Biology Honors - Genetics Study Guide (Module 10 Lesson 1 & 5)

1. Define each of the following terms and give one example of each a lot of definitions
Term Definition Example

True-Breeding or Purebred is an organism that always passes down certain

phenotypic traits (i.e. physically expressed traits) to
its offspring of many generations.

Alleles one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that

arise by mutation and are found at the same place on
a chromosome.

Heredity the passing on of physical or mental characteristics

genetically from one generation to another.

Homozygous have two identical alleles of a particular gene or Examples:BB bb

genes.

Heterozygous having two different alleles of a particular gene or Example: Bb

genes.

Genotypic Ratio* ratio depicting the different genotypes of the offspring

from a test cross

Phenotypic Ratio quantitative relation between phenotypes showing

the number of times the frequency of one phenotype
correlates with another

Dominant Allele An allele that expresses its phenotypic effect even

when heterozygous with a recessive allele

Recessive Allele variety of genetic code that does not create a Example :BB
phenotype if a dominant allele is present

Monohybrid Cross cross between two organisms with different variations

at one genetic locus of interest.
Dihybrid Cross mating experiment between two organisms that are
identically hybrid for two traits

Hybrid the offspring of two plants or animals of different

species or varieties, such as a mule

Sex Chromosomes type of chromosome that participates in sex X and Y Chromosomes.

determination

Autosomes any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Sex-linked traits trait that is controlled by a gene or an allele located

on the sex chromosome

Carrier individual who carries and is capable of passing on a

genetic mutation associated with a disease

Pedigree diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance

of phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and
its ancestors from one generation to the next,

Multiple alleles exist in a population when there are many variations

of a gene present

P generation parental generation refers to the first set of parents

 crossed

F1 Generation parental generation refers to the first set of parents

crossed

F2 Generation F2 generation is the result of a cross between two F1

individuals

Gene the basic physical and functional unit of heredity

Codominance a relationship between two versions of a gene.

Incomplete Dominance results from a cross in which each parental

contribution is genetically unique and gives rise to
progeny whose phenotype is intermediate

Polygenic Character that are affected by many, many different genes

2. Draw a punnett square that illustrates the probability of a couple having a son or a daughter.

A a

A AA Aa

A AA Aa

a. Which of the 2 parents determines the sex of the children? Be sure to write a complete sentence for
your answer and show the Punnett square.
The father contributed the X or the Y chromosome which if he gives a X it would be a girl if he gave a Y it
would be a boy

3. Identify and Explain Mendel’s 2 laws of Genetics. Please include how each law is applied during the
formation of gametes
a. Law of ____segregation____ Each inherited trait is defined by a gene pair

b. Law of ____Independant Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so
assortment____ that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of
another

4. Fill out the venn diagram comparing the terms Phenotype and Genotype. Be sure to give the definition
of each as well as similarities, differences and examples.

Phenotype Genotype

set of collection of
observabl Both genes that all
e used living things
character
istics
for
naming
genes

5. Monohybrid Cross - SpongeBob is known for his big round eyes (R), which is dominant over an oval
eye shape (r). If he is heterozygous for his round eye shape and marries a woman with oval eye shape,
what type of eyes might the kids have?
a. List the genotypes for each: SpongeBob’s Round eyes - ___Rr____ Wife’s Oval eyes - __rr_____

b. Complete a punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if SpongeBob had children with
an oval-eyed woman.
R r

r Rr rr

r Rr rr

c. List the possible genotypes and phenotypes for their children Rr,rr

d. What are the chances of a child with a round eye shape? %50

e. What are the chances of a child with an oval eye shape? %50

6. Dihybrid Cross- In horses, black is dependent on a dominant gene (B), and chestnut upon its recessive
allele (b). The trotting gait is due to a dominant gene (T) and the pacing gate to its recessive allele (t).
If a homozygous black pacer is mated to a homozygous chestnut trotter, what will the appearance of
the F1 generation be?

a. What are the genotypes of the parents? BBtt bbTT What are the gametes? Homo for both
b. Use a punnett square to explain these results and your prediction of the parent genotypes
Do the Dihybrid Cross

Bt Bt Bt Bt

bT BbTt BbTt BbTt BbTt

bT BbTT BbTT BbTT BbTT

bT BbTt BbTt BbTt BbTt

bT BbTT BbTT BbTT BbTT

c. If a homozygous black pacer is mated to a homozygous chestnut trotter, what will the phenotype of the F1
generation be?
Black Trotter

d. If two individuals of the F1 generation from the problem were mated, what kinds of offspring could they
have? (phenotype and genotypes with their ratios)?

Do the Dihybrid Cross

Bt BT bT bt

BT BBTt BBTt BbTT BbTt

Bt BBtt BBTt BbTt Bbtt

bT BbTt BbTT bbTT bbTt

bt Bbtt BbTt bbTt bbtt

e. Genotypes: BBTt BBTt BbTT BbTt BBtt bbtt bbTt Phenotypes: Black Trotter Chestnut Trotter
Chestnut pacer Black pacer

7. Compare simple dominant/recessive inheritance, codominant inheritance and incomplete dominant

inheritance? Give examples of each.
 Simple Codominance
Dominant/Reces
sive Inheritance
relationship
If dominant between
two
is there it
versions of
will always a gene
be
dominant Genes
Cross
in both
results from a cross
in which each
parental
contribution
Incomplete
Dominance

8. Explain how sex linked genetic traits are often only inherited by the males of a species. Give at least 2
examples.
They only have a single X chromosome. X linked disorders are most likely with males because the only have
one copy

9. What is the purpose of a pedigree chart for people? Draw an example of a pedigree with 3 generations
with a sex linked disorder (be sure to use the correct symbols for the genders, affected, carriers and
non affected individuals). Insert picture here.

Carrier
Carrier
📷

10. What’s the difference between an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and a sex-linked
Pedigree?
Autosomal affects all sexes 1:1 ratio. Sexlinked is when males are affected and females can carry.