Ij`mtioiabaiñm y j) ^`pgrt` j`d
sgduaiñm j`d imaij`mt` Jgaue`mtbaiñm j`d sgduaiñm j` imaij`mt` qu` j`n`
imaij`mt` r`pgrtbjg prgnd`ebs s`r bt`mjijg
1.- ( ) Ai`rr` `xitgsg j`d imaij`mt`8 Q` jgaue`mtb j`tbddbjbe`mt` `d ai`rr
ai`rr`` j`d s`rviaig pbrb
qu` `mriqu`zab db nbs` j`d agmgaiei`mtg j` db `epr`sb y pu`jb s`r utidizbjb ageg umb
sgduaiñm suf`rijb pbrb um prñxieg s`rviaig.
b) Sr`pbrbaiñm j` db n) Ai`rr` `xitgsg j`d a) Ij`mtioiabaiñm y j) ^`pgrt` j`d
sgduaiñm j`d imaij`mt` imaij`mt` sgduaiñm j` imaij`mt` qu` j`n`
prgnd`ebs s`r bt`mjijg
:.- ( ) Q` r`bdizbm tbr`bs imt`rmbs e`jibmt` sgotwbr` pbrb agepd`tbr bativijbj`s m`a`sbribs `m
db sgduaiñm, `ms`fuijb s` ageumiab b db umijbj j`d m`fgaig pgr jio`r`mt`s e`jigs dgs bvbma`s
r`bdizbjgs `m db sgduaiñm j`d imaij`mt`.
b) Sr`pbrbaiñm j` db n) ^`fistrg y a) Ij`mtioiabaiñm y j) Srga`sg j`
sgduaiñm j`d imaij`mt` jgaue`mtbaiñm j`d sgduaiñm j` sgduaiñm utidizbmjg
imaij`mt` r`pgrtbjg prgnd`ebs k`rrbei`mtbs j`
sgotwbr`

1?
 

0.- ( ) @d bf`mt` j` sgpgrt` ij`mtioia

ij`mtioiabb `d tipg j` imaij`mt` y db prigrijbj (bdtb, e`jib, nbhb) qu`
s` j`n` bsifmbr, r`fistrb b db p`rsgmb qu` r`pgrtg `d imaij`mt` y `d åt`e imvgduarbjg `m `d
imaij`mt`, bj`eâs gnti`m` imstbmtâm`be`mt` umb visiñm j` tgjb db imogrebaiñm j` db p`rsgmb
·Ruiém `s7 ·Añeg j`n` s`r bt`mjijb7
b) Sr`pbrbaiñm j` db n) ^`fistrg y j) Srga`sg j`
a) Ij`mtioiabaiñm y
sgduaiñm j`d imaij`mt` jgaue`mtbaiñm j`d sgduaiñm j` sgduaiñm utidizbmjg
imaij`mt` r`pgrtbjg prgnd`ebs k`rrbei`mtbs j`
sgotwbr`
?.- ( ) ^`pgrt` j` um imaij`mt` qu` j`n` s`r bt`mjijg, imjiab qu` dgs usubrigs r`pgrtbm
situbaigm`s g oumaigmbei`mtgs bmgrebd`s `m `d `quipg j` añeputg.
b) Sr`pbrbaiñm j` db n) ^`fistrg y a) Ij`mtioiabaiñm y j) ^`pgrt` j`d
sgduaiñm j`d imaij`mt` jgaue`mtbaiñm j`d sgduaiñm j` imaij`mt` qu` j`n`
imaij`mt` r`pgrtbjg prgnd`ebs s`r bt`mjijg

Srga`jiei`mtg y jibfrbebs j` oduhg pbrb nrimjbr sgpgrt` téamiag

Srga`jiei`mtg pbrb nrimjbr ebmt`miei`mtg pr`v`mtivg bd sgotwbr`

2. @d adi
adi`mt`
`mt` sgdiaitb `d s`
s`rviaig
rviaig b
bdd téam
téamiag
iag
>. @d téamiag j`n` d`vbmtbr um r`pgrt` j`d s`rviaig qu` vb b r`bdizbr
1. Bmgtbr db o`akb y kgrb `m qu` vb b r`bdizbr `d ebmt`miei`mtg agm `d adi`mt`
:. @d téamiag j`n` dd`vbr db k`rrbei`mtb m`a`sbrib pbrb `d s`rviaig
0. @d téamiag j`n` v`rioiabr `d `quipg, primaipbde`mt` `d `ma`mjijg agrr`atg (si `stg mg `s bså,
imogrebr bd adi`mt` y `sp`rbr boirebaiñm pbrb prga`j`r bd ebmt`miei`mtg agrr`ativg)
?. Qi `d `quipg mg pr`s`mtb agmodiatgs `m `d `ma`mjijg, prga`j`r b r`bdizbr `d ebmt`miei`mtg
pr`v`mtivg
6. J`sorbfe`mtbr `d j`d jisag jurg
;. Q` r`bdizb um bmâdisis j` bmtivirus
9.
23. Q`
Q`r`bdizb
r`bdizbdbdb`dieimbaiñm j``spbaig
din`rbaiñm j` brakivgsj`d
t`epgrbd`s(agm
jisag jurg bprgnbaiñm j`d adi`mt`)
22. @d téamiag r`bdizb db ageprgnbaiñm j`d jisag jurg
2>. Z`reimbjg `d ebmt`miei`mtg, v`rioiabr `d nu`m oumaigmbei`mtg j`d `quipg
21. @d téamiag `mtr`fbrb `d `quipg bd adi`mt` `m p`ro`atg `stbjg
2:. Bd oimbdizbr `d téamiag a`rrbrb `d r`pgrt` y dg brakivbrb pbrb usgs outurgs.

16
 

Jibfrbeb j` oduhg pbrb nrimjbr ebmt`miei`mtg pr`v`mtivg bd sgotwbr` 

1;
 

 B agmtimubaiñm s` pr`s`mtbm
pr`s`mtbm bdfumgs prga`jiei`
prga`jiei`mtgs
mtgs pbrb nrimjbr sgpgrt` téam
téamiag,
iag, ogrebjgs `m
`quipgs j` aubtrg imt`frbmt`s y agm bpgyg j` tu prgo`sgr `dbngrb `m kghbs ndbmabs `d jibfrbeb
prga`jiei`mtg.
j` oduhg j` abjb prga`jiei`mtg.
Ebmt`miei`mtg agrr`ativg bd Qgotwbr`
2. @m prie`r dufbr s` j`t`atb `d pgsind` prgnd`eb
qu` ti`m` `d `quipg j`d adi`mt`
>. Db obddb s` r`pgrtb bd téamiag
1. @d `quipg s` `mtr`fb bd téamiag pbrb r`pgrtbr db
obddb
:. @d téamiag v`rioiab si `stb d`mtb db SA, si dg `stâ
kba` um bmâdisis j` bmtivirus, si agmti`m` virus
ngrrb dgs brakivgs t`epgrbd`s y prgfrbebs nbsurb,
si bøm sifu` d`mtb s` agepru`nb y j`sorbfe`mtb
`d jisag, bd ifubd s` din`rb `spbaig `m `d jisag.
0. Qi `d `quipg mg `stâ d`mtg, `d téamiag v`rioiab y/g
agrrif` `d prgnd`eb j` r`j
?. Qi `d `quipg m`a`sitb bativbr `d sgotwbr`, agm `d `quipg m`a`sbrig `d téamiag `dbngrb `d
trbnbhg
6. Q` r`visb si `d `quipg yb `s nggt`bnd`, si mg dg `s `d téamiag imogreb bd adi`mt` pbrb
ogrebt`br `d `quipg r`spbdjbmjg su imogrebaiñm y tgjg dg m`a`sbrig
;. Z`mi`mjg `d `quipg `m nu`mbs agmjiaigm`s s` d` `mtr`fb bd adi`mt`
9. @d téamiag ai`rrb `d r`pgrt`

Ebmt`miei`mtg pr`v`mtivg pbrb Kbrjwbr`

2. @d téamiag d`vbmtb um r`pgrt` sgnr` db ddbebjb j`d
adi`mt`
>. Sr`pbrb dbs k`rrbei`mtbs m`a`sbribs pbpbrb
rb r`bdizbr
`d trbnbhg
1. Bauj` b db aitb agm `d adi`mt` `m db o`akb y kgrb
`stipudbjb
:. Bd dd`fbr
kba` ak`abr
j`t`atbr db si `d `quipg
obddb `mai`mj`, si dg kba` agmtimubr agm `d ebmt`miei`mtg si mg dg
y agrr`firdb
0. J`sagm`atbr tgjgs dgs jispgsitivgs j` pgt`maib y ageumiabaiñm pbrb `vitbr baaij`mt`s,
ageg j`sabrfbs g agrtgs airauitgs
?. ^`tirbr tgjgs dgs tgrmiddgs qu` agmti`m` db tbpb j`d fbnim`t` y quitbrdb
6. Agdgabrs` db puds`rb bmti`stâtiab pbrb `vitbr jbòbr bdfumg j` dgs agepgm`mt`s
;. ^`tirbr abjb umb j` dbs tbrh`tbs, ageg db j` vij`g, sgmijg, bujig, `ta.
9. ^`tirbr tgjgs dgs nus`s j` jbtgs y abnd`s j` bdie`mtbaiñm pbrb umb e`hgr diepi`zb
23. Qi `s m`a`sbrig r`tirbr db ASP diepibrdb y bpdiabr sprby diepib agmtbatgs
22. Diepibr dgs agmtbatgs j` tgjbs dbs tbrh`tbs agm um ngrrbjgr j` dâpiz
2>. Ptidizbr bir` ageprieijg pbrb diepibr dbs pbrt`s j` db tbrh`tb ebjr`
21. @ms`fuijb diepibr db ou`mt` j` pgj`r utidizbmjg bir` ageprieijg
2:. Diepibr db umijbj j` jisag od`xind` agm um agtgm`t` kue`j`aijg agm bdagkgd isgprgpidiag
20. Sbrb diepibr db umijbj j` J_J utidizbr um jisag diepibjgr
2?. bj`aubjb
@ms`fuijb j`sbre
j`sbrebr
br `d tt`adbjg
`adbjg auijbjgsb
auijbjgsbe`mt`
e`mt` y diepibr
die pibr agm um pbòg y `s
`spueb
pueb

19
 

26. Bd ifubd qu` db umijbj j` jisag od`xind`, j`sbrebr `d egus` y diepibr agm um agtgm`t`
kue`j`aijg agm bdagkgd isgprgpidiag
2;. Agm`atbr tgjgs dgs abnd`s imt`rmgs y v`rioiabr qu` qu`j`m pu`stgs agrr`atbe`mt`
29. Brebr `d `quipg mu`vbe`mt` agdgabmjg db tbpb j`d fbnim`t` y sus r`sp`ativgs tgrmiddgs y
agdgabr tgjbs dbs agm`xigm`s `xt`rmbs bd ifubd qu` `d t`adbjg, egus`, `ta., pr`vibe`mt`
brebjgs
>3. @ma`mj`r `d `quipg y a`raigrbrs` j` su oumaigmbei`mtg, si `d `quipg obddb agrr`fir dbs

>2. pi`zbs ebd`dimstbdbjbs

Agmtimubr y r`imiaibrdg,
ebmt`miei`mtg si mg`dagmtimubr
diepibmjg egmitgr yagm `d prga`sg
`d t`adbjg diepibmjg `xt`rmbe`mt`
>>. Pmb v`z t`reimbjg ddbebr bd adi`mt` y `mtr`fbrd` `d `quipg
>1. Sbrb oimbdizbr a`rrbr `d r`pgrt`, qu` s` kbnåb d`vbmtbjg bd imiaig

 B agmtimubai
agmtimubaiñm
ñm s` pr`s`mtb `d jibfrbeb j` oduhg pbrb nrimjbr ebmt`miei
ebmt`miei`mtg
`mtg agrr`ativg bd
kbrjwbr`, ogrebjgs `m `quipgs j` aubtrg imt`frbmt`s y agm bpgyg j` tu prgo`sgr `dbngrb `m
prga`jiei`mtg.
kghbs ndbmabs `d prga`jiei`mtg.
I. Ebmt`miei`mtg agrr`ativg bd Kbrjwbr`

:3
 

 B agmtimubaiñ
agmtimubaiñmm s` pr`s`mtb `d absg j` um adi`mt` qu` ddbeb bd j`pbrtbe`m
j`pbrtbe`mtg
tg j`
sgpgrt` téamiag qu` ebmioi`stb db sifui`mt` prgnd`eâtiab8
—Db Sa s` r`imiaib y bpbfb butgeâtiabe`mt`―  
@m `quipgs j` aubtrg imt`frbmt`s, `dbngrb `d prga`jiei`mtg y `d jibfrbeb j` oduhg
pbrb jbrd` sgduaiñm b `stb obddb, `mtréfbdg b tu prgo`sgr agm dgs mgenr`s j` dgs
imt`frbmt`s. @stb bativijbj s`râ `vbdubjb agm umb rønriab.

agrr`spgmjb  
Agepd`tb db sifui`mt` tbndb agm `d tipg j` sgpgrt` s`føm agrr`spgmjb 

Nbmag j` ^`spu`stbs8 Agm`xiñm `m ^`j, Psubrig, Qist`eb Gp`rbtivg, Kbrjwbr` y Qgotwbr` 

Qgotwbr` 
J`saripaiñm Zipg j` Qgpgrt`
2. @st` sgpgrt` n`m`oiaib `d j`s`ep`òg
`d j`s`ep`òg j`d eiseg, dg aubd b su v`z,
pu`j` e`hgrbr db `oiai`maib j` gtrbs bpdiabaigm`s.
>. Zipg j` sgpgrt` r`dbaigmbjg agm dgs prgnd`ebs qu` surf`m aubmjg
dgs usubrigs trbtbm j` agm`atbrs` b r`aursgs qu` mg `stâm `m db
SA prgpib.
1. @st` tipg j` sgpgrt` bnbrab jgs abt`fgråbs8 Srgnd`ebs e`aâmiags
y Srgnd`ebs j` kbrjwbr`.
:. Abt`fgråb j` sgpgrt` r`dbaigmbjb agm prgnd`ebs j`d sgotwbr` j`
bpdiabaiñm qu` kbybm imstbdbjg `m db SA.
0. Abt`fgråb j` sgpgrt` qu` bti`mj` dgs prgnd`ebs qu` s` grifimbm
aubmjg `d usubrig `stâ kbai`mjg um 
imagrr`atb. um prga`jiei`mt
prga`jiei`mtg
g j` ogreb

:2
 

Psb `d bjeimistr
bjeimistrbjgr
bjgr j` jispgsitivgs pbrb bnrir `d aubjrg j` jiâdgfg prgpi`jbj`s pbrb dgs
sifui`mt`s jispgsitivgs. @sarinb dbs gpaigm`s j` agmoifurbaiñm `m `d `spbaig.

Nusabr gpaigm`s j` agmoifurbaiñm.

2. Pmijbj(`s) j` jisag8 kbfb adia `m db p`stbòb pgdåtiabs.

·Rué s` pu`j` agmoifurbr bkå7
.
.
>. Pmijbj(`s) j` jisag8 kbz adia `m db p`stbòb vgdøe`m`s, adia `m pgndbr y adia `m prgpi`jbj`s.
@sarinb dgs mgenr`s j` dbs p`stbòbs jispgmind`s pbrb db agmoifurbaiñm.

1. Pmijbj`s j` J_J/AJ-^GE
J_J/AJ-^GE ·Rué p`stbòbs y gpaigm`s j` agmoifurbaiñm kby jispgmind`s7

:. Agm`xiñm `m r`j (nbhg bjbptbjgr`s j` r`j) ·Rué p`stbòbs bpbr`a`m7 ·@m auâd p`stbòb
pu`j` agmoifurbr prgpi`jbj`s7

" Byujb"   j` Vimjgws agmti`m` tgjgs dgs agebmjgs j` db agmsgdb j` r`aup`rbaiñm,

@d brakivg "Byujb"
dgs pbrâe`trgs j` agebmjg ddbebjgs switak`s y db simtbxis pbrb usbrdgs.
@m
pbrb`st` `h`raiaig
r`bdizbr s` d`
db tbr`b j`imvitb b `sarinir
agmsgdb db simtbxisqu`
j` r`aup`rbaiñm qu`j`s``.
s` `mau`mtrb `m `d agebmjg j` su SA

Agepr`mj`r dgs agebmjgs j` db agmsgdb j` r`aup`rbaiñm

r`aup`rbaiñm  

Kbfb adia `m `d ngtñm j` imiaig, imiaig,  adia `m byujb y sgpgrt`, `sarinb

sgpgrt`, `sarinb agmsgdb j`
2 
r`aup`rbaiñm `m
r`aup`rbaiñm  `m `d aubjrg j` nøsqu`jb y j`spués gprieb imtrg. 
imtrg. 
@m `d aubjrg j` dgs r`sudtbjgs j` db nøsqu`jb, kbfb adia `m agebmjgs j` agmsgdb j`
>  r`aup`rbaiñm.. Kbfb adia `m abjb agebmjg 
r`aup`rbaiñm agebmjg  pbrb v`r db imogrebaiñm m`a`sbrib pbrb abjb
umb j` dbs pr`fumtbs sifui`mt`s.
·Auâd `s `d agebmjg pbrb nusabr umb distb j` dgs brakivgs y sunjir`aaigm`s `m db umijbj
1  A87
^ 5 
5 
:  :. ·Auâd `s `d agebmjg pbrb ngrrbr `d brakivg virus.`x`
virus.`x` j`
 j` db abrp`tb ¡1;? `m db umijbj J7

:>
 

^ 5 
5 
·Auâd `s `d agebmjg pbrb bativbr `d s`rviaig ddbebjg agmtrgdbjgr ajrge.sys 
ajrge.sys  qu` s`
`mau`mtrb `m db abrp`tb Vimjgws/syst`e1>jriv`rs
Vimjgws/syst`e1>jriv`rs  `m db umijbj A8 pbrb brrbmabr
0  butgeâtiabe`mt`7
^ 5 
5 
·Auâd `s `d agebmjg pbrb bfr`fbr umb pbrtiaiñm j` 23 FN `m
FN `m su jisag jurg7
?  ^ 5 
5 
·Auâd `s `d agebmjg pbrb bfr`fbr um mu`vg s`atgr j` imiaibaiñm 
imiaibaiñm  b db pbrtiaiñm j` su
6  sist`eb7
^ 5 
5 

 B agmtimubaiñm
agmtimubaiñm s` pr`
pr`s`mtbm
s`mtbm j
j`
` ebm`rb bd`btgrib dgs pbsgs pbrb ar`b
ar`brr y utidizb
utidizbrr dgs pumtgs j
j`
`
r`stburbaiñm. Grj`m` dgs pbsgs qu` obdtbm agrr`atbe`mt` y s`râ ag`vbdubjb `m `d frupg.

Sbrb ar`br um pumtg j` r`stburbaiñm 

r`stburbaiñm 
Mg. Sbsg 
Sbsg  Imjiabaiñm pbrb pumtg j` r`stburbaiñm 
r`stburbaiñm 
Q`d`aaigmbr imiaig/ tgjgs dgs prgfrbebs/ baa`sgrigs/ k`rrbei`mtbs j`d
2
sist`eb/ r`stburbr sist`eb.
@sarinir db j`saripaiñm
db j`saripaiñm j`d pumtg j` r`stburbaiñm.
Q`d`aaigmbr db gpaiñm "ar`br um pumtg j` r`stburbaiñm".
Sr`sigmbr `d ngtñm j` ar`br.

Sbrb utidizbr um pumtg j` r`stburbaiñm ar`bjg pr`vibe`mt`

pr`vibe`mt`  
Mg. Sbsg
Sbsg   Sumtg j` r`stburbaiñm ar`bjg pr`vibe`mt` 
pr`vibe`mt` 
Q`d`aaigmbr imiaig/ tgjgs dgs prgfrbebs/ baa`sgrigs/ k`rrbei`mtbs j`d
2
sist`eb/ r`stburbr sist`eb.
Q`d`aaigmbr db gpaiñm "r`stburbr ei `quipg b um `stbjg bmt`rigr".
Agmoirebr db r`stburbaiñm pr`sigmbmjg `d ngtñm j` sifui`mt`.
@d`fir j`d abd`mjbrig db o`akb `m db aubd s` ar`ñ um pumtg j` r`stburbaiñm,
s`d`aaigmbr `d pumtg j` r`stburbaiñm j`s`bjg y pr`sigmbr sifui`mt`.

 B agmtimubaiñm
agmtimubaiñm d``râs um prgnd
prgnd`eb
`eb jgau
jgaue`mtbjg
e`mtbjg,, grfbmiz
grfbmizb
b dgs pbsgs pbrb jga
jgaue`mtbr
ue`mtbr `
`dd
prgnd`eb, `sarini`mjg `d møe`rg qu` agrr`spgmj` bd grj`m agrr`atg.

:1
 

Qgduaiñm j` um prgnd`eb j` kbrjwbr`.

kbrjwbr`.  
Mg.
Sbsgs pbrb jgaue`mtbr   J`saripaiñm j` pbsgs 
pbsgs 
Sbsg  
Sbsg
Sbsgs j` imv`stifbaiñm pbrb Sgsind` agmtrgdbjgr `rrñm`g pbrb
j`saunrir `d prgnd`eb. `d
`d egmitgr
 egmitgr grifimbd.
Qi`epr` qu` s` batubdia` umb SA b Vimjgws [S
Srgo`ssigmbd, ir j`
pbrb imstbdbr dgs ime`jibtg beâs
agmtrgdbjgr`s Vimjgws Ppjbt`
r`ai`mt`s pbrb
@d prgnd`eb.
`d `quipg. Zbeniém, bnrir um sitig V`n
sitig V`n agm tgjgs
dgs agmtrgdbjgr`s eâs r`ai`mt`s, pbrb qu` dgs
téamiags pu`jbm ir bddå prie`rg, `m `d outurg.
Sbsgs suf`rijgs pbrb sgduaigmbr `d
Qå
prgnd`eb.
Nusabr `d jisag j` imstbdbaiñm j`d egmitgr grifimbd,
g ir b Vimjgws Ppjbt` y v`r si kby jispgmind` um
mu`vg agmtrgdbjgr. Qi mg kby, ir bd sitig V`n j`d
Sbsgs r`bd`s pbrb sgduaigmbr `d obnriabmt` y nbhbr `d agmtrgdbjgr eâs r`ai`mt` pbrb
prgnd`eb. `st` egj`dg j` agepgm`mt`. J`spués, `m `d
 Bjeimistrbjgrr j` jispgsitiv
 Bjeimistrbjg jispgsitivgs,
gs, batubdizb
batubdizbrr `d
agmtrgdbjgr. Oimbde`mt`,
egmitgr grifimbd bfr`fbjg. r`imiaibr db SA agm `d
b. Gntuv` `d jisag j` imstbdbaiñm j`d egmitgr.
n. @h`auté `d jisag j` imstbdbaiñm. Mg s` r`sgdviñ `d
prgnd`eb.
·Q` r`sgdviñ `d prgnd`eb7
a. Oui b Vimjgws Ppjbt` y s`d`aaiñm`db
batubdizbaiñm pbrb `d egmitgr.
j. ^`imiaié db SA.
@ma`mjå db SA. @d egmitgr t`måb agrri`mt`, p`rg mg
egstrbnb mbjb. ^`visé dgs abnd`s y tgjgs pbr`aåbm
`stbr ni`m. Agm`até um s`fumjg egmitgr, qu`
·Rué kbråb ust`j `m `d outurg pbrb
oumaigmñ ni`m. Oui bd Bjeimistrbjgr j` jispgsitivgs
`vitbr prgnd`ebs ageg ést`7
y j`saunrå qu` `d agmtrgdbjgr j`d egmitgr grifimbd
t`måb yb 1 bògs. Db SA kbnåb sijg batubdizbjb
r`ai`mt`e`mt` b Vimjgws [S Srgo`ssigmbd.

D`` auijbjgsbe`mt` abjb umg j` dgs brfue`mtgs y sunrbyb db gpaiñm qu` agmsij`r`s agrr`atb.

2. @d usubrig ti`m` euakgs prgnd`ebs agm `d egus`, mg pu`j` j`spdbzbrdg kbaib dgs gnh`tgs
qu` j`s`b s`d`aaigmbr. ·@m qué abt`fgråb j` sgpgrt` pgj`egs adbsioiabr `st` prgnd`eb7
b) Qgpgrt` bd n) Qgpgrt` bd a) Qgpgrt` bd j) Qgpgrt` b db `) Qgpgrt` bd
usubrig. kbrjwbr`. sist`eb agm`xiñm `m r`j. sgotwbr`.
gp`rbtivg.

::
 

>. Pm bduemg j`n` kba`r umb tbr`b `m @xa`d, p`rg bd kba`r jgnd` adia sgnr` `d iagmg j` @xa`d d`
ebrab um `rrgr y mg pu`j` bnrir db bpdiabaiñm. ·@m qué abt`fgråb j` sgpgrt` pgj`egs adbsioiabr
`st` prgnd`eb7
b) Qgpgrt` bd n) Qgpgrt` bd a) Qgpgrt` bd j) Qgpgrt` b db `) Qgpgrt` bd
usubrig. kbrjwbr`. sist`eb agm`xiñm `m r`j. sgotwbr`.
gp`rbtivg.

1. @d usubrig
pu`j` ngrrbrs`imogrebaiñm
jb au`mtb qu` ti`m`r`qui`r`
pgrqu` pgag `spbaig `m pbrb
ti`epg `d jisag jurg j` su·@m
grfbmizbrdb. SA, qué
y pgrabt`fgråb
dg prgmtg mg
j`
sgpgrt` pgj`egs adbsioiabr `st` prgnd`eb7
b) Qgpgrt` bd n) Qgpgrt` bd a) Qgpgrt` bd j) Qgpgrt` b db `) Qgpgrt` bd
usubrig. kbrjwbr`. sist`eb agm`xiñm `m r`j. sgotwbr`.
gp`rbtivg.

:. Byujbr b qu` dgs usubrigs r`su`dvbm dgs prgnd`ebs agm dgs qu` s` `mau`mtrbm y beimgrbr `d
ti`epg p`rjijg j`nijg b obddbs téamiabs j` db SA, `s db `s`maib j`d8
b) Qgpgrt` bd n) Qgpgrt` bd a) Qgpgrt` bd j) Qgpgrt` b db `) Qgpgrt` bd
usubrig. kbrjwbr`. sist`eb agm`xiñm `m r`j. sgotwbr`.
gp`rbtivg.
0. @s db prâatiab j` r`bdizbr baaigm`s qu` `vit`m db gaurr`maib j` prgnd`ebs `sp`aåoiags.
b) Qgpgrt`
téamiag n) Qgpgrt`
téamiag a) Qgpgrt` bd
kbrjwbr`. j) Qgpgrt``mbr`jdb `)
agm`xiñm Qgpgrt` bd
sgotwbr`.
pr`v`mtivg. agrr`ativg.
?. Auâd j` dbs sifui`mt`s e`jijbs pr`v`mtivbs MG `s ageøm pbrb `d sgpgrt` b kbrjwbr`8
b) Imstbdbaiñm j` n) Srgfrbeb j` a) Sdbm j` j) Ar`br jisags `) Imv`mtbrig j`d
agmtrgdbjgr`s imsp`aaiñm j` ebmt`miei`mtg. j` kbrjwbr`.
kbrjwbr`. r`aup`rbaiñm.
6. Auâd j` dbs sifui`mt`s e`jijbs pr`v`mtivbs MG `s umb e`jijb pr`v`mtivb pbrb `d sgpgrt` bd
sist`eb gp`rbtivg8
b) J`sabrfbr dbs n) Ar`br a) Imstbdbr y j) Ar`br jisags `) Imv`mtbrig j`d
batubdizbaigm`s prgfrbeb j` batubdizbr j` r`aup`rbaiñm. kbrjwbr`.
j`d Vimjgws [S. imstbdbaiñm j` prgfrbebs
batubdizbaigm`s. bmtivirus.
;. Pm usubrig sgdiaitb byujb pbrb sgduaigmbr dgs prgnd`ebs g obddbs qu` s` pr`s`mtbm sim
iepgrtbr db abt`fgråb b db qu` p`rt`m`zab db obddb.
b) Qgpgrt` n) Qgpgrt` a) Qgpgrt` bd j) Qgpgrt` b db `) Qgpgrt` bd
téamiag téamiag kbrjwbr`. agm`xiñm `m r`j. sgotwbr`.
pr`v`mtivg. agrr`ativg.
9. Zi`m` pgr gnh`tg `vitbr qu` dgs usubrigs r`bdia`m batgs ebdimt`maigmbjgs, g qu` pgr baaij`mt`
abus`m jbògs `m dbs SA j` db `sau`db.
b) Qgpgrt` n) Qgpgrt` a) Qgpgrt` j) Qgpgrt` `) Qgpgrt`
pr`v`mtivg bd pr`v`mtivg bd pr`v`mtivg bd pr`v`mtivg b db téamiag
usubrig. sist`eb kbrjwbr`. agm`xiñm `m r`j. agrr`ativg.
gp`rbtivg.

:0
 

23. Aubmjg s` ti`m` éxitg `m db sgduaiñm j` um prgnd`eb j` kbrjwbr`, s` r`agei`mjb8

b) E`egrizbr su n) Jgaue`mtbr `d a) @xp`rie`mtbr j) Age`mtbrdg agm `d
sgduaiñm. prga`jiei`mtg. mu`vgs `quipg j` e`sb j`
prga`jiei`mtgs. byujb.
22. Auâd j` dgs sifui`mt`s MG `s um såmtgeb qu` bpbr`a` aubmjg um prgnd`eb e`aâmiag surf`
`m um p`rioériag j`nijg b um j`sp`ro`atg8
b) Bd gprieir
t`adb umb`d
mg `sarin` n) Bd
s` ebmjbr
btgrbm ieprieir
dbs kghbs a) @sauakbr
`m `xtrbòg `m `dum ruijg
jisag j) Pmbpgjråb
abnd` nbmjbkbn`r
j`
abrâat`r. db iepr`sgrb. jurg. obddbjg.
2>. Auâd j` dgs sifui`mt`s MG `s umg j` dgs tr`s tipgs j` r`pgrt`s qu` s` pu`j`m ieprieir
j`sj` `d bjeimistrbjgr j` jispgsitivgs8
b) Jgaue`mtbaiñm j`d n) ^`sue`m j`d a) Jispgsitivg j) Zgjgs dgs
prgnd`eb. sist`eb. s`d`aaigmbjg. jispgsitivgss y r`sue`m
jispgsitivg
j`d sist`eb.
21. Aubmjg kby um prgnd`eb agm um agepgm`mt` imt`rmg g `xt`rmg qu` mg `s e`aâmiag< `m
f`m`rbd, s` jia` qu` `s um prgnd`eb8
b) J` dgs usubrigs n) J` db a) J` db bjeimistrbaiñ
bjeimistrbaiñm
m j) E`aâmiag.
dgabd`s. agmoifurbaiñm. j` jisags.

 B agmtimubaiñm s` pr`s`mtbm umb s`ri` j` prgnd`ebs y sgduaigm`

sgduaigm`ss dgs aubd`s j`n`râs r`sgdv`r
r`dbaigmâmjgdgs `sarini`mjg
`sarini `mjg `m db dåm`b j` db agduemb j`r`akb `d møe`rg j`d prgnd`eb qu`
agrr`spgmj` b dbs sgduaigm`s pr`s`mtbjbs `m db agduemb izqui`rjb. @stb bativijbj s`râ
ag`vbdubjb `m `d frupg.

Srgnd`eb 2  WWWWW Batubdizb j` mu`vg dgs

Pm Psubrig batubdizg um agmtrgdbjgr y `stg agmtrgdbjgr`s.
kizg qu` `d jispgsitivg (u gtrgs) mg  WWWWW ^`fr`sbr b db v`rsiñm
 
oumaigmbrbm agrr`atbe`mt`. bmt`rigr j`d agmtrgdbjgr.

Srgnd`eb >  WWWWW J`sorbfe`m

J`sorbfe`mtbr
tbr `d jisag y
@d jisag jurg j` db SA, oumaigmb d`mtg y absi diepibr `d jisag. 
mg ti`m` `spbaig.  WWWWW Ageprgnbr
Ageprgnbr `d jisag 

 Bd `quipg j`
j` db e`sb j` bbyujb
yujb d` kb
kbm
m `mabrfbjg umb s`ri` j
j`
` tbr`bs y/g bativijbj`
bativijbj`s.
s. Agdgr`b db
tbr`b qu` s`òbd` dbs baaigm`s qu` j`n` r`bdizbr pbrb um ebmt`miei`mtg bd Qist`eb Gp`rbtivg8

:?
 

Zbr`b 2 Zbr`b >

 Diepibr `d jisag agm Jisl Ad`bm-Pp  Imstbdbaiñm y j`simstbdbaiñm j`
 J`sorbfe`mtbr `d jisag Qgotwbr`
 Kba`r umb agpib j` s`furijbj j` db  Z`reimbaiñm j` tbr`b
imogrebaiñm.  Dgabdizbaiñm j` obddbs `m

Agdgr`b db
Agdgr`b db tbr`b qu` s`òbd` dbs baaigm`s qu` j`n` r`bdizbr pbrb umb bujitgråb j` Qist`ebs.

Zbr`b 2 Zbr`b >

 ^`egv`r brakivgs t`epgrbd`s j`  J`s`ep`òg j` db SA
Imt`rm`t  E`msbh`s j` `rrgr `m `d Qist`eb
 _baibr db nbmj`hb j` r`aiadbh`  Srga`sgs j` db SA
 ^`egv`r brakivgs t`epgrbd`s j`  Imstbdbaigm`s Oåsiabs
Vimjgws   Bpdiabaigm`s
 Bpdiabaigm `s Imstbdbj
Imstbdbjbs
bs
 ^`egv`r agepgm`mt`s j`
Vimjgws u` b mg s` usbm.

Agdgr`b db
Agdgr`b db tbr`b qu` s`òbd` dgs jbtgs qu` j`n` agmt`m`r um imv`mtbrig. 

Zbr`b 2 Zbr`b >

  Mgenr` j`d agepgm`mt`   @dbngrbaiñm j` um pdbm g bf`mjb
  Møe`rg j` s`ri`   Ar`baiñm j` um tbdd`r j` imf`mi`råb
  Mue`rg j` agmtrgd j` s`rviaig
  Rui`m dg ti`m` bsifmbjg   Srbatiab j`d ebmt`miei`mtg j`
  O`akb j` bjquisiaiñm Kbrjwbr`
  SA j` `saritgri
`saritgrig
g

Dgs prgnd`ebs eâs ageum`s `m Vimjgws s` j`oim`m ageg8

b) Srgnd`ebs j` brrbmqu`.
n) Srgnd`ebs `m db gp`rbaiñm.

@m db sifui`mt` tbndb `sarin` `d tipg j` prgnd`eb qu` s` pr`s`mtb. @stb bativijbj s`râ
butg`vbdubjb.
Srgnd`eb  
Srgnd`eb Zipg j` prgnd`eb 
prgnd`eb 
2  Mg kby sist`eb, db SA mg dgfrb gp`rbr j` mimfumb ebm`rb.
>  Obdtb um brakivg j`d sist`eb, `h., "mtgslrmd.`x` mg `magmtrbjg g
agrruptg"
1  Zi`m` `d sist`eb im`stbnd`, pr`s`mtb bd`btgribe`mt` obddbs `m
bdfumb gp`rbaiñm.
:  @d sist`eb `stâ d`mtg.

:6
 

@xist`m tr`s eétgjgs pbrb r`stburbr `d sist`eb gp`rbtivg8

2) Ødtieb agmoifurbaiñm agmgaijb (nu`m `stbjg).
>) Egjg s`furg.
1) Agmsgdb j` r`aup`rbaiñm.
2. D`b auijbjgsbe`mt` abjb umg j` dgs brfue`mtgs ` ij`mtioiqu` b qué eétgjg s` r`oi`r` y
Ebrqu` agm umb "[" s`føm dg agmsij`r` agrr`atg.

:;
 

Agmt`stb agrr`atbe`mt` `d sifui`mt` aruaifrbeb pbrb jbr r`pbsg b dgs agmt`mijgs bngrjbjgs
`m db umijbj.

KG^IXGMZBD
0. Dgs grj`mbjgr`s m`a`sitbm jispgsitivgs j` WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW pbrb fubrjbr
j` ogreb j`oimitivb dgs jbtgs agm dgs qu` trbnbhbm, yb qu` db imogrebaiñm j` db e`egrib
primaipbd s` pi`rj` aubmjg s` imt`rruep` db agrri`mt` `déatriab.
6. @d WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW`s um rbmfg j` s`rviaigs qu` prgpgraigmbm bsist`maib agm `d
kbrjwbr` g sgotwbr` j` umb ageputbjgrb, g bdføm gtrg jispgsitivg `d`atrñmiag g e`aâmiag.
;. Dgs grj`mbjgr`s m`a`sitbm jispgsitivgs j` WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWpbrb egstrbr dgs r`sudtbjgs
j` dbs gp`rbaigm`s qu` r`bdizb `d grj`mbjgr.
22. @d WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW`s um jgaue`mtg téamiag j` um j`t`reimbjg sist`eb qu`
imt`mtb jbr bsist`maib b sus usubrigs.
21. @d sgpgrt` bd WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWbnbrab jgs abt`fgråbs8 prgnd`ebs e`aâmiags y
prgnd`ebs j` kbrjwbr`. Dgs prgnd`ebs e`aâmiags sgm bqu`ddgs qu` iepdiabm trbnbhg oåsiag
j` db SA g j` sus p`rioériags. Dgs j` kbrjwbr` sgm dgs qu` iepdiabm ebd oumaigmbei`mtg g
agmoifurbaigm`s imagrr`atbs j` dgs agepgm`mt`s imt`rmgs j` db SA.
2?. @d sgpgrt` téamiag WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW`s bqu`d qu` r`bdizb `d téamiag `m `d âr`b g dufbr
jgmj` s` `mau`mtrb `d jispgsitivg `m au`stiñm, `stâ pr`s`mt` jir`atbe`mt` agm `d usubrig
pbrb bt`mj`rd` y gor`a`rd` um e`hgr s`rviaig.
26. @d sgpgrt` téamiag WWWWWWWWWWWWWW`s db byujb qu` t` pu`j` pr`stbr um téamiag, våb
t`déogmg g ebid g j` ebm`rb r`egtb, pbrb r`sgdv`r bdføm prgnd`eb b jistbmaib sgnr` bdføm
bpbrbtg u grj`mbjgr.
2;. Pm WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW j`n` pgs``r kbnidijbj`s téamiabs pbrb kbrjwbr` y sgotwbr`,
db abpbaijbj j` sbn`r `sauakbr b dgs usubrigs, batubr ageg e`jibjgr, s`r e`tñjiag y
bmbdåtiag, j`n` huzfbr `d miv`d j` agmgaiei`mtg imogreâtiag j`d usubrig, p`rainir db ogreb j`
au`stigmbr bd usubrig y bså sbn`r qu` tbm téamiag s`râ su vgabnudbrig.
29. @stb adbs` j` prgnd`ebs surf`m aubmjg um usubrig `stâ kbai`mjg bdfg `m ogreb imagrr`atb.
Aubmjg s` pr`s`mtbm prgnd`ebs j` `stb adbs`, s` dgs ddbeb WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

_@^ZIABD

2. @d sgpgrt` bd WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWti`m` tr`s sunabt`fgrizbs8 imstbdbaiñm y `dieimbaiñm,

t`reimbaiñm j` tbr`b y bpdiabaigm`s.
>. Dbs m`a`sijbj`s j`d usubrig WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWageg sgm8 Qgpgrt` Zéamiag j` SA's y
Dbptgps (ogrebt`g, r`imstbdbaiñm j`d sist`eb gp`rbtivg, agpibs j` s`furijbj y r`aup`rbaiñm
j` jbtgs, `ta.), Qgpgrt` Zéamiag Q`rvijgr`s y Q`rvijgr`s _irtubd`s, Qgpgrt` Zéamiag ^`j`s
DBM/VBM, Qgpgrt` ^`egtg y Qgpgrt` `m Qitig.
1. Db WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW`s f`m`rbde`mt` j` um bòg agmtrb j`o`atgs j` obnriabaiñ
obnriabaiñm
m si`epr`
y aubmjg s` auepdbm agm `d sifui`mt` r`quisitg8 Sr`s`mtbr obaturb g mgtb j` v`mtb grifimbd g
agpib j` ageprb sim tbakbjurbs g `me`mjbjurbs.
:. Db abt`fgråb j` sgpgrt` b db WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWbnbrab prgnd`ebs agm dgs qu` s`
`mau`mtrbm dgs usubrigs bd trbtbr j` agm`atbrs` b r`aursgs qu` mg `stâm `m db SA j`d
adi`mt` dgabd.
iepr`sgrbs @mtr` `sgs
agm`atbjbs r`aursgs
`m r`j, Imt`rm`t, pu`j`m `stbr8
g ni`m gtrbs SAsbrakivgs, abrp`tbs< bpdiabaigm`s,
g p`rioériags.

:9
 

?. Bdfumgs j` dgs jispgsitiv

jispgsitivgs
gs m`a`sbrigs pbrb pgj`r agm`atbrs` b um s`rviaig j` imt`rm`t, r`j
dgabd, imtrbm`t g r`j j` âr`b `xt`msb sgm dgs jispgsitivgs j` WWWWWWWWWWWW ageg db tbrh`tb
j` r`j, db bmt`mb, kun, switak, fbt`fby, ^`p`tijgr, Nrijf`, oir`wbdd, prgxy y dgs rgut`rs.
9. @d sgpgrt` bd WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW tbeniém imaduy` tbr`bs j` ebmt`miei`mtg
ebmt`miei`mtg,, ageg
j`sorbfe`mtbr `d jisag råfijg g bpdiabr dbs ødtiebs batubdizbaigm`s j` s`furijbj.
23. Éd WWWWWWWWWWWW `s um jispgsitivg qu` `eit` duz y agm `ddb bativb dgs pumtgs qu` ogrebm db
iebf`m `m db pbmtbddb. J`p`mji`mjg j` db t`amgdgfåb agm db qu` `stâm agmstruij agmstruijgs,
gs,
jistimfuir`egs
2>. Qgpgrt` `mtr` A^Z y DAJ.
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW`s db prâatiab j` `h`autbr baaigm`s qu` `vit`m db
gaurr`maib j` prgnd`ebs `sp`aåoiags. @m `sbs grfbmizbaigm`s, frbm pbrt` j` `st` sgpgrt`
s` `o`atøb iepgmi`mjg pgdåtiabs imogreâti
imogreâtiabs
abs y j` usubrig sgnr` r`j`s ddbebjbs jgeimigs.
2:. Dgs jispgsitivgs j` WWWWWWWWWWWW s` `epd`bm bd imtrgjuair db imogrebaiñm
imogre baiñm qu` j`n` s`r
prga`sbjb `m `d grj`mbjgr.
20. @d usubrig WWWWWWWWWW, `d aubd, f`m`rbde`mt` au`mtb agm dgs agmgaiei`mtgs nâsiags ageg
j`sorbfe`mtbaigm`s, `sabm`gs j` bmtivirus, batubdizbaigm`s j` sist`eb gp`rbtivg, `ta.
2?. @d tipg j` e`egrib WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWsgm jispgsitivgs p`msbjgs pbrb s`r usbjgs
ageg jisags jurgs pgrtâtid`s. Dd`vbm umb e`egrib odbsk `m su imt`rigr y um agm`atgr usn
(db ebygråb sgm PQN >.3) qu` mgs p`reit` agm`atbrdgs jir`atbe`mt` bd grj`mbjgr.
2 >

1 :

6 ;

23

22

2> 21 2: 20

2?

26

2;

29

03
 

JGAPE@MZGQ J@ AGMZ^GD J@ QGSG^Z@ ZÉAMIAG

Kgy `m jåb dgs sist`ebs j` añeputg s` `mau`mtrbm `xpu`stgs b
jistimtbs be`mbzbs, pgr dg aubd dbs vudm`rbnidijbj`s j` dgs sist`ebs
bue`mtbm, bd eiseg ti`epg qu` s` kba`m eâs agepd`hgs, `d møe`rg j`
btbqu`s tbeniém bue`mtb, pgr dg bmt`rigr dbs grfbmizbaigm`s j`n`m
r`agmga`r db iepgrtbmaib y utidijbj j` db imogrebaiñm agmt`mijb `m dbs
nitâagrbs j` dgs sist`ebs j` añeputg bså ageg egstrbr bdfumbs
k`rrbei`mtbs qu` byuj`m b butgebtizbr `d prga`sg j` bmâdisis j` dbs
eisebs.
@d ar`aiei`mtg j` Imt`rm`t `mobtizb `stb prgnd`eâtiab, dgs sist`ebs j`
añeputg f`m`rbm umb frbm abmtijbj j` imogrebaiñm, agmgaijbs ageg
nitâagrbs g brakivgs dgfs, qu` pu`j`m s`r j` frbm byujb bmt` um imaij`mt` j` s`furijbj, bså
ageg pbrb `d bujitgr. Dbs nitâagrbs agmti`m`m imogrebaiñm aråtiab `s pgr `ddg qu` j`n`m s`r
bmbdizbjbs, yb qu` `stâm t`mi`mjg euakb r`d`vbmaib, ageg `vij`maib `m bsp`atgs d`fbd`s.
·Rué `s umb Nitâagrb7
Pmb nitâagrb `s, um aubj`rmg g pundiabaiñm qu` p`reit` dd`vbr um r`fistrg `saritg j` jiv`rsbs
baaigm`s. Qu grfbmizbaiñm `s argmgdñfiab, dg qu` obaiditb db r`visiñm j` dgs agmt`mijgs bmgtbjgs.
@xist`m jgs tipgs j` nitâagrb8

2. Nitâagrb ebmubd g jurb

>. Nitâagrb `d`atrñmiab

Nitâagrb Ebmubd g jurb

Ageg su mgenr` dg imjiab `stb nitâagrb `m `dbngrbjb b ebmg yb s`b `m aubj`rmgs g dinrgs
`sp`aibd`s pbrb dd`vbr um agmtrgd j` dbs bativijbj`s qu` s` r`bdizbm. @stgs r`fistrgs "nitâagrbs"
s`râm pdbsebjbs j` puòg y d`trb sgnr` pbp`d, j` dgs ddbebjgs jgaue`mtgs j` pisg, ageg `s `d
absg j`d pdbm j` ebmt`miei`mtg y db distb j` r`visiñm. @m aubmtg b um ebmt`miei`mtg agrr`ativg
`xistirâ db grj`m j` trbnbhg qu` `s um jgaue`mtg j` baaiñm sgnr` um trbnbhg j`t`reimbjg. Gtrb
nitâagrb jurb `s db qu` s` dd`vb pgr `d p`rsgmbd j` ebmt`miei`mtg jir`atbe`mt` y qu` imjiab dbs
bativijbj`s jibribs pgr jåb y pgr turmg.

Nitâagrb @d`atrñmiab
@stgs r`fistrgs sgm jir`atbe`mt` `m db SA, bquå s` j`sabrfbm dbs ñrj`m`s j` trbnbhg dbs
`vbdubaigm`s j`d pdbm j` ebmt`miei`mtg j` dbs distbs j` r`visiñm, `ta. y sgm db nbs` pbrb
f`m`rbr dgs kistgribd`s j` eâquimb, tbeniém sgm pâfimbs w`n j` s`maiddg ebm`hg, `d aubd
p`reit` imagrpgrbr k`rrbei`mtbs eudtie`jib, dgfrbmjg prgjuair um r`aursg `m `d qu` s` imt`frbm
t`xtg, ieâf`m`s, bujig y vij`g.
Zipgs j` nitâagrbs s`føm su oumaiñm8
2. Agmaisb j` nbs`8 Bqu`ddb jgmj` s` tgeb um agmtrgd j` dg bdeba`mbjg.
>. J` v`mtb8 Bqu`ddb jgmj` s` tgeb um agmtrgd j` v`mtbs y au`mtbs yb s`b pgr jåb, s`ebmb,
e`s y bmubd agm `ddb s` sbn` si s` pi`rj` g s` fbmb pbrb du`fg frboiabr.
1. J` agmt`mijg8 @s bqu`ddb `m jgmj` s` r`fistrb db `mtrbjb j` r`aursgs bd sist`eb.
:. J` r`fistrg j` r`pbrbaiñm8 @s `d r`fistrg j` téamiags jgmj` s` jb b agmga`r `d pgra`mtbh` j`
`quipgs y r`aursgs r`pbrbjgs.
0. Nitâagrb j` ebmt`miei`mtg8 @s um brakivg jifitbd g iepr`sg `m `d aubd s` dd`vb um r`fistrg
jibrig, s`ebmbd g e`msubd j` dbs tbr`bs qu` s` r`bdizbm b dgs `quipgs j` añeputg< bså s`

02
 

t`mjrâ um agmtrgd eâs agepd`tg sgnr` dbs bativijbj`s r`bdizbjbs. @m `stbs ødtiebs kbr`egs
umb nr`v` j`saripaiñm j` abjb umb j` `ddbs.

  N itâagrb j` ebmt`miei`mtg
ebmt`miei`mtg pr`v`mtivg
 Bativijbj
 Bativijbj `o`atubjb pgr téamiags `sp`aibdiz
`sp`aibdizbjgs
bjgs qu` ti`m` pgr gnh`tivg
gnh`tivg,, pr`v`mir `d
j`sfbst` pr`ebturg j` pi`zbs vitbd`s j` oumaigm`s aråtiabs `m `d prga`sg j` trbnbhg,
prgmgstiab prgnbnd`s jbògs g j`t`reimb j`o`atgs `m `d oumaigmbei`mtg, r`age`mjbmjg
r`pbrbaigm`s prgfrbebjbs
Ptidizb ebt`ribd`s buxidibr`s agm bmtiaipbaiñm
j` diepi`zb b db obddb
y dunriabm, g ime`jibtbs
r`pu`stgs bmt`s
e`mgr`s j` db obddb.
y k`rrbei`mtb
pbrb egmtbh` y j`segmtbh` j` pbrt`s. Dd`vbr `d r`fistrg j` tgjg bqu`ddg r`dbaigmbjg agm
`d ebmt`miei`mtg pr`v`mtivg.
  N itâagrb j` ebmt`miei`mtg
ebmt`miei`mtg agrr`ativ
agr r`ativgg
 Bativijbj
 Bativijb j `o`atubjb pgr téamiags `sp`aibdizbjgs qu` ti`m` pgr gnh`tivg r`aup`rbr `quipg
j`sagepu`stg pbrb pgm`rdg `m s`rviaig. Ptidizb ebt`ribd`s buxidibr`s j` diepi`zb y
dunriabaiñm y r`pu`stgs `s`maibd`s `m `d oumaigmbei`mtg pbrb sustituir dgs j`o`atugsgs.
  N itâagrb j` ebmt`miei`mtg
ebmt`miei`mtg r`bativ
r`bativgg 
F`stiñm bj`aubjb j` ebmt`miei`mtg qu` s` gaupb j` r`pbrbaiñm umb v`z s` kb
prgjuaijg `d obddg y `d pbrg sønitg j`d `quipg j` añeputg, pbrb kbniditbrdg y pgm`rdg `m
s`rviaig. @st` ebmt`miei`mtg pu`j` s`r `h`autbjg agm p`rsgmbd imt`rmg y /g `xt`rmg.
  N itâagrb j` ebmt`miei`mtg
ebmt`miei`mtg prgbativg
F`stiñm bj`aubjb j` ebmt`miei`mtg `m abjb umijbj gp`rbtivb y bjeimistrbtivb,
`stbnd`aiémjgs` j` ogreb p`riñjiab s`føm dgs r`qu`riei`mtgs téamiags `xifijgs pgr `d
`quipg, grjimbribe`mt` `h`autbjg agm p`rsgmbd imt`rmg j` dbs umijbj`s gp`rbtivbs y/g
bjeimistrbtivbs.

Ps g y oumaigmbdijbj
oumaigmbdijbj
F`m`rbde`mt` sgm usbjbs pbrb dd`vbr um agmtrgd y grj`m j` dbs bativijbj`s s`føm umb o`akb
`stbnd`aijb.
Zbeniém sirv`m pbrb t`m`r um r`fistrg j` dg qu` s` r`bdizb sgnr` dgs `quipgs j` añeputg y
qui`m `s db p`rsgmb qu` dg r`bdizñ.
Dgs r`fistrgs `m dbs nitâagrbs sgm iepgrtbmt`s y mgs jbm um r`spbdjg j` añeg s` kbm r`bdizbjg

dbs bativijbj`s
s`rviaig qu` s` j` ebmt`miei`mtg,
nrimjb j` ifubd yebm`rb
ageg j`pbrtbe`mtg mgsmgs
b su v`z byujbm
ogreb bumjbrr`spbdjg
umb `vbdubaiñm
`m aubmtgj`d
b
dbngr`s j`mtrg j` db pdbmtb.
Abrbat`råstiabs
•  Qu`d`m dd`vbr um r`fistrg `m o`akbs u kgrbs.
•  Qirv` pbrb dd`vbr `d agmtrgd j` bativijbj`s.
•  Q` `mau`mtrb grfbmizbjg j` ogreb argmgdñfiab
•  Dd`vb um r`pgrt` j` dgs bvbma`s y r`sudtbjgs pr`dieimbr`s j` dbs bativijbj`s `m `d
sgpgrt`.
•  Imaduy`m b j`tbdd` gns`rvbaigm`s, ij`bs, jbtgs, bvbma`s y gnstâaudgs `m `d j`sbrrgddg j`d
ebmt`miei`mtg.

_`mtbhbs
_`mtbhbs j` umbdd`vbr
•  S`reit`m nitâagr
nitâagrb
umbb e`hgr grfbmizbaiñm.

0>
 

•  Kba`m eâs oâaid db ij`mtioiabaiñm j` jbtgs.

•  @stâm grfbmizbjbs argmgdñfiabe`mt`.
•  Z`m`r `d agmtrgd j` db imogrebaiñm.
•  Agmtrgdbr `d oumaigmbei`mtg j` db Sa.

J`s v`mtbhbs
v`mtbhbs j` umb nitâagr
nitâagrbb
•  Mg s` `sp`aioiab j`tbddbjbe`mt` dbs abrbat`råstiabs j`d `quipg.
•  Q` prgjua` um j`sagmtrgd si mg s` dd`mb j` ebm`rb agrr`atb.

@dbngrb um aubjrg simñptiag `m kghbs ndbmabs agm db d`aturb bmt`rigr, r`sp`tbmjg dgs
rønriab.  
dim`bei`mtgs pbrb db `dbngrbaiñm j` `stgs y s`râ `vbdubjb agm umb rønriab. 

·AGEG @QZ^PAZP^B^ PMB NIZÂAG^B7

Qi`epr` `s r`age`mjbnd` agmtbr agm um ogrebtg `m ndbmag pbrb db r`bdizbaiñm j` dbs nitâagrbs
j` sgpgrt` téamiag y j` `stb ebm`rb t`m`r tgjg ni`m grfbmizbjg y bfidizbr `d trbnbhg.
@m `stb s` j`n` imaduir8
2. O`akb8 S`S`reitirâ
reitirâ sbn`r auâmjg s` r`bdizñ ai`rtb bativijbj.
>. ^`spgmsbnd`8 @stg mgs j`hbrb sbn`r quiém `s db p`rsgmb qu` r`bdizg dgs abenigs `m `d
`quipg.
1. Bpbrtbjg j` bativijbj`s8 @stg p`reitirâ pgj`r v`r qu` bativijbj`s ou`rgm dd`vbjbs b
abng `m `d `quipg.
:. Gns`rvbaigm`s8 @st` bpbrtbjg s`rvirâ pbrb pgj`r bmgtbr agsbs `xtrbs dd`vbjbs b abng g
mgtbs pbrb outurbs r`visigm`s.
0. Oireb j`d —r`spgmsbnd`―8 Sbrb bså pgj`r v`rioiabr qu` ou` `d qui`m r`bdizñ tgjg sgnr` `d
`quipg j` añeputg.
?. Oireb j` um `mabrfbjg g s`ddg j` db
`epr`sb8 @stg pbrb kba`r vâdijb db
nitâagrb y jbrd` su but`mtiaijbj.

Ji s `òg j`
j` nitâ
nitâagrbs
@xist`m tr`s gpaigm`s8
  Jis`òbr umb prgpib
  Ageprbr um Qgotwbr`
  Ptidizbr um Q`rviaig j` Z`ra`rgs

Pm s`rviaig j` t`ra`rgs `s `d sgotwbr` age`raibd QFZBDD@^, `s umb nu`mb k`rrbei`mtb j`

f`stiñm pbrb
s`rviaigs `m tbdd`r`s j` s`rviaig
`d sgpgrt` téamiag, téamiag, qu` mgs byujb
`s um sgotwbr` b t`m`rpgrum p`rsgmbs
j`sbrrgddbjg nu`m agmtrgd
agm sgnr`
bògs dgs
j`

01
 

`xp`ri`maib `m `d runrg y bvbdbjg pgr eâs j` >.033 téamiags y tbdd`r`s qu` dg utidizbm jåb b jåb
pbrb siepdioiabr, bfidizbr y kba`r eâs `o`ativb su f`stiñm.

 B df umbs j` dbs
dbs gpaigm
gpa igm`s
`s qu` gor`a`
gor`a ` `s
`s t` s gotwbr` sgm8
s gm8
   F`stiñm j` `quipgs `m tbdd`r8 tipg j` `quipg, ebrab, egj`dg y møe`rg s` s`ri`
   Ñrj`m`s j` r`pbrbaiñm8 imogrebaiñm j`d adi`mt`, jbtgs j`d `quipg imaduy`mjg abrbat`råstiabs
`sp`aibd`s pbrb a`dudbr`s (nbt`råb, abrfbjgr, akip y møe`rg j` s`ri` j`d akip) y egtgr`s
`déatriags egmgoâsiags y trioâsiags (pgt`maib, umijbj j` e`jijb j` db pgt`maib, bep`rig,
rpe, vgdtbh` y tipg j` r`j), obddb, baa`sgrigs, o`akb prge`tijb, téamiag bsifmbjg.
   Imfr`sg ebsivg j` ñrj`m`s j` r`pbrbaiñm.
   Q`fuiei`mtg j` `quipgs `m tbdd`r, agm oidtrg pgr `stbjg, téamiag, adi`mt` y o`akb.

^`bdizb umb imv`stifbaiñm ba`rab j` bdføm sgotwbr` qu` kby `m `d e`rabjg pbrb db `dbngrbaiñm
j` nitâagrbs g ni`m visitb db pâfimb goiaibd j`d sgotwbr` j` bpdiabaiñm QFZBDD@^
(kttp8//ww
kttp8//www.sftbdd`r.m`
w.sftbdd`r.m`t/#!/-imiaig/)
t/#!/-imiaig/)   y r`bdizb um r`pgrt` agm dbs gpaigm`s qu` gor`a` pbrb db
`dbngrbaiñm j` nitâagrbs
umb distb j` agt`hg.  
y `mtréfbdg b tu prgo`sgr ageg t` dg imjiqu`. @st` s`râ `vbdubjg agm

@ db
dbngrbaiñm db N itâagrb 
ngrbaiñm j` db
Pmb v`z r`bdizbjg `d jibfmñstiag s` prga`j` b db `dbngrbaiñm j` db nitâagrb, db aubd j`n` s`r
dd`mbjb auijbjgsbe`mt` agm tgjgs dgs jbtgs r`qu`rijgs, si`mjg jir`atb `m aubmtg b db
j`saripaiñm j` dgs prgnd`ebs, abusbs y baaigm`s r`bdizbjbs.

 B agmtimubai
agmtimubaiñm
ñm s` eu`strbm bdfumgs `h`epdgs j` ogrebtgs j` nitâagrbs nitâagrbs,, dgs aubd`s s`
jiv`rsioiabm j` bau`rjg bd agmt`xtg jñmj` s` bpdiab y bd usg qu` s` d` jb.

0:
 

 B agmtimuba
agmtimubaiñm
iñm s` eu`strb imogrebai
imogrebaiñm
ñm j` um jibfmñs
jibfmñstiag
tiag j` umb SA, db aubd j`n`râs utidizbr
pbrb dd`mbr `d ogrebtg j` nitâagrb qu` `stb `ms`fuijb j` jiakb imogrebaiñm.

00
 

Jibfmñstiag Nâsiag
 Jbtgs f`m`rbd`s j`d `quipg j` añeputg 
@quipg8 Qbdb N SA-3: 
SA-3: 
 Ebrab y Egj`dg8 @quipg f`mériag. 
f`mériag. 
Møe`rg j` Q `ri`8 Mg bpdiab. 
bpdiab. 

 Q is t`eb Gp`rbtivg8
Gp`r btivg8 Vimjgws 6 Pdtiebt` QS2 j` 1> nits. 
nits.  
Srga`sbjgr8 BEJ Btkdgm II [> >03 b 1.03 FKz 
FKz  
 E`egrib
 E`egri b ^ B E8 >.33 FN 
FN 

Obddbs j`d Kbrjwbr` 

@d t`adbjg mg oumaigmb. 
oumaigmb. 
Obddg8
@d agm`atgr (SQ/>) j`d t`adbjg s` `magmtrbnb ebd agm`atbjg, pgr
Abusb8 dg aubd um pbr j` pim`s ou`rgm jbòbjgs. 
jbòbjgs.  
Imt`mtbr `mj`r`zbr dgs pim`s jbòbjgs, `m su j`o`atg abenibr `d
 Q gduai ñm8 agm`atgr g bjquirir umg mu`vg t`adbjg. 
t`adbjg. 

 Obddgs j`d Qgotwbr` 

Obddg8 Brakivgs j` t`xtg s`eitrbmspbr`mt`s agm mgenr` —j`sltgp―
bpbr`a`m `m db ebygråb j` dbs abrp`tbs y bd s`r `dieimbjgs s`
ar`bm butgeâtiabe`mt`. 
butgeâtiabe`mt`. 
Abusb8 Db agmoifurbaiñm j`d @xpdgrbjgr j` Vimjgws ou` egjioiabjg
pbrb egstrbr dgs brakivgs gaudtgs j`d sist`eb, qu`
mgrebde`mt` mg s` v`m. 
v`m.  
 Q gduai ñm8 Jiakgs brakivgs mg sgm jbòimgs, sgm brakivgs j`d sist`eb qu`
fubrjbm imogrebaiñm sgnr` dbs abrp`tbs, pbrb r`fr`sbr db
agmoifurbaiñm j`d @xpdgrbjgr j` Vimjgws b db mgrebdijbj ir b
G^FBMIXB^/GSAIGM@Q J@ AB^S@ZB Y NØQRP@JB/_@^, jbr
adia `m ^@QZBP^B^
`m BA@SZB^. 
BA@SZB^.   _BDG^@Q S^@Z@^EIMBJGQ, y j`spués

0?
 

NIZBAG^B J@ QGSG^Z@ ZÉAMIAG

Q`rviaig prgpgraigmbjg pgr —BABQGOZ― 

Qgpgrt` y Ebmt`miei`mtg j` @quipgs j` Añeputg
Bmjbjgr Gri`mt` > Mue`rg 0
Mgfbd`s, Qgmgrb

06
 

Gtrgs jgaue`mtgs j` agmtrgd

Pmb grj`m j` trbnbhg `s umb j`saripaiñm j`tbddbjb y `saritb qu`
j`oim` `d trbnbhg qu` j`n` r`bdizbrs` pgr db grfbmizbaiñm j`
Ebmt`miei`mtg `m db Sdbmtb, f`m`rbde`mt`, éstb pu`j` ieprieirs` y
`mtr`fbrs` bd p`rsgmbd qu` kb sijg bsifmbjg pbrb kba`r `d trbnbhg.  
Pmb grj`m j` trbnbhg `s eâs j`tbddbjb qu` umb sgdiaituj j` trbnbhg.
Sgr `h`epdg,
ti`epg qu` s`umbsupgm`
grj`m j` trbnbhg
jurbrâ `d pu`j`
trbnbhg,`sp`aioiabr db abmtijbj
dgs ebt`ribd`s j`
qu` s`
usbrâm, `ta. @stgs j`tbdd`s mg bpbr`a`m `m umb sgdiaituj j` trbnbhg.
@m f`m`rbd, dbs sgdiaituj`s j` trbnbhg s` jis`òbm j` tbd ebm`rb qu` pu`jbm s`r dd`mbjbs pgr
p`rsgmbd qu` mg `stâ r`dbaigmbjg agm `d ebmt`miei`mtg (pgr `h`epdg, umb s`ar`tbrib j`
j`pbrtbe`mtg) ei`mtrbs qu` dbs ñrj`m`s j` trbnbhg sgm f`m`rbde`mt` dd`mbjbs pgr db f`r`maib
j` ebmt`miei`mtg. Aubmjg ust`j ar`b umb mu`vb grj`m j` trbnbhg usbmjg db imogrebaiñm j`
umb sgdiaituj j` trbnbhg `xist`mt`, j`aiegs qu` db sgdiaituj j` trbnbhg kb sijg trbmso`rijb b db
grj`m j` trbnbhg.

Pm r`pgrt` `s um brakivg qu` s` r`bdizb bd ege`mtg j` bt`mj`r b um usubrig, `m éd s` `sarin`

agm j`tbdd` dgs jbtgs j`d `quipg y j`d adi`mt`, bså ageg db obddb qu` gaurriñ agm su `quipg j`
añeputg pbrb bså j`t`reimbr qu` sgpgrt` téamiag s` nrimjbrb, prgpgraigmâmjgd` bd adi`mt` `d
møe`rg j` r`pgrt`.

@d jgaue`mtg j` r`pgrt` j`n` agmt`m`r dg sifui`mt`8

  Mgenr` j` db `epr`sb y dgfg
  ^`od`hbr `d agmt`mijg j`d jgaue`mtg
  Adi`mt`
  O`akb
  Mgenr` j` qui`m r`ain` `d sgpgrt`
  Adbv` j`d r`pgrt`
  Goiaig j` bprgnbaiñm

 Bdfumgs j` dgs gnh`tivgs j` r`bdizbr dgs r`pgrt`s s` pu`j`m tgebr `m au`mtb ageg miv`d`s j`
agmtrgd y s`furijbj, ageg sgm8
   Jisubjir aubdqui`r pérjijb g j`sbstr`.
   J`t`atbr p`difrgs pgt`maibd`s.
   Eimieizbr `d iepbatg j` dgs j`sbstr`s y pérjijbs.
   Imv`stifbr qué ou` dg qu` sua`jiñ.
   ^`aup`rbaiñm.

Dgs r`pgrt`s y jgaue`mtgs eâs `s`maibd`s pbrb `d agmtrgd j` `quipgs j` añeputg sgm8

^`pgrt`s j` jbòg g pérjijb j` `quipg

Aubdqui`r jbòg g pérjijb `m `d `quipg j` añeputg, j`n` s`r r`pgrtbjb pgr `saritg
ime`jibtbe`mt` b eâs tbrjbr b dbs >: kgrbs j` dg gaurrijg, dd`mbmjg um ogrebtg `sp`aioiag qu`
agmt`mfb dgs sifui`mt`s pumtgs8

0;
 

   Jbtgs j`d usubrig

   O`akb j` `dbngrbaiñm j`d r`pgrt`
  g    Mgenr` j`d j`stimbtbrig
   ò
  b    O`akb y kgrb ``m
m qu` gaurriñ `d jbòg g db pérjijb
   J    J`saripai
J`saripaiñm
ñm j` dg sua`jijg
  `
   j    Jbtgs j`d jispgsitivg p`rioériag
  `
   t
  r
  g

   Jbtgs f`m`rbd`s
Jibfmñstiag

  `
   ^    Gns`rvbaigm`s
   Mgenr` y oireb j`d r`spgmsbnd`
   Mgenr` y oireb j` db p`rsgmb qu` r`pgrtb

 
 Mgenr` j`d r`spgmsbnd` j`d j`pbrtbe`mtg j`d `quipg j` añeputg
  g
   i  
 O`akb j` db `dbngrbaiñm j`d r`pgrt`
  u  
 Ogdig j`d ogrebtg
   @  
 Jbtgs j`d `quipg (Møe`rg j` @quipg, Møe`rg j` imv`mtbrig j` db SA, Mgenr`,
  `
   j Ebrab, Egj`dg, Møe`rg j` s`ri` y Pniabaiñm)
  b  
 O`akb j` Bjquisiaiñm
   j
   i
   j
  r  

@stbjg j` db SA
   é  
 Pniabaiñm
   S
  `  
 O`akb j` pérjijb
   j  
 J`saripaiñm j` db pérjijb
  `
   t
  r  
 Gns`rvbaigm`s
  g
 
 Mgenr` y oireb j`d r`spgmsbnd`
  `
   ^  
 Mgenr` y oireb j` db p`rsgmb qu` r`pgrtb

@dbngrbr r`pgrt`s j` nbhb j` `quipg

@m `st` jgaue`mtg s` `dbngrb um r`pgrt` agm `d oim j` ageumiabr qu` um `quipg kb sijg jbòbjg
`m su tgtbdijbj g j` ebm`rb pbraibd agm db iepgsinidijbj j` r`aup`rbrdg, pgr dg tbmtg s` jb j`
nbhb, `d r`pgrt` j`n`râ agmt`m`r dg sifui`mt`8

  Mgenr` j`d r`spgmsbnd` j`d j`pbrtbe`mtg j`d `quipg j` añeputg

  g   O`akb j` db `dbngrbaiñm j`d r`pgrt`
   i   O`akb j` Imv`mtbrig
  u 

   @   Møe`rg j` SA
  `   Møe`rg j` imv`mtbrig j` db SA
   j
  b   Abrbat`råstiabs
Abrbat`råst iabs j` db SA
  b   O`akb j` bjquisiaiñm
   N
  `   @stbjg j` db SA
   j   S`rsgmb r`spgmsbnd`
  `
   t
  r   O`akb j` db Nbhb
  g   J`saripaiñm
J`saripai ñm j` db nbhb
  `   Gns`rvbaigm`s
   ^ 

  Mgenr` y oireb j`d r`spgmsbnd`

  Mgenr` y oireb j` db p`rsgmb qu` r`pgrtb

09
 

^@SG^Z@ J@ OBDDB J@ @RPISGQ G IMQPEGQ

Db oimbdijbj j` `dbngrbr `st` r`pgrt` `s imogrebr db obddb j` dgs imsuegs tbd`s ageg aubdqui`r
pbrt` j` db ageputbjgrb bså ageg tbeniém j` iepr`sgrbs, abrtuakgs, tgm`rs, `mtr` gtrgs, y j`n`
agmt`m`r dgs sifui`mt`s pumtgs8

  g  
 Mgenr` j`d r`spgmsbnd` j` j`pbrtbe`mtg j`d `quipg j` añeputg
  g  
 O`akb j` `dbngrbaiñm j`d r`pgrt`
  p
   i
  u  
 Adbv` j`d Imsueg
  q
  `  
 Ebrab j`d imsueg
  `   J`saripaiñm
J`saripai ñm j`d Imsueg
   j   g 

  b   e
   d  
 Srgv``jgr j`d Imsueg
   d   u
  b   s  
 Abmtijbj j` Imsuegs agm obddbs
   O   m
  `   I  
 J`saripaiñm
J`saripai ñm j` obddbs j`d imsueg
   j
  `
   t
 
 Gns`rvbaigm`s
  r   J`pbrtbe`mtg qu` r`pgrtb
  g 

  p   Mgenr` y oireb j`d r`spgmsbnd`

  ` 

   ^  
 Mgenr` y oireb j` db p`rsgmb qu` r`pgrtb

^@BNBQZ@AIEI@MZG J@ IMQPEGQ
^@BNBQZ@AIEI@MZG IMQPEGQ  
@st` jgaue`mtg s` r`bdizb aubmjg `d agmtrgd j` dbs `xist`maibs j` dgs imsuegs, imjiqu` um miv`d
qu` mg agrr`spgmj` b dg `stbnd`aijg g `s imsuoiai`mt`, `d aubd j`n` agmt`m`r 8

  `
 
 Mgenr` j`d r`spgmsbnd` j` j`pbrtbe`mtg j`d `quipg j` añeputg
   j  
 O`akb j` `dbngrbaiñm
  g
   t  
 Adbv` j`d Imsueg
  m
  `   s
   i  
 Ebrab j`d Imsueg
  g
  e  e
   i  
 J`saripaiñm
J`saripai ñm j`d Imsueg
  a   u
  `   s
   t  
 Abmtijbj j` Imsuegs sgdiaitbjgs
  m
  s   I
  b  
 Gns`rvbaigm`s
   n   J`pbrtbe`mtg qu` sgdiaitb
  b 
  `
   ^  
 Mgenr` y oireb j`d r`spgmsbnd`
 
 Mgenr` y oireb j` db p`rsgmb qu` sgdiaitb

AGMZ^GD J@ IM_@MZB^IGQ
Pm imv`mtbrig `s `d r`au`mtg j`tbddbjg j` dgs ni`m`s qu` umb `mtijbj
pgs`` b umb o`akb j`t`reimbjb, `m `d âr`b j` sgpgrt` téamiag `d
agmtrgd j` imv`mtbrig byujb b bjeimistrbr y b r`bdizbr um s`fuiei`mtg
j` dbs ageprbs, v`rsigm`s, møe`rgs j` s`ri`, dia`maibs pbrb dbs
pbrt`s y sgotwbr`, o`akbs j` fbrbmtåb, prgv``jgr`s, o`akbs j`
imstbdbaiñm, batubdizbaiñm g `dieimbaiñm agm db oimbdijbj j` sbn`r b
qué abmtijbj j` `quipg s` pgjrâ nrimjbr ebmt`miei`mtg y bså r`bdizbr
dgs pdbm`s j` ebmt`miei`mtg yb s`b pr`v`mtivg g agrr`ativg y bså
bue`mtbr db `oiai`maib y `oiabaib `m `d sgpgrt` téamiag j` dgs `quipgs,
`st` jgaue`mtg pu`j` agmt`m`r dgs sifui`mt`s pumtgs8

?3
 

  Mgenr` j`d r`spgmsbnd` j`d j`pbrtbe`mtg j`d `quipg j` añeputg

  s   O`akb j` `dbngrbaiñm j`d Imv`mtbrig
  g
   i   Ogdig j`d ogrebtg
  r
  b
   t   Møe`rg j` SA
  m   Møe`rg j` imv`mtbrig j` db SA
  ` 

  v
  m
   I   Abrbat`råst
Abrbat`råstiabs
iabs j` db SA


   j
  `    O`akb j`
@stbjg j`bjquisiaiñm
db SA
   d 

  g
  r
   t    S`rsgmb r`spgmsbnd`
  m   Gns`rvbaigm`s
  g 

   A    Mgenr` y oireb j`d r`spgmsbnd`

   Mgenr` y oireb j` db p`rsgmb qu` r`pgrtb
QGDIAIZPJ J@ EBMZ@MIEI@MZG
Pm ogrebtg j` sgdiaituj j` ebmt`miei`mtg 
ebmt`miei`mtg  `s umb sgdiaituj qu` s` kba` pgr `saritg pbrb
`xpgm`r dbs obddbs, g j`o`atgs téamiags j` bdføm gnh`tg, prgjuatg g bpbrbtg y sgdiaitbr su
r`pbrbaiñm, jirifijg b db `mtijbj r`spgmsbnd` j` `ddg, dgs `d`e`mtgs qu` j`n` agmt`m`r sgm dgs
sifui`mt`s.
 
 O`akb j` `dbngrbaiñm j` db sgdiaituj
  g
  `   t
 

Jbtgs j`d Psubrig
   j   m
  `
 
 J`saripaiñm j` db obddb
   j   i  
 Jbtgs j`d jispgsitivg p`rioéria
p`rioériagg
  u   e
   i    i
   t   Jbtgs f`m`rbd`s
  a   m


   i   `
   d    t
  g   m
 
 Bmgebdåbs j`t`atbjbs
   Q   b  
 Gns`rvbaigm`s
  e
 
 Mgenr` y oireb j`d r`spgmsbnd`
 
 Mgenr` y oireb j` db p`rsgmb qu` sgdiaitb `d ebmt`miei`mtg

E BMZ@MIEI@MZG
SDBM J@ EBMZ@MIEI@M ZG
@s `d agmhumtg j` tbr`bs j` ebmt`miei`mtg prgfrbebjg j` ebm`rb p`riñjiab y p`rebm`mt`
pdbsebjbs `m um jgaue`mtg, `d aubd byujb b ebmt`m`r dgs `quipgs `m um `stbjg gp`rbtivg
`oiabz j`mtrg j` um prga`sg, `vitbmjg y j`t`atbmjg gpgrtumbe`mt` obddbs `m dgs `quipgs pbrb
bså `vitbr qu` `stgs prgvgqu`m obddbs ebygr`s, r`juai`mjg agstgs j` gp`rbaiñm, bue`mtbjg db
oumaigmbdijbj, s`furijbj y prgjuativijbj. Sbrb pgj`r `h`autbr um pdbm j` ebmt`miei`mtg `s
m`a`sbrig agmtbr agm um imv`mtbrig batubdizbjg, `d aubd j`n` agmt`m`r8
 
 O`akb j` db `dbngrbaiñm j`d pdbm j` ebmt`miei`mtg
  g
   t
 
 Jbtgs j`d r`spgmsbnd`
  m  
 Mgenr` j`d p`rioériag g SA
  `
  `   i
   j   e  
 J`saripaiñm
J`saripai ñm j`d p`rioériag g SA
  m   i   J`saripaiñm
J`saripai ñm j` dbs bativijbj`s
  b   m
   d   `


   S   t
  m  
 Gns`rvbaigm`s
  b  
 O`akb pgsind` j` ebmt`miei`mtg
  e
 
 Mgenr` y oireb j`d r`spgmsbnd`
 
 Mgenr` y oireb j` db p`rsgmb qu` sgdiaitb `d ebmt`miei`mtg

?2
 

IMOG^E@ 
IMOG^E@ 
@d imogre` `s um jgaue`mtg, (qu` pu`j` s`r iepr`sg, jifitbd, bujigvisubd `ta.) `saritg `m prgsb
imogrebtivb (ai`mtåoiab,
(ai`mtåo iab, téamiab, g age`raibd) agm `d prgpñsitg j` ageumiabr imogrebaiñm b um
miv`d eâs bdtg `m umb grfbmizbaiñm.
@m `st` jgaue`mtg s` bmgtb agm j`tbdd` dgs jbtgs j`d `quipg, `d ti`epg qu` tbrjg `m r`bdizbrs`
`d sgpgrt` téamiag, dgs prgnd`ebs g obddgs qu` surfi`rgm jurbmt` `d sgpgrt`, dbs pgsind`s
sgduaigm`s pbrb `d prgnd`eb, db kgrb j` `mtrbjb, `d ege`mtg `m qu` s`
j`hñ j` r`bdizbr `d ebmt`miei`mtg y dbs ogrebs `m dbs qu` s` `mviñ `d
`quipg `d ti`epg y db ogreb j` `ddg.
@st` sirv` pbrb aubmjg `d adi`mt` t`mfb pr`fumtbs ba`rab j` añeg ou`
`d prga`jiei`mtg g aubd ou` db sgduaiñm, mgs pgjr`egs bpgybr j` tbd
jgaue`mtg pbrb mg p`rj`r bdføm jbtg iepgrtbmt` qu` e`maigmbr agm `d
adi`mt`.  

@dbngrb `m kghbs ndbmabs um aubjrg agepbrbtivg, j`spués j` r`bdizbr db d`aturb sgnr` `d t`eb
j` jgaue`mtgs j` agmtrgd j` sgpgrt` téamiag utidizbjgs pbrb nrimjbr `d s`rviaig. @st` s`râ
`vbdubjg agm umb fuåb j` gns`rvbaiñm.

^`bdizb umb imv`stifbaiñm j` dgs ogrebtgs eâs utidizbjgs pbrb `d agmtrgd j` `quipgs j` añeputg
qu` utidizbm bdfumbs `epr`sbs tbd`s ageg8 r`pgrt` j` jbòg b `quipg, r`pgrt` j` pérjijb j`
`quipg, r`pgrt` j` nbhb j` `quipg, obddb j` `quipgs g imsuegs, r`bnbst`aiei`mtg j` imsuegs,
agmtrgd j` imv`mtbrig, sgdiaituj`s y pdbm`s j` ebmt`miei`mtg, `mtr`fb våb agrr`g `d`atrñmiag um
jgaue`mtg. @d aubd s`râ `vbdubjg agm umb fuåb j` gns`rvbaiñm. 
jgaue`mtg. gns`rvbaiñm.  

@m `quipgs j` : imt`frbmt`s `dbngr`m j` ogreb `d`atrñmiab abjb umg j` r`pgrt`s g jgaue`mtgs

e`maigmbjgs, tgebmjg `m au`mtb dbs `sp`aioiabaigm`s pbrb abjb umg j` dgs jgaue`mtgs j`
bau`rjg b dbs m`a`sijbj`s j` db `epr`sb j` sgpgrt` téamiag ar`bjb bmt`rigre`mt`. @st` s`râ
ag`vbdubjb agm umb fuåb j` gns`rvbaiñm.

?>
 

Sbrb jbr um r`pbsg b dgs agmt`mijgs bngrjbjgs, b agmtimubaiñm s` pr`s`mtbm umb s`ri` j`
r`bativgs dé`dgs j`t`mijbe`mt` y sunrbyb db r`spu`stb agrr`atb.

2. S`rdb s` j`jiab
`ddb `stâ b jbr
pr`s`mt` sgpgrt` téamiag
jir`atbe`mt` agm `d `m `d âr`b
usubrig g dufbr
pbrb jgmj`y s`
bt`mj`rd` `mau`mtrb
gor`a`rd` `d jispgsitivg,
um e`hgr s`rviaig.
·Rué tipg j` sgpgrt` gor`a` S`rdb7
b) Sr`s`maibd n) B jistbmaib a) B Kbrjwbr` j) B Qgotwbr` `) B sist`eb
gp`rbtivg
>. Jbvij s` `mau`mtrb trbnbhbmjg `m umb `epr`sb, `m `d âr`b j` sgpgrt` téamiag jgmj` pr`stb
su s`rviaig våb t`d`oñmiab, ebid g j` ebm`rb r`egtb, pbrb r`sgdv`r bdføm prgnd`eb b
jistbmaib sgnr` bdføm jispgsitivg g ageputbjgrb. ·Rué tipg j` sgpgrt` gor`a` Jbvij7
b) Sr`s`maibd n) B jistbmaib a) B Kbrjwbr` j) B Qgotwbr` `) B sist`eb
gp`rbtivg
1. Duz trbnbhb `m `d âr`b j` sgpgrt` téamiag, `ddb r`fistrb dgs imaij`mt`s y d` bsifmb prigrijbj
(nbhb, e`jib, bdtb) b abjb umg j` `ddgs, d`s sgdiaitb `d mgenr` y `d møe`rg j` åt`e qu` `stâm
r`pgrtbmjg ·Rué bativijbj r`bdizb Duz `m `d prga`jiei`mtg pbrb bt`mj`r `d sgpgrt` téamiag7
b) ^`pgrt` j` um imaij`mt`
n) ^`fistrg y jgaue`mtbaiñm j`d imaij`mt`
a) pr`pbrbaiñm j` db sgduaiñm j`d imaij`mt`
j) Ij`mtioiabaiñm y sgduaiñm j`d prgnd`eb
`) Ai`rr` `xitgsg j`d imaij`mt`

:. Bmjr`b `s bf`mt` j` sgpgrt` téamiag, su trbnbhg agmsist` `m r`fistrbr db imogrebaiñm

prgpgraigmbjb pgr `d usubrig y bsifmb um ti`epg pbrb db r`sgduaiñm j`d prgnd`eb. Sbrb `stg
tgeb `m au`mtb `d kistgribd j` imaij`mt`s sieidbr`s y su `xp`ri`maib. ·Rué bativijbj r`bdizb
 Bmjr`b `m `d prga`j
prga`jiei`mtg
iei`mtg pb
pbrb
rb bt`mj`r `d sgpgrt` téamiag7
b) ^`pgrt` j` um n) ^`fistrg y a) pr`pbrbaiñm j) Ij`mtioiabaiñm `) Ai`rr` `xitgsg
imaij`mt` jgaue`mtbaiñm j` db sgduaiñm y sgduaiñm j`d j`d imaij`mt`
j`d imaij`mt` j`d imaij`mt` prgnd`eb

0. Qgoåb j`aijiñ imstbdbr Vimjgws ; `m su dbptgp p`rg `stâ t`mi`mjg prgnd`eb jbjg b su
im`xp`ri`maib agm db imstbdbaiñm y agmoifurbaiñm j`d `quipg j` añeputg. Agm `stgs
prgnd`ebs qu` s` d` pr`s`mtbrgm ·Rué tipg j` sgpgrt` j`n` sgdiaitbr7
b) Sr`s`maibd n) B jistbmaib a) Bd Kbrjwbr` j) B e`jigs j` `) E`aâmiag
ageumiabaiñm
?. Bmb y Brturg trbnbhbm j`mtrg j` umb `epr`sb ebquidbjgrb jgmj` s` j`sbrrgddbm ageg
 WWWWWWWWWWWWWW
 WWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWW
WWW jgmj` prgpgraigmbm bsist`maib t`d`oñmiab, bsist`maib e`jibmt` agrr`g
`d`atrñmiag, bsist`maib `m dåm`b b trbvés j`d akbt g bsist`maib pr`s`maibd b dgs usubrigs
j`p`mji`mjg j` abjb m`a`sijbj.
b) Zéamiags j` n) Zéamiags j` a) Zéamiags `m j) Zéamiag `m `) Zéamiag
sgpgrt` ageumiabaiñm `epr`sbribd ebmt`miei`mtg jge`stiag
6. Jbvij `stâ t`mi`mjg prgnd`ebs agm db s`òbd j` su egj`e, j`aijiñ qu` `s `d ege`mtg j`
kba`r usg j`d sgpgrt` téamiag j` db `epr`sb qu` d` prgv`` `d s`rviaig j` imt`rm`t.
Qi éd j`s`b kba`r usg j`d e`jig eâs ageøm ·Auâd j`n` j` `d`fir7
b) Akbt n) Agrr`g a) Z`déogmg j) Imngx `) _ij`g-agmo`r`ma
_ij`g-agmo`r`maib
ib

?1
 

;. Bd`xb babnb s`r agmtrbtbjb `m umb `epr`sb `m `d j`pbrtbe`mtg j` sgpgrt` téamiag `ddb
ti`m` dgs agmgaiei`mtgs `m ogrebt`g j` ageputbjgrbs, imstbdbaiñm j` pbqu`t`råb bså ageg
abenig j` pi`zbs j` ageputbjgrb, ·@m qué miv`d j` sgpgrt` téamiag s` j`n` j`s`ep`òbr7
b)Miv`d/Zi`r2 n)Miv`d/Zi`r> a)Miv`d/Zi`r1 j)Miv`d/Zi`r: `)Miv`d/Zi`r0
(Z2/Z2) (Z>/Z>) (Z1/Z1) (Z:/Z:) (Z0/Z0)
9. @s or`au`mt` qu` bd t`reimbr j` imstbdbr Vimjgws `d d`atgr eødtipd` j` e`egribs mg pu`jb

s`r r`agmgaijg
·Auâd s`råb umb bum aubmjg
sgduaiñm dg imt`mt`s
b `st` prgnd`eb7r`agmga`r `m Sbm`d j` agmtrgd/Bfr`fbr Kbrjwbr`.
b) J`sagm`atbr `d jispgsitivg j`d pu`rtg PQN imt`rmg y agm`atbrdg mu`vbe`mt` t`mi`mjg `m
au`mtb agm`atbrdg agrr`atbe`mt` yb qu` dgs abnd`s vi`m`m s`pbrbjgs, j` `stb ebm`rb
s` imstbdbrb butgeâtiabe`mt`.
n) ^`visbr qu` db ageputbjgrb `stâ agm`atbjb.
a) Ak`abr qu` mg `sté agmtbeimbjb pgr virus.
j) ^`visbr qu` `xistb `d agmtrgdbjgr.
`) @sp`rbr b qu` bpbr`zab db umijbj.

23. Bd`hbmjrb qui`r` trbnbhbr `m su SA p`rg su pbmtbddb s` qu`jñ `m m`frg ageg si `stuvi`rb
j`sagm`atbjb j` db r`j `déatriab ·Byøjbd` b `magmtrbr db sgduaiñm b su prgnd`eb7
b) ^`visbr qu` db ageputbjgrb `stâ agm`atbjb.
n) Ak`abr qu` mg `sté agmtbeimbjb pgr virus.
a) p`ro`atg
_`rioiabr `stbjg.
qu` `d abnd` bdie`mtbaiñm
bdie`mtba iñm mg `sté agrtbjg, y ageprgnbr qu` db ou`mt` `st` `m
j) ^`visbr qu` `xistb `d agmtrgdbjgr y j`sagm`atbr tgjgs dgs jispgsitivgs p`rioériags
pgsind`s.
`) @sp`rbr b qu` bpbr`zab db umijbj y ak`abr qu` db ou`mt` `mtr`fu` dgs wbtts m`a`sbrigs
pbrb oumaigmbr.

22. @disb au`mtb agm agmgaiei

agmgaiei`mtgs
`mtgs nâsia
nâsiags
gs ageg `sa`sabm`g
bm`g j` virus
virus,, batubd
batubdizbaigm`s
izbaigm`s j`
prgfrbebs y sus m`a`sijbj`s b v`a`s sgm dbs imstbdbaigm`s j` jriv`rs y sgotwbr`,
ebmt`miei`mtg pr`v`mtivg y agrr`ativg ·@m qué tipg j` usubrig pgj`egs uniabr b @disb7
b) Psubrig n) Psubrig j` a) Psubrig j` j) Psubrig `) Psubrig j`
`epr`sbribd kbrjwbr` sgpgrt` jgeéstiag sist`eb gp`rbtivg
2>. Jbvij trbnbhb jbmjg sgpgrt` téamiag b SA’s y dbptgps, r`imstbdbmjg `d sist`eb gp`rbtivg,
kbai`mjg agpibs j` s`furijbj y r`aup`rbaiñm j` jbtgs bj`eâs jb sgpgrt` b s`rvijgr`s y
r`j`s DBM/VBM ·B qué tipg j` usubrig jb s`rviaig Jbvij7
b) Psubrig j` n) Psubrig j` a) Psubrig j` j) Psubrig `) Psubrig
sist`eb gp`rbtivg kbrjwbr` sgpgrt` jge`stiag `epr`sbribd
21. @d trbnbhg qu` r`bdizb Bmjr`b bnbrab jgs abt`fgråbs8 prgnd`ebs e`aâmiags y prgnd`ebs j`
kbrjwbr` ·Rué tipg j` sgpgrt` téamiag r`bdizb Bmjr`b7
b) Bd sist`eb n)Bd kbrjwbr` a) Bd sgotwbr` j) Bd usubrig `) J` ageumiabaiñm
gp`rbtivg

2:. J`mtrg j` dbs bativijbj`s qu` r`bdizb Bmb `m su trbnbhg ageg sgpgrt` téamiag `stâ db j`
`dieimbr prgfrbebs qu` yb mg s` m`a`sitbm g qu` s` kbm jbòbjg ·Rué tipg j` sgpgrt`
r`bdizb7
b) Bd sist`eb n)Bd kbrjwbr` a) Bd sgotwbr` j) Bd usubrig `) J`
gp`rbtivg ageumiabaiñm

?:
 

20. @s umb k`rrbei`mt

k`rrbei`mtbb qu` p`reit` t`m`r r`fistrg j` imogrebai
imogrebaiñm
ñm r`d`vbmt` bdr`j`jgr j`
prgy`atgs j` eødtipd`s mbturbd`zbs8 um prgy`atg j` imv`stifbaiñm, um trbnbhg babjéeiag, um
prgy`atg j` vijb. WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
b)Argmgfrbeb n) Imv`mtbrig a) Nitâagrb j) Sdbm`baiñm `)^`pgrt` j`
sgpgrt` téamiag
2?. Q` d` agmga` bså bd prga`sg b trbvés j`d aubd s` bmbdizb db situbaiñ
situbaiñm
m batubd (jñmj`
`stbegs), s` `stbnd`a`m gnh`tivgs (b jñmj` qu`r`egs dd`fbr), y s` j`oim`m dbs `strbt`fibs y
aursgs j` baaiñm (añeg vbegs b dd`fbr) m`a`sbrigs pbrb bdabmzbr jiakgs gnh`tivgs.
b)Argmgfrbeb n) Imv`mtbrig a) Nitâagrb j)Sdbm`baiñm `)^`pgrt` j`
sgpgrt` téamiag
26. B Fimb su eb`strb j` eñjudg III d` jig db sifui`mt` distb j` abrbat`råstiabs pbrb qu`
ij`mtioiqu` dbs qu` agrr`spgmj`m b umb nitâagrb. ·Auâd`s sgm7
2. Q` r`fistrbm imt`rrupaigm`s, jifr`sigm`s, bpgrtbaigm`s, jujbs, sgrpr`sbs, `xpgsiaiñm j`
prgnd`ebs, `xtrbpgdbaigm`s, r`aurr`maibs.
>. ^`bdizbr um bmâdisis `xt`rmg, qu` mgs p`reitb agmga`r db situbaiñm j`d `mtgrmg y j`t`atbr
gpgrtumijbj`s y be`mbzbs, y um bmâdisis imt`rmg, qu` mgs p`reitb agmga`r `d `stbjg g
abpbaijbj j` db `epr`sb y j`t`atbr ogrtbd`zbs y j`nidijbj`s.
1. Zgeb `m au`mtb db batubaiñm j` abjb umg j` dgs pbrtiaipbmt`s, yb s`b `m p`qu`ògs
frupgs g `m frupg pd`mbrig.
:. J`sbrrgddbr dgs prgfrbebs g pdbm`s j` baaiñm, qu` agmsist`m `m jgaue`mtgs `m jgmj`
s` `sp`aioiab añeg s` vbm b bdabmzbr dgs gnh`tivgs prgpu`stgs, `s j`air, añeg s` vbm b
iepd`e`mtbr g `h`autbr dbs `strbt`fibs g baaigm`s ogreudbjbs.
0. Baueudb `vij`maibs j` batubaiñm qu` pu`jbm imjiabr `d auepdiei`mtg j` dgs arit`rigs j`
`vbdubaiñm `stbnd`aijgs pr`vibe`mt`.
b) 2, 1, 0. b) 2, >, 0. n) 2, :, 0. a) 2, >, :. j) >, :, 0.
2;. Bmgtbr dbs rutimbs j` trbnbhg, pbrb j`t`reimbr pgst`rigre`mt`, bd bmbdizbrdb, qué tbm nu`mbs
g qué tbm ø øtid`s
tid`s r`sudtbrgm b dgs pbrtiaipbmt`s pbrb dgfrbr dgs gnh`tivgs j` bpr`mjizbh` y
r`fistrbr dbs imt`rrupaigm`s, jifr`sigm`s, bpgrtbaigm`s, jujbs, sgrpr`sbs, `xpgsiaiñm j`
prgnd`ebs, `xtrbpgdbaigm`s, r`aurr`maibs. Qgm abrbat`råstiabs j` WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
b) Argmgfrbeb n) Imv`mtbrig a) Sdbm`baiñm j) ^`pgrt` j` `) Nitâagrb
sgpgrt` téamiag

29. butgr`s
@s umb r`agpidbjgs
pâfimb w`n argmgdñfiabe`mt`.
qu` agmti`m` umb s`ri` j` t`xtgs`dg eâs
Mgrebde`mt` brtåaudgs `saritgs
batubd pgr umg
s` agdgab `m gprie`r
eâs
pdbmg. WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
b)V`ndgf n)Vilip`jib a)Siabsb j)V`n >.3 `)^QQ
>3. ^`qui`r`s jis`òbr `d ogrebtg j` db nitâagrb j` pdbm`baiñm ·Rué k`rrbei`mtb utidizbråbs pbrb
`d jis`òg7
b) Bjgn` bargnbt n) Baa`ss a) Sgw`r pgimt j) Vgrj `) A++
>2. Jgaue`mtg qu` p`re
p`reit`
it` dd`vbr um r`fistrg `sar
`saritg
itg j` dbs bat
bativijbj`s
ivijbj`s prgfr
prgfrbebjbs.
bebjbs. Qu
grfbmizbaiñm `s argmgdñfiab, dg qu` obaiditb db r`visiñm j` dbs bativijbj`s g agmt`mijgs
bmgtbjgs.
b) Nitâagrb j` n) Nitâagrb j` a) Nitâagrb j` j) Nitâagrb j` `) Nitâagrb j`
pdbm`baiñm s`rviaig s`fuiei`mtg ebmt`miei`mtg prgfrbebaiñm

?0
 

>>. Dburb utid

utidizb
izb db WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW j jurbmt`
urbmt` `d prga`sg j` `h`auaiñm j` umb
pdbm`baiñm j` ebm`rb qu` pu`j` v`rioiabr dg qu` s` kba`, `xpdiabr dg qu` sua`j` y
agepbrtir dbs situbaigm`s `magmtrbjbs pbrb kba`r umb r`trgbdie`mtbaiñm y obvgr`a`r `d dgfrg
j` dbs e`tbs y gnh`tivgs qu` s` `stbnd`ai`rgm.
b) Nitâagrb j` n) Nitâagrb j` a) Nitâagrb j` j) Nitâagrb j` `) Nitâagrb j`
pdbm`baiñm s`rviaig ebmt`miei`mtg prgfrbebaiñm s`fuiei`mtg
>1. Abrbat`råstiab j` db nitâagrb j` s`fuiei`mtg y agmtrgd qu` `s euy oâaid ar`br, usbr y pundiabr
imogrebaiñm agm umb nitâagrb. Yb mg `s m`a`sbrig agmga`r agepd`hgs d`mfubh`s j`
prgfrbebaiñm pbrb ageumiabr `m db r`j. Agm `stg bj`eâs s` agmsifu` umb umiv`rsbdizbaiñm
j` db k`rrbei`mtb. WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
b) Batubdizbaiñm n) Grfbmizbaiñm a) Agmv`rsbaiñm j) Qiepdioia
Qiepdioiabaiñm
baiñm `) Jistrinuai
Jistrinuaiñm
ñm
>:. Db abrbat`råstiab j` WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW `m db nitâagrb j` s`fuiei`mtg y agmtrgd
mgrebde`mt` p`reit` age`mtbrigs j` dgs d`atgr`s y visitbmt`s bd sitig qu` oge`mtbm `d
jiâdgfg y `d j`nbt` j` dgs bsumtgs trbtbjgs.
b) Batubdizbaiñm n) Grfbmizbaiñm a) Agmv`rsbaiñm j) Qiepdioia
Qiepdioiabaiñm
baiñm `) Jistrinuaiñm
>0. Obustg r`qui`r` jis`òbr `d ogrebtg j` db nitâagrb j` s`fuiei`mtg pbrb r`fistrbr bmgtbaigm`s
qu` s` `mau`mtrbm adbsioiabjbs pgr o`akb y pgr abt`fgråb ·Rué k`rrbei`mtb utidizbråbs pbrb
`d jis`òg7
b) Bjgn` bargnbt n) Baa`ss a) @xa`d j) Vgrj `) A++
>?. Diz`tk m`a`sitb r`bdizbr umb nitâagrb j` sgpgrt` `m um brakivg jifitbd `m `d aubd dd`vbrb um
r`fistrg jibrig, s`ebmbd g e`msubd j` db tbr`b qu` r`bdizb b dgs `quipgs pbrb t`m`r um
agmtrgd eâs agepd`tg sgnr` dbs bativijbj`s
bativijbj`s qu` dd`vb b abng. ·Rué sgotwbr` j`n` utidizbr7
b) Bjgn` bargnbt n) Baa`ss a) Vgrj j) @xa`d `) A++

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