Parametric tests make certain assumptions about the distribution of data, namely that data are drawn from a normal distribution. Some common parametric tests include the t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The t-test is used to compare means of two samples and determine if they are significantly different. It is appropriate when sample sizes are small and the population standard deviation is unknown. The z-test is similar but used for larger sample sizes when the population variance is known. Both tests calculate a test statistic and compare it to critical values to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Parametric tests make certain assumptions about the distribution of data, namely that data are drawn from a normal distribution. Some common parametric tests include the t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The t-test is used to compare means of two samples and determine if they are significantly different. It is appropriate when sample sizes are small and the population standard deviation is unknown. The z-test is similar but used for larger sample sizes when the population variance is known. Both tests calculate a test statistic and compare it to critical values to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Parametric tests make certain assumptions about the distribution of data, namely that data are drawn from a normal distribution. Some common parametric tests include the t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The t-test is used to compare means of two samples and determine if they are significantly different. It is appropriate when sample sizes are small and the population standard deviation is unknown. The z-test is similar but used for larger sample sizes when the population variance is known. Both tests calculate a test statistic and compare it to critical values to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Parametric tests make certain assumptions about the distribution of data, namely that data are drawn from a normal distribution. Some common parametric tests include the t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The t-test is used to compare means of two samples and determine if they are significantly different. It is appropriate when sample sizes are small and the population standard deviation is unknown. The z-test is similar but used for larger sample sizes when the population variance is known. Both tests calculate a test statistic and compare it to critical values to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
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A parametric test is a statistical test which makes certain assumptions about
the distribution of the unknown parameter of interest and thus the test statistic is
valid under these assumptions. A significance test under a Simple Normal Model for example has the assumption that the parameter has a normal distribution, behaves like an independent variable (is the result of an independent process) is identically distributed and has a constant mean and variance. Therefore, an integral part of applying such a test is making sure it is adequate vis-a-vis the observed data. This process is called mis-specification testing. The parametric test make certain assumptions about a data set; namely – that the data are drawn from a population with a specific or normal distribution. It is further assumed in parametric test that the variables in the population are measured based on an interval scale. When parametric tests are used
When the data has a normal distribution
When the measurement scale is interval or ratio
Types of Parametric test–
Two-sample t-test Paired t-test Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Pearson coefficient of correlation
Parametric tests assume a normal distribution of values, or a “bell-shaped curve.”
For example, height is roughly a normal distribution in that if you were to graph height from a group of people, one would see a typical bell-shaped curve. This distribution is also called a Gaussian distribution. Parametric tests are in general more powerful (require a smaller sample size) than nonparametric tests. Nonparametric tests are used in cases where parametric tests are not appropriate. Most nonparametric tests use some way of ranking the measurements and testing for weirdness of the distribution. Typically, a parametric test is preferred because it has better ability to distinguish between the two arms. In other words, it is better at highlighting the weirdness of the distribution. Nonparametric tests are about 95% as powerful as parametric tests. T-Test The t score is a ratio between the difference between two groups and the difference within the groups. The larger the t score, the more difference there is between groups. The smaller the t score, the more similarity there is between groups. A t score of 3 means that the groups are three times as different from each other as they are within each other. When you run a t test, the bigger the t-value, the more likely it is that the results are repeatable. A large t-score tells you that the groups are different. A small t-score tells you that the groups are similar. There are three main types of t-test: An Independent Samples t-test compares the means for two groups. A Paired sample t-test compares means from the same group at different times (say, one year apart). A One sample t-test tests the mean of a single group against a known mean. The t-test is a test in statistics that is used for testing hypotheses regarding the mean of a small sample taken population when the standard deviation of the population is not known. The t-test is used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups. The t-test is used for hypothesis testing to determine whether a process has an effect on both samples or if the groups are different from each other. Basically, the t-test allows the comparison of the mean of two sets of data and the determination if the two sets are derived from the same population. After the null and alternative hypotheses are established, t-test formulas are used to calculate values that are then compared with standard values. Based on the comparison, the null hypothesis is either rejected or accepted. The T-test is similar to other tests like the z-test and f-test except that t-test is usually performed in cases where the sample size is small (n≤30).
1. It is a parametric test of hypothesis testing based on Student’s T
distribution.
2. It is essentially, testing the significance of the difference of the mean
values when the sample size is small (i.e, less than 30) and when the population standard deviation is not available. 3. Assumptions of this test:
Population distribution is normal, and
Samples are random and independent The sample size is small. Population standard deviation is not known.
4. Mann-Whitney ‘U’ test is a non-parametric counterpart of the T-test.
A T-test can be a:
One Sample T-test: To compare a sample mean with that of the population mean.
where,
x̄ is the sample mean
s is the sample standard deviation
n is the sample size
μ is the population mean
Two-Sample T-test: To compare the means of two different samples.
where,
x̄1 is the sample mean of the first group
x̄2 is the sample mean of the second group
S1 is the sample-1 standard deviation
S2 is the sample-2 standard deviation
n is the sample size
T-test applications The T-test is used to compare the mean of two samples, dependent or independent. It can also be used to determine if the sample mean is different from the assumed mean. T-test has an application in determining the confidence interval for a sample mean.
Conclusion:
If the value of the test statistic is greater than the table value - > Rejects the null hypothesis. If the value of the test statistic is less than the table value -> Do not reject the null hypothesis
Z-Test A z-test is a statistical test used to determine whether two population means are different when the variances are known and the sample size is large. -test is a statistical tool used for the comparison or determination of the significance of several statistical measures, particularly the mean in a sample from a normally distributed population or between two independent samples. Like t-tests, z tests are also based on normal probability distribution. Z-test is the most commonly used statistical tool in research methodology, with it being used for studies where the sample size is large (n>30). In the case of the z-test, the variance is usually known. Z-test is more convenient than t-test as the critical value at each significance level in the confidence interval is the sample for all sample sizes. A z-score is a number indicating how many standard deviations above or below the mean of the population is.
1. It is a parametric test of hypothesis testing.
2. It is used to determine whether the means are different when the population variance is known and the sample size is large (i.e, greater than 30).
3. Assumptions of this test:
Population distribution is normal
Samples are random and independent. The sample size is large. Population standard deviation is known.
A Z-test can be:
One Sample Z-test: To compare a sample mean with that of the population mean. Image Source: Google Images
Two Sample Z-test: To compare the means of two different samples.
where,
x̄1 is the sample mean of 1st group
x̄2 is the sample mean of 2nd group
σ1 is the population-1 standard deviation
σ2 is the population-2 standard deviation
n is the sample size
z-test applications Z-test is performed in studies where the sample size is larger, and the variance is known. It is also used to determine if there is a significant difference between the mean of two independent samples. The z-test can also be used to compare the population proportion to an assumed proportion or to determine the difference between the population proportion of two samples.
