1.

1 Question forms

1 To make questions in the past and present we need the auxiliary verb do/does/did.

1 Do you drink tea?

2 Did he go to the cinema yesterday?

2 We put the auxiliary verb before the subject and the main verb after the subject.

1 Does he play tennis?

2 Did they have dinner together?

3 In the present simple we do not add -s or -es to the main verb with he/she/it.

1 Does she like coffee?

2 Does the printer work?
© Oxford University Press
 1.1 Question forms

1 We can add question words and expressions (Who, How, When, How often, etc.)
to the start of the question.

Question word Auxiliary Subject Main verb

How far did you travel last week?
When does your contract finish?
What kind of car did they drive?

2 We usually put prepositions at the end of questions.

Question word Auxiliary Subject Main verb Preposition

Who did she talk to?
Where does he come from?
© Oxford University Press
 1.1 Question forms

1 To make questions when the main verb is be we change the order of the subject
and verb. We do not use an auxiliary verb.

1 Your name is Frida. 2 They were tired.

Is your name Frida? Were they tired?
Do your name be Frida? Did they be tired?

2 We can add question words and expressions at the start of the question and
prepositions at the end.

Question word be Subject adjective/noun/verb Preposition

Why was he bored?
What are they interested in?

© Oxford University Press

 1.1 Question forms

1 With yes/no questions we can give a short answer by repeating the auxiliary verb
or the form of be used in the question.

1 Did he see the match on Sunday? Yes, he did./No, he didn’t.

2 Do you and your friends play sport together? Yes, we do./No, we don’t.

3 Were they very hungry? Yes, they were./No, they weren’t.

4 Is he a good teacher? Yes, he is./No, he isn’t.

2 Remember the answer to a question with are you is made with am.

1 Are you French? Yes, I am./ No, I’m not.

Yes, I are./No, I aren’t.
© Oxford University Press
 1.1 Question forms

1 Turn the sentences into questions, using the words in brackets.

1 The best time to visit Australia is in December. (When)

When is the best time to visit Australia?
2 Most people speak three languages in my country. (How many languages)
How many languages do people speak in your country?
3 I go out for coffee every Saturday. (How often)
How often do you go out for coffee?
4 He listens to rock music. (What kind)
What kind of music does he listen to?
5 They looked at the painting. (What)
What did they look at?
6 The keys were on the table. (Where)
Where were the keys? © Oxford University Press
 1.2 Present simple and adverbs of frequency

1 We use adverbs of frequency and frequency expressions to talk about how often
we do things.

always every now and then hardly ever most days nearly always never
occasionally often rarely sometimes usually

100% 0%

always most days every now hardly ever never

and then
nearly always rarely
occasionally
often
usually sometimes

© Oxford University Press

 1.2 Present simple and adverbs of frequency

1 In positive and negative sentences, the adverb of frequency goes before the main
verb.

1 They usually take their grandchildren on holiday.

2 You nearly always phone your parents on Sundays.
3 We hardly ever see each other.
4 I don’t always understand English people.

2 In questions the adverb of frequency goes after the subject.

1 Do you often do your homework on the train?

2 Does she always send text messages so late?

© Oxford University Press

 1.2 Present simple and adverbs of frequency

1 The adverb of frequency goes after be in positive sentences and after not in
negative sentences.

1 We are usually late.

2 You’re nearly always on the phone in the evening.
3 I’m not often tired at the weekend.
4 He isn’t usually happy first thing in the morning!
5 They are sometimes in a bad mood.

2 In questions, the adverb of frequency goes after the subject.

1 Are you always busy on Saturdays?

2 Is he hardly ever at home?
© Oxford University Press
 1.2 Present simple and adverbs of frequency

1 We also use other frequency expressions, e.g. once a week, twice a month,
three/four/five times a year. They usually go at the end of the sentence.

1 She visits her grandmother three times a year.

2 Do you go to English lessons once or twice a week?

2 Expressions such as every now and then, most days, etc. can go at the beginning or
the end of the sentence.

Every now and then I think about travelling abroad.

I think about travelling abroad every now and then.

3 In negative sentences sometimes goes before the auxiliary.

1 We sometimes don’t talk to each other for weeks.

© Oxford University Press
 1.2 Present simple and adverbs of frequency

1 Decide where the adverb of frequency or expression of frequency should go in

these examples.

1 I go to bed before midnight. (never)

I never go to bed before midnight.
2 My friends text me late at night. (rarely)
My friends rarely text me late at night.
3 I’m awake until 2 a.m. (sometimes)
I’m sometimes awake until 2 a.m.
4 Do you call your parents? (most days)
Do you call your parents most days?
5 I don’t do exercise for weeks! (sometimes)
I sometimes don’t do exercise for weeks!

© Oxford University Press

 2.1 Present simple and present continuous

1 We use the present simple to talk about routines and things that are always true.

Subject Auxiliary Main verb

He – speaks English.
I – get up at 7 a.m. on weekdays
They don’t like fried food.
She doesn’t work at the weekend.

2 We change the order of the subject and auxiliary verb in questions.

Question Auxiliary Subject Main verb

Do you prefer coffee or tea?
Where do they live?
© Oxford University Press
 2.1 Present simple and present continuous

1 We use the present continuous to talk about things that are happening now, or
around now.

Subject Auxiliary Main verb

She is speaking on the phone now.
They are getting married today.
I am not doing anything at the moment.
We aren’t going out today.
2 We change the order of the subject and auxiliary verb in questions.

Question Auxiliary Subject Main verb

Is he staying in a hotel?
What are you eating?
© Oxford University Press
 2.1 Present simple and present continuous

1 We do not usually use the present continuous with stative verbs. Stative verbs
describe:

1 Feelings, e.g. like, love, hate, feel.

2 Desires, e.g. prefer, want, need.
3 Thoughts, e.g. understand, know, believe, remember, forget, agree, realize.
4 States, e.g. exist, cost, seem, be, mean, belong, own.

2 Here are some examples of stative verbs in the present simple.

1 He loves this chocolate. He is loving this chocolate.

2 Do they cost too much? Are they costing too much?
3 We don’t believe you. We aren’t believing you.

© Oxford University Press

 2.1 Present simple and present continuous

1 Complete these sentences with the present simple or present continuous form of
the verbs in brackets. Why is that tense used?

’s carrying
1 Be careful! He ____________ a hot cup of tea! (carry)
Present continuous, action now.
2 She often __________on
talks her mobile in the car. (talk)
Present simple, a habit.
3 Can you call back later? I’m afraid she __________
’s talking on her mobile now. (talk)
Present continuous, action now.
own
4 They __________ three bikes and a car. (own)
Present simple, a state.
aren’t staying
5 We _____________up late tonight; we’ve got to get the early train. (not stay)
Present continuous, action around now.
don’t remember
6 I _______________how it works. Can you show me again? (not remember)
Present simple, a thought.
© Oxford University Press
 2.2 Identifying relative clauses

1 Identifying relative clauses give more information about the person, place or
thing we are talking about.
Which bus?
1 The bus that I went to France on was enormous.

Who exactly?
2 The staff who are on reception now are very helpful.

Which hotel?
3 The hotel where we stayed was too expensive.

2 We use these relative pronouns to help identify what we are talking about.
Noun Relative pronoun
People who/that
Things which/that
Places where
© Oxford University Press
 2.2 Identifying relative clauses

1 We write the identifying relative clause after the noun it identifies.

1 The place where we are going tonight is ten minutes away by bus.
2 The girl that I was talking to yesterday is sitting over there.

2 If an identifying relative clause has a subject, we do not add an object pronoun.

1 These are my friends who I met them on holiday.

2 A pedestrian crossing is a thing which we use it to cross the road safely.

3 If the subject or direct object of the identifying relative clause is a place, we use
which or that, not where.

1 This is the place which I was telling you about.

2 I don’t know the shopping centre that they went to.
© Oxford University Press
 2.2 Identifying relative clauses

1 Choose the correct options to complete these sentences.

1 The hardest thing who / that I have to do at work is public speaking.

2 The café which / where sells Moroccan food is our favourite place to eat.

3 Pavement artists are people where / who work in the street.

4 Rubbish is a big problem that / where we need to deal with.

5 There aren’t any restaurants where / that you can smoke nowadays.

© Oxford University Press

 3.1 Past simple
1 We often use the past simple to talk about finished actions in the past, and to tell
stories.

1 Last week I started a new language class.

2 She wanted to get to work early yesterday.

2 Verbs can be regular or irregular. Regular verbs follow these spelling patterns.

Regular verbs ending in … Spelling rule Example

most verbs add -ed watched, waited
-e add -d arrived, tasted
consonant -y y changes to i, add -ed carried, tidied
vowel -y add -ed played, enjoyed
short vowel and consonant double the last letter and add -ed stopped, chatted
© Oxford University Press
 3.1 Past simple

1 Irregular verbs do not follow the same spelling patterns as regular verbs.

1 On Saturday night they caught catched the last train home.

2 He slept sleeped until midday yesterday.
3 We took taked lots of photos on our holiday.

2 Here are some more irregular past simple verbs. How many do you know?

Infinitive Past simple Infinitive Past simple

buy bought fall fell
run ran feel felt
cut cut understand understood
see saw spend spent
© Oxford University Press
 3.1 Past simple

1 We make negative sentences in the past simple, with the auxiliary did + not (didn’t)
and the infinitive. This is the same for regular and irregular verbs.
Subject Auxiliary Infinitive
We didn’t play squash yesterday.
He didn’t catch the train.
I didn’t have enough time.
2 To make questions in the past simple we change the order of the auxiliary verb did
and the subject.
Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive
Did they watch the match?
What did you tell him?
How did she get to school?
© Oxford University Press
 3.1 Past simple

1 What is a possible question or answer for each of the examples below?

Question Answer
When did you last take an exam? I last took an exam in 2009.
When did they get married? They got married in 2001.
What did you eat last night? Last night I ate couscous.
Who did you speak to first this morning? I spoke to my son first this morning.
Did he sleep well last night? No, he didn’t sleep very well.
Where did he find the money? He found the money in the street.
Why didn’t they go on holiday last year? They didn’t go on holiday because
they had a new baby.

© Oxford University Press

 3.2 Past simple and past continuous

1 We use the past continuous for actions which were unfinished at a past time.

At 10 p.m. last night she was talking on the phone. She was still talking at 11 p.m.!

9 p.m. 10 p.m. 11 p.m. midnight

2 We use the past simple for:

1 Finished past actions: She spoke to her mum last night.

2 Repeated past actions: I phoned three times, but she didn’t answer.

3 Actions that happened one after another: She said ‘goodbye’, put the phone
down and made a coffee.
© Oxford University Press
 3.2 Past simple and past continuous
1 We often use the past simple and past continuous together. We use the past
continuous for the longer action and the past simple for the shorter action that
happened at the same time.
We often use when, while, as, to link these ideas.

1 We saw the accident while we were walking down the High Street.

9 a.m. 9.30 a.m. now

2 I was sending a message on my phone when I stepped out in front of a car.

9 a.m. 9.01 a.m. now

© Oxford University Press
 3.2 Past simple and past continuous

1 This is how we make the past continuous in positive and negative statements.

Subject Auxiliary Main verb

I was listening to music last night.
You were watching them carefully.
They weren’t eating during the meeting.
It wasn’t raining when I woke up.

2 To make questions, we change the order of the subject and the auxiliary verb.

Question Auxiliary Subject Main verb

Were you listening to me?
What was he cooking in the kitchen?
© Oxford University Press
 3.2 Past simple and past continuous

1 Complete the sentences using the past simple or past continuous form of the
verbs in brackets.

1 They _____ (find) some Roman ruins when they _____ (build) the new school.
They found some Roman ruins when they were building the new school.
2 He _____ (stand up), _____ (say) ‘goodbye’ and _____ (leave) the room quickly.
He stood up, said ‘goodbye’ and left the room quickly.
3 As I _____ (drive) in town, I _____ (see) a taxi hit a motorbike. The driver _____
(not get out) to help.
As I was driving in town, I saw a taxi hit a motorbike. The driver didn’t get out to help.
4 _____ (you see) that man who _____ (ride) his bike while he _____ (talk) on the
phone?
Did you see that man who was riding his bike while he was talking on the phone?
© Oxford University Press
 4.1 Verbs with -ing and to

1 We sometimes use a second verb after a main verb. The second verb is usually an
infinitive with to or an -ing form.

1 I hate being without my smartphone!

2 What do you hope to do in the future with your career?

3 They decided not to get married in the end.

4 She loves getting up late at the weekend.

5 He isn’t planning to have a big party for his birthday.

© Oxford University Press

 4.1 Verbs with -ing and to

1 We usually use the -ing form after verbs when discussing likes and dislikes.

1 He can’t stand queuing. He gets really impatient.

2 I don’t like seeing my team lose every week!
3 The children hate going to the hairdresser’s.
4 Do you enjoy trying new foods?

2 We also use the -ing form after some common verbs.

1 Imagine exploring Antarctica. It’d be great!

2 Some countries keep getting richer while others keep getting poorer.
3 Can you stop writing now, please?
4 I’m sorry I can’t go shopping this afternoon. I have to work.

© Oxford University Press

 4.1 Verbs with -ing and to

1 We usually use the infinitive with to after verbs when discussing plans, intentions,
and decisions.

1 We’ve agreed to meet again next week.

2 He has decided not to go abroad next year.
3 What do you plan to do next?
4 We hope not to make the same mistakes again.

2 We also use the infinitive with to after some common verbs, e.g. need and learn.

1 I need to pass my driving test to get the job.

2 Are they learning to speak Japanese?

© Oxford University Press

 4.1 Verbs with -ing and to

1 Match the sentence halves in each pair.

1 She really enjoys a to speak English at work.

2 I need b speaking English at work.

3 Imagine a winning the lottery!

4 He hopes b to win the lottery one day.

5 They’ve agreed a meeting on Monday mornings.

6 I hate b to meet on Monday mornings.

7 You can’t keep a changing jobs.

8 We’d like b to change jobs.
© Oxford University Press
 4.2 Going to and present continuous for the future

1 We use going to or the present continuous to talk about future plans. Both forms
are often possible and very similar.

1 I’m having a party for my 30th birthday.

2 I’m going to have a party for my 30th birthday.

2 We usually use the present continuous if the plan has a fixed time or place, and if
the plan includes other people.

1 I’m having my party on Saturday at the club. Would you like to come?
2 He is moving to the other company next month.

3 We often use going to if the plan has no fixed time or place or it is a personal
plan.

1 I’m going to start running next week.

2 Are you going to post that photo on Facebook?
© Oxford University Press
 4.2 Going to and present continuous for the future

1 Here are some positive and negative sentences using going to and the present
continuous.

Subject Auxiliary Main verb

She is - having lunch at 1:30.
She is going to have her hair cut.
We aren’t - meeting in the library this afternoon.
We aren’t going to meet for a while.

2 We do not usually use going to when the main verb is go.

1 He’s going to go to the hospital after work. 

2 He’s going to the hospital after work. 
© Oxford University Press
 4.2 Going to and present continuous for the future

1 This is how we make questions using going to and the present continuous.

Question Auxiliary Subject Main verb

Are you – doing the presentation?
What are you going to do next?
Is she – arriving at 10 a.m.?
When is she going to arrive?
Why aren’t we – meeting in the usual place?
Are we going to meet again?

© Oxford University Press

 4.2 Going to and present continuous for the future

1 Do these sentences show the most natural use of present continuous and going to?

 1 I’m leaving at 3 p.m.

 2 They’re knocking down the houses opposite the office next week.

 3 We’re going to go shopping after work.

 4 Are you going to finish this before you go home?

 5 She isn’t going to run the marathon because she hasn’t trained enough.

 6 I’m going to study harder next year.

© Oxford University Press

 5.1 Articles

1 We use articles a, an, the to help us identify the people, places and things we are
talking about. Sometimes we don’t need to use an article.

1 That’s a very nice jumper you’re wearing.

2 Can I have an apple, please?

3 Are these the books you’re looking for?

4 I can’t find the key to the cupboard in the hall.

5 Cars are too fast these days.

no article
6 I love hot soup in winter.

© Oxford University Press

 5.1 Articles

1 We use a/an with singular countable nouns. We use a/an when we talk about
something for the first time.

1 Would you like a sandwich or a burger?

2 We bought a new car last month.

2 We use an when the next word begins with a vowel sound.

1 Could you call back in an hour, please?

2 Would you like an egg with your salad?

3 A few nouns start with a vowel but have a consonant sound.

1 I don’t think she’s got a university degree.

2 You have to put a euro coin in some shopping trolleys.
© Oxford University Press
 5.1 Articles

1 We use the with a singular or plural noun when the other person knows what
we’re talking about. We use the when we have talked about the thing before.

1 She bought a new phone yesterday. The new phone is much easier to use.
2 Where are the pens that we bought yesterday?

2 We use the when we are talking about something obvious.

The door in this room.
1 Do you mind if I open the door?

3 We use the when there is only one of the thing we’re talking about.

1 Don’t look straight at the sun.

2 Could you put this in the kitchen, please?
© Oxford University Press
 5.1 Articles

1 We do not use an article if we are talking about plural or uncountable nouns in

general.

1 She likes cats more than dogs.

2 Young people often find it hard to get a job.
3 Bread is cheaper than pasta.

2 We don’t usually begin a sentence with a/an when we describe situations. We

usually use there is/was.

1 There is a bird outside the window. A bird is outside the window.

2 There was a lorry at the side of the road. A lorry was at the side of the road.

© Oxford University Press

 5.1 Articles

1 Complete the sentences with the correct article, a/an, the or – (no article).

1 Look carefully and you can see _____ moon.

Look carefully and you can see the moon.
2 I think _____ children nowadays are very lucky.
I think children nowadays are very lucky.
3 I don’t want _____ big dog, I’d prefer _____ smaller pet.
I don’t want a big dog, I’d prefer a smaller pet.
4 Why do you want to see _____ end of _____ film again?
Why do you want to see the end of the film again?
5 Can you pass me _____ salt, please?
Can you pass me the salt, please?
6 Do you have _____ pencil I could borrow, please?
Do you have a pencil I could borrow, please?
© Oxford University Press
 5.2 Quantifiers

1 We use quantifiers to talk about how much there is of something. We always put
the quantifier before the noun it describes.

1 How many people work in your office? Are there any Americans there?

2 There isn’t enough coffee left. Can you lend me some money to buy more?

3 A There are too many dirty cups!

B I don’t know why. I washed up a lot of cups last night.

4 A How much bread have we got?

B Not much! There are only a few slices left.

5 I’ve only got a little money left. I spent far too much money at the weekend.
© Oxford University Press
 5.2 Quantifiers

1 We use some and any before countable or uncountable nouns when we don’t
want to be specific about quantities. We usually use some in positive sentences,
offers or requests. Positive
sentence
1 He’s got some very interesting things to say about the project.
Offer
2 Would you like some more tea?
3 Could I borrow some notepaper, please? Request

3 We use any in negative sentences and questions.

Negative
sentence
1 I can’t find any whiteboard pens.
2 Have you got any ideas about the presentation? Question

© Oxford University Press

 5.2 Quantifiers

1 We use a lot of/lots of when we talk about large quantities. We use a few or a
little when we talk about small quantities.

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

Small quantity a few a little

There are a few people I know There’s a little water in the

here. bottom of the glass.
Large quantity a lot of/lots of a lot of/lots of

He’s got a lot of friends. There isn’t a lot of milk left.

There aren’t lots of places to We’ve got lots of time.
go.

© Oxford University Press

 5.2 Quantifiers

1 We use much or many for quantities in questions and negative sentences. We use
too much or too many when we have more than we need or want.

Countable Uncountable
Have we got many interviews today? How much time have we got?
They haven’t visited many countries. There hasn’t been much rain recently.
I’ve got too many things to do. Lottery winners get too much money.

2 We use enough with countable and uncountable nouns when we want to say ‘all
that is necessary’.

1 Have you got enough time to finish the report?

2 They haven’t got enough people. Let’s help.
3 Do you think he has enough experience to do the job well?

© Oxford University Press

 5.2 Quantifiers

1 Complete the sentences with a quantifier. More than one may be possible.

a little money, so I can’t buy that bike.

1 I only have _________

2 We need _________
a lot/lots of people to help us set up the party.

3 Would you like _________

some more coffee?

4 If we don’t hurry up, we won’t have _________

enough time.

5 You’ve given me too _________

much change. Here, take this back.

6 Is there ________
any water? I’m very thirsty.

7 Could I have _________

some more bread, please?

few/lot of good friends since she’s been here.

8 She has made a _________
© Oxford University Press
 6.1 Making comparisons

1 We use comparative adjectives + than to compare people and things with other
people and things.

1 This classroom is quieter than the one near reception.

2 The weather is nicer today than yesterday.

2 We use the + superlative adjectives to compare people and things with a whole
group.

1 This is the quietest classroom in the whole school.

2 This is the nicest day so far this year.

3 We use than, not that, to compare. We use an object pronoun after than.

1 She is taller than him.

© Oxford University Press
 6.1 Making comparisons

1 Look at the spelling rules for forming the comparative and superlative. Most one-
syllable adjectives form the comparative with -er, and the superlative with -est. We
use more or the most with longer adjectives.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

one syllable ending -e stranger the strangest
one syllable, ending in one vowel + thinner the thinnest
one consonant
one syllable higher the highest
one or two syllables ending -y tidier the tidiest
two syllables or more more sociable the most sociable
more introverted the most introverted

© Oxford University Press

 6.1 Making comparisons

1 There are some exceptions to the spelling rules.

bored – more bored – the most bored

2 There are also irregular adjectives. Do you know them?

Adjective Comparative Superlative

good better the best
bad worse the worst
far farther/further the farthest/the furthest

© Oxford University Press

 6.1 Making comparisons

1 The opposite of more is less. The opposite of the most is the least. We use less/the
least with short and long adjectives.

A This is film is more frightening than the one we saw yesterday.

B Do you think so? I think it’s less frightening. In fact, I think it’s the least scary
horror film I’ve ever seen!

2 We use (just) as … as to say that people and things are equal in some way and we
use not as … as to say they are not equal.

1 The twins are (just) as sociable as each other. (They are equally sociable.)
2 My sisters are not as untidy as my brother. (My sisters are tidier.)

© Oxford University Press

 6.1 Making comparisons

1 Match the sentence halves in each pair so the meaning is the same.

1 She is quieter than him. a She is more talkative than him.

2 She is less quiet than him. b He is not as quiet as her.

3 Introverts are as happy a Extroverts are just as happy

as introverts.
as extroverts.
b Extroverts are not as happy
4 Introverts are happier
as introverts.
than extroverts.

a I don’t know anyone more patient

5 You are the most impatient
than you.
person I know.
b You are the least patient person
6 You are the most patient
I know.
person I know.
© Oxford University Press
 6.2 Present perfect simple and past simple

1 We use the past simple to talk about an action at a specific time in the past.

1 I went to Australia in 2001.

2001 2002 2003

2 We use the present perfect simple to talk about an action when we don’t know
the specific time it happened, or when the specific time is not important.

1 I have been to Australia three times.

now
3 We use the auxiliary verb has/have and the past participle to make the present
perfect simple.
© Oxford University Press
 6.2 Present perfect simple and past simple

1 We often use the present perfect simple to start talking about our experiences.

A Have you ever climbed a really high mountain?

B Yes, I have. I’ve climbed Mount Kinabalu in Indonesia.
C No, I’ve never been up any really high mountains.

2 We often put ever/never between the auxiliary and the past participle. Ever
means ‘at some time in your life up to now’. Never means ‘at no time in your life up
to now’.

3 We usually continue the conversation by giving more details in the past simple.

A When did you climb it? Did you go with anyone else?
B It was three years ago. I went with my brother and some friends.

© Oxford University Press

 6.2 Present perfect simple and past simple

1 We use just to mean recently. We put just before the past participle.

1 They’ve just arrived.

2 Have you just got up?

2 We use already to mean before now and is often something expected. We put
already before the past participle in positive sentences.

1 I’ve already seen this film. Can we watch something else?

3 We use yet to talk about things that we expected to happen before now, but still
haven’t happened. We put yet at the end of the sentence.

1 I haven’t been shopping yet. I’ll go on my way back from work.

© Oxford University Press

 6.2 Present perfect simple and past simple

1 Put the words in brackets in the correct place in the sentences.

1 Have you travelled alone anywhere? (ever)

2 Has she finished work? (just)

3 My neighbours have returned from holiday. (already)

4 Has he presented his research results? (yet)

5 You haven’t taken the exam, have you? (yet)

6 He’s taken an English exam before, so he’s a bit nervous. (never)

7 We’ve finished this exercise. What shall we do next? (already) © Oxford University Press
 7.1 Prediction with will and might

1 We use will/won’t or might/might not when we are making predictions about the
future. We put will/won’t or might/might not before the infinitive without to.

1 Are you sure we won’t win on Saturday? I think we’ll beat them easily!
2 It might rain tomorrow; let’s go for a walk today.
3 They might not arrive in time for the lesson.

2 The form of might and will does not change according to the subject.

1 I might pass the exam if I work hard.

2 She might not get here in time for the meeting.
3 He will be late if he doesn’t leave home soon.

© Oxford University Press

 7.1 Prediction with will and might

1 We use will/won’t when we think, guess or know something about the future. We
use might/might not when we are less sure about the future.

1 Cars will become more efficient in the future.

2 People won’t stop driving.
3 Private cars might be banned in big cities.
4 Children might not have to go to school in twenty years’ time.

2 We often use probably with will/won’t when we are less sure, and definitely when
we are more sure about the future. We do not use these with might/might not.

1 He will probably win the match. I will definitely watch it.

2 They probably won’t see us before they go, and they definitely won’t phone!

3 probably/definitely goes after will but before won’t.

© Oxford University Press
 7.1 Prediction with will and might

1 We can ask direct questions with will.

1 Will people live on the moon in 2050?

2 Will food be cheaper or more expensive in the future?

2 We usually use Do you think to make a question with might.

1 Do you think that cars might use biofuel?.

2 Do you think that we might not live to 150 years old?

3 Sometimes we add Do you think to questions and I think/don’t think or I

believe/don’t believe to sentences with will.

A: Do you think we’ll find life on another planet?

B: No, I don’t believe we’ll see life anywhere else.
© Oxford University Press
 7.1 Prediction with will and might

1 Correct the sentences.

1 Planes will fly tourists to the moon?

Will planes fly tourists to the moon?
2 We won’t probably get there before the show starts.
We probably won’t get there before the show starts.
3 Might cars travel as fast as trains one day?
Do you think cars might travel as fast as trains one day?
4 I don’t think we probably will live in big cities.
I don’t think we will live in big cities.
5 He won’t not answer you if you call his mobile phone.
He won’t answer you if you call his mobile phone.
6 She won’t definitely change her mind.
She definitely won’t change her mind.

© Oxford University Press

 7.2 Something, anyone, everybody, nowhere, etc.

1 We use these words to talk about people, places and things when we aren’t
talking about a specific one.
One All None None
somebody/ everybody/ nobody/ anybody/
People
someone everyone no one anyone

Places somewhere everywhere nowhere anywhere

Things something everything nothing anything

2 When we use these words as the subject of a sentence, we use a singular verb.

1 Everywhere is wet and cold at the moment.

2 Nobody likes getting up early in the morning.
3 Does anybody know whose pen this is?
© Oxford University Press
 7.2 Something, anyone, everybody, nowhere, etc.

1 We use somebody/someone, somewhere or something when we are talking about

one person, place or thing. But we do not know which specific person, place or thing.

1 There’s something on my contact lenses. I can’t see properly.

2 I’m starving! Are we going somewhere to eat soon?
3 He reminds me of somebody who I’ve met recently, but I can’t think who.

2 The endings -body and -one have the same meaning. Sometimes somebody is
considered less formal than someone, and we usually use it in speaking.

3 We use everyone/-body/-where/-thing to talk about all people, places and things.

1 He didn’t mean to send the email to everybody in the office!

2 Everything was much cheaper last year.
3 There are English speakers everywhere these days.
© Oxford University Press
 7.2 Something, anyone, everybody, nowhere, etc.

1 When we talk about no places, people or things, we use the no or not + any forms.

1 I know nothing about it.

2 I don’t know anything about it.

2 We use no one/-body/-where/-thing with positive verbs and anyone/-body/

-where/-thing with negative verbs and questions.

A Is anybody at home?
B No, there’s nobody there. I haven’t seen anyone at all.

A Do you know anywhere to go near here for a good coffee?

B Yes, there’s a quiet place near here, and no one from the office goes there.

© Oxford University Press

 7.2 Something, anyone, everybody, nowhere, etc.

1 We can give extra information about these words by adding adjectives, infinitives
with to and relative clauses.

1 I met someone really interesting at the club last night.

2 Have you got anything new to tell me?

3 Let’s find somewhere to sit. I’m tired.

4 There isn’t anywhere to go in our town for young people.

5 I’ve forgotten the word in English; it’s something that you use to see better.
6 Is there no one who you would like to call back home?

© Oxford University Press

 7.2 Something, anyone, everybody, nowhere, etc.

1 Complete the gaps.

anybody/-one there. Everyone had gone home.

1 I couldn’t see ______________

somewhere
2 I’d like to go _______________ really hot this summer.

Everywhere you go in London, people speak different languages.

3 _____________

anything
4 He didn’t say____________, he just kept very quiet.

everyone/-body from the party; they all had a great time.

5 I’ve spoken to _______________

© Oxford University Press

 8.1 Ability (can, be able to)

1 We use can and be able to when we talk about our ability to do something or to
say we know how to do something. Can is more common to talk about the present.

1 He can speak Mandarin, but he can’t write it very well.

2 I’m able to speak Arabic reasonably well, but I’m not able to read a thing!

2 We also use can and be able to when we talk about the possibility of doing
something.

1 I’ve finished, so we can go now.

2 She’s feeling much better, so she’s able to come with us today.

3 We use be able to, not can as an infinitive.

1 He needs to can be able to read before he starts school.

© Oxford University Press
 8.1 Ability (can, be able to)

1 We use will/won’t or might + be able to, not can, when we talk about ability and
possibility in the future.

1 We will be able to cure most serious diseases in the future.

2 Cars might be able to drive without human beings, but I’m not sure.
3 They won’t be able to finish in time.
4 I might not be able to pick up my email tomorrow. I’m out all day.

2 We use can to talk about future ability if we are deciding or have just decided as
we speak.

1 I’ve just got a pay rise, so I can buy that new car next month!
2 I’m afraid I can’t go away at the weekend. Something’s come up.

© Oxford University Press

 8.1 Ability (can, be able to)

1 Choose the correct options to complete the sentences.

1 You can / are able to / can’t go out without a coat – it’s freezing out there!

2 Will you can / be able to call me from abroad on your phone?

3 Do you think humans might / can be able to stop global warming soon?

4 If you don’t get a good degree, you can’t / will become a teacher.

5 I’d really like to can / be able to ski well.

© Oxford University Press

 8.2 Obligation, necessity and permission

1 We use must or have to when we talk about obligations and things that are
necessary.
2 We often use must to give orders or instructions, especially in writing. We often
choose must when we want to emphasize the feelings of the speaker.
instructions
an order 1 You must answer all the questions in the right order.
2 Ssshhhh! You must be quiet in in the exam!
3 I must go to bed early tonight.
my feelings 4 He really must work harder. my feelings about him

3 We use have to when we talk about other people’s rules or orders.

1 You have to be 18 to take your driving test in most countries.

2 He has to wear protective clothing for his job.

© Oxford University Press

 8.2 Obligation, necessity and permission

1 The negative form of must is mustn’t. We also use it to talk about orders,
instructions and the feelings of the speaker.
2 The negative form of have to uses the auxiliary verb do/does + not, but it means
that something is not necessary.
instructions
1 You mustn’t write in pencil in the exam. my feelings about her
2 She mustn’t talk to him like that.
3 We don’t have to leave yet. Let’s have another coffee.
not necessary 4 He doesn’t have to come if he doesn’t want to.
not necessary
3 It is more common to use have to in questions.

1 Does he have to do the exam this week? Must he do the exam this week?
2 Do we have to leave already? Must we leave already?

© Oxford University Press

 8.2 Obligation, necessity and permission

1 We use can to talk about permission.

1 You can take your bag into the museum or you can leave it in a locker.
2 Come on, we’ve finished – we can go now.

2 We also use can to ask if something is OK to do or acceptable.

1 Mmm, it looks delicious! Can we start eating yet?

2 Can you eat with your fingers in restaurants in your country?

3 We can use the negative forms can’t and mustn’t to say something is not OK to do,
or not acceptable or allowed.

1 We can’t/mustn’t start eating yet. Not everybody is here.

© Oxford University Press
 8.2 Obligation, necessity and permission

1 Match the sentences to the meanings.

1 You don’t have to do military service in the UK. a instructions

2 Can we go now? b not necessary

3 Students must complete all answers. c speaker’s feelings

4 You mustn’t stay up so late. You’re exhausted! d not allowed

5 Do we have to go now? e asking for permission

6 We can’t drive up here; it’s a pedestrian street. f asking if something is

necessary © Oxford University Press
 9.1 If + present simple + will/won’t/might/might not

1 We can use if and the present tense to talk about possible actions in the future.

1 If you want to get fit, you will need to start doing exercise.
2 She won’t take the job if you don’t offer her more money.
consequences

2 We use will/won’t to talk about the possible consequences or result of a future

action or situation. This structure is often called the first conditional.

3 If we’re not sure of the result, we use might/might not instead of will/won’t.

1 If you phone him after lunch, he might be in a better mood!

2 We might not see you if you leave on the first train tomorrow.

© Oxford University Press

 9.1 If + present simple + will/won’t/might/might not

1 We can also use if and the present tense + will/won’t/might/might not to give
general advice to people.

1 If you smile more, people might not think you’re so serious.

2 You won’t pass the exam if you don’t do some revision this week.
3 People will always respect you if you treat them kindly.

3 Notice that we can put the if clause before or after the result clause. When we put
the if clause first, we must put a comma between the two clauses.
comma

1 If I get home early, I’ll phone you after dinner.

2 I’ll phone you after dinner if I get home early.

no comma
© Oxford University Press
 9.1 If + present simple + will/won’t/might/might not

1 Match the sentence halves.

1 I’ll help you, a) people will think you are nervous.

2 They might not understand you b) if you help me.

3 If you don’t make eye contact, c) you won’t know.

4 You might offend someone d) if you speak too fast.

5 If you don’t try, e) if you don’t shake their hand firmly.

© Oxford University Press

 9.2 Present tenses in future time clauses

1 To talk about the future with the words when, if, before, after and as soon as, we
use the present tense.

1 You’ll start to feel better as soon as you take the medicine.

2 If we leave tomorrow morning, we’ll get back in time for dinner.
3 After we do the shopping, we’ll go straight home.

2 We can put the present tense clause first or second. If the present tense clause
comes first, we put a comma after it.
comma

1 When you start doing more exercise, you will feel much better.
2 You will feel much better when you start doing more exercise.

no comma
© Oxford University Press
 9.2 Present tenses in future time clauses

1 We use if when we are not sure something is going to happen, and we use when
when we are sure.

1 We’ll go camping again when summer comes.

2 We’ll go for a walk tomorrow if the weather is better.

2 When and as soon as are similar in meaning, but we use as soon as to say
something will happen immediately after an action.

1 Can you call me as soon as he arrives? I need to talk to him urgently.

2 When he arrives, we’ll have a coffee and start the meeting.

© Oxford University Press

 9.2 Present tenses in future time clauses

1 Choose the correct alternative to complete these sentences.

1 When I leave / will leave this company, I think I become / I’ll become self-
employed.

2 I’ll apply / I apply for a better job as soon as I pass / I’ll pass my English exams.

3 Before I go / I’ll go home, I’ll leave / I leave this report on your desk.

4 Will / Do you continue studying English after you’ll / you finish this course?

5 What do you do / will you do if your boss leaves / will leave?

© Oxford University Press

 10.1 Uses of the -ing form

1 We can use the -ing form of a verb as a noun.

1 Keeping fit is good for your body and mind.

2 He likes keeping fit.
3 Dancing is my favourite way of relaxing.
4 My favourite way of relaxing is dancing.

2 We use the -ing form as the subject or the object of a sentence.

subject
1 Running is my favourite sport.
2 I like running.

object

© Oxford University Press

 10.1 Uses of the -ing form

1 We use the -ing form as the object after certain verbs.

1 She is considering singing professionally.

2 He always avoids taking his car into the city centre.

2 We use the -ing form as the object after verbs for likes and dislikes.

1 She loves singing in concerts.

2 He can’t stand waiting for other people.

3 We use the -ing form as the object after prepositions in certain sentence
structures.

1 I look forward to seeing you again soon.

2 I’m thinking of going to Europe for my next holiday.
3 Thank you for helping me today.
© Oxford University Press
 10.1 Uses of the -ing form

1 Here are some more common verbs that are followed by the -ing form. Complete
the sentences with an -ing form so they are true for you.

1 When I am in my English class I prefer …

2 I can’t imagine …

3 I don’t think I could ever give up …

4 When I was 5, I started/stopped …

5 Sometimes I practise …

© Oxford University Press

 10.1 Uses of the -ing form

1 Put the verbs into the present simple or -ing form.

1 _____ (write) a weekly menu _____ (help) you shop more carefully.
Writing a weekly menu helps you shop more carefully.
2 _____ (eat) too much of one kind of food _____ (not be) good for you.
Eating too much of one kind of food isn’t good for you.
3 One of the main problems _____ (be) _____ (eat) out every day.
One of the main problems is eating out every day.
4 _____ you _____ (mind) _____ (wait) for us?
Do you mind waiting for us?
5 They _____ (be good at) _____ (speak) in front of a room full of people.
They’re good at speaking in front of a room full of people.

© Oxford University Press

 10.2 The passive

1 We can often say a sentence in two ways, depending on what we want to focus
on. If we want to focus on the person who did the action, we use the active.
2 If we want to focus on the person or thing the action happened to, we use the
passive.

main focus active verb

1 Europeans discovered chocolate when they first went to the Americas.

2 Chocolate was discovered by Europeans when they first went to the Americas.

main focus passive verb

© Oxford University Press

 10.2 The passive

1 We form the passive with the verb be and the past participle.

Subject be Past
participle
Ice cream is made with milk.
Strawberries aren’t grown in all countries.
Tea was drunk in Asia a long time ago.
Children weren’t given vitamins when I was young.
2 Notice how the subject and object change in active and passive sentences.

The French invented tin cans.

We call the subject When we mention
the agent in Tin cans were invented by the French. the agent, we use
passive sentences. by.
© Oxford University Press
 10.2 The passive

1 We often use the passive when we don’t know who the agent is, when the agent
is already obvious, or when the agent is not important for the action.

1 Millions of highly polluting cars are manufactured every year.

Who makes the cars
is not important.
2 The criminals were arrested last night.
We all know who
arrests criminals.
3 Several paintings were stolen last year. The police are still looking for the thieves.
We don’t know who
stole the paintings.
© Oxford University Press
 10.2 The passive

1 Change these active sentences into the passive. You do not need to include an agent.

1 We throw away thousands of tonnes of food every year.

Thousands of tonnes of food are thrown away every year.
2 Someone invented the tin opener over fifty years after the tin can!
The tin opener was invented over fifty years after the tin can!
3 In the western world, people waste too much food.
Too much food is wasted in the western world.
4 People transport a lot of food around the world.
A lot of food is transported around the world.
5 People in the UK eat a lot of international dishes.
A lot of international dishes are eaten in the UK.

© Oxford University Press

 11.1 If + past tense + would

1 We use if + past tense to talk about an imagined or unlikely action or situation.

2 We use would/wouldn’t to talk about the result or consequence of this action or

situation.

1 If you were the president, what would you do about global warming?

2 If we were richer, we’d go on holiday three times a year!

imagined
situation result

© Oxford University Press

 11.1 If + past tense + would

1 We also use if + past tense + would to say we don’t think an event or situation is
probable.

1 If we banned cars completely, the environment would improve.

This structure is often called ‘the second conditional’.

2 We can put the if clause first or second. If we put the if clause first, we put a
comma after it.
comma
1 If everyone spoke English, the world would be very boring.
2 The world would be very boring if everyone spoke English.

no comma
© Oxford University Press
 11.1 If + past tense + would

1 When we use the verb be in the if clause, we can use was or were for all singular
subjects. Would/wouldn’t is the same for all subjects and is often contracted to ’d.
would

1 If I were you, I’d save my money.

2 He’d spend everything if his girlfriend weren’t watching.

2 We change the order of the subject and would to make questions.

You would give up work if you won a lot of money.

Would you give up work if you won a lot of money?

© Oxford University Press

 11.1 If + past tense + would

1 Choose the correct options to complete the sentences.

1 I would learn / learnt to speak Chinese or Arabic if I learnt / would learn any other
languages.

2 If you can / could choose any job, what would it be / was it?

3 There wouldn’t be / wasn’t any wars if we all spoke / speak the same language.

4 If he were / would be rich, he would buy / bought an environmentally friendly car.

5 If we are using/used more efficient light bulbs, our bills wouldn’t be / aren’t so high.

© Oxford University Press

 11.2 Used to

1 We use used to + infinitive to talk about actions and situations that happened
regularly in the past, but that do not happen now. Used to is the same for all subjects.
2 We use didn’t + use to + infinitive to form the negative, NOT, didn’t used to.

Subject Auxiliary used to Infinitive

We - used to play football in the street.
She - used to like eggs, but now she doesn’t.
People didn’t use to have mobile phones.

3 To make questions we use did + use to + infinitive.

Auxiliary Subject used to Infinitive
Did your parents use to wear uniform at school?
Did he use to go to work by bus or car?

© Oxford University Press

 11.2 Used to

1 We often use used to when we compare the past and the present.

1 Television programmes used to be a lot less violent than they are now.

2 We don’t use used to when we are talking about something that happened only
once, or if we say the number of times something happened.

1 He used to work in a café once. 

He used to work in a café./He worked in a café once. 

2 She used to go to Australia five times last year. 

She went to Australia five times./ She went to Australia regularly last year. 

3 They used to study French for ten years. 

They used to study French./They studied French for ten years. 
© Oxford University Press
 11.2 Used to

1 Correct the mistakes. There is one correct sentence.

1 We use to speak good Spanish, but we’ve forgotten it now.

We used to speak good Spanish, but we’ve forgotten it now.
2 Forest fires didn’t used to happen so often.
Forest fires didn’t use to happen so often.
3 Did you used to go to school on Saturdays?
Did you use to go to school on Saturdays?
4 Global warming didn’t use to be something we worried about. 

5 They used to live in Singapore for four years.

They used to live in Singapore./They lived in Singapore for four years.
6 Now I used to listen to the radio on the internet.
Now I used usually listen to the radio on the internet.
© Oxford University Press
 12.1 Present perfect simple with for and since

1 We use the present perfect simple to talk about actions or situations that started
in the past and continue now.

1 I have worked here since I left university.

left university now

2 We use has/have and the past participle to form the present perfect simple.
Remember that some verbs have irregular past participle forms.

2 She hasn’t seen John all year.

start of the year now

© Oxford University Press
 12.1 Present perfect simple with for and since

1 We often use for and since to talk about when the action started or how much
time an action or situation has continued for.

2 We use since to say when the situation or action started. This can be a specific
date, a time or another event.

1 Have you spoken to Maria since yesterday?

2 Have they been here since 7 a.m. this morning? We often use the past
3 She hasn’t seen him since we left school. simple after since.

3 We use for when we give the length of time of an action or situation.

1 She’s been here for three hours.

2 Have they worked here for a long time?
3 I haven’t had my car for as long as you’ve had yours.

© Oxford University Press

 12.1 Present perfect simple with for and since

1 We use How long …? to ask a question about the length of time of an action or
situation.

1 How long have you worked in this office?

2 How long has it taken you to write your book?

started How long until now?

working
in the
office

now
started
writing
the book
© Oxford University Press
 12.1 Present perfect simple with for and since

1 Write questions and sentences in the present perfect, using how long, for or
since.

1 you / work / in this office ?

How long have you worked in this office?
2 I think Lisa is away. I / not see / her / Monday .
I think Lisa is away. I haven’t seen her since Monday.
3 you / be / here / this morning ?
Have you been here since this morning?
4 I / not study / here / very long .
I haven’t studied here for very long.
5 He / never / be late / he / start / the course here .
He has never been late since he started the course here.
6 They / be / in that meeting / a long time .
They have been in that meeting for a long time.

© Oxford University Press

 12.2 Uses of the infinitive with to

1 We use the infinitive with to when we give a reason for doing something.

Why?
1 I’m phoning to tell you about the meeting.
2 They’ve gone to meet somewhere quieter.
Why?

2 We form the negative with not before the infinitive.

1 It’s good not to have to get up early for once!

3 We use the infinitive with to after adjectives. We often start the sentence with it’s.

1 He’s happy to go with them.

2 It’s good to see you again. © Oxford University Press
 12.2 Uses of the infinitive with to

1 We use the infinitive with to after certain verbs. Here are some examples.

1 Don’t forget to phone this evening.

2 They managed to pass their exam in the end.
3 Try not to write too much. The word limit is 250.
4 Have you remembered to feed the cat?
5 She’s hoping to graduate next summer.
6 They’ve agreed to sell the company.
7 He has decided not to continue in the post.
8 I must learn to use the software better.
9 I need to get some fresh air.
10 We’re planning to go to China next summer.

© Oxford University Press

 12.2 Uses of the infinitive with to

1 Add to in the correct place(s) in each sentence.

1 If you want to speak English well, you really need practise every day.
to
2 Remember listen native speakers and copy their pronunciation when possible.
to to
3 It’s very important write using correct spelling.
to
4 Plan read different types of text each week learn more vocabulary.
to to
5 Although it’s not easy do, try not translate into your own language all the time.
to to

© Oxford University Press