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Linux Commands with Examples

The Linux command is a utility of the Linux operating system. All basic and
advanced tasks can be done by executing commands. The commands are
executed on the Linux terminal. The terminal is a command-line interface to
interact with the system, which is similar to the command prompt in the Windows
OS. Commands in Linux are case-sensitive.

Linux provides a powerful command-line interface compared to other operating

systems such as Windows and MacOS. We can do basic work and advanced work
through its terminal. We can do some basic tasks such as creating a file, deleting
a file, moving a file, and more. In addition, we can also perform advanced tasks
such as administrative tasks (including package installation, user management),
networking tasks (ssh connection), security tasks, and many more.

Linux terminal is a user-friendly terminal as it provides various support options.

To open the Linux terminal, press "CTRL + ALT + T" keys together, and execute
a command by pressing the 'ENTER' key.

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In this topic, we will discuss the top 50 most frequently used Linux commands
with their examples. These commands are very useful for a beginner and
professional both. We have divided these commands into following sections so
that you can easily identify their usage:

Linux Directory Commands

Linux File Commands

Linux File Content Commands

Linux User Commands

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Linux Filter Commands

Linux Utility Commands

Linux Networking Command

Linux Top 50 Commands

The following are the top 50 Linux commands:

Linux Directory Commands

1. pwd Command

The pwd command is used to display the location of the current working
directory.

Syntax:

pwd

Output:

2. mkdir Command

The mkdir command is used to create a new directory under any directory.

Syntax:

mkdir <directory name>

Output:

3. rmdir Command

The rmdir command is used to delete a directory.

Syntax:

rmdir <directory name>

Output:

4. ls Command
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The ls command is used to display a list of content of a directory.

Syntax:

ls

Output:

5. cd Command

The cd command is used to change the current directory.

Syntax:

cd <directory name>

Output:

Linux File commands

6. touch Command

The touch command is used to create empty files. We can create multiple empty
files by executing it once.

Syntax:

touch <file name>

touch <file1> <file2> ....

Output:

7. cat Command

The cat command is a multi-purpose utility in the Linux system. It can be used to
create a file, display content of the file, copy the content of one file to another
file, and more.

Syntax: ⇧

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cat [OPTION]... [FILE]..

To create a file, execute it as follows:

cat > <file name>

// Enter file content

Press "CTRL+ D" keys to save the file. To display the content of the file, execute
it as follows:

cat <file name>

Output:

8. rm Command

The rm command is used to remove a file.

Syntax:

rm <file name>

Output:

9. cp Command

The cp command is used to copy a file or directory.

Syntax:

To copy in the same directory:

cp <existing file name> <new file name>

To copy in a different directory:

Output:

10. mv Command

The mv command is used to move a file or a directory form one location to

another location.

Syntax: ⇧

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mv <file name> <directory path>

Output:

11. rename Command

The rename command is used to rename files. It is useful for renaming a large
group of files.

Syntax:

rename 's/old-name/new-name/' files

For example, to convert all the text files into pdf files, execute the below
command:

rename 's/\.txt$/\.pdf/' *.txt

Output:

Linux File Content Commands

12. head Command

The head command is used to display the content of a file. It displays the first 10
lines of a file.

Syntax:

head <file name>

Output:

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13. tail Command

The tail command is similar to the head command. The difference between both
commands is that it displays the last ten lines of the file content. It is useful for
reading the error message.

Syntax:

tail <file name>

Output:

14. tac Command

The tac command is the reverse of cat command, as its name specified. It
displays the file content in reverse order (from the last line).

Syntax:

tac <file name>

Output:

15. more command

The more command is quite similar to the cat command, as it is used to display
the file content in the same way that the cat command does. The only difference
between both commands is that, in case of larger files, the more command
displays screenful output at a time.

In more command, the following keys are used to scroll the page:

ENTER key: To scroll down page by line.

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Space bar: To move to the next page.

b key: To move to the previous page.

/ key: To search the string.

Syntax:

more <file name>

Output:

16. less Command

The less command is similar to the more command. It also includes some extra
features such as 'adjustment in width and height of the terminal.' Comparatively,
the more command cuts the output in the width of the terminal.

Syntax:

less <file name>

Output:

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Linux User Commands

17. su Command

The su command provides administrative access to another user. In other words,

it allows access of the Linux shell to another user.

Syntax:

su <user name>

Output:

18. id Command

The id command is used to display the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID).

Syntax:

id

Output:

19. useradd Command

The useradd command is used to add or remove a user on a Linux server.

Syntax:

useradd username

Output:

20. passwd Command

The passwd command is used to create and change the password for a user.

Syntax:

passwd <username>

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Output:

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21. groupadd Command

The groupadd command is used to create a user group.

Syntax:

groupadd <group name>

Output:

Linux Filter Commands

22. cat Command

The cat command is also used as a filter. To filter a file, it is used inside pipes.

Syntax:

cat <fileName> | cat or tac | cat or tac |. . .

Output:

23. cut Command

The cut command is used to select a specific column of a file. The '-d' option is
used as a delimiter, and it can be a space (' '), a slash (/), a hyphen (-), or
anything else. And, the '-f' option is used to specify a column number.

Syntax:

cut -d(delimiter) -f(columnNumber) <fileName>

Output:

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24. grep Command

The grep is the most powerful and used filter in a Linux system. The 'grep' stands
for "global regular expression print." It is useful for searching the content
from a file. Generally, it is used with the pipe.

Syntax:

command | grep <searchWord>

Output:

25. comm Command

The 'comm' command is used to compare two files or streams. By default, it

displays three columns, first displays non-matching items of the first file, second
indicates the non-matching item of the second file, and the third column displays
the matching items of both files.

Syntax:

comm <file1> <file2>

Output:

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26. sed command

The sed command is also known as stream editor. It is used to edit files using a
regular expression. It does not permanently edit files; instead, the edited content
remains only on display. It does not affect the actual file.

Syntax:

command | sed 's/<oldWord>/<newWord>/'

Output:

27. tee command

The tee command is quite similar to the cat command. The only difference
between both filters is that it puts standard input on standard output and also
write them into a file.

Syntax:

cat <fileName> | tee <newFile> | cat or tac |.....

Output:

28. tr Command

The tr command is used to translate the file content like from lower case to upper
case.

Syntax:

command | tr <'old'> <'new'>

Output:

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29. uniq Command

The uniq command is used to form a sorted list in which every word will occur
only once.

Syntax:

command <fileName> | uniq

Output:

30. wc Command

The wc command is used to count the lines, words, and characters in a file.

Syntax:

wc <file name>

Output:

31. od Command

The od command is used to display the content of a file in different s, such as

hexadecimal, octal, and ASCII characters.

Syntax:

od -b <fileName> // Octal format

od -t x1 <fileName> // Hexa decimal format

od -c <fileName> // ASCII character format

Output:

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32. sort Command

The sort command is used to sort files in alphabetical order.

Syntax:

sort <file name>

Output:

33. gzip Command

The gzip command is used to truncate the file size. It is a compressing tool. It
replaces the original file by the compressed file having '.gz' extension.

Syntax:

gzip <file1> <file2> <file3>...

Output:

34. gunzip Command

The gunzip command is used to decompress a file. It is a reverse operation of

gzip command.
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Syntax:

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gunzip <file1> <file2> <file3>. .

Output:

Linux Utility Commands

35. find Command

The find command is used to find a particular file within a directory. It also
supports various options to find a file such as byname, by type, by date, and
more.

The following symbols are used after the find command:

(.) : For current directory name

(/) : For root

Syntax:

find . -name "*.pdf"

Output:

36. locate Command

The locate command is used to search a file by file name. It is quite similar to
find command; the difference is that it is a background process. It searches the
file in the database, whereas the find command searches in the file system. It is
faster than the find command. To find the file with the locates command, keep
your database updated.

Syntax:
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locate <file name>

Output:

37. date Command

The date command is used to display date, time, time zone, and more.

Syntax:

date

Output:

38. cal Command

The cal command is used to display the current month's calendar with the current
date highlighted.

Syntax:

cal<

Output:

39. sleep Command

The sleep command is used to hold the terminal by the specified amount of time.
By default, it takes time in seconds.

Syntax:

sleep <time>
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Output:

40. time Command

The time command is used to display the time to execute a command.

Syntax:

time

Output:

41. zcat Command

The zcat command is used to display the compressed files.

Syntax:

zcat <file name>

Output:

42. df Command

The df command is used to display the disk space used in the file system. It
displays the output as in the number of used blocks, available blocks, and the
mounted directory.

Syntax:

df

Output:
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43. mount Command

The mount command is used to connect an external device file system to the
system's file system.

Syntax:

mount -t type <device> <directory>

Output:

44. exit Command

Linux exit command is used to exit from the current shell. It takes a parameter
as a number and exits the shell with a return of status number.

Syntax:

exit

Output:

After pressing the ENTER key, it will exit the terminal.

45. clear Command

Linux clear command is used to clear the terminal screen.

Syntax:

clear
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Output:

After pressing the ENTER key, it will clear the terminal screen.

Linux Networking Commands

46. ip Command

Linux ip command is an updated version of the ipconfig command. It is used to

assign an IP address, initialize an interface, disable an interface.

Syntax:

ip a or ip addr

Output:

47. ssh Command

Linux ssh command is used to create a remote connection through the ssh
protocol.

Syntax:

ssh user_name@host(IP/Domain_name)</p>

48. mail Command

The mail command is used to send emails from the command line.

Syntax:
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mail -s "Subject" <recipient address>

Output:

49. ping Command

The ping command is used to check the connectivity between two nodes, that is
whether the server is connected. It is a short form of "Packet Internet Groper."

Syntax:

ping <destination>

Output:

50. host Command

The host command is used to display the IP address for a given domain name
and vice versa. It performs the DNS lookups for the DNS Query.

Syntax:

host <domain name> or <ip address>

Output:

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