Python Interview Questions

A list of frequently asked Python interview questions with answers for freshers
and experienced are given below.

1) What is Python?

Python was created by Guido van Rossum, and released in 1991.

It is a general-purpose computer programming language. It is a high-level, object-

oriented language which can run equally on different platforms such as
Windows, Linux, UNIX, and Macintosh. Its high-level built-in data structures,
combined with dynamic typing and dynamic binding. It is widely used in data
science, machine learning and artificial intelligence domain.

It is easy to learn and require less code to develop the applications.

It is widely used for:

Web development (server-side).

Software development.

Mathematics.

System scripting.

2) Why Python?

Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language

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with dynamic semantics.
 Python is compatible with different platforms like Windows, Mac, Linux,
Raspberry Pi, etc.

Python has a simple syntax as compared to other languages.

Python allows a developer to write programs with fewer lines than some
other programming languages.

Python runs on an interpreter system, means that the code can be

executed as soon as it is written. It helps to provide a prototype very
quickly.

Python can be described as a procedural way, an object-orientated way or

a functional way.

The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are available in
source or binary form without charge for all major platforms, and can be
freely distributed.

3) What are the applications of Python?

Python is used in various software domains some application areas are given
below.

Web and Internet Development

Games

Scientific and computational applications

Language development

Image processing and graphic design applications

Enterprise and business applications development

Operating systems

GUI based desktop applications

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Python provides various web frameworks to develop web applications. The
popular python web frameworks are Django, Pyramid, Flask.

Python's standard library supports for E-mail processing, FTP, IMAP, and other
Internet protocols.

Python's SciPy and NumPy helps in scientific and computational application

development.

Python's Tkinter library supports to create a desktop based GUI applications.

4) What are the advantages of Python?

Advantages of Python are:

Python is Interpreted language

Interpreted: Python is an interpreted language. It does not require prior

compilation of code and executes instructions directly.

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It is Free and open source
Free and open source: It is an open-source project which is publicly available to
reuse. It can be downloaded free of cost.

It is Extensible

Extensible: It is very flexible and extensible with any module.

Object-oriented

Object-oriented: Python allows to implement the Object-Oriented concepts to

build application solution.

It has Built-in data structure

Built-in data structure: Tuple, List, and Dictionary are useful integrated data
structures provided by the language.

Readability

High-Level Language

Cross-platform

Portable: Python programs can run on cross platforms without affecting its
performance.

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5) What is PEP 8?

PEP 8 stands for Python Enhancement Proposal, it can be defined as a

document that helps us to provide the guidelines on how to write the Python
code. It is basically a set of rules that specify how to format Python code for
maximum readability. It was written by Guido van Rossum, Barry Warsaw and
Nick Coghlan in 2001.

6) What do you mean by Python literals?

Literals can be defined as a data which is given in a variable or constant. Python

supports the following literals:

String Literals

String literals are formed by enclosing text in the single or double quotes. For
example, string literals are string values.

Example:

# in single quotes  
single = 'JavaTpoint'  
# in double quotes  
double = "JavaTpoint"  
# multi-line String  
multi = '''''Java  
           T  
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               point'''  
     
print(single)  
print(double)  
print(multi)  

Output:

JavaTpoint

JavaTpoint

Java
T

point

Numeric Literals

Python supports three types of numeric literals integer, float and complex.

Example:

# Integer literal    
a = 10    
#Float Literal    
b = 12.3     
#Complex Literal     
x = 3.14j    
print(a)  
print(b)  
print(x)  

Output:

10

12.3

3.14j

Boolean Literals

Boolean literals are used to denote Boolean values. It contains either True or
False.

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Example:

p = (1 == True)  
q = (1 == False)  
r = True + 3  
s = False + 7  
    
print("p is", p)  
print("q is", q)  
print("r:", r)  
print("s:", s)  

Output:

p is True

q is False

r: 4

s: 7

Special literals

Python contains one special literal, that is, 'None'. This special literal is used for
defining a null variable. If 'None' is compared with anything else other than a
'None', it will return false.

Example:

word = None  
print(word)  

Output:

None

7) Explain Python Functions?

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A function is a section of the program or a block of code that is written once and
can be executed whenever required in the program. A function is a block of self-
contained statements which has a valid name, parameters list, and body.
Functions make programming more functional and modular to perform modular
tasks. Python provides several built-in functions to complete tasks and also
allows a user to create new functions as well.

There are three types of functions:

Built-In Functions: copy(), len(), count() are the some built-in functions.

User-defined Functions: Functions which are defined by a user known as

user-defined functions.

Anonymous functions: These functions are also known as lambda

functions because they are not declared with the standard def keyword.

Example: A general syntax of user defined function is given below.

def function_name(parameters list):    
    #--- statements---    
    return a_value    

8) What is zip() function in Python?

Python zip() function returns a zip object, which maps a similar index of multiple
containers. It takes an iterable, convert into iterator and aggregates the elements
based on iterables passed. It returns an iterator of tuples.

Signature

zip(iterator1, iterator2, iterator3 ...)    

Parameters

iterator1, iterator2, iterator3: These are iterator objects that are joined together.

Return

It returns an iterator from two or more iterators.

Note: If the given lists are of different lengths, zip stops generating tuples
when the first list ends. It means two lists are having 3, and 5 lengths will
create a 3-tuple.

9) What is Python's parameter passing mechanism?

There are two parameters passing mechanism in Python:

Pass by references
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Pass by value
By default, all the parameters (arguments) are passed "by reference" to the
functions. Thus, if you change the value of the parameter within a function, the
change is reflected in the calling function as well. It indicates the original
variable. For example, if a variable is declared as a = 10, and passed to a function
where it's value is modified to a = 20. Both the variables denote to the same
value.

The pass by value is that whenever we pass the arguments to the function only
values pass to the function, no reference passes to the function. It makes it
immutable that means not changeable. Both variables hold the different values,
and original value persists even after modifying in the function.

Python has a default argument concept which helps to call a method using an
arbitrary number of arguments.

10) How to overload constructors or methods in Python?

Python's constructor: _init__ () is the first method of a class. Whenever we try to

instantiate an object __init__() is automatically invoked by python to initialize
members of an object. We can't overload constructors or methods in Python. It
shows an error if we try to overload.

Example:

class student:    
    def __init__(self, name):    
        self.name = name    
    def __init__(self, name, email):    
        self.name = name    
        self.email = email    
         
# This line will generate an error    
#st = student("rahul")    
    
# This line will call the second constructor    
st = student("rahul", "rahul@gmail.com")    
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print("Name: ", st.name)  
 print("Email id: ", st.email)  

Output:

Name: rahul

Email id: rahul@gmail.com

11) What is the difference between remove() function and del

statement?

The user can use the remove() function to delete a specific object in the list.

Example:

list_1 = [ 3, 5, 7, 3, 9, 3 ]   
print(list_1)  
list_1.remove(3)   
print("After removal: ", list_1)  

Output:

[3, 5, 7, 3, 9, 3]

After removal: [5, 7, 3, 9, 3]

If you want to delete an object at a specific location (index) in the list, you can
either use del or pop.

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Example:

list_1 = [ 3, 5, 7, 3, 9, 3 ]   
print(list_1)  
del list_1[2]  
print("After deleting: ", list_1)  

Output:

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 [3, 5, 7, 3, 9, 3]

After deleting: [3, 5, 3, 9, 3]

Note: You don't need to import any extra module to use these functions for
removing an element from the list.

We cannot use these methods with a tuple because the tuple is different from
the list.

12) What is swapcase() function in the Python?

It is a string's function which converts all uppercase characters into lowercase

and vice versa. It is used to alter the existing case of the string. This method
creates a copy of the string which contains all the characters in the swap case. If
the string is in lowercase, it generates a small case string and vice versa. It
automatically ignores all the non-alphabetic characters. See an example below.

Example:

string = "IT IS IN LOWERCASE."  
print(string.swapcase())  
  
string = "it is in uppercase."  
print(string.swapcase())  

Output:

it is in lowercase.

IT IS IN UPPERCASE.

13) How to remove whitespaces from a string in Python?

To remove the whitespaces and trailing spaces from the string, Python providies
strip([str]) built-in function. This function returns a copy of the string after
removing whitespaces if present. Otherwise returns original string.

Example:

string = "  javatpoint "  
string2 = "    javatpoint        "  
string3 = "       javatpoint"  
print(string)  
print(string2)  
print(string3)  
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print("After stripping all have placed in a sequence:")  
 print(string.strip())  
print(string2.strip())  
print(string3.strip())  

Output:

javatpoint

javatpoint

javatpoint

After stripping all have placed in a sequence:

Javatpoint

javatpoint

javatpoint

14) How to remove leading whitespaces from a string in the

Python?

To remove leading characters from a string, we can use lstrip() function. It is

Python string function which takes an optional char type parameter. If a
parameter is provided, it removes the character. Otherwise, it removes all the
leading spaces from the string.

Example:

string = "  javatpoint "   
string2 = "    javatpoint        "  
print(string)  
print(string2)  
print("After stripping all leading whitespaces:")  
print(string.lstrip())  
print(string2.lstrip())  

Output:

javatpoint

javatpoint

After stripping all leading whitespaces:

javatpoint

javatpoint

After stripping, all the whitespaces are removed, and now the string looks like
the below:

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15) Why do we use join() function in Python?

The join() is defined as a string method which returns a string value. It is

concatenated with the elements of an iterable. It provides a flexible way to
concatenate the strings. See an example below.

Example:

str = "Rohan"  
str2 = "ab"  
# Calling function    
str2 = str.join(str2)    
# Displaying result    
print(str2)  

Output:

aRohanb

16) Give an example of shuffle() method?

This method shuffles the given string or an array. It randomizes the items in the
array. This method is present in the random module. So, we need to import it and
then we can call the function. It shuffles elements each time when the function
calls and produces different output.

Example:

# import the random module  
import random  
# declare a list  
sample_list1 = ['Z', 'Y', 'X', 'W', 'V', 'U']  
print("Original LIST1: ")  
print(sample_list1)  
# first shuffle   
random.shuffle(sample_list1)  
print("\nAfter the first shuffle of LIST1: ")  
print(sample_list1)  
# second shuffle  
random.shuffle(sample_list1)  
print("\nAfter the second shuffle of LIST1: ")  
print(sample_list1)  

Output:

Original LIST1:

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TO TOP
'X', 'W', 'V', 'U']

 After the first shuffle of LIST1:

['V', 'U', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z']

After the second shuffle of LIST1:

['Z', 'Y', 'X', 'U', 'V', 'W']

17) What is the use of break statement?

The break statement is used to terminate the execution of the current loop.
Break always breaks the current execution and transfer control to outside the
current block. If the block is in a loop, it exits from the loop, and if the break is in
a nested loop, it exits from the innermost loop.

Example:

list_1 = ['X', 'Y', 'Z']  
list_2 = [11, 22, 33]  
for i in list_1:  
    for j in list_2:  
        print(i, j)  
        if i == 'Y' and j == 33:  
            print('BREAK')  
            break  
    else:  
        continue  
    break  

Output:

X 11

X 22

X 33

Y 11

Y 22

Y 33

BREAK

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Python Break statement flowchart.

18) What is tuple in Python?

A tuple is a built-in data collection type. It allows us to store values in a

sequence. It is immutable, so no change is reflected in the original data. It uses
() brackets rather than [] square brackets to create a tuple. We cannot remove
any element but can find in the tuple. We can use indexing to get elements. It
also allows traversing elements in reverse order by using negative indexing.
Tuple supports various methods like max(), sum(), sorted(), Len() etc.

To create a tuple, we can declare it as below.

Example:

# Declaring tuple  
tup = (2,4,6,8)  
# Displaying value  
print(tup)  
  
# Displaying Single value  
print(tup[2])  

Output:

(2, 4, 6, 8)

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It is immutable. So updating tuple will lead to an error.

Example:

# Declaring tuple  
tup = (2,4,6,8)  
# Displaying value  
print(tup)  
  
# Displaying Single value  
print(tup[2])  
  
# Updating by assigning new value  
tup[2]=22  
# Displaying Single value  
print(tup[2])  

Output:

tup[2]=22

TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

(2, 4, 6, 8)

19) Which are the file related libraries/modules in Python?

The Python provides libraries/modules that enable you to manipulate text files
and binary files on the file system. It helps to create files, update their contents,
copy, and delete files. The libraries are os, os.path, and shutil.

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Here, os and os.path - modules include a function for accessing the filesystem
while shutil - module enables you to copy and delete the files.

20) What are the different file processing modes supported

by Python?

Python provides four modes to open files. The read-only (r), write-only (w), read-
write (rw) and append mode (a). 'r' is used to open a file in read-only mode, 'w' is
used to open a file in write-only mode, 'rw' is used to open in reading and write
mode, 'a' is used to open a file in append mode. If the mode is not specified, by
default file opens in read-only mode.

Read-only mode (r): Open a file for reading. It is the default mode.

Write-only mode (w): Open a file for writing. If the file contains data, data
would be lost. Other a new file is created.

Read-Write mode (rw): Open a file for reading, write mode. It means
updating mode.

Append mode (a): Open for writing, append to the end of the file, if the file
exists.

21) What is an operator in Python?

An operator is a particular symbol which is used on some values and produces

an output as a result. An operator works on operands. Operands are numeric
literals or variables which hold some values. Operators can be unary, binary or
ternary. An operator which requires a single operand known as a unary operator,
which require two operands known as a binary operator and which require three
operands is called ternary operator.

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Example:

# Unary Operator  
A = 12  
B = -(A)  
print (B)  
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 # Binary Operator  
A = 12  
B = 13  
print (A + B)  
print (B * A)  
#Ternary Operator  
A = 12  
B = 13  
min = A if A < B else B  
    
print(min)  

Output:

# Unary Operator

-12

# Binary Operator

25

156

# Ternary Operator

12

22) What are the different types of operators in Python?

Python uses a rich set of operators to perform a variety of operations. Some

individual operators like membership and identity operators are not so familiar
but allow to perform operations.

Arithmetic OperatorsRelational Operators

Assignment Operators

Logical Operators

Membership Operators

Identity Operators

Bitwise Operators

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Arithmetic operators perform basic arithmetic operations. For example "+" is
used to add and "?" is used for subtraction.

Example:

# Adding two values  
print(12+23)  
# Subtracting two values  
print(12-23)  
# Multiplying two values  
print(12*23)  
# Dividing two values  
print(12/23)  

Output:

35

-11

276

0.5217391304347826

Relational Operators are used to comparing the values. These operators test the
conditions and then returns a boolean value either True or False.

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Examples Relational Operators
Example:

a, b = 10, 12  
print(a==b) # False  
print(a<b) # True  
print(a<=b) # True  
print(a!=b) # True  

Output:

False
True

True

True

Assignment operators are used to assigning values to the variables. See the
examples below.

Example:

# Examples of Assignment operators  
a=12  
print(a) # 12  
a += 2  
print(a) # 14  
a -= 2  
print(a) # 12  
a *=2  
print(a) # 24  
a **=2  
print(a) # 576  

Output:

12

14

12

24

576

Logical operators are used to performing logical operations like And, Or, and Not.
See the example below.

Example:

# Logical operator examples  
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a = True  
 b = False  
print(a and b) # False  
print(a or b) # True  
print(not b) # True  

Output:

False
True

True

Membership operators are used to checking whether an element is a member of

the sequence (list, dictionary, tuples) or not. Python uses two membership
operators in and not in operators to check element presence. See an example.

Example:

# Membership operators examples  
list = [2,4,6,7,3,4]  
print(5 in list) # False  
cities = ("india","delhi")  
print("tokyo" not in cities) #True  

Output:

False
True

Identity Operators (is and is not) both are used to check two values or variable
which are located on the same part of the memory. Two variables that are equal
does not imply that they are identical. See the following examples.

Example:

# Identity operator example  
a = 10   
b = 12  
print(a is b) # False  
print(a is not b) # True  

Output:

False
True

Bitwise Operators are used to performing operations over the bits. The binary
⇧operators
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|, OR) work on bits. See the example below.
Example:

# Identity operator example  
a = 10   
b = 12  
print(a & b) # 8  
print(a | b) # 14  
print(a ^ b) # 6  
print(~a) # -11  

Output:

14

-11

23) How to create a Unicode string in Python?

In Python 3, the old Unicode type has replaced by "str" type, and the string is
treated as Unicode by default. We can make a string in Unicode by using
art.title.encode("utf-8") function.

Example:

unicode_1 = ("\u0123", "\u2665", "\U0001f638", "\u265E", "\u265F", "\u2168")  
print (unicode_1)  

Output:

unicode_1: ('ģ', ' ♥', '😸', '♞', '♟', 'Ⅸ')

24) is Python interpreted language?

Python is an interpreted language. The Python language program runs directly

from the source code. It converts the source code into an intermediate language
code, which is again translated into machine language that has to be executed.

Unlike Java or C, Python does not require compilation before execution.

25) How is memory managed in Python?

Memory is managed in Python in the following ways:

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 Memory management in python is managed by Python private heap
space. All Python objects and data structures are located in a private
heap. The programmer does not have access to this private heap. The
python interpreter takes care of this instead.

The allocation of heap space for Python objects is done by Python's

memory manager. The core API gives access to some tools for the
programmer to code.

Python also has an inbuilt garbage collector, which recycles all the unused
memory and so that it can be made available to the heap space.

26) What is the Python decorator?

Decorators are very powerful and a useful tool in Python that allows the
programmers to add functionality to an existing code. This is also called
metaprogramming because a part of the program tries to modify another part of
the program at compile time. It allows the user to wrap another function to
extend the behaviour of the wrapped function, without permanently modifying it.

Example:

def function_is_called():  
    def function_is_returned():  
        print("JavaTpoint")  
    return function_is_returned  
new_1 = function_is_called()  
# Outputs "JavaTpoint"  
new_1()  

Output:

JavaTpoint

Functions vs. Decorators

A function is a block of code that performs a specific task whereas a decorator

is a function that modifies other functions.

27) What are the rules for a local and global variable in
Python?

Global Variables:

Variables declared outside a function or in global space are called global

variables.

If a variable is ever assigned a new value inside the function, the variable
is implicitly local, and we need to declare it as 'global' explicitly. To make a
variable globally, we need to declare it by using global keyword.
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 Global variables are accessible anywhere in the program, and any function
can access and modify its value.

Example:

A = "JavaTpoint"  
def my_function():  
  print(A)  
my_function()  

Output:

JavaTpoint

Local Variables:

Any variable declared inside a function is known as a local variable. This

variable is present in the local space and not in the global space.

If a variable is assigned a new value anywhere within the function's body,

it's assumed to be a local.

Local variables are accessible within local body only.

Example:

def my_function2():  
    K = "JavaTpoint Local"  
    print(K)  
my_function2()   

Output:

JavaTpoint Local

28) What is the namespace in Python?

The namespace is a fundamental idea to structure and organize the code that is
more useful in large projects. However, it could be a bit difficult concept to grasp
if you're new to programming. Hence, we tried to make namespaces just a little
easier to understand.

A namespace is defined as a simple system to control the names in a program. It

ensures that names are unique and won't lead to any conflict.

Also, Python implements namespaces in the form of dictionaries and maintains

name-to-object mapping where names act as keys and the objects as values.

⇧29) What
SCROLL TOare
TOPiterators in Python?
In Python, iterators are used to iterate a group of elements, containers like a list.
Iterators are the collection of items, and it can be a list, tuple, or a dictionary.
Python iterator implements __itr__ and next() method to iterate the stored
elements. In Python, we generally use loops to iterate over the collections (list,
tuple).

In simple words: Iterators are objects which can be traversed though or iterated
upon.

30) What is a generator in Python?

In Python, the generator is a way that specifies how to implement iterators. It is a

normal function except that it yields expression in the function. It does not
implements __itr__ and next() method and reduce other overheads as well.

If a function contains at least a yield statement, it becomes a generator. The

yield keyword pauses the current execution by saving its states and then resume
from the same when required.

31) What is slicing in Python?

Slicing is a mechanism used to select a range of items from sequence type like
list, tuple, and string. It is beneficial and easy to get elements from a range by
using slice way. It requires a : (colon) which separates the start and end index of
the field. All the data collection types List or tuple allows us to use slicing to
fetch elements. Although we can get elements by specifying an index, we get
only single element whereas using slicing we can get a group of elements.

Example:

Q = "JavaTpoint, Python Interview Questions!"  
print(Q[2:25])  

Output:

vaTpoint, Python Interv

32) What is a dictionary in Python?

The Python dictionary is a built-in data type. It defines a one-to-one relationship

between keys and values. Dictionaries contain a pair of keys and their
corresponding values. It stores elements in key and value pairs. The keys are
unique whereas values can be duplicate. The key accesses the dictionary
elements.

Keys index dictionaries.

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Example:

The following example contains some keys Country Hero & Cartoon. Their
corresponding values are India, Modi, and Rahul respectively.

dict = {'Country': 'India', 'Hero': 'Modi', 'Cartoon': 'Rahul'}  
print ("Country: ", dict['Country'])    
print ("Hero: ", dict['Hero'])  
print ("Cartoon: ", dict['Cartoon'])  

Output:

Country: India

Hero: Modi

Cartoon: Rahul

33) What is Pass in Python?

Pass specifies a Python statement without operations. It is a placeholder in a

compound statement. If we want to create an empty class or functions, the pass
keyword helps to pass the control without error.

Example:

class Student:   
    pass # Passing class    
class Student:    
    def info():  
        pass # Passing function  

34) Explain docstring in Python?

The Python docstring is a string literal that occurs as the first statement in a
module, function, class, or method definition. It provides a convenient way to
associate the documentation.

String literals occurring immediately after a simple assignment at the top are
called "attribute docstrings".

String literals occurring immediately after another docstring are called

"additional docstrings".

Python uses triple quotes to create docstrings even though the string fits on one
line.

Docstring phrase ends with a period (.) and can be multiple lines. It may consist
of spaces and other special chars.

⇧Example:
SCROLL TO TOP
 # One-line docstrings  
def hello():  
    """A function to greet."""  
    return "hello"  

35) What is a negative index in Python and why are they

used?

The sequences in Python are indexed and it consists of the positive as well as
negative numbers. The numbers that are positive uses '0' that is uses as first
index and '1' as the second index and the process go on like that.

The index for the negative number starts from '-1' that represents the last index
in the sequence and '-2' as the penultimate index and the sequence carries
forward like the positive number.

The negative index is used to remove any new-line spaces from the string and
allow the string to except the last character that is given as S[:-1]. The negative
index is also used to show the index to represent the string in correct order.

36) What is pickling and unpickling in Python?

The Python pickle is defined as a module which accepts any Python object and
converts it into a string representation. It dumps the Python object into a file
using the dump function; this process is called Pickling.

The process of retrieving the original Python objects from the stored string
representation is called as Unpickling.

37) Which programming language is a good choice between

Java and Python?

Java and Python both are object-oriented programming languages. Let's

compare both on some criteria given below:

Criteria Java Python

Ease of use Good Very Good

Coding Speed Average Excellent

Data types Static type Dynamic type

Data Science and Machine learning application Average Very Good

38) What is the usage of help() and dir() function in Python?

Help() and dir() both functions are accessible from the Python interpreter and

⇧used for viewing

SCROLL TO TOPa consolidated dump of built-in functions.
Help() function: The help() function is used to display the documentation string
and also facilitates us to see the help related to modules, keywords, and
attributes.

Dir() function: The dir() function is used to display the defined symbols.

39) What are the differences between Python 2.x and Python
3.x?

Python 2.x is an older version of Python. Python 3.x is newer and latest version.
Python 2.x is legacy now. Python 3.x is the present and future of this language.

The most visible difference between Python2 and Python3 is in print statement
(function). In Python 2, it looks like print "Hello", and in Python 3, it is print
("Hello").

String in Python2 is ASCII implicitly, and in Python3 it is Unicode.

The xrange() method has removed from Python 3 version.

A new keyword as is
introduced in Error handling.

40) How Python does Compile-time and Run-time code

checking?

In Python, some amount of coding is done at compile time, but most of the
checking such as type, name, etc. are postponed until code execution.
Consequently, if the Python code references a user-defined function that does
not exist, the code will compile successfully. The Python code will fail only with
an exception when the code execution path does not exist.

41) What is the shortest method to open a text file and

display its content?

The shortest way to open a text file is by using "with" command in the following
manner:

Example:

with open("FILE NAME", "r") as fp:  
    fileData = fp.read()    
# To print the contents of the file     
print(fileData)  

Output:

"The data of the file will be printed."

⇧42) What
SCROLL TOis the
TOP usage of enumerate () function in Python?
The enumerate() function is used to iterate through the sequence and retrieve
the index position and its corresponding value at the same time.

Example:

list_1 = ["A","B","C"]  
s_1 = "Javatpoint"   
# creating enumerate objects  
object_1 = enumerate(list_1)  
object_2 = enumerate(s_1)  
   
print ("Return type:",type(object_1))  
print (list(enumerate(list_1)))  
print (list(enumerate(s_1)))  

Output:

Return type:

[(0, 'A'), (1, 'B'), (2, 'C')]

[(0, 'J'), (1, 'a'), (2, 'v'), (3, 'a'), (4, 't'), (5, 'p'), (6, 'o'), (7, 'i'), (8, 'n'), (9, 't')]

43) Give the output of this example: A[3] if A=

[1,4,6,7,9,66,4,94].

Since indexing starts from zero, an element present at 3rd index is 7. So, the
output is 7.

44) What is type conversion in Python?

Type conversion refers to the conversion of one data type iinto another.

int() - converts any data type into integer type

float() - converts any data type into float type

ord() - converts characters into integer

hex() - converts integers to hexadecimal

oct() - converts integer to octal

tuple() - This function is used to convert to a tuple.

set() - This function returns the type after converting to set.

list() - This function is used to convert any data type to a list type.

dict() - This function is used to convert a tuple of order (key,value) into a

dictionary.

⇧str()
SCROLL TOtoTOP
- Used convert integer into a string.
complex(real,imag) - This functionconverts real numbers to complex(real,imag)
number.

45) How to send an email in Python Language?

To send an email, Python provides smtplib and email modules. Import these
modules into the created mail script and send mail by authenticating a user.

It has a method SMTP(smtp-server, port). It requires two parameters to establish

SMTP connection.

A simple example to send an email is given below.

Example:

import smtplib    
# Calling SMTP    
s = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com', 587)    
# TLS for network security    
s.starttls()    
# User email Authentication    
s.login("sender@email_id", "sender_email_id_password")    
# Message to be sent    
message = "Message_sender_need_to_send"    
# Sending the mail    
s.sendmail("sender@email_id ", "receiver@email_id", message)    

46) What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists?

Arrays and lists, in Python, have the same way of storing data. But, arrays can
hold only a single data type elements whereas lists can hold any data type
elements.

Example:

import array as arr  
User_Array = arr.array('i', [1,2,3,4])  
User_list = [1, 'abc', 1.20]  
print (User_Array)  
print (User_list)  

Output:

array('i', [1, 2, 3, 4])

[1, 'abc', 1.2]

⇧47) What
SCROLL TOis lambda
TOP function in Python?
The anonymous function in python is a function that is defined without a name.
The normal functions are defined using a keyword "def", whereas, the
anonymous functions are defined using the lambda function. The anonymous
functions are also called as lambda functions.

48) Why do lambda forms in Python not have the

statements?

Lambda forms in Python does not have the statement because it is used to
make the new function object and return them in runtime.

49) What are functions in Python?

A function is a block of code which is executed only when it is called. To define a

Python function, the def keyword is used.

Example:

def New_func():  
    print ("Hi, Welcome to JavaTpoint")  
New_func() #calling the function  

Output:

Hi, Welcome to JavaTpoint

50) What is __init__?

The __init__ is a method or constructor in Python. This method is automatically

called to allocate memory when a new object/ instance of a class is created. All
classes have the __init__ method.

Example:

class Employee_1:  
    def __init__(self, name, age,salary):  
        self.name = name  
        self.age = age  
        self.salary = 20000  
E_1 = Employee_1("pqr", 20, 25000)  
# E1 is the instance of class Employee.  
#__init__ allocates memory for E1.   
print(E_1.name)  
print(E_1.age)  
print(E_1.salary)  

⇧Output:
SCROLL TO TOP
 pqr

20

25000

51) What is self in Python?

Self is an instance or an object of a class. In Python, this is explicitly included as

the first parameter. However, this is not the case in Java where it's optional. It
helps to differentiate between the methods and attributes of a class with local
variables.

The self-variable in the init method refers to the newly created object while in
other methods, it refers to the object whose method was called.

52) How can you generate random numbers in Python?

Random module is the standard module that is used to generate a random

number. The method is defined as:

import random  
random.random  

The statement random.random() method return the floating point number that is
in the range of [0, 1). The function generates random float numbers. The
methods that are used with the random class are the bound methods of the
hidden instances. The instances of the Random can be done to show the multi-
threading programs that creates a different instance of individual threads. The
other random generators that are used in this are:

randrange(a, b): it chooses an integer and define the range in-between [a, b). It
returns the elements by selecting it randomly from the range that is specified. It
doesn't build a range object.

uniform(a, b): it chooses a floating point number that is defined in the range of
[a,b).Iyt returns the floating point number

normalvariate(mean, sdev): it is used for the normal distribution where the mu is

a mean and the sdev is a sigma that is used for standard deviation.

The Random class that is used and instantiated creates independent multiple
random number generators.

53) What is PYTHONPATH?

PYTHONPATH is an environment variable which is used when a module is

imported. Whenever a module is imported, PYTHONPATH is also looked up to
check for the presence of the imported modules in various directories. The

⇧interpreter
SCROLL TO uses
TOPit to determine which module to load.
54) What are python modules? Name some commonly used
built-in modules in Python?

Python modules are files containing Python code. This code can either be
functions classes or variables. A Python module is a .py file containing
executable code.

Some of the commonly used built-in modules are:

os

sys

math

random

data time

JSON

55) What is the difference between range & xrange?

For the most part, xrange and range are the exact same in terms of functionality.
They both provide a way to generate a list of integers for you to use, however you
please. The only difference is that range returns a Python list object and x range
returns an xrange object.

This means that xrange doesn't actually generate a static list at run-time like
range does. It creates the values as you need them with a special technique
called yielding. This technique is used with a type of object known as generators.
That means that if you have a really gigantic range you'd like to generate a list
for, say one billion, xrange is the function to use.

This is especially true if you have a really memory sensitive system such as a
cell phone that you are working with, as range will use as much memory as it can
to create your array of integers, which can result in a Memory Error and crash
your program. It's a memory hungry beast.

56) What advantages do NumPy arrays offer over (nested)

Python lists?

Python's lists are efficient general-purpose containers. They support

(fairly) efficient insertion, deletion, appending, and concatenation, and
Python's list comprehensions make them easy to construct and
manipulate.

They have certain limitations: they don't support "vectorized" operations

like elementwise addition and multiplication, and the fact that they can
contain objects of differing types mean that Python must store type
information for every element, and must execute type dispatching code
when operating on each element.

NumPy is not just more efficient; it is also more convenient. We get a lot
⇧ SCROLL TO TOP
of vector and matrix operations for free, which sometimes allow one to
 avoid unnecessary work. And they are also efficiently implemented.

NumPy array is faster and we get a lot built in with NumPy, FFTs,
convolutions, fast searching, basic statistics, linear algebra, histograms,
etc.

57) Mention what the Django templates consist of.

The template is a simple text file. It can create any text-based format like XML,
CSV, HTML, etc. A template contains variables that get replaced with values
when the template is evaluated and tags (% tag %) that control the logic of the
template.

58) Explain the use of session in Django framework?

Django provides a session that lets the user store and retrieve data on a per-site-
visitor basis. Django abstracts the process of sending and receiving cookies, by
placing a session ID cookie on the client side, and storing all the related data on
the server side.

So, the data itself is not stored client side. This is good from a security
perspective.

Interview based Multiple Choice Questions on

Python

1) Which of the following statements is/are TRUE in respect of the Python

programming language?

Statement 1: Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming

language.

Statement 2: Python provides high-level data structures along with dynamic

⇧ SCROLL TO TOP
binding and typing for Rapid Application Development and deployment.
Statement 3: Python is a Statically typed Programming language.

Options:

a. Only Statement 1

b. Statement 1 and 2

c. Statement 1 and 3

d. All Statements are Correct

Hide Answer
Workspace

Answer: B: Statement 1 and 2

Explanation: Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose

programming language. Being an interpreted language, it executes every
block of code line by line, and thus type-checking is done while executing
the code. Hence, it is a dynamically typed language.

Moreover, Python offers high-level data structures, together with dynamic

binding and typing, allows a large community of developers for Rapid
Application Development and Deployment.

2) What is the full form of PEP?

Options:

a. Python Enhancement Proposal

b. Python Enchantment Proposal

c. Programming Enhancement Proposition

d. Python Enrichment Program

Hide Answer
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Answer: A: Python Enhancement Proposal

Explanation: A PEP, also known as Python Enhancement Proposal, is an

official design document offering information to the community of Python
developers or depicting a new feature for Python or its methods.

3) Which of the following statements is/are NOT correct regarding Memory

Management in Python?

Statement 1: Python Memory Manager handles the management regarding

memory in Python

Statement 2: Python uses CMS (Concurrent Mark Sweep) approach as its

Garbage Collection technique.
⇧ SCROLL TO TOP
Statement 3: Python offers a core garbage collection to recycle the vacant
memory for the private heap space.

Options:

a. Only Statement 3

b. Statement 1 and 3

c. Statement 2 and 3

d. Only Statement 2

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Answer: D: Only Statement 2

Explanation: Python employs the Reference Counting algorithm as its

Garbage Collection technique. This technique is highly efficient and
straightforward; however, it can't detect the reference cycle. Hence, Python
has an additional algorithm known as Generational Cyclic (GC), which only
deals with the reference cycle.

4) Which of the following statements is/are NOT correct in respect to Python

namespaces?

Statement 1: Python implements the namespace in the form of Array.

Statement 2: Python namespaces are classified into three types - local, global
and built-in.

Statement 3: A Python namespace ensures that the names of the objects in a

program are unique and can be utilized, deprived of any inconsistency.

Options:

a. Only Statement 1

b. Only Statement 3

c. Statement 1 and 2

d. Statement 1 and 3

Hide Answer
Workspace

Answer: A: Only Statement 1

Explanation: The namespaces in Python are implemented in the form of

Dictionaries where 'key' denotes the 'name', mapped to a corresponding
'value' denoting the 'object'.

5) Which of the following is invalid in terms of Variable Names?

⇧ SCROLL TO TOP
Options:

a. _mystr = "Hello World!"

b. __mystr = "Hello World!"

c. __mystr__ = "Hello World!"

d. None of the mentioned

Hide Answer
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Answer: D: None of the mentioned

Explanation: All Statements will be executed successfully. However, the

code readability will also be reduced.

6) In respect to the scope in Python, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

Statement 1: A variable created within a function belongs to the local scope and
can be used outside that function.

Statement 2: A local scope is referred to the object present through the

execution of code since its inception.

Statement 3: A local scope is referred to the local object present in the current
function.

Options:

a. Only Statement 2

b. Statement 1 and 3

c. Only Statement 3

d. All Statements are True

Hide Answer
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Answer: C: Only Statement 3

Explanation: Local scope, also known as function scope, is the block of

code or body of any function in Python. This scope consists of the names
that we define within the function. These names will only be observable
from the function code. It is created at the function call, not at the definition
of the function, so that we will have as many distinct local scopes as the
calls in function. This is true even when we call the same function more than
one time or recursively. Every call will return a new local scope.

7) What will the following snippet of code print?

Code:
⇧ SCROLL TO TOP
 # assigning a variable  
myint = 10  
  
# defining a function  
def myfunction():  
    # reassigning a variable  
    myint = 20  
  
# calling the function  
myfunction()  
  
# printing the value of the variable  
print(myint)  

Options:

a. 10

b. 20

c. 0

d. Traceback Error

Hide Answer
Workspace

Answer: A: 10

Explanation: 10 is printed.

Whenever we reallocate a global variable in the local scope of a function, the

relocation only holds inside the local scope. The variable goes back to the
global value when the code returns the global scope.

8) What will the following snippet of code yield?

Code:

# assigning a variable  
myint = 21  
  
# using if False statement  
if False:  
    # reassigning a variable  
    myint = 34  
  
# defining a function  
def myfunction():  
    if True:  
⇧ SCROLL TO TOP
         # reassigning a variable  
        myint = 65  
  
# calling the function  
myfunction()  
  
# printing the value of the variable  
print(myint)  

Options:

a. 65

b. Traceback Error

c. 21

d. 34

Hide Answer
Workspace

Answer: C: 21

Explanation: 21 is printed.

The variable, myint, is initially assigned to 21. The if False statement

estimates to False, so the myint = 34 reassigned never occurs. The
reassignment within the myfunction() function does occur inside the local
scope, not the global one. When we try to access the variable myint in the
global scope, the variable's value remains unchanged at 21.

9) Among the following statements based on the difference between lists and tuples,
which one statement is TRUE?

Statement 1: List is a sequence data structure, whereas Tuple is not.

Statement 2: Lists are immutable; however, Tuples are mutable.

Statement 3: Tuple is a sequence data structure, whereas List is not.

Statement 4: Tuples are immutable; however, Lists are mutable.

Options:

a. Statement 1

b. Statement 4

c. Statement 2

d. Statement 3

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⇧ SCROLL TO TOP
 Answer: B: Statement 4

Explanation: Apart from many similarities, one of the significant differences

between the two is that the Lists are mutable, whereas Tuples are
immutable. This statement implies that we can modify or change the values
of a list; however, we can't alter the values of a Tuple.

10) What will be the output of the following snippet of code?

Code:

# defining a list  
my_list = [7, 9, 8, 2, 5, 0, 1, 3, 6]  
  
# using the pop() function  
my_list.pop(2)  
  
# printing the final list  
print(my_list)  

Options:

a. [7, 9, 2, 5, 0, 1, 3, 6]

b. [7, 9, 8, 2, 5, 0, 3, 6]

c. [7, 8, 2, 5, 0, 1, 3, 6]

d. [7, 9, 8, 2, 5, 0, 1, 6]

Hide Answer
Workspace

Answer: A: [7, 9, 2, 5, 0, 1, 3, 6]

Explanation: The pop() function is used to remove the element from the list.
The function's parameter is the index value, n, of the data element to be
removed from the list.

Thus, the pop(n) function removes the nth element from the list. As in the
above case, the index number is 2. Hence, the pop(2) function removes the
second element from my_list, i.e., 8.

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