IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

DESIGN OF WASTE HEAT DRIVEN VAPOUR ADSORPTION

COOLING SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE AIR-CONDITIONING AND
REFRIGERATION

Yogesh H.Kadam1, Diwakar H.Yadav2, Swapnil J.Mohite3, Prathamesh P.Panchal4, V.K.Dongare5

1
Under graduate (U.G), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajendra Mane College of Engineering &
Technology, Ratnagiri - 415804, Maharashtra, India.
2
Under graduate (U.G), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajendra Mane College of Engineering &
Technology, Ratnagiri - 415804, Maharashtra, India.
3
Under graduate (U.G), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajendra Mane College of Engineering &
Technology, Ratnagiri - 415804, Maharashtra, India.
4
Under graduate (U.G), Department of Mechanical Engg, Rajendra Mane College of engineering & technology,
Ratnagiri - 415804, Maharashtra, India.
5
Assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajendra Mane College of Engineering & Technology,
Ratnagiri - 415804, Maharashtra, India.

Abstract
In this present era more & more focus is to be given on energy conservation. Refrigeration & air conditioning is one of the
growing field of engineering, the existing system are hampering the environment as they are suffering from various environmental
problems such as depletion of ozone layer & global warming due to emission of harmful gases such as HFC’s ,CFC’s & CO2 as
they were using traditional refrigerants. Waste heat driven Vapour adsorption cooling system is eco-friendly, efficient, & reliable
in nature. But on the other hand this system having lowers COP as compare to existing systems which is Due to the lack of
research and advancement in the system. By considering the environmental aspects & need of energy conservation it is necessary
to design and developed the VAR’s system which will successfully compete the existing systems. This paper will give the idea
about the Design of waste heat driven vapour adsorption system of 2KW capacity for vehicle air-conditioning & refrigeration
application. The adsorber bed is the heart of the cooling system and it can affect the performance of the system to the greater
extent. So that while designing the VAR cooling system more focused is given on design and selection of adsorber bed. This article
mainly focused on the various and important design parameters of the vapour adsorption cooling system Such as Adsorber bed
design, adsorber and adsorbate mass, design of evaporator & condenser, Coefficient of performance(COP), Specific cooling
power (SCP) and the other performance affecting parameters.

Keywords: Vapour Adsorption, Design Parameters, Low Grade Thermal Energy, Adsorbate & Adsorbent.
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1. INTROUCTION application they have found that wall thickness is important
parameter for proper heat transfer rate and it should be 15-
Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCRs) system have 20mm of stainless steel. The data obtained by this study is
been practically used for variety of application such as for 0.65Kw of cooling power & C.O.P is 0.25 with the cycle
domestic, industrial, transport refrigeration, automobile air time of 1200sec. Also the adsorber could produce the higher
conditioning, food preservation & cold storage etc. from cooling power but it requires higher input temperature and
past few year very efficiently. The VCR’s are almost used in longer cycle time.
85% of refrigeration system successfully all over the world
but due to the use of traditional refrigerants which leads to Review on adsorption refrigeration cycle by Bhushan
ozone depletion & global warming. Therefore there is need Dusane[2] had presented the need of the development of
of development of green, sustainable refrigeration system thermal power driven system due energy awareness amongst
which should uses eco-friendly refrigerants. On the other the people, increasing fossil fuel price and environmental
hand the thermodynamically driven refrigeration (VARs) hazardous such as ozone depletion and global warming etc.
system draws attention in recent days. The system uses They also concluded that the cost of power generation by
waste heat as input and it uses the environment friendly solar sorption system will be much lower than Conventional
refrigerants which have no impact on environment. Nowa systems. Ahmed Shamroukh&Ahmed [3] Ali investigated
days almost all the automobile air-conditioning system is adsorption capacity of variety of activated carbon with the
driven by conventional mechanical Vapour compression different adsorbate at the different adsorption temperature
system which adds more load on engine, consumes the more and successfully mentioned the designed parameters
fuel and decreases efficiency of engine. required development of adsorption chiller (adsorber,
condenser and evaporator) having cooling capacity of 5Kw.
Ramji&Leo[1] performed the parametric study and
simulation of heat driven adsorber for air-conditioning
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Wang &oliveira[4] have developed the silica gel-water 2.1 Adsorber Bed
chiller having the temperature of water is higher than 55 oC,
the C.O.P recorded was 0.2-0.6 & the development of solar Adsorber bed is one of the key element of the system&the
powered icemaker for producing the daily 4-7kg of ice per main function of it is provide adequate amount of thermal
m2 area of solar collector having the C.O.P in between range energy to the adsorbent particle which are present inside it.
of 0.10-0.15.they also present the achievement and interest The adsorber provides the necessary compression effect
take on the sorption system at the end of 1970s. Harish required for refrigeration in an Adsorption refrigeration
Tiwari [5], have successfully developed the prototype system by absorbing and rejecting heat of adsorption and
having 1KW cooling capacity for cabin cooling of trucks by desorption. It works like generator as well as absorber both
using activated carbon and ammonia as working pair. The in an adsorption refrigeration system. Two adsorber beds as
designed system is compact and it can be easily installed in separate heat exchangers are proposed to be used in the
the truck having the estimated weight is 30kg. present system. The proper selection and design of adsorber
bed will lead to increase in performance of the system.
Meanwhile R.Z.Wang [6] presented the effective use of low
grade thermal energy (60-150 oC) for sorption refrigeration So it is needed to do more focused on design and
system and the results shows that for silica gel-water C.O.P performance of adsorber bed. In a research carried out by
is 0.35-0.6, however for ice making with cacl2& ammonia as Amir Sharafian [9] they studied different types of adsorber
working pair shows C.O.P 0.2-0.4.Wang found that with the shows that for smaller cooling capacity shell and tube shows
combination of an internal heat recovery and double bed which shows SCP around 200-250 W/Kg of dry adsorbent.
adsorption cooling working on low grade temperature range As we are designing the adsorber bed of small capacity of 2
150-250 oC gives the C.O.P value of 1.5 or more than that. Kw shell and tube type of adsorber bed is selected.
In another research conducted by I.A.Tan & M.Abdullah[7]
they has carried out an experimentation by using the three
different working pair for waste heat driven adsorption A/C
system, the experimentally conducted data shows that
activated carbon-ammonia pair able to produce chilled water
outlet of 19 oC with C.O.P 0.4 and cooling capacity of
0.50Kw.On the other hand the activated carbon-methanol &
water produces C.O.P of 0.37 & 0.58 respectively with a
cooling power of 0.65 Kw and 1Kw approximately.
Fig-1: Adsorber bed
In a research performed by Tso C.Y [8] for application of
green buildings by utilising double bed with copper u-tube Fig-1 shows the shell and tube type of adsorber bed, In this
and circular plate fin structure and silica gel-water as casewe have taken the adsorbent as granular activated
working pair. The investigation shows 74% of improvement carbon of mesh size 3-4mm and adsorbate as R-717(NH3).
as compared to standard operating condition where the The adsorber bed contains the three concentric pipe in which
C.O.P and SCP of the system where noted as 0.3 & 39.1 innermost pipe is utilised for heating and the adsorbing
W/kg with 15 minutes of cycle time. In another research material is placed in between the inner and middle tube by
carried out by Amir Sharafian [9], they had presented the taking care of the radial space between it should be
nine types of heat exchanger and the effects of it on the
approximately equal to 4mm for better performance of
performance of waste heat driven ACS & the study shows
adsorber bed and the outer tube is required for adsorber bed
that among the conventional and existing type of heat
cooling which is cooled by circulating cooling water.The
exchanger which is used as adsorber, fin tube adsorber bed
system is designed for cooling effect of 2Kw by taking cycle
design is promising for practical application of vehicle A/C-
time as 300 sec (5minutes) and The adsorber temperature is
Refrigeration. Zhong & Wert [10] have proposed an A/C
decided as Tad=90oC [6] as the adsorber bed is designed for
system for heavy duty vehicle to reduce the fuel
consumption and engine emission thus improves the engine utilising the low amount (grade) of thermal energy between
efficiency. The data tabulated shows that C.O.P of the the Range of 60-150 oC&With the increasing in adsorber
system increases considerable with the increasing the cycle bed temperature the adsorption capacity of activated carbon
time but at the same time the total cooling capacity goes on and ammonia pair is decreases [12].
decreasing during the same period.
The amount of heat required to heat the adsorber bed in
order to get the 2Kw cooling power is determined by taking
2. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND
the summation of sensible heat and latent heating which is
DESIGN CALCULATIONS determined by following equations,
As the main elements of sorption system are adsorber bed 𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 𝑄𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 + 𝑄𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 [5] (1)
(generator unit), condenser, and evaporator &
expansionvalve & the all of the components are designed for
2w refrigeration capacity & some of the other important [ 𝑚𝑎𝑑 ×𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑑 ×∆𝑇𝑎𝑑 +(𝑚𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 ×𝐶𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 ×∆𝑇𝑎𝑑 )
parameters of the sorption system which will evaluate the 𝑄𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = [5]
∆τcycle
performance of it. (2)

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[𝑚𝑎𝑑 𝑋2−𝑋1 × 𝐻2−𝐻1 ]

𝑄𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = [5] (3) 2.2 Condenser Design
Δτcycle
Condenser and evaporators are the heat exchangers and
In this case from equation (1),Qadsorber is calculated as design of it done by using heat transfer equations. In this
3Kw& the heat transfer area available in this case is case both the condenser and evaporator are designed for
determined as Aavail.ad is 0.96 m2.Now it is necessary to 2kW capacity. For this proposed design double pipe heat
determine the area required for suppling the heat of 3Kw exchanger is decided with water as cooling medium and the
which is determined as follows. pressure & temperature are kept in the range of 14-16 bar
and 80 oC respectively. The mass flow rate of adsorbate is
𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 𝑈𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑟 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑎𝑑 × 𝛥𝑇𝑎𝑑 (4) calculated as follows.

Whereas Qadsorber is 3Kw, Uadsorber is calculated as R.E Kw

ṁadsorbate = 𝐾𝑗 (7)
25W/m2K, ΔTad is 90 oC and the Areq.ad is calculated from 𝐿.𝐻.𝑁𝐻3 @ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 .𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐾𝑔
above equation is 1.33m2. Here Aavail.ad is less than the area
required,In order to enhance the heat transfer area required 2
for adsorber, fins are provided and aluminium chips are = = 1.83 × 10¯³Kg/sec
1090
mixed in the adsorbent material.
The amount of heat removed in condenser is given by;
Adsorption & desorption are the two phenomenon by which 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = ṁadsorbate hcond in − hcond out (8)
the cooling effect is produced in sorption system, during = Ucond × Acond × ΔTLMTD. Cond
desorption the adsorber bed is heated at high temperature
and pressure then refrigerant is desorbed from the porous Whereas𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 is the condensing power in Kw,
adsorbent material where it is liquefied in the condenser ṁadsorbateis 1.83 × 10¯³ Kg/sec, hcond in & ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡
followed by expansion valve & evaporator where it the are the enthalpies of NH3 at condenser inlet and outlet
evaporates by absorbing the heat from surrounding. As we which is calculated from the refrigeration table as the 1550
are using R-717, the mass of adsorbate required for Kj/Kg and 320 Kj/Kg respectively. The condensing power is
producing the 2kW cooling power is calculated by following obtained as𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 2.25𝑘𝑤.
equation.
Assuming thatcooling water temperature rise in the
Qevap Kw ×Δ τcycle sec
madsorbate = (5) condenser is 10 oC and the temperature of water at the inlet
𝐿.𝐻.𝑁𝐻3 @ 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 .𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
& outlet of the condenser is 30 oC & 40 oC respectively. The
temperature profile of condenser is shows as follows. The
2 × 300
= = 0.48𝐾𝑔 logarithmic mean temperature difference is calculated as,
1250
𝜃1−𝜃2 80−30 −(80−40)
Where Qevap(Kw) is evaporative cooling power2Kw, ΔTLMTD. Cond = 𝜃1 = 50 = 44.81 ℃ (9)
ln ( ) ln ⁡
( )
𝜃2 40
Δ τcycle is the cycle time (300) sec
&𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑁𝐻3 @ 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝. 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 is the latent heat of ammonia at
evaporator pressure (5bar).

In order to determine the amount of adsorbent required per

adsorber bed it is necessary to known the adsorption
capacity of the sorption pair. The adsorption capacity of the
pair can also greatly influence the performance of the
adsorber bed. In a research conducted byChristiano
Rodrigues, de Moraes Jr [12] the concentration of ammonia
on activated carbon at 40 oC is 0.6-1.8 mg NH3/ g
activated carbon & at 120 oC it varies from 0.15-
0.35 mg NH3/g activated carbon. The adsorption capacity of
activated carbon-ammonia pair is obtained as 17.19mg g-1
or 0.1719 kg/kg of adsorbent from Langmuir & Freundlich
equilibrium isotherm model [11]. By taking adsorption
capacity of pair as 0.1719 kg/kg of dry adsorbent, the
amount of adsorbent required per adsorber bed is obtained Fig-2: Temp profile of condenser
as follow.
The overall heat transfer coefficient Ucond in this case is
𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑒 0.48 calculated as 1000 W/m²K and area of condenser coil
𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = = 2.79𝑘𝑔(6)
𝛥𝛸 0.1719 required for condensation of the refrigerant is calculated as
follows
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IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑈𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 × 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 × ΔTLMTD. Cond (10) of evaporator tube is 14m &the length of evaporator tube is
determined by,
The area of condenser required is Acond=0.0503m² &
Taking the diameter of condenser coil Dcond is 8mm then 𝐴𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 𝜋 × 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 × 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 (15)
the length of condenser coil required is obtained by = 3.81𝑚
following equation.
3.1 Important Performance Evaluating Parameters
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝜋 × 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 × 𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (11)
= 2.0037𝑚 ≈ 2𝑚 of Adsorption Cooling System
The performance of Vapour adsorption is evaluated by the
3. EVAPORATOR DESIGN deterring the coefficient of performance (C.O.P) & Specific
The refrigerant is flowing inside the evaporator coil and it is cooling power (SCP) In this case.
get evaporated by absorbing the heat. The quantity of heat
removed in the evaporator is 2 kW& Drop in temperature of 3.1.1 Coefficient of Performance (C.O.P)
water was considered as 14oC .The pressure to be It is a dimensionless parameter which is used to determine
maintained in the evaporator is 5 bar for which the efficiency of Refrigeration as we as air-conditioning cycle.
saturation temperature of the refrigerant is 5 oC. In this C.O.P is defined as the ratio of evaporative cooling
power in (Kw) to the amount of waste heat supplied as input
Qevap=ṁc.w*Cpc.w*ΔTc.w=ṁadsorbate*(hevap in –hevap out) in (Kw).
=Uevap*Aevap*ΔTLMTD.Evap [3] (12)
𝑄𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 (𝐾𝑤 )
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃 = [9] (16)
From the above equation the chilled water mass flow rate 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 (𝐾𝑤 )
ṁc.wis calculated as 0.0398Kg/sec & the velocity of cooling
or chilled water is determined as follows, 3.1.2 Specific Cooling Power (SCP)
ṁ𝑐.𝑤 0.0398 It is defined as the ration of evaporative cooling power in
𝑣𝑐. 𝑤 = = [3] (13) Kw to the ratio of mass of adsorbent in kg multiplied by the
𝜌𝑐 .𝑤 ×𝐴𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 1000 ×0.1680
3 cycle time in sec.
= 0.2369 × 10¯ 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑄𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 (𝐾𝑤 )
The evaporator temperature is assumed as 10 oC, the SCP = W/Kg of dry adsorbent
𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐾𝑔)×Δ τcycle (sec )
temperature profile of evaporator is as shown as follows.
Logarithmic mean temperature difference in case of
All of the above parameters discussed should be taken into
evaporator is calculated as.
the consideration while designing the waste heat driven
sorption system.

CONCLUSION
From the past few years continuously research has been
carried out to replace the conventional refrigeration system
as these system have bad impact on environment as well as
need of energy conservation and development of eco-
friendly system. Low grade Waste heat from the different
application which losses its heat to surrounding, so there is a
loss of energy. By employing the Vapour adsorption system
there will be effective utilisation of heat. The performance
of adsorption cooling system depends on the various
parameters such as adsorption-desorption temperature,
proper selection of working pair, type of adsorber bed used
& adsorption capacity of pair etc. In this study we calculated
the different design & important parameters of the
performance evaluation of adsorption system having cooling
Fig-3: Temp profile of evaporator capacity of 2Kw.Such small capacity of system can be used
in applications such as domestic water cooling & low duty
𝜃1−𝜃2 30−10 −(20−10) vehicle A/C applications.
𝛥𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 𝜃1 = 20 = 14.43℃ (14)
ln ( ) ln ⁡
( )
𝜃2 10
More focused should be made on design and selection of
The overall heat transfer coefficient U evap for refrigerant to adsorber bed as it served as important parameter. In this
water is calculated as 825W/m2K and the Aevap is0.1680 m2 study we selected double bed (provides continuous cooling)
calculated by equation number 3.Taking the outer diameter and Shell and tube type of adsorber. Thermal driven cooling
system can compete the conventional system after further
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IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

advancement in the performance of the system more [10]. Yongfang Zhong, Kevin L. Wert & Tiegang Fang, an
research should be aimed to improve the C.O.P & S.C.P by Adsorption Air-Conditioning System to Reduce Engine
reducing the cycle time as well as input source temperature Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Heavy-Duty
required. Vehicles, International Refrigeration and Air
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Xiao,Adsorption of ammonia on activated carbon from
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guide, Prof.V.K.Dongarefor the help, guidance and sustainable energy, 31st Jan 2008;10.1002/ep.10252.
encouragement. This work would have not been possible [12]. Christiano Rodrigues, de Moraes Jr, Ammonia
without his valuable time, patience and motivation. We adsorption in a fixed bed of activated carbon, Bio-
thank him for making our stint thoroughly pleasant and resource technology; Vol-98, issue-4; page 886-891;
enriching. We are deeply indebted to Prof.A.R.SuwareHe March 2007.
supported us with scientific guidance, advice and [13]. Ahmed N. Shmroukh, Ahmed Hamza H. Ali&Ali K.
encouragement, it was always helpful and enthusiastic and Abel-Rahman,Adsorption Refrigeration Working Pairs
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