Operation and Maintenance Manual for 

WP2.1C/WP3.9C Marine Diesel 

WEICHAI POWER YANGZHOU DIESEL ENGINE CO., LTD.

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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

Contents
Section I  Main Specifications and Engine Data .................................................................................................. 1 
1.1 Specifications of the Engines ............................................................................................................................. 1 
1.2 Specifications of Main Components .................................................................................................................. 3 
1.3 Main Engine Data .............................................................................................................................................. 5 
Section Ⅱ Operation of the Engine ....................................................................................................................... 6 
2.1 Fuel, Lubricating Oil and Cooling Water ........................................................................................................... 6 
2.2 Running-in of the Engine ................................................................................................................................... 7 
2.3 Preparations for Starting .................................................................................................................................... 7 
2.4 Starting the Engine ............................................................................................................................................ 8 
Section Ⅲ  Engine Assembly and Disassembly ................................................................................................. 9 
3.1 Cylinder Head .................................................................................................................................................... 9 
3.2 Cylinder Block ................................................................................................................................................. 10 
3.3 Valve System ................................................................................................................................................... 11 
3.4 Crank-connecting Rod Mechanism ................................................................................................................. 12 
3.5 Fuel Supply System ......................................................................................................................................... 13 
3.6 Lubricating System .......................................................................................................................................... 14 
3.7 Cooling System ................................................................................................................................................ 15 
3.8 Electrical System ............................................................................................................................................. 15 
Section Ⅳ Adjustment of the Engine ................................................................................................................... 16 
4.1 Adjustment of Valve Clearances ...................................................................................................................... 16 
4.2 Adjustment of Fuel Injection Timing ............................................................................................................... 16 
4.3 Adjustment of Nozzle Opening Pressure ......................................................................................................... 17 
4.4 Adjustment of Lubricating Oil Pressure .......................................................................................................... 17 
4.5 Adjustment of injection pump ......................................................................................................................... 18 
4.6 Adjustment of V-belt Tension .......................................................................................................................... 18 
SectionⅤTechnical Maintenance .......................................................................................................................... 18 
5.1 Shift Maintenance ............................................................................................................................................ 18 
5.2 Maintenance at the Completion of Every 125 Working Hours ........................................................................ 19 
5.3 Maintenance at the Completion of Every 500 Working Hours ........................................................................ 19 
5.4 Maintenance at the Completion of Every 1000 Working Hours ...................................................................... 20 
5.5 Engine Preservation ......................................................................................................................................... 20 
Section Ⅵ Trouble-shooting ................................................................................................................................ 20 
6.1 Failure to Start ................................................................................................................................................. 20 
6.2 Lack of Power .................................................................................................................................................. 21 
6.3 Insufficient Compression Pressure in Cylinder ............................................................................................... 21 
6.4 Engine Stalls .................................................................................................................................................... 22 
6.5 Engine Racing .................................................................................................................................................. 22 
6.6 Abnormal Noise ............................................................................................................................................... 22 
6.7 Black Exhaust .................................................................................................................................................. 23 
6.8 Coolant Temperature Too High ........................................................................................................................ 23 
6.9 Low Lubricating Oil Pressure .......................................................................................................................... 24 
6.10 Excessive Oil Consumption ........................................................................................................................... 24 
6.11 Deterioration of Lubricating Oil .................................................................................................................... 25 
6.12 Trouble Shooting in Electrical System .......................................................................................................... 25 
Appendix I  Spare parts of Diesel Engine WP2.1/2.5CD .................................................................................... 26 
 

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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

Section I Main Specifications and Engine Data

1.1 Specifications of the Engines

Model WP2.1C27E1 WP2.1C35E1

Type Water-cooled, vertical, in-line, four-stroke

Apiration Natural aspiration

No of cylinder - Bore×Stroke mm 4-85×92

Total displacement L 2.09

Compression ratio 18 ：1

Mean effective pressure kPa 574.6 553.4

Mean piston speed m/s 6.13 8.28

Rated output kW 20 26

Rated Speed r/min 2000 2700

Fuel consumption at rated power[g/kW·
h）] ≤245

Oil consumption % ≤0.5

Speed droop % ≤5

Low idle speed r/min 800～850

Firing order 1-3-4-2

Lubricating method Combination of pressure and splash

Cooling method Pressurized water-cooling

Starting method Electric

Dry weight kg 375

L(mm) 1084

Overall dimensions W(mm) 718

H(mm) 890

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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

Model WP3.9C53E1 WP3.9C61E1

Type Water-cooled, vertical, in-line, four-stroke

Apiration Natural aspiration

No of cylinder - Bore×Stroke mm 4-102×118

Total displacement L 3.86

Compression ratio 17.5 ：1

Mean effective pressure kPa 590.7 590.7

Mean piston speed m/s 7.87 7.87

Rated output kW 38 38

Rated Speed r/min 2000 2000

Fuel consumption at rated power[g/kW·

h）] ≤235
Oil consumption % ≤0.5
Speed droop % ≤5
Low idle speed r/min 750～800
Firing order 1-3-4-2

Lubricating method Combination of pressure and splash

Cooling method Pressurized water-cooling

Starting method Electric

Dry weight kg 440

L(mm) 1084

Overall dimensions W(mm) 718

H(mm) 890

*Dimension to flywheel housing end

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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

1.2 Specifications of Main Components

Model WP2.1C27E201 WP2.1C35E201
Type In-line, plunger type
Designation 4Q366 BH4Q75R8
Injection pump
Governor TQA Mechanical centrifugal type
Fuel supply pump Single acting piston pump
Type KBAL-P028
Injector Designation CDSLA 153 P 777

Nozzle diameter 5×￠0.22

Nozzle opening pressure（MPa） 20～20.5
Type Rotor
Lub.oil pump Rated speed（r/min） 1900
Flow rate（L/min） 15
Type centrifugation
Cooling water
Rated speed（r/min） 1800
pump
Flow rate（L/min） 45
Type Spin-on, paper cartridge
Fuel filter
Designation CX0708
Type paper cartridge
Air filter
Designation K2007
Type Spin-on, Full flow
Lub.oil filter
Designation JX0708
Type Wax element type
Thermostat
Designation 155B
Designation QD138Y
Starting motor Voltage（V） 12
Power supply（kW） 2.5
Designation JFWZ13
Generator Voltage（V） 14
Poweroutput（W） 350

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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

Model WP3.9C53E1 WP3.9C61E1

Injection pump Type In-line, plunger type
Type KBAL-P028
Injector
Designation P-Type, Porous type

Nozzle opening pressure（MPa） 24～25

Type Spin-on, paper cartridge
Fuel filter
Designation CX0710T
Type Spin-on, Full flow
Lub.oil filter
Designation JX0814ZC
Type Gear type
Lub.oil pump Rated speed（r/min） 1900
Flow rate（L/min） 15
Type centrifugation
Rated speed（r/min） 3000
Cooling water
Flow rate（L/min） 200
pump
Voltage（V） 12
Power supply（kW） 3.8
Designation JFWZ13
Generator Voltage（V） 14
Poweroutput（W） 350
Designation 2DRS-10-24-105A 10-12-105

Glow pulug Voltage（V） 24 12

continuous working ＜30 ＜30
period(s)
Type Wax element type
Thermostat
Designation JWQ-1039-76K

Lub.oil Type Disk stack type

cooler Designation 28Z2

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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

1.3 Main Engine Data

Model WP2.1C27E1 WP2.1C35E1

rated conditions（KPa） 200-400

low idle speed (kPa) ≥50

Lub.oil pressure Lub.oil temperature（℃） ≤95
Cooling water temperature 75～95
Exhaust temperature（℃） ≤480

Cylinder head bolts 95～105

Tightening Main bearing cover bolts 120～135

torque
Connecting rod bolts 60～70
specifications：
（N.m） Flywheel bolts 60～70
Crankshaft pulley clamping 140～160
b lt
Intake valves open(Before) 14
Valve 42
Intake valves close(After)
timing(crankshaft
angle, degrees) Exhaust valves open(Before) 42

Exhaust valves close(After) 14

Valve Intake valves（mm） 0.20～0.25
clearances (on
Exhaust valves（mm） 0.25～0.30
cold)（mm）
Fuel delivery advance angle 13±1 16±1

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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

Section Ⅱ Operation of the Engine

2.1 Fuel, Lubricating Oil and Cooling Water

Fuel The fuel for the engines is the light diesel oil (grades10, 0, -10, -20 and -35)

specified in the China National Standard GB 252. The fuel for different working

conditions should be chosen according to the fuel specifications below:

Fuel Specifications

Grade of fuel 10 0 -10 -20 -35

Cetane value 50 50 50 48 43

Pour point(℃) 10 0 -10 -20 -35

Lowest ambient temperature(℃) +18 +8 -2 -12 -23

Before using, diesel oil should be stored for at least 48 hours to settle down
impurities and then filtered with a silk cloth.

Lub.oil : The lubricating oil for the engine should be chosen from the products
specified in the China National Standard GB11122 according to ambient temperatures.
Proper grades of lubricating oil for different ambient temperatures are shown in the
table below.

Lub.oil Specifications

CF grade 10W 5W/30 10W/30 15W/30 15W/40 20W/40 20W/20 30 40

Ambient -20-5 -25-25 -20-20 -10-25 -10-35 -10-30 -10-10 5-30 ＞25

Check the oil level with the dipstick at least 5 mins after refilling or stopping the
engine.

Coolant : Coolant for diesel engines should be clean soft water, such as water
from rain, snow or clean rivers. In case of hard water, such as water from wells and
fountains,

it should be softened beforehand. There are two methods of doing it.

(1) To boil up the hard water.

(2) To add caustic soda into hard water (20 grams of caustic soda for 30 liters
of hard water).

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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

2.2 Running-in of the Engine

A new engine or an overhauled one should not be run under rated conditions
before it has gone through 50 hours of running –in under part load. Only 2 hours of
running-in of the new engines is carried out on the test bench. They should be run
about 20 hours under half or lighter load before normal service at rated conditions.
Operating an engine under heavy load without going through the running-in period
may cause excessive wear, resulting in a reduction of service life or even damages to
the cylinder, piston and bearings.

After the replacement of any of the important parts such as the piston, piston ring,
cylinder liner, crankshaft, main bearing and connecting rod bearing, the engine should
be run at low speed and under light load for 10 to 15 hours before normal service.

If anything abnormal occurs during the running-in period, stop the engine to
check for the cause and make corrections.

After running-in proceed to the following operations:

Drain off the oil in the oil pan immediately after stopping the engine. Clean oil
pan and strainer with diesel oil.

Replace the oil filter cartridge.

Check and adjust valve clearance.

　 Check and retighten all the external securing bolts and nuts.

　 Check and eliminate any abnormality.

　 Lubricating maintenance.

2.3 Preparations for Starting

2.3.1 Check the tightness and security of the mounting of engine parts and
accessories, including the injection pump, fuel filter, lubricating oil filter, generator,
electric starter, water pump, fan, pulleys, etc. Check the freedom of movement of the
fuel injection pump control levers.

2.3.2 Fill the engine with clean fuel oil, lubricating oil and cooling water as
specified

in Section 2.2. Check the oil level in the oil sump. Oil level in the oil sump
should be near to the upper mark on the dipstick but not above it.

2.3.3 Check for the leakage of oil and water.

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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

2.3.4 Turn the crankshaft for several revolutions to check whether the movable
parts move smoothly without interference.

2.3.5 Check the battery and wiring in the electric system.

2.3.6 Bleed the fuel supply system in the following procedure:

(1) Slacken the venting screw on the fuel filter. Actuate the handle of the
prime pump to bleed the fuel filter and pipes. And then retighten the venting screw.

(2) Slacken the venting screw on the injection pump. Bleed the fuel injection
pump by actuating the handle of prime pump until no air bubbles can be found in the
outflowing fuel. Retighten the venting screw.

(3) Slacken the union nuts connecting the injectors and high pressure fuel
pipes. Turn the speed control lever of the governor to its halfway position. Crank the
engine by means of the starting motor until fuel flows out from the joints. Then
retighten the union nuts.

2.4 Starting the Engine

Before starting check to see that the prime pump handle resists hand operation
and that a puffing sound of injector can be heard when engine is cranked. If not, bleed
the fuel system again.

Turn the speed control lever halfway and set the starting switch to the “start”
position to start the engine. In cold weather, open the drain cock on the cylinder block
and refill the cooling system with hot water until drain water temperature is over 30℃.
Then start the engine in the procedure described above.

It is not allowed to run the starting motor continuously for more than ten seconds.
If the engine fails to start up, wait for two minutes before making another attempt. It
is necessary to check over the engine if it fails to start up for three times in succession.
After starting up, let the engine run at about 800 r/min for several minutes. Do not
load the engine until the lubricating oil pressure is in the normal range. Running at
rated speed and full load is not allowed until the outlet cooling water temperature
reaches 60 ℃. During operation, pay close attention to the indications of meters
especially that for lubricating oil pressure.

Before stopping the engine, reduce the load and speed gradually. Stop the engine
by pulling the engine stop lever after the engine has been run at idle speed for several
minutes. In case of engine running away choke the intake pipe to stop the engine.

If the ambient temperature falls below 0℃ and the engine is not to be run for a
long time, drain the cooling water from the engine and radiator to prevent frost
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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

fracture of the engine.

Section Ⅲ Engine Assembly and Disassembly

3.1 Cylinder Head

The monolithic cylinder head is made of high strength cast iron. The fuel
injectors and valve train parts are mounted on the cylinder head.

The cylinder head assembly is composed mainly of cylinder head, fuel injectors,
valve mechanism, intake and exhaust manifolds, front cover plate, rear cover plate,
thermostat and water temperature sensor.

The inlet and exhaust valve guides are of the same design. The valve guide and
valve seat insert are press-fitted into the cylinder head. The valves are not
interchangeable because they and their seats have been lapped in pairs to form
continuous, regular and bright seating lines. No leakage is allowed in the seat line
of the valve. The normal valve seating line width is 1.0～1.4mm. If it gets too wide to
ensure tight sealing, reshape it by means of a special reamer. Each valve is marked
with a cylinder number, because they are not interchangeable in assembly. The
standard valve recession, i.e. the specified distance from the valve head to the cylinder
head surface is 0.4±0.1mm (see Fig.1). If the valve recession is too small, ream the
valve insert to enlarge it; if it is too large, replace the valve and valve seat.

Fig.1

The cylinder head is mounted on the cylinder block with 18 bolts. They should

be evenly tightened in 2～3 steps . The tightening of the bolts in each step should

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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

be done in the order as shown in Fig.2. When dismounting the cylinder head,

slacken the bolts in the reverse order. The operation procedure should be followed

to prevent leakage and cylinder head deformation.

Fig.2 Fig.3

When mounting the fuel injector into the cylinder head, make sure that the
protrusion of the injector tip from the cylinder head reaches the specified value (see
Fig.3). It can be adjusted with shims.

3.2 Cylinder Block

On the front, there are the gear case, gear case cover, oil pump, timing gears,
water pump and fan assembly.

On the left side of the cylinder block mounted the injection pump, lubricating oil
filter and oil cooler.There is an inspection window on gear case for timing the
injection pump in service. Before dismounting the injection pump, remove the
inspection window covers and turn the crankshaft (less than two revolutions) so as to
align the mark on injection pump gear with the points in the inspection windows
respectively (you can make a mark on the injection pump gear also). The crankshaft
should not be turned before mounting the injection pump again. When mounting,
make sure that the mark on the injection pump gear is aligned with the point in the
inspection window.

On the right side are mounted the generator, starting motor.

The flywheel housing is attached to the rear of the cylinder block. Through the
inspection window on the top of the flywheel housing, marks can be seen on the rim
of the flywheel indicating the TDC and the beginning of fuel delivery to the first
cylinder. Both flywheel and flywheel housing have the SAE standard dimensions.

The main bearing covers and the cylinder block are machined in couple. The
main bearing covers are marked with sequence numbers and orientational arrow
marks. They are not interchangeable and should be installed with the arrow marks
pointing to the front side (fan and gear side) of the engine. When tightening the main

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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

bearing cover bolts, tighten the middle ones first and then the ones on both sides
symmetrically to complete one operation step. The specified torque should be reached
gradually in 2～3 steps.
The two halves of main bearings are different. The upper one has an oil groove and an
oil hole. It should be placed in the bearing saddle of the cylinder block. On both sides
of the fifth main bearing cover are installed two thrust bearings to control the endwise
movement of the crankshaft. The thrust bearings
should be placed with the grooved face
outward.The cylinder liner is of the dry type.
After the liners are pressed into the cylinder block,
the top surface of each cylinder liner collar should
be 0.04～0.12 mm higher above the surface of the
cylinder block (see Fig.4). For the same cylinder
block, the difference in the height between one
cylinder liner and another should be less than 0.05
mm. If this dimensional tolerance is exceeded,
replace the wrong cylinder liners with selected
ones. When pressing-in a liner, be sure to apply
the force evenly and perpendicularly on its top.

There is a graphite-coated gasket between the cylinder block and cylinder head.
Check to see that the holes in the gasket line up respectively with the holes for the
locating sleeves and the holes for the circulation of water and oil in the cylinder block.
Place an O-ring seal (6.3×18) in the oil hole of the gasket.

3.3 Valve System

Both camshaft gear (part 1 in Fig.4) and injection pump gear (part 3 in Fig.4) are
Fig. 4
driven by the crankshaft gear (part 6 in Fig.4) via an idle gear (part 2 in Fig.4). The
gears have dot marks on them . In assembly, all the marks should be correctly placed
to ensure correct valve timing and injection timing (see Fig.5) .

The valves are opened and closed in certain timing events. They are driven by the
camshaft through tappets, push rods and rocker arms.

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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

1. Camshaft timing gear 2. Idle gear 3. Injection pump gear

4. Oil pump gear 5. Oil pump driving gear 6.Crankshaft timing

Fig. 5

The valves are opened and closed in certain timing events. They are driven by the
camshaft through tappets, push rods and rocker arms.

3.4 Crank-connecting Rod Mechanism

The crank-connecting rod mechanism is composed of the piston-connecting rod
assembly and crankshaft-flywheel assembly.

The piston-connecting rod assembly consists of the piston, compression rings, oil
scraper ring, piston pin, connecting rod, connecting rod bearings and connecting rod
bolts.

The crankshaft-flywheel assembly consists of the crankshaft, flywheel, crankshaft

timing gear and crankshaft pulley.

Two compression rings and one oil scraper ring are fitted into the piston. The first
compression ring is a keystone type ring. When the rings are fitted into their grooves,
their gaps should be apart from each other around the circumference of the piston.
Furthermore the oil scraper ring should be so placed that its gap is 90 degrees apart
from the pinhole centre around the circumference. The second compression ring
should have its top surface (marked with STD in the area near the gap) upward in
assembly. When checking the ring gap, place the ring into a cylinder liner and
measure it with a feeler gauge.

If the gap is too small, correct it by fine filing; if too large, replace the ring with a
new one.

When assembling the piston and connecting rod, heat the piston in hot oil to the
temperature of 100 to 120 degrees centigrade and then push the piston pin through
them.

The connecting rod and cap are machined and marked in

couples. They are not interchangeable. Two connecting rod bolts should be
tightened step by step in turn to reach the specified torque.

Before placing the piston and connecting rod assembly into the liner smear them
with a little clean oil. Make sure the intake valve pocket (the larger one of the two
pockets on the piston) is on the left side of the exhaust valve pocket viewed from the
injection pump side of the engine in assembly. When moving the piston and
connecting rod through the cylinder liner, be careful not to bruise the liner surface.

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The difference in weight between the piston-connecting assemblies for the same
engine should be less than 10 grammes. This requirement can be met through
selection.

The crankshaft is made of ductile nodular cast iron. There are five main journals
and four crankpins on the crankshaft. An oil hole in each journal leading to the
neighboring crankpin is employed to supply lubricating oil to the crankpin bearing.
On the front end of the crankshaft, there are the timing gear and oil pump driving gear,
both driven with a flat key. On the front and rear of the crankshaft, there are oil seals
to prevent oil leakage. When installing the flywheel, tighten the flywheel bolts evenly
in the order shown in Fig.6 to reach the specified torque in 2～3 steps. The crankshaft
and flywheel are dynamically balanced as an assembly. The same figure is marked
side by side on the crankshaft flange end and the flywheel as an indication of the
pairing relation and mounting position. Be sure to assemble the flywheel with the
crankshaft in the correct position as indicated with the figure mark.

3.5 Fuel Supply System

The fuel supply system consists of the fuel tank, rough
filter, feed pump, fine filter, injection pump, governor, injectors
and fuel pipelines.Fuel from the fuel tank flows through the
strainer into the feed pump and then pass through the fuel filter
to the injection pump. The fuel at high pressure from the
injection pump is delivered to the fuel injector and sprayed into
the combustion chamber. The superfluous fuel from the
injection pump and injectors flows back to the fuel tank.（see
Fig.7） 。 Fig. 6

Fig. 7

1. Fuel return pipe 2. Fuel injection pipe 3. Fuel fine

4. Fuel tank 5. fuel rough filter 6. Filter

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The fuel feed pump is of single-acting and plunger type. It is mounted on one side
of the injection pump and driven by a cam on the camshaft of the pump. A primer
pump is attached on the feed pump to bleed air from the fuel pipeline before starting
the engine. When it is not in use, lock the primer pump handle by pressing and turning
the nut on the top of it to prevent leakage of fuel.

Fuel should be kept absolutely clean to ensure a long service life of the parts in
the fuel supply system. Replace the cartridge with a new one if it is clogged.

The fuel injection pump is the BQ or PL series injection pumps. The injection
pump has been adjusted and sealed in the factory. It should not be readjusted by
customers except when absolutely necessary. All the service operations should be
carried out by qualified servicemen on an injection pump tester according to the
instructions in the service manual of the injection pump.

The TQA type governor is a centrifugal and variable-speed governor. The

maximum speed setting screw is used to set the maximum speed of the engine and the
idle speed setting screw is for low idle setting. The speed setting screws have been
properly adjusted in the factory and are not allowed to be readjusted by customers.

The P type injector has a nozzle with 5 holes of dia.0.22mm. It is mounted with
one clamping plate and one tightening bolt. The injector nozzle tip protrusion is
3.3±0.1mm.

Special shims are used for adjusting the protrusion. The nozzle needle and valve
seat are finely matched to each other and should not be interchanged. Keep the
injector parts absolutely clean during maintenance operation.

3.6 Lubricating System

The lubricating system consists of the oil pump, oil pump strainer, oil filter and
oil pipeline.

The lubrication of the engine is of the splash-and-pressure combined type. Some

bearings such as the main bearing, connecting rod bearing, camshaft bearing and
rocker arm bearing are pressure-lubricated, while other friction surface such as the
cylinder liner, piston, piston pin, valves and gears are lubricated by splashed oil.

The lubricating oil drawn by the oil pump flows into the oil filter. Filtered oil
flows through the main oil gallery in the cylinder block to lubricate the crankshaft
main bearings, camshaft bushings and rocker arm bushings, and oil through the oil
hole from the crankshaft journal to the crank pin to lubricate the connecting rod
bearing.

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The lubricating oil filter cartridge is a spin-on canister. In case the cartridge is
seriously clogged, the bypass valve will open, allowing unfiltered oil to flow directly
to the main oil gallery in the cylinder block. Be sure to follow the instructions
described in Chapter V during maintenance operation of the oil filter. Replace the
filter cartridge if necessary. The pressure adjusting valve serves to adjust the oil
pressure in the main oil gallery and keep it within the range from 200kPa to 500kPa.

3.7 Cooling System

The engine has a pressure type cooling system. It consists of the radiator, fan,
water pump and thermostat.

When the engine cooling water temperature is below 73℃, the thermostat is
closed and

the cooling water is stopped from going to the radiator. It goes from the
thermostat housing back to the water pump. So the engine will be warmed up in a
short while. As the water temperature gets higher above 80℃ ,the thermostat opens
gradually and lets the cooling water into the radiator. The cooling water from the
radiator goes through the tube and back into the water pump.

The water pump is of the centrifugal type. Its maintenance-free bearings need no
greasing. When water continuously leaks out from the weep hole in the bottom of the
pump housing due to excessive wear of the water seal, dismount the impeller from the
shaft and replace the water seal.（see Fig.8）

1. Radiator 2.
Thermostat
3.Fan 4. Water
pump

Fig. 8

3.8 Electrical System

The electrical system consists of the starting motor and a generator with a silicon
rectifier. Be sure to have the negative pole of the generator connected to the ground.

The electrical system voltage is 12V and the generator power output is 350W.

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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

Power supply of the starting motor is 3.8kW.

Section Ⅳ Adjustment of the Engine

4.1 Adjustment of Valve Clearances

It is essential to adjust the valve clearances in operating an engine. The valve
clearances on cold engines are 0.20mm for inlet valves and 0.25mm for exhaust
valves. Apart from the adjustment of valve clearances after reassembling the engine, it
is necessary to check and adjust the valve clearances periodically because of the
possible loosening of adjusting screws and wear of parts in the valve system. The
inspection interval is recommended to be 250 running hours.

The adjustment should be carried out on a cold engine. The procedure is as

follows: Remove the cylinder head cover. Turn the crankshaft until the mark of the
top dead center of the first cylinder on the crankshaft pulley aligns with the pointer of
the timing indicator. When the piston of the first cylinder is at its top dead center on
the compression stroke, both intake and exhaust valves of the first cylinder are closed.
In this position, check the clearances of intake valve and exhaust valve of the first
cylinder, the intake valve of the second cylinder and the exhaust valve of the third
cylinder (i.e. the clearances of the first, second, third and sixth valves counted from
the front) with a feeler gauge.To adjust the valve clearances, slacken the lock nut with
a wrench and hold it, screw in or out the adjusting screw with a screwdriver until the
feeler gauge inserted between the rocker head and the top surface of the valve stem
feels neither too loose nor too tight. Then tighten the lock nut and check the clearance
again. Readjust if necessary till it is properly set.

After the adjustment of the clearances of the above-mentioned four valves, rotate
the crankshaft a complete turn to place the piston of the forth cylinder at its top dead
center on the compression stroke. In this position, check the clearances of intake valve
and exhaust valve of the fourth cylinder, the intake valve of the third cylinder and the
exhaust valve of the second cylinder (i.e. the clearances of the fourth, fifth, seventh
and eighth valves counted from the front). Adjust the clearances of these valves in the
same way as described above.

4.2 Adjustment of Fuel Injection Timing

In order to maintain fuel economy and power characteristics of the engine, it is
necessary to check and adjust the fuel delivery advance angle after the engine being
reassembled or running for 500 hours.

The procedure for checking and adjusting is as follows:

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Remove the high-pressure fuel pipe for the first cylinder; join a pipe to a thin
glass tube and connect it with the first cylinder delivery valve holder of the injection
pump. Set the speed control lever to the maximum delivery position and bleed off the
air in the fuel system. (Turn the crankshaft till there are no air bubbles in the fuel
flowing out of the glass tube). Then turn the crankshaft slowly and watch attentively
for the rise of the fuel level in the glass tube. Stop turning the crankshaft at the
beginning of the rise of fuel level which implies the beginning of the fuel delivery to
the first cylinder. Check to see if the mark of fuel delivery to the first cylinder on the
flywheel aligns with the timing pointer inside the flywheel housing. If it does not,
readjust in the following procedure. Slacken the bolts which fasten the injection pump
onto the connecting flange. Turning the injection pump with its top towards the
cylinder block results in the increase in the fuel delivery advance angle, and vice
versa.

4.3 Adjustment of Nozzle Opening Pressure

Dismount the fuel injector from the cylinder head and mount it on the injector
tester for checking and adjusting. Actuate the pump handle and watch the indication
of pressure. At the time of injection starting, the pressure should be within the range
as specified in Section Ⅰ, Main Engine Data. The fuel spray should be uniform and
the puffing sound of injection should be short and clear.

The opening pressure of the P-type injector can be adjusted by choosing from
different adjusting shims of the thickness in the range from 1.0 mm to 2.0mm. The
gauge step is 0.01mm. Most of the injector manufactures use the shims of the
thickness from 1.7mm to 1.9mm. Before reassembling the injector, clean the nozzle
valve and the adjusting shim. Care must be taken not to scratch the matching faces.
After attaining the specified pressure, remount the lock nut and check for the opening
pressure again.

4.4 Adjustment of Lubricating Oil Pressure

Pay frequent attention to the lubricating oil pressure. The normal oil pressure
ranges from 200 kPa to 500 kPa. The adjustment of lubricating oil pressure should be
carried out after the engine gets warm (when the lubricating oil temperature is around
80℃). Dismount the sealing nut from the adjusting screw on the oil filter. Turn the
adjusting screw to adjust oil pressure. Screw in or out the adjusting screw to increase
or decrease the oil pressure. After adjustment, put on the sealing washer and then
tighten the sealing nut.

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 Operation  and  Maintenance  Manual  for  WP2.1C/WP3.9C  Series  Marine  Diesel   

4.5 Adjustment of injection pump

The injection pump has been adjusted and sealed in the factory. It should not be
readjusted by customers except when absolutely necessary. All the service operations
should be carried out by qualified servicemen on an injection pump tester according
to the instructions in the service manual of the injection pump.

4.6 Adjustment of V-belt Tension

Though very easy to adjust, the tension of V-belt has great influence on the
rotational speed of the generator and water pump and hence the operation of the
engine.

It is recommended to adjust it periodically. When engine is not running, press on

the middle of a straight section of the belt with a force of 30～40 N. The sag of V-belt
should be within the range of 10～15 mm. If not qualified, loosen the adjusting bolt
on the adjusting bracket to move the generator to adjust the belt to a proper tension.
Excessive tension will shorten the service life of the belt and cause the premature
wear of bearings in the generator and water pump due to the heavy load resulted from
excessive belt tension. Insufficient belt tension, however, will lead to the belt creep
and fracture, resulting in the engine overheating.

SectionⅤTechnical Maintenance

Regular maintenance of the engine is essential to efficient and trouble-free

operation, good mileage between major repairs and long service life. General
procedures of different assignments of technical maintenance stipulated below should
be followed in principle. Customers can make some alterations according to particular
service conditions.

The maintenance work schedule is as follows:

1) Shift maintenance

2) Maintenance at the completion of 125 working hours.

3) Maintenance at the completion of 500 working hours.

4) Maintenance at the completion of 1000 working hours.

5.1 Shift Maintenance

A) Check the oil level in oil sump and injection pump. Refill to the specified
level if necessary.

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B) Check the water level in the radiator. Refill if necessary. C) Check the fuel
level in fuel tank. Refill if necessary.

D) Check the tightness of mounting bolts of the engine and installing bolts of
components.

Tighten them if necessary.

E) Check the leakages of air, oil and water. Repair if necessary.

F) Eliminate all faults and abnormal conditions found in operation. G) Clean the
engine and accessories of oil sludge and dust.

H) Clean the air filter and air duct every day in dusty environment.

5.2 Maintenance at the Completion of Every 125 Working Hours

A) Complete all the procedures mentioned above.

B) Check the tension of the fan belt. Adjust it if necessary.

5.3 Maintenance at the Completion of Every 500 Working Hours

A) Clean away dust from the paper cartridge and dust chamber of the air cleaner.
B) Check the valve clearances and make adjustments if necessary

C) At the completion of every 250 working hours, replace oil filter cartridge.

D) At the completion of every 250 working hours, replace fuel filter cartridge.

E) Complete all the procedures mentioned above.

F) Check the seat lines of valves. Relap valves and readjust valve clearances if
necessary.

G) Check the fuel delivery advance angle. Readjust it if necessary.

H) Check the nozzle opening pressure and spray pattern. Readjust the injection
pressure.

I) Check the tightening torque of main bearing bolts and connecting rod bolts.

J) Check the leakage from the weep hole of the water pump. Replace the water
seal if the leaking rate is too high.

K) Clear the silencer of carbon deposits.

L) Check all cable connections in the electric system. Clean and tighten the
connections if dark burned spots are found.

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5.4 Maintenance at the Completion of Every 1000 Working Hours

A) Complete all the procedures mentioned above.

B) Replace air filter cartridge.

C) Clear the cooling system of scale.

D) Clean the fuel tank and fuel pipeline.

E) Check for technical conditions and performance of the engine to see if it needs
some repairing. Dismount and inspect relevant parts. Clear away carbon deposits
from cylinder head, piston, piston rings and cylinder liner. Check to see if the
piston rings, cylinder liner, crank pin bearing or main journal bearing are subject
to premature wearing.

5.5 Engine Preservation

If the engine is to be kept in store for a long period of time, it should be treated
beforehand in the following procedures.

A) Drain lubricating oil, cooling water and fuel oil from the engine when it is hot.

B) Dismount intake and exhaust manifolds. Through the inlet and exhaust ports in
the cylinder head, pour 200 grammes dehydrated lubricating oil into each cylinder.
Rotate the crankshaft to apply the oil to the piston, piston rings, cylinder liner and
valve seats.

C) Cover the openings on the engine to prevent foreign objects and moisture
from entering them.

D) Smear rust resisting oil on the unpainted surface of the engine.

E) Store the engine in a clean, dry place with good ventilation. The engine should
not be stored near chemicals.

F) Repeat the procedures from A to E for every six months during the engine
storage.

Section Ⅵ Trouble-shooting

6.1 Failure to Start

Possible Causes Suggested Remedies

(1) Fuel tank empty or fuel tank cock not

Refill fuel tank. Open cock.
open.

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(2) Fuel pipeline or fuel filter clogged. Dismount fuel pipeline or fuel filter. Clean or replace them.

Bleed fuel system.

(3) Air within fuel system.
Tighten all fuel pipe connections.
(4)Defective injection pump or incorrect Check fuel feed pump and injection pump. Adjust injection
injection timing. timing.
(5)No injection or poor characteristics of Clean and lap nozzle needle and body in pair. Readjust
spray. nozzle opening pressure.
(6) Ambient temperature too low and engine
too cold. Heat cooling water.
(7) Insufficient compression pressure in
See item 6.3 hereafter.
cylinders.
(8) Starting motor runs at low speed or will
See item 6.12 hereafter.
not run.

6.2 Lack of Power

Possible Causes Suggested Remedies
(1) Insufficient compression pressure in
See item 6.3 below.
cylinders.
(2) Wrong grade of fuel or fuel
Use proper fuel. Clean fuel tank and refill.
contaminated with water

(3) Clogged air cleaner. Clean air cleaner cartridge. Replace cartridge if necessary.

(4) Choked exhaust silencer. Clear away carbon deposits or dirt from silencer.

(5) Air within fuel system. Bleed fuel system. Tighten all fuel pipeline connections.
Inspect camshaft and marks on gears. Check valve
(6) Incorrect valve timing.
clearances.

(7) Incorrect fuel delivery advance angle Check marks on gears. Readjust fuel delivery advance angle.

(8) Low injection pressure or poor spray

Readjust nozzle opening pressure.
characteristics.
(9) Uneven distribution of fuel Readjust uniformity of fuel delivery from fuel injection
among cylinders. pump to cylinders.

(10) Engine unable to reach the rated speed. Reset speed control lever.

6.3 Insufficient Compression Pressure in Cylinder

Possible Causes Suggested Remedies
(1) Valve clearance too small or no
Readjust valve clearance.
clearance.
(2) Carbon deposits on valve and seat. Clear away carbon deposits and relap valve and valve seat.
Worn valve and seat. Ream valve seat if necessary.

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(3) Piston ring worn or lack of tension. Replace piston ring.

(4) Piston ring stuck due to carbon deposits. Clean piston and rings in kerosene.

(5) Cylinder liner and piston worn.

Replace liner and piston or rebore liner and use oversize
Clearance between cylinder and piston too
piston.
big.

(6) Leakage in cylinder head gasket face. Retighten cylinder head bolts or replace the gasket.

(7) Gas leakage in injector mounting bore. Check copper washer. Reset injector.

(8) Broken valve spring. Replace valve spring.

(9) Valve stuck in valve guide. Clean valve in kerosene. Replace if it is worn out or deformed.

6.4 Engine Stalls

Possible Causes Suggested Remedies

(1) No fuel in tank. Refill fuel tank.

Bleed fuel system. Drain water from fuel tank. Replace
(2) Air and water in fuel system.
cartridge of fuel filter.
(3) Clogged fuel filter. Clean or replace cartridge.
(4) Choked air cleaner. Replace air cleaner cartridge.
(5) Piston stuck in cylinder. Repair or replace piston and cylinder liner.

6.5 Engine Racing

Possible Causes Suggested Remedies

Stop the engine. Dismount injection pump and governor.
(1) Faulty governor
Repair or replace governor.
(2) Restricted injection pump control
Stop the engine. Repair injection pump.
rod.

(3) Clip ring disconnected from control Stop the engine and check. Reinstall clip ring.
rod
6.6 Abnormal Noise
Possible Causes Suggested Remedies
(1) Engine detonating with clear knocking
Readjust injection timing.
noise in cylinder.
(2) Delayed combustion. Backfire in
Readjust injection timing.
exhaust pipe.

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(3) Clearance between piston and cylinder

liner too big, causing thudding noise (The
Check and repair. Replace piston and liner if necessary.
noise disappears after fuel delivery to the
cylinder being cut off for 3 to 5 seconds)

(4) Clearance between crankshaft and main

bearing too big, causing low heavy pounding Check and repair. Replace main bearing or thrust plate.
noise periodically.

(5) Clearance between crankpin and bearing Check and repair.

too big, causing dull pounding noise. Replace connecting rod bearing.

(6) Clearance between piston pin and

connecting rod bushing too big, causing sharp Check and repair. Replace bushing.
knocking noise.
(7) Valve clearance too big, causing
Readjust valve clearance.
chattering noise.
(8) Piston striking valve, causing clear metal
Readjust valve clearance and valve timing.
noise.

6.7 Black Exhaust

Possible Causes Suggested Remedies

(1) Engine overloaded. Reduce load.

(2) Fuel delivery not even or too much. Adjust injection pump and governor.

(3) Injection pressure too low, causing

Readjust nozzle opening pressure.
poor spray characteristics.

(4) Fuel injection timing too late. Readjust injection timing.

(5) Air cleaner choked. Clear away dust from cartridge or replace cartridge.

(6) Wrong grade of fuel or bad fuel. Drain tank and refill with proper fuel.

6.8 Coolant Temperature Too High

Possible Causes Suggested Remedies
(1) Cooling water flow reduction due to loose
Adjust belt tension or replace V-belt.
V-belt.

(2) Engine overloaded for a long period. Reduce load.

(3) Cooling water insufficient. Refill radiator.

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(4) Cooling water flow reduction due to low Check clearance between water pump impeller and housing.
water pump efficiency. Replace impeller if necessary.

(5) Defective water pump impeller. Replace impeller.

(6) Cooling water circulation obstructed. Clean cooling system.

(7) Defective thermostat. Replace thermostat.

(8) Defective water thermometer. Replace thermometer.
(9) Insufficient lubrication. Inspect lubricating system and clean oil gallery.

6.9 Low Lubricating Oil Pressure

Possible Causes Suggested Remedies

Check oil level.
(1) Insufficient oil in oil sump.
Refill to the specified level.
(2) Defectivelowoilpressurealarm. Replace alarm.
(3) Clogged oil gallery. Clean oil gallery and blow away dirt with compressed air.
(4) Clogged oil strainer. Dismount oil strainer. Clean it in kerosene.
(5) Clogged oil filter and defective by-pass Replace oil filter cartridge. Readjust by-pass valve if
valve. necessary.

(6) Excessive bearing clearances due to wear

Repair or replace bearings.
of main bearing and crankpin bearing.

(7) Engine overheated, causing high

Reduce load to lower oil temperature or refill with suitable
temperature and low viscosity of lubricating
oil.
oil.
(8) Too big clearance between oil pump
Replace rotors or housing cover of oil pump.
rotors and housing cover.

6.10 Excessive Oil Consumption

Possible Causes Suggested Remedies

(1) Worn piston ring or oil scraper ring

Wash oil scraper ring in kerosene or replace defective ring.
stuck in ring groove due to carbon deposits.

(2) Oil return holes plugged due to carbon

Clean oil return holes in piston.
deposits.
(3) Oil level too high. Oil into the
Check with dipstick and drain oil to correct level.
combustion chamber.

(4) Leakage in lubricating system. Tighten connectors and replace sealing washers and gaskets.

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6.11 Deterioration of Lubricating Oil

Possible Causes Suggested Remedies
(1) Piston ring worn or stuck in groove,
causing combustion gas or fuel to leak into the Clean or replace piston ring.
oil sump.
(2) Water leaking into oil due to faulty
Replace gasket.
cylinder gasket.
(3) Water leaking into oil due to crack in
Replace cylinder head.
cylinder head.

6.12 Trouble Shooting in Electrical System

Symptoms and causes Suggested Remedies
A)Faulty generator, no recharging of battery or
current too weak.

1)Loose connections on generator and battery Check and tighten all connections. Clean contacting surfaces
or corroded contacts. and improve insulation.

2)V-belt slip. Readjust belt tension.

3)Generator out of order. Check and repair.

B)Current too strong and generator overheated.

1)Short-circuit between armature and field coil. Repair or replace.

2)Faulty voltage regulator. Repair or replace.

C)Resistor of regulator burnt out
1)Battery terminals incorrectly connected. Reconnect cables.

2)Cutout relay out of order, current reversed at

Repair or replace.
low engine speed.
D) Starting motor will not run.
1)Loose connection of cables. Clean off dirt. Tighten connections.
2)Battery not fully charged. Check and recharge it.
3)Bad contact of brushes. Clean and polish with fine sandpaper.

4)Short-circuit within starting motor. Check and repair.

E)Starting motor will run idle but unable to

crank the engine up.
Symptoms and Causes Suggested Remedies
1)Bad contact of brush. Clean and polish with fine sandpaper.
2)Bad contact of cable connection and switch. Clean off dirt. Tighten all connections.
3)Weak battery. Check and recharge it.

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Appendix I Spare parts of Diesel Engine WP2.1/2.5CD

No. Part Name No. Part Name
1 Valve spring, outer 11 First compression ring

2 Valve spring, inner 12 Second compression ring

3 Intake valve 13 Oil scraper ring assembly

门 Connecting rod bearing
4 Exhaust valve 14
5 Valve collet 15 Front oil seal

6 Cylinder liner 16 Rear oil seal

7 Cylinder head gasket 17 V-belt

8 Upper main bearing 18 Oil filter cartridge

9 Lower main bearing 19 Fuel filter cartridge

10 Piston 20 Nozzle needle-body pair

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