TPC-4 - TOURISM POLICY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

Week 1

Tourism Planning and Concept

 Basic concept of Planning and Tourism Policy

Planning
– Organizing the future to achieve certain objectives.
– There is a strong element of predictability in planning because it
attempts to envision the future

Tourism Policy - is defined as a “set of rules, regulations, guidelines, directives, and

development/promotion objectives and strategies that provide framework within
which the collective, as well as individual decisions directly affecting long-term
tourism development and the daily activities within a destination are taken” (Goeldner
& Ritchie 2003, p.314 in Scott, 2011)
- is one of the primary bases of tourism planning, along with national,
local development plans, land use plans, natural and cultural assets of the place,
environmental policy, cultural policy, foreign policy and expressed national and local
needs.

Tourism Planning - is the process of (1) gathering and evaluating information to

identify and prioritize current tourism development issues, (2) imagining a desired
future state of tourism in the destination, and (3) choosing from a number of
alternatives for achieving them. This process involves (1) situational analysis, (2)
vision, goals, and objectives, and (3) strategies.

D.Getz (1987) defines tourism planning as” a process, based on research and
evaluation, which seeks to optimize the potential contribution of tourism to human
welfare and environmental quality”.

According to Faludi (1973) “Planning is a very important part of the process by which
tourism is managed by governments at the national, local and organizational levels”

Tourism Planning
– Tourism planning is the process of considering all the resources,
markets, organisations and programs in a certain region, for the
purpose of planning for tourism. It also aims to develop tourism
activities that meet the needs of people. By planning the available
resources a community or country is able to benefit greatly from
tourism in terms of economy and development.

In technical terms, this process involves:

Situational Analysis involves examining the environment in which a tourism

business operates to identify key factors that will influence how the business is
developed, marketed and managed over time as part of the strategic planning process.
 Vision - a desired future state of the destination

Goals - broad-based targets for tourism

Objectives - targets that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time bound

Strategies - the method by which objectives will be achieved

The Need for Tourism Planning

In tourism, success is neither guaranteed nor permanent. 

Many areas have experienced tourism cycles which start with few rich visitors,
proceed through a series of expansion programs, attain saturation, then go into
decline. 
If an eventual decline is to be avoided, responsible planning and management are
essential.

 Establishing the overall tourism development objectives and policies – what is

tourism aiming to accomplish and how these aims can be achieved.
 Developing tourism so that its natural and cultural resources are indefinitely
maintained and conserved for future, as well as present, use.
 Integrating tourism into the overall development policies and patterns of the country
or region, and establishing dose linkages between tourism and other economic sectors.
 Providing a rational basis for decision-making by both the public and private sectors
on tourism development.
 Making possible the coordinated development of all the many elements of the tourism
sector. This includes inter-relating the tourist attractions, activities, facilities and
services and the various and increasingly fragmented tourist markets.
 Optimizing and balancing the economic, environmental and social benefits of tourism,
with equitable distribution of these benefits to the society, while minimizing possible
problems of tourism.
 Providing a physical structure which guides the location, types and extent of tourism
development of attractions, facilities, services and infrastructure.
 Establishing the guidelines and standards for preparing detailed plans of specific
tourism development areas that are consistent with, and reinforce, one another, and
for the appropriate design of tourist facilities.
  Laying the foundation for effective implementation of the tourism development
policy and plan and continuous management of the tourism sector, by providing the
necessary organizational and other institutional framework.
  Providing the framework for effective coordination of the public and private sector
efforts and investment in developing tourism.
 Offering a baseline for the continuous monitoring of the progress of tourism
development and keeping it on track.

Activity: How can planning contribute to sustainable tourism development?

What issues need to be considered when planning?
  Tourism Planning Dimension
1. Level - a tourism plan may be carried at the international, national,
regional, provincial, municipal/city, or site level

a) . International Level  The international level planning is done through

the different international organizations like United Nations World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO), The International Air Transport Association (IATA ),
the Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA ) etc.  ). The scope of international
level of planning is limited because it needs the cooperation among different
countries. This level of tourism planning is mainly concentrating on the matters
like:-  International transportation services  The flow of tourists among
different countries  Multi country marketing strategies and promotion
programmes

Examples of international level participation groups include:

 International Government and Intra-government Org’s:g. World Tourism
Organisation; Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
 International Producer Organisations:g. World Travel and Tourism Council
 International Non-Producer Organisations:g. Tourism Concern; World Wildlife
Fund (WWF); Greenpeace;
 International Single Interest Organisations:g. World Congress Against the
Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children

b) National Level  This is what take place within the country and is done
by the government. Ideally national level planning should be done by the
concerned government by involving private sectors and public sector; and also
considering the opinion of the public.  This level of planning is focused on
matters like:-  Defining tourism objectives  Framing of tourism policy 
Developing a physical structure plan including identification of major tourist’s
attractions, designing tourism development regions, arrangement of transportation
facilities (both domestic and international) and services.Establishing service
standards for various components of tourism industry.  Establishing tourism
information systems  The major tourism routes in the country and their regional
connections  Tourism marketing( marketing research, strategies and
promotional programmes)  Human resource development, education and
training programmes  Research to understand the tourism impacts  Socio-
cultural, environmental and economic consideration and impact analysis 
National level implementation of techniques, including long term and short term
development strategies and programming
The following organisations will consider similar issues, but not limited by the
concerns or boundaries of a single nation. Decisions and influences from this level
can be significant for tourism at a national and local level
 European Union
 of Caribbean States (ACS)
 The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
 The South Pacific Tourism Organization (SPTO)
 The “Tourism Program” of the Organization of American States (OAS)

Examples of national level participation groups include:

 National Government and Intra-government Organisations- e.g. Visit Britain,
Tourism New Zealand
 National Producer Organisations- e.g. Visit Scotland, ABTA, The Association of
Independent Tour Operators (AITO)
 National Non-Producer Organisations- e.g. National Trust; The British Association
for Nature Conservationists
 National Single Interest Organisations- e.g. The Wilderness Society; Society for the
Protection of Birds

c) Regional Level  This level of planning is for a region of a country.

This region can be a state, a province or a tourist circuit. This regional level
planning are usually formulated in accordance with the national level tourism
policy and plans. Regional level planning is more specific than national level . 
Regional level planning mainly concentrates on the elements like:-  Arranging
regional level transportation facilities and services  Formulating of regional
policy  Identification of major tourist’s attractions at regional level and
development tourism development areas.Development of accommodation
facilities and services at regional level.  Regional level socio-cultural,
environmental and economic consideration and impact analysis  Regional level
education and training programmes  Tourism marketing strategies and
promotional programmes.  Organizational structures , legislations, taxation,
regulations and investment policies  Implementation of techniques including
project programming and regional regulations
Examples of regional level participation groups include:
 Regional Government and Intra-government Organisations– g. Caricom,
Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
 Regional Producer Organisations– e.Caribbean Hotel & Tourism Association
 Regional Non-Producer Organisations– e.g. European Environmental Bureau
(EEB), Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe
 Regional Single Interest Organisations- e.g. Coastwatch Europe, Climate Action
Network Europe

d) In some regions sub regional level or local level planning is required.

This is more specific than regional level and it is also called as zonal level
planning. For planning purpose a destination zone is defined as a geographic area
containing critical mass of development that satisfies traveler objectives.  The
success of this level of planning depends on the active involvement of the local
bodies. The main focus of this level of planning are  Identification and
development of major tourist’s attractions  Arrangement of internal
transportation network  Other infrastructural and institutional factors
 Examples of local level participation groups include:
 Local Government and Intra-government Organisations- e.g. local government
involvement in leisure and tourism provision, e.g. Visit Cornwall, Tourism South East
 Local Producer Organisations- e.g. local chambers of commerce and industry
associations; local sporting clubs and private sport and leisure centres
 Local Non-Producer Organisations- e.g. ratepayers and resident associations,
 Single Interest Organisation – e.g. organisations such as ‘friends of a park’ or a
group which has been formed in order to prevent particular developments such as a
hotel or airport

e) Site Level  This is the most popular level planning and is termed as
individual property development.  All business sectors, non-profit organizations
and government agencies have increasingly employed professionals to plan a
wide range of facilities, services and attractions by using site level plans.  The
demand for resorts and other specific attractions has generated the need for new
forms of cooperation and guidelines between the decision makers and the
planners at the site level for tourism development.
2. Time Frame - all plans are future-oriented and these plans may be
short, medium, or long term
Short-term usually means two years or less in the future,
medium-term is two to five years, and long –term as five years and up
3. Scope - A tourism plan may be comprehensive in scope, or focused on
one
or just few aspects of tourism planning. A comprehensive tourism plan is also
known as Master Plan. A master plan is actually composed of smaller plans.
A tourism plan may also concentrate on just one or two specific components.
4. Spatial Units the space covered in tourism planning is called a tourism
development
unit. These are the following spatial concepts.

Spatial Units
The space covered in tourism planning is called a tourism development
unit. These are the following spatial concepts.
Tourist site is an area that contain one or more tourist attractions. A
tourist attraction is a place of interest where tourists visit, typically
for its inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value, historical
significance, natural or built beauty, offering leisure, adventure and
amusement.
Tourism Development Area is an area designated for possessing an
important site or groups of tourist site. A town or city that has one or
more tourist sites or more than one town or city can be considered as
TDA.
Tourism cluster is composed of two or more TDA.

Tourism Circuit is defined as route involving at least three major

tourist destinations which are located in different town, villages or
cities and the destinations share common characteristics or themes.
Tourism corridor refers to a route defined by a theme spanning
several countries or even continents.
 The importance of planning in tourism is explained below:

 a well developed tourism plan can provide guidelines for the successful
development of tourism. 
 tourism plan can provide the guidelines to ensure proper integration of these
different sectors. 
 Tourism planning helps to mitigate the negative impacts or costs of tourism like
pollutions, cultural degradation, social problems etc.
 Tourism planning is very important for conserving the tourism resources both
natural and cultural.
 Tourism planning is inevitable for ensuring sustainable development at the
destinations. 
 Tourism planning also helps in development of new tourism products and also
helps to diversify the existing products. This will help to reap maximum benefits
from tourism in a sustainable way. 
 The promotion and marketing of tourism products can be effectively done using
tourism planning. 
 Thus planning provides a rational basis for tourism development and these are
important for both public and private sectors, who are involved in tourism
industry

Assignment: Choose a destination. Consider the balance of effects of tourism and

create your own guidelines for being a tourist and answer the following questions
below.

Create a list of fifteen guidelines for tourists.

Use a Development compass rose to note how these guidelines could affect the
environment (N), economy (E), local culture/social interactions (S) and the decision-
making/power base in a small community (W).

 How can tourism contribute to sustainable development?

 How should tourism in your chosen destination be developed so that it balances the
various perspectives of local communities, tourists, economy and environment?  


Week 2-3

 A tourist attraction is defined by Tourism Western Australia (2006) as either “a

physical or cultural feature of a particular place that individual travelers or
tourists perceive as capable of meeting one or more of their specific leisure-
related needs, or positive or favorable attributes of an area for a given activity or
 set of activities as desired by a given costumer or market, including climate,
scenery, activities and culture.
 It may be any object, person, place, or concept that draws people either
geographically or through remote electronic means so that they might have an
experience. The experience can be recreational, spiritual, or otherwise. (Strange
et al. n.d.)

E.g. Calle Crisologo, Vigan - Travel back in time as you stroll along the streets of
Calle Crisologo in Vigan. This 16th-century town, a UNESCO World Heritage
Site and a popular tourist spot in the Philippines, quietly boasts old-world charm and
Spanish colonial architecture and is the top attraction in Vigan, Ilocos tours. 
The town has successfully managed to preserve the historic district where you
can still find calesas (horse-drawn carriages). Sample the famous and
delicious Ilocos empanada, and walk along cobbled streets lined up with
souvenir shops selling pottery and Abel Iloko weaves, among the many things
to see and do when in Vigan.

Mayon Volcano, Legzapi - As soon as your flight lands at the airport

in Legazpi City, the world’s most perfect volcanic cone, and the most active
volcano in the Philippines, greets you with its majesty. Mayon Volcano is one
of the most beautiful places to visit in the Philippines and is a top attraction in
any Bicol tour.
Its sheer beauty (the name Mayon comes from the Bicolano word ‘magayon,’
which means beautiful) hides a violent core, with past eruptions that flattened
several towns.
It is already a wonderful experience seeing the volcano from afar. But if you
are an adrenaline junkie, you can soak up all its beauty while gliding through
a zipline in Lignon Hill or going on a Mayon Volcano tour via an ATV in
Bicol. Visit the Cagsawa Ruins for another unique and historic viewing point
of the Mayon Volcano.
As a bonus, from Legazpi, you can take a side trip to Donsol, where you can
see whale sharks peacefully basking in their natural habitat.

Fort Santiago, a citadel that served as headquarters for armies and foreign
powers. It is a historically significant site where the national hero, Dr. Jose
Rizal, was imprisoned before his execution.
You can learn more about its history when you go on trips to Fort Santiago.
You can also go on a guided bamboo bike tour or ride a horse-drawn
carriage to explore Intramuros' historic walls.

Puerto Princesa Underground River, Palawan - The gateway to the

Philippines’ Last Frontier, Palawan, is its capital Puerto Princesa. It is here
that you can find the world’s longest navigable underground river and
a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Puerto Princesa Underground River or
the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park.
Paddleboats of the Puerto Princesa underground river tour cruise through
scenic limestone cliffs as it makes its way through the 1.5-kilometer
underground river cave.
The park is also teeming with wildlife like crab-eating monkeys, monitor
lizards, and bats. Island hopping escapades in Honda Bay and a visit to the
 Crocodile Farm are also highly recommended among the many things to do in
Puerto Princesa.
Check out other Puerto Princesa activities that you can do aside from cruising
in the underground river. 

Cloud 9, Siargao - Siargao’s rise as a top tourist destination in the

Philippines is nothing short of meteoric. Once a sleepy island in Surigao del
Norte, it has become one of the favorite destinations and playgrounds for
travelers, and it is primarily because of one activity: surfing. It is now known
as the Philippines' surfing capital, and some even regard it as the surfing
mecca of Asia. Siargao’s rise as a top tourist destination in the Philippines is
nothing short of meteoric. Once a sleepy island in Surigao del Norte, it has
become one of the favorite destinations and playgrounds for travelers, and it
is primarily because of one activity: surfing.
It is now known as the Philippines' surfing capital, and some even regard it as
the surfing mecca of Asia.
But you do not need to go surfing in Siargao to enjoy this island destination
as there are also other Siargao tourist spots to visit like rock pools, waterfalls,
and the nearby Sohoton Lagoon, where you can swim with thousands of non-
sting jellyfish. You can go island hopping in Siargao to visit some of its
natural attractions including Sugba Lagoon, Naked Island, Daku Island,
and Guyam Island.
Find other Siargao experiences and Siargao tour packages that you can add to
your travel plans. 

4 Categories of attractions:

1. Geo-physical (Landscape)
2. Ecological (biological)
3. Cultural (Historical)
4. Recreational

GEOPHYSICAL-LANDSCAPE-AESTHETIC
Mountains, gorges, big rocks, rock formations, caves, rivers, water bodies, scenic
views, unusual cloud formations, unusual meteorological conditions, thermal waters,
volcanic activity and unusual celestial events.
ECOLOGICAL-BIOLOGICAL
Organisms and ecological events or processes.
CULTURAL-HISTORICAL
Churches, historical houses, archaeological sites, ancient monuments, amusement
parks, theme parks, open air museums, marinas, exhibition centers, craft centers,
casinos, health complexes, picnic sites and retail complexes.
RECREATIONAL
Theme parks, botanical gardens, sports fields, motion-based attractions, zoos,
museums, theaters, shopping malls and events.

• Tourism Sites (TSs)

 - Area designated for possessing an important site or groups of tourist site.
- are the specific places which tourists come to see and experience. A TS
may be an existing natural attraction (volcano); an area of natural scenic
beauty (national park); or man-made attraction (heritage structure, beach/golf
resort). It can also be a site or area for potential development or enhancement
for tourism such as a green field site for a new resort, or a coastal area, which
could be designated as a marine park.
- A tourist site is an area that contains one or more tourist attractions.

 Tourism Development Area

• Tourism Development Areas (TDAs)

-Any town or city that has one or more tourist sites is considered as TDA
consist of at least one, but more usually several tourism sites. A TDA can either have
considerable existing tourism activity or have the potential for signifi cant tourism
development. By virtue of a combination of attractions, facilities and amenities which
meet tourists’ interests and needs, TDAs provide the operational focus for the
development of tourism within the various TDCs. Although TDAs are not limited by
geographical size, their boundaries correspond to administrative units – barangay,
municipality or province, depending on size.

• Strategic Destination Areas (SDAs) are a group of priority TDAs that are adjacent
to each other and are within their respective clusters. The criteria used to identify the
SDAs were: critical mass of attractions, facilities and services in the area; capacity of
environment to sustain tourism development; capability of direct accessibility from
key source markets; diversity of product off er in a way that can be promoted to diff
erent niche markets, thereby facilitating product/branding; area geographically large
enough to allow diff erent forms of tourist development to co-exist, for example
including particular areas for nature tourism only, other areas for more intensive use;
and, capable of being promoted as “stand alone” destination in the market place.
Tourism contributes to the overall development of the LGU. Thus, in formulating the
Local Tourism Development Plan, LGUs need to ensure its alignment with other local
plans like the Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan (PDPFP),
Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) and Comprehensive Land Use Plan
(CLUP). Alignment of the Local Tourism Development Plan and LGU Business Plan
is important to ensure that development of vital tourism-related investments or
business opportunities are considered. Further, ensuring the linkages of the Local
Tourism Development Plan with the PDPFP, CDP, and CLUP helps mainstream two
major development concerns like Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change
Adaptation (DRR/ CCA), which signifi cantly impact tourism development.

Planning Factors and Implication

Characteristics of Tourism and their Planning Implications

 Tourism is a composite product. It is comprised of goods and services that are

provided by entities in the tourism value chain.
 * Thus, one of the rationales for tourism planning is to identify, organize, and
integrated entities along the tourism value chain t ensure the delivery of consistency
high quality tourist experience.
* Tourist destination are intangible, which means that potential visitors
cannot try them prior to purchase of tickets, rooms, or tour package.

 Tourism is very capital intensive, particularly at the incipient stage of

development when a lot of money is required to build infrastructure, facilities and
human expertise.

*Tourism’s main assets are nature and culture.

Building heights
Architectural designs
Preservations of historic towns
Density limits
Waste management

 Tourism is subject to external forces that are largely uncontrollable, such as the
political situation, weather, nature calamities, currency fluctuations, and
international relations.

*Tourism exerts impacts on the environment, culture and conomy of

destinations.
*Tourism is a highly dynamic and competitive industry.

Factors to consider for effective tourism planning and development

 Availability and quality of tourism relevant data

 Availability of tourism planning expertise
 The type and variety of tourism resource
 The culture of the destination residents
 Geographic location and spatial distribution of the tourism development units
 Target market
 Stage in the tourism area life cycle
 Tourism development paradigm held by the influence actors in tourism
development
 National tourism policy and legislation
 Perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders
 Awareness of external force impinging on tourism planning and development and
 Financial capital requirements

Availability and quality of tourism relevant data

The availability of up to date and comprehensive tourism relevant data affects the
level of accuracy of estimating supply capacity, forecasting demand, and monitoring
outcomes.
Caliber of planning expertise
The caliber of planning expertise determines the quality of planning outputs.
Expertise can only be built over long years of education and professional experience.

Type and variety of tourism resources

The type and variety of tourism resources in the tourism development unit limits
options for tourism product development. Destinations can capitalize on unique
cultural or natural assets by developing tourism product around them.

Kind of tourism resources in adjacent destinations

A destination needs to differentiate its product with real or imagined uniqueness
to complete with destinations offering similar attractions.
Originality
Indigenousness
Uniqueness
Historically
Magnitude
Excellence

Culture of the destinations residents

The cultural characteristics of a destination have an impact on the kind of tourist
that are attracted to it.

Geographic location and spatial distribution of the tourism development units

Target market
Market volume and characteristics influence the kind of amenities and services
that are offered in the destination.

A target market is the market a company wants to sell its products and services to,
and it includes a targeted set of customers for whom it directs its marketing
efforts.

Stage in the tourism area life cycle

 TALC- is another important consideration in tourism planning. A popular model
for analyzing the development of tourism destination.

The Tourism Life Cycle Model

Butler proposed that most tourist resorts go through a six stage model and he called this
the tourism life cycle model. 
It states that most tourist resorts start on a very small scale and get bigger and bigger
until stagnation occurs.  Within the 6 stages the following happens:

 Exploration - At this stage, the facilities that are available are not of “tourist
standard” they are used and owned by locals. Tourism is limited due to lack of
acces and facilities
 - a few hardy and adventurous people looking for something
different in a holiday find a place that is special in terms of its culture,
natural beauty, history or landscape.  There may be no tourist services
available and local people will not be involved in  tourist money making
activities.
 Involvement - The community begins to adapt to tourism and may even begin to
advertise
- local people start to notice that there are increasing numbers of
people coming to their local area.  They start businesses to provide
accommodation, food, guides, and transport.

 Development - Additional tourism infrastructure may be present.

- Big companies start to see the emerging potential of the area as a
tourist resort and therefore start to invest money in the region.  They
build large hotel complexes and sell package holidays (a package
might include travel, accommodation, food and excursions).  This
makes the numbers of tourists swell dramatically and massively
expands the number of job opportunities for people in the local
region, in both tourist related jobs and in construction and services.
 Consolidation - Growth rate in tourist arrivals declines, although numbers are
still increasing
- The local economy is probably dominated by tourism at
this stage, and many local people will make their money from this
type of industry.  However, this can remove people from other
industries such as farming and fishing and these industries can suffer
as a result.  There will be continued building and expansion of the
resort BUT some of the older buildings will start to become
unattractive and a lower quality client base might result.
 Stagnation - The number of tourist reaches or exceeds the carrying capacity and
environmental, social, and economic problems are experienced.
- competition from other resorts, rowdiness and a loss of the
original features (e.g. if it had a great beach but that is now crowded
and full of rubbish) can cause the resort to stop growing.  The
number of people going levels off then starts to decline, threatening
local businesses and services.
 Decline or Rejuvenation - Decline may ensue if the tourist market continues to
wane and the resort is not able to compete with newer attractions.
- From the stagnation point onwards there are
2 basic possibilities:  Decline in various forms or rejuvenation
(regrowth of the resort)  Decline can be slow or rapid, and regular
visitors are replaced by people seeking a cheap break or day trippers. 
Rejuvenation involves a cash injection from either a private company
or the government, to create a new attraction within the original
resort to boost its popularity - such as the Pleasure Beach at
Blackpool.

Activity/Assignment:
Read Ballyhoura—A Case Study of Cohesive Rural Tourism Planning in Ireland
by Jillian Robinson & Noëlle O'Connor.

Answer the following questions:

1. How would you relate the case study that you’ve read to the current situation of
tourism industry in the Philippines?
2. What strategies and tools will you recommend for the tourism industry to overcome
the recession during and post-COVID-19?
3. Give one example of a destination like the Ballyhoura Mountains in the Philippine
setting. Discuss their similarities and differences.
4. What are some of the best practices in the case study that we could apply here in
our country to achieve a successful tourism development?
5. Can rural tourism be a source of sustainable livelihood in developing countries? If
yes, can it completely substitute the primary source of livelihood ?
6. How would this case study help the tourism industry and future development in the
Philippines and other developing countries?
Week 4-5

Planning Models

 The national tourism models

1. Rational Planning Models • One of the most popular planning approaches •

“synoptic planning” comprehensive planning • Used in urban planning
2. 4. TRREC “VICE” PLANNING MODEL • Tourism Recreation Research and
Education Center (TRREC) • Emphasizes on the interests of visitors, industry,
communities and environment
3. 6. TARGET SETTING METHOD • Indicates future target for tourist arrivals.
• Targets can be set based on local or national figures, indicated by current
tourism development plan.
4. 7. 8. ECO TOURISM PLAN • Data from the site assessment will become
their input for ecotourism plan.
5. 9. Visitor Site Planning consider the ff: • Capacity – limits based on site •
Slope – steep slopes to be avoided • Vegetation • Wildlife – preserves and
conserves • Views • Natural hazards • Water • Visitor circulation
6. 10. Tools & Data Requirements 1. Situation analysis (SWOT Analysis)
Socio-economic situation Land use Infrastructures Tourist attractions (tourist
appeal, accessibility, products, facilities, transportation Visitors
7. 11. TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PLANNING DIGEST • Document
summarizes the tourism development plans. • The digest (document) is
distributed to all planning participants prior to discussion and consultation
8. 12. Tourism Digest contains the ff. information • Back ground of the plan •
Present condition • Tourist attraction maps/pictures • Strategies • Target
settings (years xxxx-xxxx) • Target markets/market segment • Ongoing
proposed project

 The UNWTO and Ecotourism Planning Model

UNWTO TOURSIM PLANNING MODEL • UN World Tourism Organization • The

principal sponsor determines the objectives. The planner will only undertake the
situation. Identify the strategies
9. ECOTOURISM PLANNING MODEL • DENR Administrative Order No.
201319, sets the guidelines in eco tourism planning. Based on the ff. steps:
1.Preliminary Assessment 2.Full site assessment
Tourism Planning Process

1. Study preparation – usually a statutory body to develop a tourism plan

initiate to undertake
2. Determination of development goals – main objective not just part of the
objective
3. Surveys - inventory of all existing tourism resources are surveyed
together with the state of development with the elements. Collection of
data on the supply & demand for tourism, structure of local tourism
economy, investment & finance available for future development.
4. Analysis & Synthesis – The data collected in the previous stage are
analyzed & incorporated as data when formulating a plan. Four
principal techniques are frequently used: asset evaluation, market
analysis, development planning, and impact analysis, especially economic
impact analysis, such as input-output analysis, multiplier analysis,
tourism forecasting
5. Policy & Plan formulation – the data gathered in the previous stage are
used to establish the various options or development scenarios available
for tourism. This frequently involves drafting of a development plan with
tourism policy options with certain goals identified. 3 main elements
evident in most tourism policies, visitor satisfaction, environmental
protection, ensuring adequate rewards exist for developers & investors.
6. Recommendations –The full tourism plan will be prepared & forwarded
to the planning committee of the agency responsible for the process . A
period of public consultation is normally undertake and a draft plan is
available for public consultation so both the general public & tourism
interest can read and comment on it. A number of public hearings may
also be provided to gauge the strength of local feeling towards the plan.
Once this procedure is complete, the plan will be aprroved planning
authoirty and the final plan is then produced
7. Implementation – The plan is put into action. This is normally seen as an
ongoing process by the planning team. In some instances, legislation may
be required to control certain aspects of development which will need to
be implemented as part of the plan. Action plans
8. Monitoring – An ongoing process where the planning agency assess if the
objectives of the plans are being met. The operational time frame for a
tourism plan normally five years after which time it is reviewed. Periodic
review is needed is to make sure no failures will occur or at least be
minimize. Reasons of the plan not to be achieve during the progress may
relate to change in political complexion amongst elected members of the
planning committee, change in the private or public sectors degree of
consensus, problems with tourist facilities and service supply, residents
change of attitude

Tourism planning is a complex process taking into account the various

aspects as well as the segments of the tourism. Proper planning of
the physical, legal, promotional, financial, economic, market,
management, social and environmental aspects can help tourism develop
in a beneficial way. We must remember here that tourism, today, is an
economic activity and at many destinations the only source of
livelihood of the people. Everyone has a stake in it – be it the
government, service providers or the host population. Then why not
acquaint all with good planning which defines the desired results and
works in a systematic manner to achieve success. Let us understand
what are the steps involved in the planning process that will work in
a logical sequence:

a) DEFINE THE SYSTEM: What is the scale, size, market, character and
purpose?
b) FORMULATE OBJECTIVES: Without a set of objectives the development
concept has no direction. The objectives must be comprehensive and
specific and should include a timetable for completion.
c) DATA GATHERING: Fact finding, or research, provides basic data
that are essential to developing the plan. Examples of data gathering
are preparing a fac t book, making market surveys, undertaking site
and infrastructure surveys and analysing existing facilities and
competition. d) ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: Once collected, the many
fragments of information must be interpreted so that the facts
gathered will have meaning. From this step results a set of
conclusions and recommendations that leads to making or
conceptualising a preliminary plan.
d) PRELIMINARY PLANNING: Based on the previous steps, alternatives
are considered and alternative physical solutions are drawn up and
tested. Frequently, scale models are developed to illustrate the land
use plans; sketches are prepared to show the image the development
will project; financial plans are drafted from the market
information, site surveys and layout plan to show the investment
needed in each phase of the project, the cash flow expected, the
legal requirements, etc.
e) APPROVING THE PLAN: The parties involved can now look at plans,
drawings, scale models, estimates of costs, estimates of profits and
know what will be involved and what the chances for success or
failure would be. While a great deal of money may have been spent
upto this point, the sum is a relatively small amount compared to the
expenditures that will be required once the plan is approved and its
implementation begins.
f) FINAL PLAN: This phase typically includes a definition of the
various aspects covered. For example, in the case of a destination a
definition of land use; plans for infrastructure facilities such as
roads; airports; bike paths; horse trails; pedestrian walkways;
sewage; water and utilities; architectural standards; landscape
plans, zoning and other land use regulations; economic analysis,
market analysis and financial programming are to be covered.
h) IMPLEMENTATION: Implementation is operationalising the tourism
plan. It also follows up, monitors and evaluates. Good planning
provides mechanisms that give continuing feedback on the tourism
project and the levels of consumer satisfaction reached.
Tourism Planning Approach
1. Continuous, incremental, & flexible approach – continuous process with
adjustments made as needed based on monitoring & feedback but within
the basic objectives & policies of tourism development
2. Systems approach – viewed as interrelated system & should be planned
such, utilizing system analysis techniques
3. Comprehensive approach – related to system approach, all aspects of
tourism development including its institutional elements & environment
& socioeconomic implications are analyzed & planned comprehensively
4. Environmental & sustainable approach – tourism is planned, developed,
& managed in such a manner that its natural & cultural resources are not
depleted. Carrying capacity analysis is an important technique.
5. Community approach – There is maximum involvement of the local
community in the planning & decision-making in tourism development
6. Implementable approach – policy, plan, & recommendations are
formulated to be realistic & implementable

Assignment • Visit the Hinilugang Taktak. - Make a written report of the most
popular water falls in the Philippines in the 60’s and 70’s. - Does this tourist
destination culturally sensitive for the Antipolenos? - Does the city able to sustain the
place ecologically?

Does the falls has the potential to get a foreign markets? Why? - If you are a part of
the tourism planner of this place. How would you develop and sustain the natural
beauty of the place?